Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network
Author: Law Che Hang Anthony Student I.D.: 03645542 Supervisor: Professor K.K. Cheng Associate Examiner: Professor K.N. Leung
A project report presented to the Chinese University of Hong Kong in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Department of Electronic Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong April 2007
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network has become one of the hot topics nowadays. Indeed, it has been already applied in the use of many different areas. Such as the Home Automation, it is very common to find its use on the lighting control and security alarming. It does improve a lot on the peoples living quality with a more convenient environment.
In order to understand how this Smart Innovative Technology works, a study of the Wireless Sensor Network has been carried out in this project. And the Study is divided into two main parts, which are: 1. The Study on a Wireless Communication Network: To understand how a wireless communication network works. A communication method of using a pair of simple transmitter and receiver is to be studied and built. 2. The Study on Sensor: To understand how a sensor functions. An Occupancy Sensor (PIR Movement Sensor) is built and on studying in this project.
In this report, it is going to illustrate the results of the studies mentioned above and to suggest a simple application of the Wireless Sensor Networks on Home Automation.
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely show my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. K.K. Cheng, Department of Electronic Engineering, for giving me guidance and support. He has given me valuable suggestions on the development of my system in this project.
Also, I would like to thank my project associate examiner, Prof K N Leung, Department of Electronic Engineering, for assessing my project.
Besides that, I would also like to thank the technician of Microwave Laboratory, Mr. Leo Fung, for his help on ordering the RF kit for the project in the previous semester.
Moreover, I would like to thank my fellow classmates Mr. Tang Kwok Kai and Mr. Hui Cheung Ling for giving me advice and technical supports on building the PCB Layouts. Finally, I would like to thank all the fellow classmates those who work with me in the laboratory throughout the days and nights in these few months for their spiritual supports.
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
Contents
1. Introduction.. 6 1.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network? ..6 1.1.1 Living in Smart Environment ..6 1.1.2 Realization of Smart Environment ......6 1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network actually is ...7 1.2 Where Wireless Sensor Network can be found? .8 1.3 Specification of the System Design ..9 1.3.1 Brief Introduction of the System .9 1.3.2 Brief Descriptions of System Components ..10 2. Background Theory ..11 2.1 Wireless Communication Network ..11 2.1.1 What should be considered?.................................................................. 11 2.1.2 What should be adopted? ..13 2.2 Occupancy Sensor 13 2.2.1 What is Occupancy Sensor? 13 2.2.2 Method of Operation 14 2.2.3 What is passive infrared sensing? 14 2.2.4 How passive infrared sensing works? ..15
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3. Paper Design ..................................................................... 19 3.1 Wireless Communication .... 19 3.1.1 Transmitting Unit (Sensor Node) .... 19 3.1.1 Component 1 Microprocessor . 21 3.1.1 Component 2 RF Transmitting module .. 24 3.1.1 Component 3 LCD Display (optional).. 29 3.1.2 Receiving Unit (Coordinator) 29 3.1.2 Component 1 Microprocessor ..... 31 3.1.2 Component 2 RF Receiving module... 32 3.1.2 Component 3 LCD Display module .... 37 3.1.3 Whole Implementation . ... 37 3.1.4 Remarks .. . 38
3.2 PIR Movement Sensor. 39 3.2.1 PIR sensor (RE200B) 39 3.2.2 Control Unit (KC788B) ..40 3.2.3 Control and Output Circuit Description ..45 3.2.4 Required Components for Modified Circuit... 47
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
4. Experimental Results .. 48
4.1 Testing with Wireless Communication ...48
4.1.1 Testing on Transmitting Unit ....48
4.1.2 Testing on Receiving Unit ... 51
4.2 Testing the PIR Movement Sensor 53
4.2.1 Testing Case 1 with Daylight .. 54
4.2.2 Testing Case 2 with Daylight ................................................................ 55
4.2.3 Testing Case 3 at Night ... 56
4.2.4 Testing Results form the previous 3 situation .. 57
5. Cost Summary ...... 58 6. Discussion .. .. 59 6.1 Wireless Communication ........................................................................ 59 6.2 PIR Movement Detector .. 62 7. References ............ 63 8. Appendices Software Coding 64
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1. Introduction
1.1 What is Wireless Sensor Network? 1.1.1 Living in Smart Environment Have you ever dreamt of living in a Smart Environment, which it enhances your living qualities with all kinds of intelligent automation devices or services? If Yes, then your next question will surely be How can we get it to be realized? To answer this question, very strict forward, I would say that the application of Wireless Sensor Network is a solution to the realization of Smart Environment.
1.1.2 Realization of Smart Environment In fact, like any responsive organism, the Smart Environment [1] relies first on the sensory data from the actual world. Sensory data are obtained from numerous different sensors of distributed locations. The Smart Environment does need information about its surroundings in order to generate the corresponding output regarding to respective changes. The wireless Sensor Network has exactly taken this sensing role to fulfill the needs of information for this purpose. It acts as the first stage to realize the development of Smart Environment. So, your following question will be What the Wireless Sensor Network actually is then?
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Figure.1 1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network actually is Have you ever imagined thousands of sensors are installed in a specified area and they are all well coordinated in a network without the data transmission jam? Indeed, it is the exact case for Wireless Sensor Network. These sensors of different modalities detect the physical changes, like temperature, humidity and light intensity, and generate corresponding data signal. The data are then sent, through the network, to the coordinator for processing. The coordinator manages and controls the sensing data flow in the communication network. Therefore, the data received at coordinator can then be used for further applications.
ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
1.2 Where Wireless Sensor Network can be found? Actually, Wireless Sensor Network has already been widely used in different areas for current development. Applications [2] include:
1 Habitat monitoring: such as the monitoring of water/ air pollution and the temperature/ humidity measurement. 2 Military use: like the monitoring the actual battle condition by installing the sensor on the army and weapons. 3 Biomedical use: such as collecting the physiological data from human body or medical diagnosis. 4 Home automation: for example, lighting control and security alarming 5 Other Commercial applications: like product quality control on the manufacturing production.
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1.3 Specification of the System Design 1.3.1 Brief Introduction of the System In this project, it is aimed to demonstrate the application in the area of Home Automation. Among the applications in this area, a simple function of lighting control is going to be implemented. The system work flow is as following:
1. To sense if there are anybody presence or absence in a specified area. 2. To transmit the sensing data back to the coordinator through a network. 3. Coordinator processes the received data and identifies if matched with the predefined criteria according to the needs of user. 4. If the criteria are matched, for instance, a body presence in the area, coordinator will send command to the lighting control unit to switch light on. 5. On the other hand, if nobody presence in the area for a period of time, coordinator will send command to the lighting control unit to switch light off
Therefore, the system can perform a lighting control function where the light on whenever anybody presence, while the light off if nobody presence for a period of time so as to save the power consumption.
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1.3.2 Brief Descriptions of System Components There are three main components in the system to build the application of wireless sensor network up to the current development stage of the project, which are:
1. Occupancy Sensor: The sensor unit of the system. It is responsible to sense if there are anybody presence or absence in a specified area and generate sensing data ready for the coordinator to process and further application. 2. Wireless Communication Network: The communication channel between devices of the system. It is responsible to transmit the sensing data or the commands to and from different devices in the system. 3. Coordinator: The headquarter unit of the system. It is responsible to control and monitor the data transmission in between devices of the system. It also processes the received sensing data from the sensing unit and, regarding to the processed result, outputs correspondingly, like light on/ off.
There should also be the lighting control unit, the application use, in the system. However, it is not yet built up to the current development stage and may be built in future development if possible.
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2. Background Theory
Before going into any details of the system design, some background principles and consideration of the components of the system will be discussed in this section.
2.1 Wireless Communication Network 2.1.1 What should be considered? Obviously, there are plenty of wireless communication standards available in the current market, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, which are the most common ones. However, are they suitable for building the communication network of Wireless Sensor Network? There are indeed some specific requirements for the wireless sensor network. Lets consider the following factors first and see if the mentioned standards are suitable or not.
1. Scalability [3]: The network has to be scalable, which means it can support up to as much larger number (thousands, hundreds of thousands) of entities. Therefore, numerous sensors can be installed in the network and be able to monitor the region more efficiently.
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2. Energy Consumption [3]: The battery of the sensor node (sensing units) is usually not rechargeable. Thus it is important to minimize the power consumption and prolong the sensor lifetime as the system cannot function properly without the sensing units. 3. Simplicity[3]: As the sensor nodes (sensing units) are small and power supply is so limited, the operating and networking software must be kept orders of magnitude simpler as compare to todays desktop computers.
With the factors mentioned above, lets consider the comparison of current available wireless communication standards as listed below:
Figure.2
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2.1.2 What should be adopted? It is observed that neither the Bluetooth nor Wi-Fi would be suitable to be used in Wireless Sensor Network. Comparing with the Zigbee standard in the above table, regarding to their performance on scalability, power consumption and simplicity, they are far worse than that of the Zigbee standard. Indeed, the Zigbee has become the most commonly adopted network communication standard in the wireless sensor system on the current development or research. However, this project is not implementing the Zigbee. Instead, it establishes a system with similar property of power conservation as what it is in the standard.
2.2 Occupancy Sensor 2.2.1 What is Occupancy Sensor? Occupancy sensor [4] is a device that responds to the presence and absence of anybody in the sensor's field of view. The system consists of a motion detector, an electronic control unit, and a controllable switch, where, in the system, there is a wireless communication network in between the control unit and controllable switch. The motion detector senses motion and sends the appropriate signal to the control unit. The control unit then processes the input signal and output a corresponding signal to either switch the responsive device on/ off.
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2.2.2 Method of Operation[5] In todays markets, there are two commonly used methods / approaches for the operation of Occupancy Sensor. They are the Passive Infrared sensing method and the Ultrasonic wave detection method. This project will focus on the Passive Infrared sensing method.
2.2.3 What is passive infrared sensing?
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors [6] react to the infrared heat energy emitted by the human body. PIR sensors are passive devices in that they only detect radiation and do not emit it. They are designed to be maximally sensitive to objects which emit heat energy at a wavelength of around 10 microns (the peak wavelength of the heat energy emitted by humans).
PIR sensors are strictly line-of-sight devices. They cannot "see" around corners and a person will not be detected if there is an obstruction, such as a partition, between the person and the detector.
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2.2.4 How passive infrared sensing works?
PIR sensors employ a pyroelectric transducer [6] to detect infrared radiation. The device converts the IR energy into a voltage signal. (See the figure below)
Figure.3
1. An infrared filter window at the front most position of the transducer admits IR within the 5 to 15 microns wavelength range 2. One end of the two series-connected sensing elements connected to pin 3 which is grounded.
