Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------

84
Chng 4

Thit b sy bc x
4.1.Khi nim
Sy bc x l phng php sy dng tia bc x chiu vo i tng cn lm kh.
Ngun nhit bc x thng dng n hng ngoi, in tr, cht lng hay kh, tm c t
nng ti nhit nht nh, vt nng pht ra bc x hng ngoi. Tia hng ngoi chiu vo
vt liu sy(gm nc v hp cht hu c). Nc tr thnh vt en, hp ph a s nng lng;
hp cht hu c tr thnh vt trong sut, tia xuyn qua khng sinh nhit. Hin tng ny ch
xy ra giai on sng c bc nht nh( bc sng = 0,440m). u im ni bt ca
thit b sy bc x l cng bay hi m ln hn vi ln so vi phng php sy i lu v
tip xc. S d vy l v ngun nhit c th chn rt cao(500 600
o
C), dng nhit ti vt sy c
th ti 22500 Kcal/m
2
h( gp 30 ln)
4.2.Nguyn tc cu to
4.2.1 Thit b gia nhit bng in: Thit b loi ny c th dng n hng ngoi, hoc dy
in tr lng trong ng gm hoc tm in tr lm bng bc x nhit.
a/ Thit b dng n hng ngoi.
n hng ngoi c sn xut vi cc cng sut khc nhau: 125, 250, 500W v ln
hn. Trn 1m
2
c th b tr nhiu bng. Thu tinh lm n hng ngoi phi cho cc tia hng
ngoi xuyn qua d dng.Dng n hng ngoi c u im l qun tnh nhit khng ng k,
iu khin d dng. Nhc im l ton b sng hng ngoi pht ra c bc sng kh rng t
0,76 400m, khi dng sy nng sn tch nc li cn bc sng thp t 0,4 40m (trng
mt phn vi nh sng trng), do tiu hao nng lng cao, hiu sut thit b thp. B tr n
cn lu ch dng nhit bc x phn b u trn sn phm. Khong cch ny ln hn 300mm.

















Hnh 4.1. Cc kiu n hng ngoi dng sy hin c s dng Php
Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
85
Bng 4.1. Cc kiu n hng ngoi ca Php
Kch thc(mm) Dng Watt Vn
ng knh Chiu di
Cu- parabn 250 115 , 125 125 195
Cu- parabn 375 Hoc 220 125 195
Cu 250 120 225
Cu 375 120 225
Tr 100 46 310


































Hnh4.2. Thit b sy bc x dng thanh in tr.
1- Thanh in tr 2- Gi treo vt liu
3- Cch nhit 4- Khung my

Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
86






















Hnh 4.3. Thit b sy bng n hng ngoi 250W sy xt kim loi.

b/ Thit b sy bng in tr (hnh 4.2).
ngun nhit l dy in tr t trong ng kim loi, thanh in tr hay in tr tm.
Cng sut ring trn n v din tch b mt kh ln. V d tm bc x nhit in tr do nh
my Ulianip sn xut c nhit b mt nung 460
o
C, cng sut ring 20-30KW/m
2
.
4.2.2. Thit b sy bc x gia nhit bng hi t.
Phng php ny r tin hn s dng in nhng gy nhim mi trng. B mt bc
x l cc tm gch chu la, t nng bng kh ga. Thit b ny dng sy giy (ngi ta c
th dng my sy l).
4.3. L thuyt tnh ton
4.3.1 c tnh ti u ca vt liu khi sy bng bc x hng ngoi .
Nhiu tc gi nghin cu c tnh ph ca cc vt liu khc nhau khi gia cng bng
bc x( qu, rau, ch l, bnh ko, giy, vi...) a ti nhn xt rng: c tnh ph ca tia
hng ngoi c bc sng 0,4 15m l khong tt nht gia cng vt liu bng bc x.
Thc nghim cho thy tnh cht ph ti u ca cc vt liu khc nhau, c tnh ring
bit. Do i vi cc vt liu khc nhau v qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau cn thit phi c
ngun vi tnh cht khc nhau. V d rau, qu, la m vng ph c chiu di sng 1,22,4m.
S ph thuc ca ng c tnh vo hm lng m rt phc tp, nh hng ca nhiu
yu t: tnh cht cht kh, dng lin kt ca m trong vt liu, cu trc ca vt liu, trng thi
b mt ca n....vv
Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
87
4.3.2. Cc tnh ton c bn.
Nng lng ca tia hng ngoi i su vo trong vt liu, lan truyn trong th tch ca
n, nh hng ti c im ca trng nhit bn trong vt liu, thc hin vic trao i
nhit. Ta c phng trnh dn nhit i vi bi ton mt kch thc, a vo thnh phn b
xung nng lng.
( ) T x Q
c x
T
a
T
v
,
1
2
2

