Physics 742: Jackson, Classical

Electrodynamics
Russell Bloomer
1
University of Virginia
Note: There is no guarantee that these are correct, and they should not be copied
1
email: rbloomer@virginia.edu
Contents
1 Problem Set 1 1
1.1 Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem 2: Jackson 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problem 3: Jackson 1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Problem 4: Jackson 1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Problem Set 2 7
2.1 Problem 1: Jackson 1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Problem 2: Jackson 1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Problem 3: Jackson 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Problem 4: Jackson 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Problem Set 3 13
3.1 Problem 1: Jackson 2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Problem 2: Jackson 2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Problem 3: Jackson 2.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Problem 4: Jackson 2.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Problem Set 4 19
4.1 Problem 1: Jackson 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Problem 2: Jackson 3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Problem 3: Jackson 3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Problem Set 5 23
5.1 Problem 1: Jackson 3.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Problem 2: Jackson 4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6 Problem Set 6 27
6.1 Problem 1: Jackson 4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2 Problem 2: Jackson 4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.3 Problem 3: Distressed Simple Cubic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 Problem Set 7 31
7.1 Problem 1: Jackson 4.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Problem Set 8 33
8.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2 Problem 2: Semi-Innite Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.4 Problem 4: Jackson 5.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
i
9 Problem Set 9 39
9.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.2 Problem 2: Jackson 5.19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10 Problem Set 10 45
10.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.2 Problem 2: Jackson 5.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
10.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
11 Problem Set 11 51
11.1 Problem 1: Jackson 6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11.2 Problem 2: Jackson 6.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
11.3 Problem 3: Jackson 6.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
12 Problem Set 12 55
12.1 Problem 1: Jackson 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12.2 Problem 2: Jackson 6.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A Special Functions 61
ii
Chapter 1
Problem Set 1
1.1 Problem 1
Consider a vacuum diode consisting of two parallel plates of area A which are large compared to their separation
d. Neglecting edge eects, all quantities will be assumed to depend only on x a coordinate perpendicular to the plates.
Electrons are boiled o the cathode plate which is heated and held at potential = 0. They are attracted
to the anode plate which is held at a positive potential Vo. The cloud of electrons within the gap (called the space
charge) quickly builds up to a point where it reduces eld at the cathode to zero. From then on a steady current
ows between the plates.
Show that the current in the diode is given by
I = KV
3/2
o
where K =
4oA
9d
2
_
2e
m
(1.1)
The charge density is
= o
2
V = o

2
V
x
2
(1.2)
because the charge density only depends on the position x. Next the velocity of the electron at any position in the
potential.
1
2
mv
2
= eV v =
_
2eV
m
(1.3)
Because this is a steady state, the current is independent of the position x.
dq = Adx
dq
dt
= A
dx
dt
I = Av (1.4)
Combining equations 3 and 4
1
I = A
_
2eV
m
=
I
A
_
m
2eV
Now adding in equation 2
=
I
A
_
m
2eV


2
V
x
2
=
I
oA
_
m
2eV
All that remains is to solve the dierential. Start by dening W =
V
x
. The dierential becomes
W
W
x
=
I
oA
_
2
me
V
1/2
V
x
WW =
I
oA
_
2
me
V
1/2
V
1
If the e on equation is lower case, it is from the homework set, but if it is upper case, it is from Jackson 3
rd
ed.
1
Integrating once to nd
1
2
W
2
=
2I
oA
_
2
me
V
1/2
Solving for W
1
2
W
2
=
2I
oA
_
2
me
V
1/2
W =
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
V
1/4
Now reintroduce W =
V
x
V
x
=
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
V
1/4
V
1/4
V =
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
x
Integrating
V
1/4
V =
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
x
4
3
V
3/4
=
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
x +C
The rst boundary condition is at V (0) = 0, which determines the constant to be C = 0. The other boundary
condition is at V (d) = Vo. The equation becomes
4
3
V
3/4
o
=
_
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
_
1/4
d
Solving for the current
_
4
3
_
4
V
3
o
=
8m
e
_
I
oA
_
2
d
4

_
I
oA
_
2
=
e
8md
4
_
4
3
_
4
V
3
o

I
oA
=
_
e
8m
_
4
3d
_
2
V
3/2
o
I =
4oA
9d
2
_
2e
m
V
3/2
o
I = KV
3/2
o

1.2 Problem 2: Jackson 1.5
The time-averaged potential of a neutral hydrogen atom is given by
=
q
4o
e
r
r
_
1 +
r
2
_
(1.5)
where q is the magnitude of the electric charge, and
1
= ao/2, ao being the Bohr radius. Find the distribution of
charge (both continuous and discrete) that will give this potential and interpret your result physically.
The charge density is related to the potential by
= o
2
= o
2
_
q
4o
e
r
r
_
1 +
r
2
_
_
=
q
4

2
_
e
r
r
_
1 +
r
2
_
_
The Laplace in spherical coordinates for a spherically symmetrical object is