Meanwhile, the other end connects to the gate of a Field Effect Transistor and to a very high value pull-down resistor
4 5
Power is applied to the FET thus to the drain pin 1 Output signal comes from FET source pin 2 usually connects through an external pull-down resistor to ground and to an amplifier (See the following figure)
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Figure.4 A Fresnel lens, a focusing device, surrounds the transducer and focuses heat energy onto the detector. The lens views the area with a multitude of narrow and discrete beams or cones. As such, it does not view the area in a continuous fashion. As an occupant, moves a hand, arm, or the whole body from one cone of vision to another, a positive signal is generated and sent to the controller. (See the figure below)
Figure.5
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The detection pattern [5] of PIR sensors is fan shaped -- formed by the cones of vision seen by each segment of the faceted lens.
Figure.6
As shown in above figure, coverage gaps occur between the cones of vision of alternate segments of the lens. These gaps widen with distance. At 40 feet from the sensor, for instance, coverage gaps of up to 8 feet wide may be present. Since the sensor is most sensitive to motion that moves from one sensing cone to another, its sensitivity decreases with distance as the gaps between sensing cones widen.
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Most PIR sensors are sensitive to hand movement up to a distance of about 10 feet, arm and upper torso movement up to 20 feet, and full body movement up to about 40 feet.
Regarding to the above data, it is surprising that the sensing range of that little PIR sensor can be so large. Because of this reason, the PIR sensor is used to act as the sensing unit to detect anybody presence or absence in a specified area. Thus, a large area can be restricted to be our specified sensing region as soon as the PIR sensor is able to detect the movement.
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3. Paper Design
3.1 Wireless Communication In a Wireless Communication Network, however large it is, the Network is also built up of basically the transmitting unit and receiving unit. Undoubtedly, it is the same for the system in this project. For Simplicity, there will be two transmitters (for sensor node) and one receiver (for coordinator node) in the Sensor Network of this project.
And as mentioned in the previous Background Theory section, the adopted Communication Network for Sensor network has to be power conserving, so as to be long-lasted functioning. Thus, this concept is also included in the design of communication network.
3.1.1 Transmitting Unit (Sensor Node) Combining with the circuitry of Sensing unit, it acts as the sensor node of the Sensor Network. It is responsible to transmit data from the sensing unit (motion detector) to the coordinator for process. The Unit is mainly composed of several components: a Microprocessor, a RF Transmitting Module and a LCD display (optional). (See the following Schematic Diagram)
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Schematic Diagram of Transmitting Unit
Figure.7
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3.1.1 Component 1 - Microprocessor (PIC16F877A)
The Microprocessor (PIC16F877A) is adopted for several main purposes as the following descriptions: - 1. Process data from the sensing unit, motion detector The pin PIR_sense is connected to the output terminal of the circuitry of the Motion Detector sensing unit. When this pin goes to low, it means that there is an output, motion detected, from the sensing unit and vice versa.
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The microprocessor then counts the time for how long the motion detected state keeps continuously. The status is defined as valid if the time lasted for more than at least 1 second and invalid if vice versa. This decision making aims to avoid any fake-sensing from the surrounding environment.
- 2. Control power on/off of the RF Transmitting unit The pin RF_Control is connected to the above circuitry in order to control the power on/off of the RF Transmitting module. When this pin goes high, the transistor BC547 is turned on and current flow through the transistor. The collector voltage then equals to that of emitter which is connected to ground. Thus, the potential at the point of RF_Power connected to the power supply of the Transmitting unit will be low. It means to switch off the transmitting unit.
On the other hand, when this pin goes low, the transistor BC547 is turned off and no current flow through the transistor. The collector voltage then equals to
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that of VCC (+5V). Thus, the potential at the point of RF_Power connected to the power supply of transmitting module is high and turn on the transmitting module.
Therefore, power can be saved for long running of the sensor node. As the transmitter is turned on only when there is motion detected and is not always kept as on. It builds the property of power conservation as the consideration for a sensor network mentioned in the Background Theory section previously.
- 3. Output acknowledgement to RF transmitting module The pins RC0 RC3 are connected to the data input pins RF13 RF10 of transmitting unit respectively. The 4-bit acknowledgement data, 0b1010, is output when the state is changed to motion detected only. And this data will then be encoded by the transmitting module and transmitted out afterward.
- 4. Control character display on the LCD module (coding) In order to configure and display the characters on the LCD correctly, it is necessary to input corresponding instruction data to the LCD module. The microprocessor is thus the unit to give the according instruction data to the LCD module for displaying the status of the sensor node
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3.1.1 Component 2 - RF Transmitting module (Operating at 315MHz) [7]
The unit mainly consists of an encoding IC PT2262. PT2262 is a remote control encoder utilizing CMOS Technology. It encodes the preset address on its address pins and data from microprocessor into a serial coded waveform suitable for RF modulation before transmission. It has a maximum of 12 bits of tri-state address pins providing up to 531,441 (or 312) address codes; thereby, largely reducing any code collision and unauthorized code scanning possibilities (See the internal structure and pin assignment as followings)
Figure.8
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Figure.9
Pin Name A0 A7
I/O I
Description
Pin No.
Code Address Pin. Each pin can be 1 - 8 set to 0, 1 or f (floating).
D3 D0
Data pins. Each can only be set to 10 - 13 0 or 1.