+

(4.1)
y: Q
v
(x,T) l nng lng ca tia lan to trong mt n v th tch ca vt liu
trong mt phng x(W/m
3
), i lng c dng
Q
v
(x,T) = ( )
2
1
, , q x T d

v
(4.2)
y q
v
(x,,T) nng lng tia n sc xuyn su vo vt liu v lan to trong n v
thi gian, n v th tch vi to x, tnh cho 1 n v khong chiu di sng.
Gi s bit qui lut lan truyn c dng
q
A
(x, ,T) = A(x, ,T).q
n
() (4.3)
y : q
A
(x, ,T) - phn hp th ca mt dng bc x n sc.
A(x, ,T) - kh nng hp th ph ca vt liu, l hm ca chiu dy lp trong mt
phng x; T- nhit vt liu, - chiu di sng.
q
n
() mt ph ca dng trn mt vt liu, tnh cho 1 n v chiu di sng ca
ph (W/m
2
. m).
Khi ln q
v
(x, ,T) bng o hm bc nht ca q
A
(x, ,T)
q
v
(x, ,T) =
( )
( )
( ) , ,
, ,
A x T
n
q
A x T
q
x x

=

(4.4)
Thay (4.4) vo (4.3) ta c
Q
v
=
( )
2
1
, ,
n
A x T
q d
x

Khi phng trnh dn nhit i vi bi ton 1 kch thc, c thnh phn b xung s l
( )
( )
2
2
, ,
1
2
1
A x T
T T
a q d
n
c x
x

= +

(4.5)
ln A(x, ,T) xc nh theo cng thc ca C.T iliacva( khi tc ng v mt pha)
A(x, ,T) = 1 -
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
,
1
1 exp , exp ,
1 2
1
q T
x
x x
q o
x

(
= +
( =


(4.6)
Trong :
a s
s

+ +
=
Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
88

( )
( ) l
s a a
=
+ =

exp
2
h s hiu dng tnh trng suy yu
Trong : a

- h s hp ph
S

- h s phn tn
l - chiu dy ca tm
K

= a

+ S

- h s tng qut tnh trng suy yu
Gii hn ph thuc vo hnh dng c th ph ca tia. Theo Pha- bri(Anh)

1
=0,5
max
;
2
= 4,3
max
. Cc nh khoa hc khuyn nn tnh i vi gii hn 0,4
max
< <4,0
max

ng cong ca
max
c dng (
max
= f(T))

max
= 0,666 + 0,509exp[(2100 T).9,64.10
-4
] (m) (4.7)
Trong gii hn: 1200K T 3200K
Trong thit k, a ti hai bi ton:
- Khi bit mt b mt dng bc x(W/m
2
), chn ngun pht( ph hp vi yu cu
ch cng ngh gia cng ti u ca sn phm), ta xc nh thi gian ca qu trnh.
- Khi bit thi gian ca qu trnh, xc nh nhu cu nng lng. C s ca phng php
l xy dng phng trnh cn bng nng lng ca thit b. c im ca thit b l vt liu
chu tc ng trc tip ca bc x trong bung, ta c phng trnh
dQ
bx
= dQ
v
dQ
mt
(4.8)
y: dQ
bx
nng lng bc x chiu vo vt liu (J)
dQ
v
nng lng hp th trong th tch vt liu
dQ
mt
nng lng trao i gia b mt vt liu v mi trng( du ph thuc vo nhit
tng i ca b mt vt liu t
b.m
)
Tnh tng thnh phn ca phng trnh: dQ
bx
= q
n
(T
t
,S,h
o
)F
bx
.
vl
A (T,)d (4.9)
Trong : q
n
(T
t
,S,h
o
) - mt dng tia ph thuc nhit T
t
, bc(khong cch
gia b pht tia) S v khong cch gia b pht tia v i tng h
o
(W/m
2
)
F
bx
din tch tip nhn bc x ca vt liu(m
2
)

vl
A (T,) - kh nng hp th ca b mt vt liu, trung bnh theo ph
b phn bc x (khi nhit T), trng hp chung l hm thi gian mt dng bc x xc
nh theo s liu thc nghim hoc theo gii tch.
Khi T= const v q
n
=const,
vl
A thay i nhiu theo thi gian; th tnh ton cn tin
hnh theo thi gian v trung bnh
vl
A theo thi gian tin hnh trong vng gii hn. Nu my
pht tia cung cp b phn phn x dng phn b trong khng gian dng tia v kh nng s
dng hp l n, th:
dQ
bx
=[q
n
(T
t
,S,h
o
)
vl
A + q
p
(T
t
,S,h
p
)
vl
A ]F
bx
d (4.10)
y: q
p
mt dng phn x
h
p
khong cch gia b phn phn x v i tng