2
=
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
2
Then the charge density becomes
=
q
4
_
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
e
r
r
_
1 +
r
2
_
___
=
q
4
_
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
e
r
r
+
e
r
2
___
=
q
4
_
1
r
2

r
_
r
2
2
e
r
+r
2
e
r

r
_
1
r
_

r
2
2
e
r
__
=
q
4
_
1
r
2
__

2
re
r
+

3
r
2
2
e
r
e
r
+
2
r
2
e
r
r
2
e
r

r
_
1
r
_
+e
r

r
_
r
2

r
_
1
r
___
=
q
4
_

3
2
e
r

r
2
e
r
+
r
2
r
2
e
r
r
2
+e
r
_
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
1
r
____
With
2
_
1
r
_
= 4(r), the factor in front of the delta function is 1 at the origin and 0 everywhere else. The above
equation reduces to
=
q
4
_

3
2
e
r
4(r)
_
= q(r)
q
3
8
e
r
(1.6)
The rst term is a positive point charge at the origin, which would be the proton. The second term is a negative
spherically symmetry object that is decaying o rapidly after the Bohr radius, which is a good description of the
electric cloud.
1.3 Problem 3: Jackson 1.6
A simple capacitor is a device formed by two insulated conductors adjacent to each other. If equal and opposite charges
are placed on the conductors, there will be a certain dierence potential between them. The ratio of magnitude of
the charge on one conductor to magnitude of the potential dierence is called the capacitance. Using Gausss law,
calculate the capacitance of
(a) two large, at, conducting sheets of area A, separated by a small distance d
The electric eld outside the plate two plates is zero, because if pillbox containing both plates has no charge therefore
no electric eld. Forming a pillbox around one plate by Gausss law has [E[ = /2o, where = Q/A. There are two
plates adding constructively in between, so [E[ = /o. The potential is then
E =
V
d
=

o
V =
d
o
V =
Qd
Ao
The capacitance is then
C =
Q
V
=
Q
Qd
Ao
C =
Ao
d

(b) two concentric conduction spheres with radii a, b (b > a)
Gausss law for a sphere is
E =
Q
4o
1
r
2
The potential is then
V =
_
a
b

E d

l =
Q
4o
_
a
b
dr
r
2
=
Q
4o
1
r

a
b
=
Q
4o
_
1
a

1
b
_
Now the capacitance
C =
Q
V
=
Q
Q
4o
_
1
a

1
b
_ = 4o
ab
b a

3
(c) two concentric conducting cylinders of length L, large compared to their radii a, b (b > a)
Using Gausss law for cylindrical surface is
E =
Q
2o
1
r
The potential becomes
V =
_
b
a

E d

l =
Q
2o
_
b
a
dr
r
=
Q
2o
ln r

b
a
=
Q
2o
(ln b ln a) =
Q
2o
ln (b/a)
The capacitance is
C =
Q
V
=
Q
Q
2o
ln (b/a)
=
2o
ln (b/a)
(1.7)
(d) What is the inner diameter of the outer conductor in an air-lled coaxial cable whose center conductor is a
cylindrical wire of diameter 1 mm and whose capacitance is 3 10
11
F/m? 3 10
12
F/m?
Using equation 7, and rearranging it
b = ae
2o
C
For 3 10
11
F/m
b = 1 e
28.8510
12
/310
11
= e
1.854
= 6.38 mm
For 3 10
12
F/m
b = 1 e
28.8510
12
/310
12
= e
18.54
= 1.12 10
8
mm
1.4 Problem 4: Jackson 1.10
Prove the mean value theorem: For charge-free space the value of the electrostatic potential at any point is equal to
the average of the potential over the surface of any sphere centered on that point.
From Equation 1.36
(x) =
1
4o
_
V
(x

)
R
d
3
x

+
1
4
_
S
_
1
R
d
dn

d
dn

_
1
R
__
da

(1.8)
For a charge-free space = 0, then
1
4o
_
V
(x

)
R
d
3
x

=
1
4o
_
V
0
R
d
3
x

= 0 (1.9)
Using Equation 1.33 for the second part of equation 8
1
R
d
dn

=
1
R
n

From equation 1.16

1
R
n

=
1
R
E n

The second part of equation 8 becomes

1
4
_
S
1
R
d
dn

da

=
1
4
_
S
1
R
E n

da

4
Because this is over the surface it is independent of R, then

1
4R
_
S
E n

da

By the divergence theorem

1
4R
_
S
E n

da

=
1
4oR
_
V
(x)d
3
x

Again in a charge-free space

1
4oR
_
V
(x)d
3
x

= 0 (1.10)
For the last part of equation 8,
d
dn

_
1
R
_
=
1
R
2
, because the dierential is before the surface. At the surface the
radius is constant so the last part of equation 8 becomes