/TE
Transmission Enable. Active Low Signal
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OSC1 OSC2 DOUT
O I O
A resistor connected in between to 15 determine fundamental frequency 16
Encoded waveform output to this pin 17 serially. Data Output pin.
VCC VSS
+ 5V Power Supply GND Ground Connection
18 9
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3.1.1 Component 2 - Function Description PT2262 encodes the code address and data set at A0 ~ A7 and D3 ~ D0 into a special waveform and outputs it to the DOUT when /TE is pulled to 0 (Low State). This waveform is fed to the RF modulator for transmission. Details of the operation are as followings:
- 1. Code Bits A Code Bit is the basic component of the encoded waveform, and can be classified as either an AD (Address/Data) Bit or a SYNC (Synchronous) Bit.
- Address/Data (AD) Bit Waveform An AD Bit can be designated as Bit 0, 1 or f if it is in low, high or floating state respectively. One bit waveform consists of 2 pulse cycles. Each pulse cycle has 16 oscillating time periods. (See the diagram below)
Figure.10
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- Synchronous (Sync.) Bit Waveform The Synchronous Bit Waveform is 4 bits long with 1/8 bit width pulse.
Figure.11
- 2. Code Word A group of Code Bits is called a Code Word. A Code Word consists of 12 AD bits followed by one Sync Bit. The 12 AD bits are determined by corresponding states of A0 ~ A7 and D3 ~ D0 pins at the time of transmission.
When Data Type of PT2262 is used, the address bits will decrease accordingly. For example: In the 3 Data Type where the address has 9 bits, the transmitting format is:
Figure.12
PT2262 has a maximum of twelve (12) Address Bits including the six (6) Address/Data bits, the code bits with their corresponding pins are as shown in
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the following diagram:.
Figure.13 The Code Bits A0 ~ A5 and A6/D5 ~ A11/D0 are determined by the states of A0 ~ A5 and A6/D5 ~ A11/D0 pins. For example, when the A0 (Pin No. 1) is set to 1 (Vcc), the Code Bit A0 is synthesized as 1 bit. In the same manner, when it (A0 Pin) is set to 0 (Vss) or left floating, the Code Bit A0 is synthesized as a 0 or f bit respectively.
- 3. Code Frame A Code Frame consists of four continuous Code Words. When PT2262 detects 0 on the /TE (the /TE is active low), it outputs a Code Frame at DOUT.
Figure.14 If /TE is still active at the time the Code Frame transmission ends, PT2262 outputs another Code Frame. It should be noted that the Code Frame is synthesized at the time of transmission.
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3.1.1 Component 3 - LCD Display (optional)
The unit is just used for displaying the current status of the motion detector after the data processing by the microprocessor. Without the LCD Display, the main function of data transmission can actually still be carried out. Thus, the LCD Display can be optional.
3.1.2 Receiving Unit (Coordinator) The unit acts as the coordinator of the system. It receives acknowledgement data transmitted from the sensor node (transmitting unit), then processes the acknowledgement and displays the result accordingly from the receiving data. This unit is mainly composed of several components: a Microprocessor, a RF Receiving Module and a LCD display. (See the following Schematic Diagram)
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Schematic diagram of Receiving Unit
Figure.15
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3.1.2 Component 1 - Microprocessor (PIC16F877A)
The processor PIC16F877A is adopted for several purposes as the following descriptions: - 1. Process Acknowledgement from receiving data As the received data at the RF receiving module arrive at the microprocessor, the microprocessor checks if it matches with the predefined acknowledgement messages. It gives a positive response if the checking is matched and does not give any responses at vice versa.
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-2. Control character display on the LCD module (coding) When there is positive response, the microprocessor displays the result on the LCD by giving corresponding instruction data to the LCD module. For example, it displays I AM HERE when there is somebody present in the area.
3.1.2 Component 2 - RF Receiving Module (Operating at 315MHz) [7]
The unit mainly consists of an encoder PT2272 utilizing CMOS Technology. It has 12 bits of tri-state address pins providing a maximum of 531,441 (or 312) address codes; thereby, reducing any code collision and unauthorized code scanning possibilities. The transmitted radio frequency is received by the RF demodulator and reshaped to the special waveform. PT2272 is then used to decode the waveform and set the corresponding output pin(s). (See the internal structure and pin assignment as followings)
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Figure.16 Figure.17
Pin Name A0 A7
I/O I
Description
Pin No.
Code Address Pin. Each pin can be 1 - 8 set to 0, 1 or f (floating).
D3 D0
Data pins. Each can only be set to 10 - 13 0 or 1.
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Pin Name OSC1 OSC2 VT
I/O I O O
Description
Pin No.
A resistor connected in between to 15 determine fundamental frequency Valid Transmission. Active High Signal 16 17
VCC VSS
+ 5V Power Supply GND Ground Connection
18 9
3.1.2 Component 2 - Function Description PT2272 decodes the received waveform fed into the DIN pin. The Waveform is decoded into code word which contains the address, data and sync bits. The decoded address bits are compared with the address set at the address input pins (A0 - A7). If both addresses match for 2 consecutive code words, PT2272 then drives (1) the data output pin(s) whose corresponding data bit(s) is then decoded to be a 1 & 0 bit, and (2) the VT output to high voltage (high state). Details of Operation are as followings. - 1. Code Bits A Code Bit is the basic component of the encoded waveform, and can be classified as either an AD (Address/Data) Bit or a SYNC (Synchronous) Bit.