vl
A kh nng hp th ca vt liu, trung bnh theo ph ca nng lng tia,
phn x t b phn phn x.
Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
89
tnh s phn x lp li gia bc x v phn x ca i tng, cng nh tnh i vi mi
trng hp ph ca bung lm vic, ln dQ
bx
tng thm 5 10%.
k hiu
q
n
(T
t,
,S,h
o
).
vl
A + q
p
(T
t
,S,h
o
)
vl
A = q
bx
(4.11)
Khi : dQ
bx
= q
bx
.F
bx.
d (4.12)
Nng lng vt liu hp th chi ph t nng v bc hi m
dQ
v
= dQ
vl
+dQ
bh
( 4.13)
Nng lng(nhit) chi ph t nng vt liu
dQ
vl
= G
vl
C
vl
.dt
vl
(4.14)
Trong : G
vl
khi lng vt liu c chiu x(Kg/s)
C
vl
nhit dung ring ca n( trng hp chung l hm ca m)(J/Kg
o
K).
dt
vl
S thay i nhit ca vt liu (
0
C)
Nng lng (nhit) chi ph bc hi m: dQ
bh
= q
tb
.r.Fd (4.15)
y: q
tb
mt trung bnh dng m(Kg/m
2
s)
r - nhit m ho hi (coi bng hng s) (J/Kg)
F - din tch hon ton ca b mt vt liu( gi thit, bc hi xy ra trn tt c
b mt vt liu) (m
2
)
Nng lng( nhit) ca vt liu nng a vo mi trng.
dQ
mt
=
l
(t
vl
t
kk
)F.d + 4,9
qd d F
T T
bt vl

(
(

\
|
|

\
|
4 4
100 100

(4.16)
Trong :
l
h s trao i nhit i lu(W/m
2 o
K)
t
vl
nhit trung bnh b mt vt liu trong khong thi gian d
t
kk
nhit khng kh
T
bt
nhit b mt gi bn trong (
o
K)

qd
- en qui dn ca vt liu 4,8
qd
= C
qd

C
qd
h s qui dn ca bc x
Cng thc (4.16) c th trnh by di dng:
dQ
mt
=
l
(t
vl
t
kk
)Fd +
bx
(t
vl
t
kk
)Fd = (
bx
+
l
)(t
vl
t
kk
)Fd
=
c
(t
vl
t
kk
)Fd (4.17)
y:
c
=
l
+
bx
=
l
+C
qd
.10
-8
(T
vl
2
+T
bt
2
)(T
vl
+T
bt
)
Theo .D. Lbep khuyn nn ly
c
18,6 23,2(W/m
2 o
K)
Khi xc nh cc thnh phn ca phng trnh (4.8) l phng trnh dng khai trin
q
bx
F
bx
d = G
vl
C
vl
dt
vl
+ q
tb
.r.Fd +
c
(t
vl
t
kk
)Fd (4.18)
Nu G
vl
= V
vl
.
vl
v k hiu
K
f
=
bx
F
F
v m=
vl
V
F

Ta c th vit
Trng i hc Nng nghip 1 Gio trnh K thut synng sn -------- -----------------------------------------
90
q
bx
d = ( )

d K t t d K r q dt K
m
C
f kk vl c f tb vl f
vl vl
+ +

(4.19)
ta c phng trnh cui cng

( )
kk vl
vl
t t D
dt
d
+
=
B
(4.20)
Trong :

( )
vl vl
c
f vl vl
f tb bx
C
m
D
K C
m K r q q
B

=

=

Gi thit nhit b mt ca vt liu l t
vl
, quan h vi nhit trung bnh ca vt liu t
tb
, ta c
t
vl
= Kt
tb
(4.21)
y h s K ph thuc vo tnh cht quay v nhit vt l ca vt liu cng nh vo thi gian:
khi t nng K 1; trng hp ring khi sy i lu vt liu mng trong thi k tc khng
i c th nhn K = 1.
Trong phng php tnh ton theo vng c th nhn K
h
= const, khi ta c:

|

\
|
+
=
K
t
t DK B
dt
d
kk
tb
vl
(4.22)
Tch phn trong gii hn thay i ca nhit vt liu t t
u
n t
cui
; ta xc nh thi t nng
khi sy bng bc x i lu

|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
=
K
t
t DK B
K
t
t DK B
DK
KK
dau
KK
cuoi
1
(4.23)
Trng hp nu q
bx
>>q
l
, thnh phn
c
(t
vl
t
KK
)K
f
d c th b qua, v cho php (vi B= const)
=
B
1
(t
cui
t
u
)
Trng hp chung, hp l tnh ton theo chun Rbine. Gii quyt vn sy kh phc tp,
nn s dng cng thc tnh ton thng thng trn c s s liu thc nghim.


cu hi n tp chng iv

1. Trnh by nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b sy bc x.
2. C s l thuyt v sy bc x hng ngoi.