1
4
_
S

d
dn

_
1
R
_
da

=
1
4R
2
_
S
da

(1.11)
So combining equations 9, 10, and 11 to nd
(x) =
1
4R
2
_
S
da

5
6
Chapter 2
Problem Set 2
2.1 Problem 1: Jackson 1.7
Two long, cylindrical conductors of radii a1 and a2 are parallel and separated by a distance d, which is large compared
with either radius. Show that the capacitance per unit length is given approximately by
C o
_
ln
d
a
_
1
(2.1)
where a is the geometrical mean of the two radii. Approximate what gauge wire (state diameter in millimeters) would
be necessary to make a two-wire transmission line with capacitance of 1.2 10
11
F/m in the separation of the wires
was 0.5 cm? 1.5 cm? 5.0 cm?
The electric eld for a wire is given by

E =
Q
2o
r
r
The potential between the two wire is
=
_

E d

l =
Q
2o
__
da
2
a
1
dr
r
+
_
da
1
a
2
dr
r
_
=
Q
2o
_
ln
_
d a2
a1
_
+ ln
_
d a1
a2
__
=
Q
2o
_
ln
_
(d a2) (d a1)
a1a2
__
The capacitance is given by C =
Q

. Then
C =
Q

=
Q
Q
2o
_
ln
_
(da
2
)(da
1
)
a
1
a
2
__
=
2o
ln
_
(da
2
)(da
1
)
a
1
a
2
_
Since the distance between the wires is much large than their radii, da1 da2 d. Then capacitance reduces to
C =
2o
ln
_
(da
2
)(da
1
)
a
1
a
2
_

2o
ln
_
d
2
a
1
a
2
_ =
o
ln
_
d

a
1
a
2
_
Dening the average radius as a =

a1a2. The capacitance is then

C =
o
ln
_
d

a
1
a
2
_ =
o
ln
_
d
a
_
7
For C = 1.2 10
11
F/m and d = 0.5cm the radius is
1.2 10
11
=
o
ln
_
.005
a
_ a = .49mm
The diameter is .98 mm. Now for d = 1.5cm
1.2 10
11
=
o
ln
_
.015
a
_ a = 1.5mm
The diameter is 3 mm. Lastly for d = 5.0cm
1.2 10
11
=
o
ln
_
.050
a
_ a = 4.9mm
The diameter is 9.8 mm.
2.2 Problem 2: Jackson 1.9
Calculate the attractive force between conductors in the parallel plate capacitor (Problem 1.6a) and parallel cylinder
capacitor (Problem 1.7) for
(a) xed charges on each conductor
For parallel plate capacitor, the work is
W =
1
2
CV
2
(2.2)
From the last problem set, C =
Ao
d
, and V =
Qd
Ao
. Therefore
W =
1
2
Ao
d
_
Qd
Ao
_
2
=
1
2
Q
2
d
Ao
Force is given by
F =
_
W
l
_
Q
+
_
W
l
_
V
(2.3)
Because the charge is constant
Q
l
= 0, then the force is
F =
W
l
=

l
1
2
Q
2
d
Ao
=
1
2
Q
2
Ao

For parallel cylinder capacitor, the work is given by equation 2, with C = o

_
ln
d
a
_
1
and V =
Q
o
ln
_
d
a
_
. The work
is then
W =
1
2
o
_
ln
d
a
_
1
_
Q
o
ln
_
d
a
__
2
=
1
2
Q
2
o
ln
_
d
a
_
Because the charge is constant, the force becomes from equation 3
F =

l
1
2
Q
2
o
ln
_
d
a
_
=
1
2
Q
2
od

(b) xed potential dierence between conductors.
For parallel capacitors, the charge in terms of potential is
V =
Qd
Ao
Q =
AoV
d
The work becomes
W =
1
2
Q
2
d
Ao
W =
1
2
oAV
2
d
8
From equation 3, the force is
F =
_
W
l
_
V
=
1
2
oAV
2
d
2

For parallel cylinder capacitor, the charge in terms of potential is
V =
Q
o
ln
_
d
a
_
Q =
oV
ln
_
d
a
_
The work becomes
W =
1
2
Q
2
o
ln
_
d
a
_
W =
1
2
oV
2
ln
_
d
a
_
From equation 3, the force is
F =
_
W
l
_
V
=

l
1
2
oV
2
ln
_
d
a
_ =
1
2
oV
2
d
_
ln
_
d
a
__
2

2.3 Problem 3: Jackson 2.1
A point charge q is brought to a position a distance d away from innite plane conductor held at zero potential.
Using the method of images nd:
(a) the surface-charge density induced on the plane, and plot it.
From the method of images
(x) =
q/4o
[x y[
+
q