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- 2. Address/Data (AD) Bit Waveform An AD Bit can be designated as Bit 0, 1 or f, if it is in low, high or floating state respectively. One bit waveform consists of 2 pulse cycles. Each pulse cycle has 16 oscillating time periods. See the following diagram:
Figure.18
- 3. Synchronous (Sync.) Bit Waveform The Synchronous Bit Waveform is 4 bits long with 1/8 bit width pulse.
Figure.19 - 4. Code Word A group of Code Bits is called a Code Word. A Code Word consists of 12 AD bits followed by one Sync Bit. See the diagram below:
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3.1.2 Component 2 - Valid Transmission When PT2272 receives a transmission code word, it initially checks whether this is a valid transmission. For a transmission to be valid, (1) it must be a Complete Code Word, and (2) the Address Bits must match the Address Setting at the Address Pins.
After two consecutive valid transmissions, PT2272 (1) drives the data pins according to the data bits received, and (2) raises VT to high voltage (high state). The timings are shown in the following diagram.
Figure.20
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3.1.2 Component 3 - LCD Display Module
Regarding to the instruction data from the microprocessor, the LCD module displays the characters correspondingly. Indeed, the characters are arranged in the ASCII chart. It means that all characters are displayed according to what ASCII code is keyed into the module.
3.1.3 Whole Implementation After all, whenever there are anybody present in a specified area, the motion detector will be able to detect its motion. It gives out a sensing signal motion detected (bit 0) to the transmitting unit at its output terminal. The transmitting unit then gets the signal from its PIR_sense pin and processes. It outputs the acknowledgement data to the RF transmitting module. PT2262 then encodes the data into predefined waveforms. And RF module transmits the waveforms at 315MHz over a distance.
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As the receiving module received the transmitted waveforms, the decoder PT2272 then validates and decodes the data if it is valid. As soon as the decoded data arrives at the microprocessor, the corresponding output result will be displayed on the LCD after processing. And the user current status of the Sensor node (transmitting unit) can be viewed at the Coordinator (receiving unit) finally.
3.1.4 Remarks However, the lighting control unit has not yet been developed. And the coordinator is just consisting of receiver unit, where it is not allowed to transmit any control signal neither to the sensor node nor any control units yet. The coordinator cannot control the lighting control system at the moment.
In the future development, apart from the construction of light control system, the transceivers should also be implemented in the design if possible. The system can, therefore, be developed to be more functional and efficient.
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3.2 PIR Movement Sensor As mentioned in the previous Background Theory section, the Occupancy Sensor consists of three main components, which are the sensing unit, control unit and the output unit. In the design of the PIR Movement Sensor of this system, it is also the same case as that of the normal Occupancy Sensor. A PIR sensor (RE200B) is chosen to be the sensing unit, a Master PIR Control Chip MPCC (KC788B) is selected for control unit, while an output terminal will act as the Output unit of the whole sensor system.
3.2.1 PIR sensor (RE200B) It is in a package of T0-5 with dimension shown in the figure. There are two sensitive elements with area of 2.0mm long, 1.0mm wide and are spaced in 1.0mm apart. As shown in the figure below
Figure.21
Figure.22
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It can be operated at 3 to 10 V DC with its minimal signal output voltage at around 2.5 Vp-p. For the field of view detected by the sensor, it is shown as below:
Figure.23 3.2.2 Control Unit (KC778B) The chip has been designed for easy implementation of AC control functions that use a Passive Infra-Red (PIR) motion detector. Due to its high sensitivity and reliability, it is also widely used in security product.
Figure.24 With most of the necessary components integrated in the chip, it allows the minimum external components. It has high sensitivity and an off delay timer.
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Figure.25 The above diagram shows the internal block structure of the chip.
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Figure.26. Pin assignment of the Chip:
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Figure.27 Original Schematics

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Figure.28 Modified Schematics
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3.2.3 Control and Output Circuit Description The heart of the circuit is the motion detection IC. Electrical signals from the PIR sensor have a very low frequency (0.1 to 10Hz) and bandwidth. The IC is optimized for this. The operating voltage of the KC778B itself is 4 - 15V. With the 78L05 regulator, voltage input should be in the 9V to 12V range. There are three sensitivity controls built into the original circuit. (See the original schematic diagram in the previous page) 1. Sensitivity is controlled at pin 2 by trimpot P1. When this pin equals the sensor drain potential at pin 7 (about 0.5V) sensitivity is at a minimum. When the pin 2 is connected to ground (about 0.125V), the sensitivity is at maximum. 2. Daylight sensitivity using trimpot P2 and the LDR. This is adopted when the sensor is designed to be inactive during the daytime and only active at night. If this feature is not needed, the pin 12 should be connected to Vcc and pin 11 should be left unconnected 3. Pulse on-time trimpot P3. This adjusts the output pulse from between 1.5 seconds upwards. For the minimum time delay, pins 18 & 19 are connected directly with no external capacitor or resistor.
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However, only two controls will be used after modification. They are the trimpot P1 for Sensitivity adjustment and trimpot P3 for Pulse on-time adjustment. At the meantime, the pin 12 is connected to Vcc and pin 11 is left unconnected. the modified schematic diagram in the previous page.) (See
Pin 17 is also connected to an LED, LED1. This IC output always goes on when the sensor & IC detect movement. But this trigger may result in an Output signal. For example, the Output from the unit is off during the Daytime. There is also an inbuilt latency period of about 1.5 seconds in the Output pulse when triggered. This latency period is essential to smooth out the multiple trigger pulses actually sensed by the detector (as shown by LED1.) There is an internal 500R resistor on pin 17 so a current limiting resistor is not required.
The output signal from IC pin16 goes high whenever movement is detected. It switches on the BC547 and current flow through the transistor. Its collector is then becomes grounded as the emitter is connected to ground. Thus, it turns on LED2 in original design as there is now potential difference across LED2. Besides, it gives low to the OUTPUT in the modified circuit. And this signal will be passed to the coordinator for processing.
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3.2.4 Required Components for building the Modified Circuit
Resistors: 1K brown black red R8 R9 R10 3K9 orange white red R3 10K brown black orange R2 R5 R7 47K yellow violet orange R1 R6 56K green blue orange R4 Potentiometers 200K Koa trimpot 204 P1 1M Koa trimpot 105 P3 Capacitors 10uF mini elcap C3 10uF Low leakage elcap C5 100uF mini elcap C1 100nF 104 C2 C4 C6 C8 220pF ceramic 221 C7 4n7 ceramic 472 C9 470nF C10 Control Unit IC KC778B Movement IC1 Transistors BC547 transistor Q1 Voltage Regulator 78L05 IC2 1N4004 diode D1 Output Units LED Sensors RE200B PIR sensor Light Dependent Resistor LDR Fresnel Lens
Quantity 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
4. Experimental Results
4.1 Testing with Wireless Communication
The Wireless Communication is mainly composed of the transmitting unit and the receiving unit as what has been discussed in previous sections. Following tests are carried out on investigating the individual performances of the transmitting and receiving units
4.1.1 Testing on the Transmitting Units (Sensor Node)
Test Case 1 - No RF Transmitting Module installed
Without the RF Transmitting Module being placed, the Unit just consists of the PIR motion detector, the microprocessor and LCD Display Module
Figure 29
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The unit then performs like a Detector with a Display showing its current status
Figure 30 - When motion detected, the LCD displays as the above figure.
Figure 31 - When no motion detected, the LCD displays as the above figure. Remarks: The display I AM HERE means that there are motions detected in the specified area; the display NOT HERE means that there are any motions detected in the area monitoring.
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
Test Case 2 - RF Transmitting Module installed With the RF Transmitting Module being installed, the Unit then consists of the RF Transmitter, certainly, the PIR motion detector, the microprocessor and the LCD Display Module
Figure 32 The unit is expected to perform as what has been stated in the Paper Design section previously. It means that LCD displays the current status of whether any motions are detected accordingly. At the mean time, the transmitter sends out an acknowledgement signal.
Unfortunately, the performance is not as expected. State of motion detected is kept showing on the LCD Display no matter there is motion nearby or not
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
4.1.2 Testing of the Receiving Unit (Coordinator)
As stated before in the previous description, the Receiving unit consists of the RF receiving module, a microprocessor and a LCD display.
Figure 33
At the same time, the transmitting unit is functioning in order to send out acknowledgement signal to the receiving unit in the testing process. Although the performance of transmitting unit is not as stable as expected, the tests can still be regarded as valid. There are still acknowledgement data sent by the transmitting unit depart its instability. Besides that, the receiving unit just displays the result when there is acknowledgement received. The test can be carried out.
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Case 1 - When there is motion detected acknowledgement received
Figure 34 The Display shows the motion detected status Case 2 - When no there is no motion detected acknowledgement received
Figure 35 The Display shows no motion detected status
The performance of the Receiving unit is stable and as expected
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4. Experimental Results
4.2 Testing the PIR Movement Sensor
The figure below shows the built PIR Movement Detector Circuit Board. It is built according to the schematic shown in the section of Background Theory.
Figure.36
The PIR detector will be undergone a testing with same approaches, but three different environment. The aim of this testing is to observe how far the detector is able to detect the motion, i.e. the detection range. After that, comparing the testing result to the general detection range of the common PIR detector on market and see if the performance is satisfied or not.
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4.2.1 Testing Case 1 with Daylight Testing Place: Hostel Corridor (Rectangular Closed Area) Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body / Upper Body Movement) Testing Method: Moving away from sensor till the point where the movement cannot be sensed
Hostel Corridor
PIR Sensor
Length
Figure.37
Width
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
4.2.2 Testing Case 2 with Daylight Testing Place: SHB 6th Floor Reading Area (Large Indoor Room) Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body Movement) Testing Method: Moving away from sensor till the point where the movement cannot be sensed
SHB 6th Floor Reading Area
PIR Sensor
Length
Width
Figure.38
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4.2.3 Testing Case 3 at Night Testing Place: Open Area at Hostel Ground Floor (Wild Open Area) Testing Object: Human Body (Full Body Movement) Testing Method: Moving away from sensor till the point where the movement cannot be sensed
Open Area at Hostel Ground
Figure.39
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4.2.4 Testing Results from the previous 3 situation are as following
Testing Result from case 1 at Hostel Corridor:

Body Measurement Movement Measured Length (60cm per square on the floor) Measured Width (60cm per square on the floor)
Full body Movement Upper Half Movement
21 x square = 12.6 m
3 x square = 1.8 m 3 x square = 1.8 m
Body 12 x square = 6.8 m
Testing Result from case 2 at SHB 6th floor Reading Area:

Body Measurement Movement Measured Length (28cm per shoes) Measured Width (28cm per shoes)
Full body Movement
48 x square = 13.4 m
46 x square = 12.88 m
Testing Result from case 3 at the Open area of Hostel Ground floor
Body Measurement Movement Measured Length (26cm per shoes) View Angle (Rough
Observation only)
Full body Movement
46 x square = 11.96 m
140 deg when getting close to the sensor
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5. Cost Summary
The estimated cost of the system for demonstration purpose is listed below tables, where it is mainly separated into two parts; the hardware for Wireless Communication Network and the necessary components for PIR Movement Detector circuit building.