/4o
[x

[
(2.4)
Because it is an innite plane conductor, by symmetry of problem y =

d and

y

d when dening the capacitor on

the xy plane. The charge is then also q

= q. The potential becomes

(x) =
q/4o
[x

d[

q/4o
[x +

d[
Dening the potential in cylindrical coordinates
(, , z) =
q/4o
_
(z d)
2

2
_
1/2

q/4o
_
(z +d)
2
+
2
_
1/2
The surface-charge density induced on the plane is when z = 0
= o

z=0
=

z
_
q
4
_
(z d)
2

2
_
1/2

q
4
_
(z +d)
2
+
2
_
1/2
_
z=0
=
q
4
_
2(z d)
1
2
_
(z d)
2
+
2
_
3/2

2(z +d)
1
2
_
(z +d)
2
+
2
_
3/2
_
z=0
=
q
4
_
2d
(d
2
+
2
)
3/2
_
=
q
2d
2
1
_
1 +
_

d
_
2
_
3/2
See gure 1.
(b) the force between the plane and the charge by using Coulombs law for the force between the charge and its
image.
9
Figure 2.1: s(r) = 1/(1 +r
2
)
3/2
The force between the charge and the image is

F =
q1q2
4o
x1 x2
[x1 x2[
3
The separation x1 x2 = 2d z. The charges are q1 = q2 = q. The force becomes

F =
q(q)
4o
2d z
[ 2d[
3
=
q
2
4o
z
(2d)
2
=
q
2
z
16od
2

(c) the total force acting on the plane by integrating
2
/2o over the whole plane.
The force is
dF =

2
2o
da dF =
1
2o
_
_
_
q
2o
1
_
1 +
_

d
_
2
_
3/2
_
_
_
2
da
=
q
2
8
2
od
4
_
1 +
_

d
_
2
_
3
da
Integrating over the entire plane
F =
q
2
8
2
od
4
_
2
0
_

0
1
_
1 +
_

d
_
2
_
3
dd
= 2
q
2
8
2
od
4
_

0
1
_
1 +
_

d
_
2
_
3
d
=
q
2
4od
4
d
6
4(
2
+d
2
)
2

0
=
q
2
16od
2

(d) the work necessary to remove the charge q from its position to innity.
From part b, the force is
F =
q
2
z
16oz
2
So the work is the amount of force to move a particle a distance, then the work is
W =
_

d

F d z =
_

d
q
2
dz
16oz
2
=
q
2
16o
1
z

d
=
q
2
16od

(e) the potential energy between the charge q and its image [compare the answer to part d and discuss]
10
The work is given by
W =
1
2
1
4o

i,j,i=j
qiqj
[xi xj[
For this system,
W =
1
2
1
4o
_
q
2
[ 2d[
+
q
2
[2d[
_
=
q
2
8od
The dierence between part d and e is that in d the image charge is being moved, and in e the image charge is
stationary.
(f ) nd the answer to part d in electron volts for an electron originally on angstrom from the surface.
In part d,
W =
q
2
16od
Then for this case
e 1.60 10
19
16 (8.85 10
12
) 10
10
= 3.60eV
2.4 Problem 4: Jackson 2.2
Using the method of images, discuss the problem of a point charge q inside a hollow, grounded, conducting sphere of
inner radius a. Find
(a) the potential inside the sphere;
The potential is
(x) =
1
4o
_
q
[x y[
+
q

[x y

[
_
Now the boundary condition
(x = a) = 0 =
_
q/4o
a[ n +y/a n

[
+
q

/4o
y

[ n

+a/y

n[
_
This is identical to the charge on the outside of the sphere, because the magnitude is the concern. Therefore q

= q
a
y
and y

=
a
2
y
. Then the potential is
(x) =
1
4o
_
q
[x y[
+
q

[x y

[
_

(b) the induced surface-charge density;
The surface-charge density is given by
= o

x=a
because it is opposite the normal to the inside. So
=

x
_
oq/4o
(x
2
+y
2
2xy cos )
1/2
+
oq

/4o
(x
2
+y
2
2xy

cos )
1/2
_
=
1
4
_
q(1/2)(2x 2y cos )
(x
2
+y
2
2xy cos )
3/2
+
q

(1/2)(2x 2y

cos )
(x
2
+y
2
2xy

cos )
3/2
_
=
q
4a
y
2
a
2
(y
2
+a
2
2ay cos )
3/2

11
(c) the magnitude and direction of the force acting on q.
The separation between the charge and its image y y

, so the magnitude is
[

F[ =
1
4o
qq

(y y

)
2
=
1
4o
q
2 a
y
(y
a
2
y
)
2
=
1
4o
q
2
ay
(a
2
y
2
)
The direction is radially towards the image charge, because it is attractive.
(d) Is there any change in the solution if the sphere is kept at a xed potential V ? If the sphere has a total charge
Q on its inner and outer surfaces?
Because this is inside of a sphere, there is no change if there is a xed potential or a charge on the sphere. This is
due to spherical symmetry. The only change will be a constant,V , add to the potential
(x) =
1
4o
_
q
[x y[
+
q

[x y

[
_
+V
12
Chapter 3
Problem Set 3
3.1 Problem 1: Jackson 2.8
A two-dimensional potential is dened by two straight parallel line charges separated by a distance R with equal and
opposite linear charge densities and ,
(a) Show by direct construction that the surface of constant potential V is a circular (circle in the transverse
dimensions) and nd the coordinates of the axis of the cylinder and its radius in terms of R, , and V .
The potential for a line charge is
(r) =