Table 1: Hardware for Wireless Communication Network Item Description Microprocessor x 3 Transmitting module x 2 Receiving module x 1 All Necessary components + LCD Total Cost Item Cost HK$60
HK$40
HK$25 HK$125
Table 2: PIR Movement Detector Circuit Item Descriptions All Necessary components Item Cost HK$5
Fresnel lens, PIR Sensor, Controller IC (KC778B)
HK$75
Total Cost
HK$80
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6. Discussion
6.1 Wireless Communication When testing the Wireless Communication and the PIR Movement Detector individually, their performance is perfectly stable. After combining the Wireless module with the Movement Detector on a circuit board together with their original arrangements, the overall performance, however, becomes very unstable.
Problem encounter After merging the wireless communication modules and the PIR movement detector, the performance should be as expected as what has been stated in the previous Paper Design section. It means that the sensor node would give the motion detected signal only if there are any body motions being sensed as in the design. Unfortunately, the actual result is that the detector gives out such sensing signals abnormally. It gives the motion detected signal even there are not any body motions in the sensing area.
Reason for the abnormal performance The reason for this abnormal performance is actually because the ground potential connected to the circuitry has become unstable after the wireless
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communication module is merged with the motion detection circuit. And the instability of overall ground potential is due to the long wired ground connection between ports and the ground terminal. In the long connected wire, the RF signal generated from the wireless module will impose some unwanted parasitic potential along the wire connected. It then affects the original ground connection on the ports in which the ground connection is no longer at ground potential (0V), but an unknown potential imposed by the parasitic effect of the wired connection.
Possible solution to the Problem To solve the encounter problem, one possible solution is using a ground plane for ground connection instead of using a wire connecting in between the port and the ground terminal. It can greatly reduce the distance of connection in between the ground terminal and the ports. The ground potential (0V) can then be kept constantly as there is no longer the parasitic effect of connection wire. Indeed, it is also a usual practice of using ground plane for ground connection instead of wiring between ports and the ground terminal for building any RF circuitry. As shorter the ground connection it is, lesser the parasitic effect on ground potential it imposes.
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Further Possible Improvement In the system, those two transmitting units are the only ones which are able to talk/send out data to the other parties; but it cannot listen to/get the data from others. Meanwhile, the receiving unit is the only one which is able to listen to/get the data from other parties; but it cannot talk/send out data to others. It limits the communication between the sensor nodes and the coordinator to be a kind of single-way communication. The coordinator cannot take control on the sensor nodes and request for those their current status at any time. It can just wait till those sensor nodes send out the acknowledgement data only.
A better suggestion on the communication method is to implement a two-way communication between the coordinator and the sensor nodes. To implement the two-way communication between them, the network should no longer use the pair of transmitting and receiving units. Instead, it should adopt the transceiver as the communication module in between them. As the transceiver can act both the functions of transmitting and receiving in a single module. The coordinator can, thereby, be able to take control on the sensor nodes at any time it requests. The current status update of sensor nodes can then be done more efficiently and effectively.
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6.2 PIR Movement Detector After the testing in three different situations, it is observed that the detection range of the built sensor is about 12m long which is about 40ft by calculation. And this data does match to the previous mentioned range (40ft) for full body movement in the section of Background Theory.
However, there is a big drawback for our PIR Movement Detector. It is the problem of line of view. Whenever there is obstacle in between, then the sensor cannot sense the moving body. Beside that, it cannot sense the body at round corner. To solve this problem, there can be a mixed use with ultrasonic wave detection method. As this method is less dependent to the line of view, thus it is able to help enlarge the detection range afterward.
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7. References
[1] F. L. Lewis. Wireless sensor networks. In D. J. Cook and S. K. Das, editors, Smart Environments: Technologies, Protocols, and Applications, New York, 2004. John Wiley.
[2] Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks, 38(4):393422, April 2002
[3] Holger Karl and Andreas Willig. A short survey of wireless sensor networks TKN Technical Report TKN-03-018, Technical University Berlin, October 2003.