2o
ln
r

r
= V (3.1)
Solving for r

,
_
r

r
_
2
= e
4oV/
. But from the geometry r
2
= (r

R)
2
. Now
r
2
= r
2
e
4oV/
(r

R)
2
= r
2
e
4oV/
From this
rmin =
R
1 +e
2oV/
rmax =
R
1 e
2oV/
This yields a radius of radius =
R
2 sinh(2oV/)
. Now the oset will be
rcenter =

R
e
2oV/
1
The circle becomes with the axis of the cylinder in the z direction
_
r +

R
e
2oV/
1
_
2
=
_
R
2 sinh (2oV/)
_
2

(b) Use the results of part a to show that the capacitance per unit length C of two right-circular conductors, with
radii a and b, separated by a distance d > a +b, is
C =
2o
cosh
1
_
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
_ (3.2)
In this case dene d = R +d1 +d2, where
d1 =
R
e
V
1
/
; d2 =
R
e
V
2
/
13
where V1 = 4oVa and V2 = 4oV
b
. From the previous part the radii can be dened as
a =
Re
V
1
/
e
V
1
/
1
; b =
Re
V
1
/
e
V
1
/
1
Then
d
2
a
2
b
2
=
R
2
_
e
(V
1
V
2
)/
+ 1
_
(e
V
1
/
1) (e
V
2
/
1)
Then
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
=
_
e
V
1
/
1
_ _
e
V
2
/
1
_
2R
2
e
V
1
/
e
V
2
/

R
2
_
e
(V
1
V
2
)/
+ 1
_
(e
V
1
/
1) (e
V
2
/
1)
=
e
(V
1
V
2
)/2
+e
(V
1
V
2
)/2
2
= cosh
_
V1 V2
2
_
Then the potential per length becomes
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
= cosh
_
V1 V2
2
_
2 cosh
1
_
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
_
=
V1 V2

The capacitance per unit length becomes

C =

V1 V2
=
1
2 cosh
1
_
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
_
=
2o
2 cosh
1
_
d
2
a
2
b
2
2ab
_
3.2 Problem 2: Jackson 2.10
A large parallel plate capacitor is made up of two plane conducting sheets with separation D, one of which has a small
hemispherical boss of radius a on its inner surface (D a). The conductor with the boss is kept at zero potential,
and the other is at a potential such that far from the boss the electric eld between the plates is Eo.
(a) Calculate the surface-charge densities at an arbitrary on the plane and on the boss, sketch their behavior as a
function of distance (or angle).
This is similar to a conducting sphere in an electric eld, which from class is
(r, ) = Eo
_
r
a
3
r
2
_
cos
For 0 /2, the potential can be written in Cartesian coordinates
(x, y, z) = Eoz +
Eoa
3
z
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
3/2
The plate is
(x, y) = oEz = o

z=0
= oEo
_
1
a
3
(x
2
+y
2
)
3/2
_
For the case of the boss,
(r, ) = oEr = o

r=a
= 3oEo cos
14
Figure 3.1: /
o
E
o
= 1 1/x
3
(b) Show that the total charge on the boss has the magnitude 3oEoa
2
.
For the total charge on the boss is found from the integral over the area.
Q =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
3oEo cos a
2
sin dd
=
_
2
0
1
2
oEoa
2
d = 3oEoa
2

(c) If, instead of the other conducting sheet at a dierent potential, a point charge q is placed directly above the
hemispherical boss at a distance d from its center , show that the charge induced on the boss is
q

= q
_
1
d
2
a
2
d

d
2
+a
2
_
(3.3)
The potential is
(r) =
1
4o
_
q
[r

d[

qa/d
[r a
2
/d

d[

q
[r +

d[
+
qa/d
[r +a
2
/d

d[
_
Now in terms of r and
(r, ) =
1
4o
_
q

r
2
+d
2
2rd cos

qa/d
_
r
2
+ (a
2
/d)
2
2r(a
2
/d) cos

r
2
+d
2
+ 2rd cos
+
qa/d
_
r
2
+ (a
2
/d)
2
2r(a
2
/d) cos
_
Now the surface-charge density needs to be found
= o

r=a
=
q
4
d
2
a
2
a
2
_
1
(a
2
+d
2
2ad cos )
3/2

1
(a
2
+d
2
+ 2ad cos )
3/2
_
15
So the induced charge on the boss is
q

=
_
/2
0
q
4
d
2
a
2
a
2
_
1
(a
2
+d
2
2ad cos )
3/2

1
(a
2
+d
2
+ 2ad cos )
3/2
_
_
2a
2
sin d
_
=
qa
2
_
d
2
a
2
_
2a
_
1
ad
_
1
d a

1

a
2
+d
2
+
1
a +d

1

a
2
+d
2
__
= q
_
1
_
d
2
a
2
_
d

a
2
+d
2
_

3.3 Problem 3: Jackson 2.13
(a) Two halves of a long hollow cylinder of inner radius b are separated by a small lengthwise gap on each side, and
are kept at dierent potentials V1 and V2. Show that the potential inside is given by
(, ) =
V1 +V2
2
+
V1 V2

tan
1
_
2b
b
2

2
cos
_
(3.4)
The starting point of this is Equation 2.71. In this case, the origin is located inside the cylinder, so bn = 0 to prevent
divergence at the origin. Equation 2.71 becomes
(, ) = a0 +

n=1
an
n
sin (n +n)
Here (, ) = (, ), so n = 0. For this case, a0
_
3/2
/2
(b, ) = 2a0 = V1 +V2 a0 =
V1 +V2
2
Now for the remaining terms in the sum
_
3/2
/2
cos n cos md = mn
Then for
_
3/2
/2
V () cos md =

n
anb
n
_
3/2
/2
cos n cos md = anb
n
mn
The coecients become
an =
V1
b
n

_
/2
/2
cos(n)d
V2
b
n

_
3/2
/2
cos(n)d
=
2(V1 V2)
b
n

sin (n/2) =
2(V1 V2)
nb
m
(1)
n+3
2
Because of s symmetry only odd values for n are allowed. The potential becomes
(, ) = i
2(V1 V2)

n
_

b
_
n
i
n
n
cos(n)
= i
2(V1 V2)

_
iIm

n odd
Z
n
n
_
where Z = i(/b)e
i
16

n odd
Z
n
n
=
1
2
ln
1+Z
1Z
1
. From Im ln(A+iB) = tan
1
(B/A), then
Im
_
ln
1 +Z
1 Z
_
= tan
1
_
2b cos
b
2

2
_
i
2(V1 V2)

_
iIm

n odd
Z
n
n
_
=
2(V1 V2)

tan
1
_
2b cos
b
2

2
_
Combining the two parts of the potential to nd
(, ) =
V1 +V2
2
+
2(V1 V2)

tan
1
_
2b cos
b
2

2
_

(b) Calculate the surface-charge density on each half of the cylinder
The surface-charge density
= o

=b
= 2o
V1 V2

b cos
b
2
+
2
b
4
2b
2

2
+
4
+ 4
2
b
2
cos
2

= o
V1 V2
b cos

3.4 Problem 4: Jackson 2.23
A hollow cube has conducting walls dened by six planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x = a, y = a, z = a. The walls
z = 0 and z = a are held at a constant potential V . The other four sides are at zero potential.
(a) Find the potential (x, y, z) at any point inside the cube.
From class
(x, y, z)top =

m=1

n=1
Anm sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
sinh (mnz)
where =
_
_
n
a
_
2
+
_
m
a
_
2
. Following Equation 2.58
Anm =
4
a
2
sinh (nma)
_
a
0
dx
_
a
0
dyV sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
=
16V

2
nmsinh(nma)
, where m,n are both odd
By symmetry the bottom has to be the same except for z a z. Therefore the bottom is
(x, y, z)
bottom
odd

n,m=1
Anm sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
sinh (mn(a z))
The total potential is the sum of both top and bottom potential
top +
bottom
=
odd

n,m=1
Anm sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
[sinh (mnz) + sinh (mn(a z))]
(b) Evaluate the potential at the center of the cube numerically, accurate to three signicant gures. How many
terms in the series is it necessary to keep in order to attain this accuracy? Compare your numerical results
with the average value of the potential on the walls. See Problem 2.28.
1
Jackson p74-5
17
To have three digits of accuracy, the rst four terms need to be kept, which is

_
a
2
,
a
2
,
a
2
_
=
16V

2
sinh(

2)
(1)(1)(2 sinh(

2/2))
+
16V
3
2
sinh(

10)
(1)(1)(2 sinh(

10/2))
+
16V
3
2
sinh(

10)
(1)(1)(2 sinh(

10/2))
+
16V
9
2
sinh(3

2)
(1)(1)(2 sinh(3

2/2))
.3329V = .333V
From Problem 2.28 the potential should be
2
6
V = .33

3V
(c) Find the surface-charge density on the surface z = a.
The surface-charge density in the cube is given by
= o

z=a
=
16oV

2
odd

n,m=1
Anm sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
[cosh (mna) 1]
=
16oV

2
odd

n,m=1
1
nm
sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
_
cosh (mna) 1
sinh (mna)
_
=
16oV

2
odd

n,m=1
1
nm
sin
_
nx
a
_
sin
_
my
a
_
tanh
_
mna
2
_

18
Chapter 4
Problem Set 4
4.1 Problem 1: Jackson 3.3
A thin, at, conducting, circular disc of radius R is located is located in the x y plane with its center at the origin,
and is maintained at a xed potential V . With the information that the change density on a disc at xed potential
is proportional to (R
2