[4] Lighting design lab http://www.lightingdesignlab.com/articles/occ_sensor/method_oper.htm
[5] light guide: occupant sensors http://www.lightsearch.com/resources/lightguides/sensors.html
[6] How Infrared Motion Detector Components work http://www.glolab.com/pirparts/infrared.html
[7] Application notes of PT2262/2272 http://www.princeton.com.tw
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8. Appendices Software Coding

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: receive.h // Description: It declares all pins and externs functions /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include <pic.h> #include <stdio.h> #define Sel0 RA0 #define NIL RA1 #define Sel1 RA2 #define ADR0 RA3 #define ADR1 RA4 #define ADR2 RA5 #define RX0 RC0 #define RX1 RC1 #define RX2 RC2 #define RX3 RC3 #define RX_ACK RC4 #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define LCD0 LCD1 LCD2 LCD3 LCD4 LCD5 LCD6 LCD7 RD0 RD1 RD2 RD3 RD4 RD5 RD6 RD7
#define LCD_RS RE2 #define LCD_RW RE1 #define LCD_EN RE0 extern void InitPIC(void); extern unsigned int count,count1; extern unsigned char temp,temp1;
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: LCD.h // Description: It extern LCD Control functions in LCD.c /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include <pic.h> #include <stdio.h> extern void lcd_puts(const char *s); extern void InitLCD(void); extern void clear(void); extern void pos_select(unsigned char pos);
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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: receive.c // Description: It coordinates the whole process ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include "receive.h" #include "LCD.h" void main(void) { unsigned char result=0; unsigned int stop_count; InitPIC(); InitLCD(); clear(); pos_select(0); lcd_puts("Node0:"); pos_select(2); lcd_puts("Node1:"); ADR0 = 0;//Address0 while(1) { if (ADR0==0) { //////////////////////////////// //Node0 Process //////////////////////////////// result=temp; switch (result) {
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case 0: pos_select(1); lcd_puts("NOT HERE "); count1=0; //stop_count=10000; while (count1<10000); break; case 10: pos_select(1); lcd_puts("I AM HERE"); count1=0; //stop_count=50000; while (count1<50000) { if (temp==10) count1=0; } break; default: pos_select(1); lcd_puts("I DUNNO "); count1=0; //stop_count=50000; while (count1<10000); break; } } else if (ADR0==1) { /////////////////////////////////// //Node1 Process //////////////////////////////////// result=temp1;
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
switch (result) { case 0: pos_select(3); lcd_puts("NOT HERE "); count1=0; while (count1<10000); break; case 10: pos_select(3); lcd_puts("I AM HERE"); count1=0; while (count1<50000) { if (temp1==10) count1=0; } break; default: pos_select(3); lcd_puts("I DUNNO "); count1=0; while (count1<10000); break; } } if ((Sel0==1)&&(Sel1==0)) ADR0=0; else if ((Sel0==0)&&(Sel1==1)) ADR0=1; else ADR0=0; } }
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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: LCD.c // Description: It declares functions to control LCD display //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include "receive.h" void clear(void) { /////////////////////////// //Clear Display //////////////////////////// LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0x01; count=0; while (count<100);//wait>=1.53ms for execution LCD_EN = 0; } void pos_select(unsigned char pos) { ///////////////////////////////////////////// // Select Display Position ///////////////////////////////////////////// switch (pos) { case 0://Node0 Display LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0x80;//Upper Leftmost position count=0; while (count<50);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; break;
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
case 1://Node0 Status LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0x87; //Lower Leftmost position count = 0; while (count<50);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; break; case 2://Node1 Display LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0xC0;//Lower Leftmost position count=0; while (count<50);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; break; case 3://Node1 Status LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0xC7;//Lower Leftmost position count=0; while (count<50);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; break; } }
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
void lcd_puts(const char *s) { while(*s) { /////////////////////////// // Write Characters /////////////////////////// LCD_RS = 1; LCD_RW = 0; LCD_EN = 1; PORTD = *s; count = 0; while (count<10);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; *s++;//Jump to Next Character } } void InitLCD(void) { while (count<1000);//wait>=30ms for power up //////////////////////////// //Initialize Function Set //////////////////////////// LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; PORTD = 0x38; //PORTD = 0x38; count = 0; while (count<10);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; ///////////////////////////// //Display ON/OFF Control ///////////////////////////// LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0;
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)
LCD_RW = 0; //PORTB = 0x0C;//0x0F; PORTD = 0x0C; count = 0; while (count<10);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; ////////////////////////////// //Display Clear ////////////////////////////// LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; //PORTB = 0x01; PORTD = 0x01; count=0; while (count<100);//wait>=1.53ms for execution LCD_EN = 0; /////////////////////////// //Entry Mode Set /////////////////////////// LCD_EN = 1; LCD_RS = 0; LCD_RW = 0; //PORTB = 0x07; PORTD = 0x07; count=0; while (count<10);//wait>=39us for execution LCD_EN = 0; }
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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: isr.c // Description: It acts as timer counter and checks received data input /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "receive.h" unsigned int count,count1; unsigned char temp,temp1; bit flag;
void interrupt ISR(void) { flag=RX_ACK;
// TIMER0 if (T0IF) {
if (ADR0==0) temp = PORTC&0b00001111; else if (ADR0==1) temp1 = PORTC&0b00001111; count++; count1++; TMR0=0x29;//interrupt at 50us T0IF=0; } }
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/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // File Name: init.c // Description: It initializes all the ports and registers /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #include "receive.h" void InitPIC(void) { /////////////////////////////////// // A/D & I/O PIN SELECT /////////////////////////////////// ADCON1 = 0b00001110; //ALL PINS are Digital pins /////////////////////////////////// // PORTS /////////////////////////////////// TRISA = 0b00000101; TRISC = 0x1F; TRISD = 0x00; TRISE = 0x00; /////////////////////////////////// // Interrupt Init /////////////////////////////////// PIE1 = 0X00; PIR1 = 0x00; PEIE = 1; //enable PERI interrupt GIE = 1; //enable ALL interrupt /////////////////////////////////// // TMR0 Init /////////////////////////////////// T0CS = 0; //follow CLK T0IF = 0; //CLR TMR0 FLAG T0IE = 1; //enable TMR0 interrupt TMR0 = 0x29;//initial tmr0 temp = 0;//clear variable temp }
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ERG4910B - Thesis II (2006-2007)