2
)
1/2
, where is the distance out from the center of the disc,
(a) show that for r > R the potential is
(r, , ) =
2V

R
r

l=0
(1)
l
2l + 1
_
R
r
_
2l
p
2l
(cos ) (4.1)
The surface charge is given by
() =

_
R
2

2
The volume charge is found by consider a shell of radius r
dq = (r)2rdr =
_
2
0
d
_
1
1
d(cos )r
2
drf(r)(cos )
(r)2rdr = 2r
2
f(r)dr
The volume charge density is (r) =
(r)
r
(cos ). The potential at the origin is
V = (0) =
1
4o
_
R
0
2rdr
r

R
2
r
2
=

2o
sin
1
_
r
R
_

R
0
=

4o
The potential at any point becomes
(x) =
1
4o
4oV

l=0
l

m=l
Y
lm
(, )
1
r
l+1
_
v
r
l
Y

lm
(

)
(cos

)r
2
dr

R
2
r
2
Solving the integral
(x) =
V

l=0
P
l
(cos )
2
r
l+1
_
R
0
_
1
1
r
l+1
P
l
(cos

)
(cos

)dr

d(cos

R
2
r
2
=
2V

l=0
P
l
(cos )
P(0)
r
l+1
_
R
0
r
l+1
dr

R
2
r
2
=
2V

n=0
P2n(cos )
(1)
n
(2n + 1)!!
2
n
n!
R
2n+1
n!2
n
(2n + 1)!!r
2n+1
19
Then
(x) =
2V

n=0
(1)
n
2n + 1
_
R
r
_
2n+1
P2n(cos )
(b) nd the potential for r < R.
To nd the potential for inside the circular radius, use the boundary condition when r = R. The potential inside and
outside has to be equal, therefore
A
l
R
l
=
2V

(1)
n
2n + 1
= B
l
R
l1
where l = 2n. Then the equation for inside becomes
=
2V

n=0
(1)
n
2n + 1
_
r
R
_
2n
P2n(cos )
(c) What is the capacitance of the disc?
The capacitance is given by C = Q/V . From part (a) V =

4o
. The charge is
Q =
_
R
0

R
2
r
2
2rdr = 2
_
R
2
r
2

R
0
= 2R
The capacitance becomes
C =
Q
V
=
2R

4o
C = 8oR
4.2 Problem 2: Jackson 3.6
Two point charges q and q are located on the z axis at z = +a and z = a, respectively.
(a) Find the electrostatic potential as an expansion in spherical harmonics and powers of r for both r > a and r < a.
From Equation 3.38
(x) =
q
4o
_
1
[x a[

1
[x +a[
_
=
q
4o
1
r>

l=0
_
_
r<
r>
_
l
P
l
(cos )
_
r<
r>
_
l
P
l
(cos( ))
_
From equation Equation 3.57
=
q
4o
1
r>

l=0
_
r<
r>
_
l
_
4
2l + 1
(Y
l0
(, ) Y
l0
( , ))
From parity of the spherical harmonics
(x) =
q
4o
1
r>

l=0
_
r<
r>
_
l
_
4
2l + 1
_
1 + (1)
l+1
_
Y
l0
(, )
where r< is the smaller of mod[x, a] and r> is the larger of mod[x, a].
(b) Keeping the product qa p/2 constant, take the limit of a 0 and nd the potential for r ,= 0. This is by
denition a dipole along the z axis and its potential.
20
So for a < r
=
q
4o
1
r

l=0
_
a
r
_
l
_
4
2l + 1
_
1 + (1)
l+1
_
Y
l0
(, )
In the case a 0 only the rst power of a are examined. The potential is then
=
q
4o
1
r
_
a
r
_
_
4
2 + 1
(1 + 1) Y10 (, )
=
q
4o
_
a
r
2
_
_
4
3
(2)
_
3
4
_
cos
=
p cos
4or
2

(c) Suppose now that the dipole of part b is surrounded by a grounded spherical shell of radius b concentric with
the origin. By linear superposition nd the potential everywhere inside the shell.
The potential is then =
d
+ s. Here only the A
l
terms because we are inside a sphere. Then
=
p cos
4or
2
+

l=0
A
l
r
l
P
l
(cos )
At the boundary condition (b) = 0, then
0 =
p cos
4ob
2
+

l=0
A
l
b
l
P
l
(cos )
The only term needed is l = 1 because the dipole, so
A1b
1
cos =
p cos
4ob
2
A1 =
p
4ob
3
The potential then becomes
=
p cos
4o
_
1
r
2
fracrb
3
_

4.3 Problem 3: Jackson 3.10
For the cylinder in Problem 3.9 the cylindrical surface is made of two equal half-cylinder, one at potential V and the
other at potential V , so that
V (, z) =
_
V for /2 < < /2
V for /2 < < 3/2
(4.2)
(a) Find the potential inside the cylinder
From class
=

=0
(An sin +Bn cos ) I
_
n
L
_
sin
_
nz
L
_
Fourier analyst can yield the coecients. For An
An =
2
L
1
I
_
L
0
_
2
0
V (, z) sin
_
nz
L
_
sin ddz
21
But this has two intervals from /2 to /2 and /2 to 3/2. In these intervals cosine is symmetric so An = 0.
Now for Bn
Bn =
2
L
1
I
_
L
0
_
2
0
V (, z) sin
_
nz
L
_
sin ddz
over the two ranges, only the odd terms survive for . For the z component
_
L
0
sin (nz/L) dz =
2L
(2l+1)
, because
only odd terms survive from n, also. So Bn becomes
Bn =
_
2L
(2l + 1)
__
4(1)
k
2k + 1
__
2V
LI
2k+1
_
=
16V (1)
k
(2k + 1)(2l + 1)
2
I
2k+1

(b) Assuming L b, consider the potential at z = L/2 as a function of and and compare it with two-dimensional
Problem 2.13.
From Jackson
I
2k+1
_
(2l + 1)
L
_

1
(2k + 2)
_
(2l + 1)
2L
_
k+1
and for small angles sin
_
(2l+1)
L
_
(1)
l
. Then
=

l,k=0
16(1)
k+l
V

2
(2l + 1)(2k + 1)
_

b
_
2k+1
cos((2k + 1))
Using the identity

4
= tan
1
(1) =

l=0
(1)
l
2l + 1
(1)
2l+1
The potential becomes
=
4V

k=0
(1)
k
2k + 1
_

b
_
2k+1
cos((2k + 1))
From problem 2.13

k=0
(1)
k
2k + 1
_

b
_
2k+1
cos((2k + 1)) =
1
2
tan
1
_
2b cos
b
2

2
_
The potential becomes
=
2V

tan
1
_
2b cos
b
2

2
_

22
Chapter 5
Problem Set 5
5.1 Problem 1: Jackson 3.17
The Dirichlet Green function for the unbounded space between the planes as z = 0 and z = L allows discussion of a
point charge or a distribution of charge between parallel conducting planes held at zero potential.
(a) Using cylindrical coordinates show that one form of the Green function is
G(x, x

) =
4
L

n=1

m=
e
im(

)
sin
_
nz
L
_
sin
_
nz

L
_
LIm
_
n
L
<
_
Km
_
n
L
>
_
(5.1)
We know that

2
G(x, x

) =
4(

( )(z z

) (5.2)
Then expanding the -functions

2
G(x, x

) =
4
L

m=

n=1
e
im

e
im
sin
_
nz

L
_
sin
_
nz
L
_
(

m=

n=1
_

4
L
e
im

sin
_
nz

L
_
(

_
e
im
sin
_
nz
L
_
(5.3)
Now expanding the Green function

2
G(x, x

) =
2

m=

n=1
e
im
sin
_
nz
L
_

where is the eigenfunction. Expanding the Laplacian

2
G(x, x

) =

m=

n=1
_
1

m
2

2

n
2

2
L
2
_
e
im
sin
_
nz
L
_
(5.4)
Then equating equation 3 and equation 4
_
1

m
2

2

n
2

2
L
2
_

1
e
im

sin
_
nz

L
_ =
4
L
(

Then dene gmn =

e
im

sin
_
nz

L
_
. From Equation 3.98 and 3.99 gmn = CIm(k<)Km(k>) where k = n/L. Now
to nd C
gmn

gmn

=
4
L
Eq3.147
4
L
= Ck
1
k
C =
4
L
Now combining the above constant with gmn and equation 3 to nd
G(x, x

) =
4
L

m=

n=1
e
im
e
im

sin
_
nz

L
_
sin
_
nz
L
_
Im
_
n
L
<
_
Km
_
n
L
>
_

23
(b) Show that an alternative form of the Green function is
G(x, x

) = 2

m=
_

0
dk e
im(

)
Jm(k)Jm(k

)
sinh(kz<) sinh[k(L z>)]
sinh(kL)
(5.5)
Expanding equation 2 in and

2
G(x, x

) = 2

m=
_

0
e
im

e
im
Jm(k

)Jm(k)(z z

)kdk
=

m=
_

0
_
2ke
im

Jm(k

)(z z

)
_
e
im
Jm(k)dk (5.6)
Now expanding the Green function

2
G(x, x

) =
2

m=
_

0
e
im
Jm(k)dk
where is the eigenfunction. Expanding the Laplacian

2
G(x, x

) =

m=
_

0
_

2
z
2

m
2

2
+
1

_
e
im
Jm(k)dk
=

m=
_

0
_

2
z
2
k
2
_
e
im
Jm(k)dk (5.7)
Equating equation 6 and 7, to nd
_

2
z
2
k
2
_

1
e
im

Jm(k

)
= 2k(z z

)
Then g
m,k
= /e
im

Jm(k

), but the expansion of the -function in z is g

m,k
= C sinh(kz<) sinh(k(Lz>)). Now
nding C
g
m,k
z

z+

g
m,k
z

z
= 2k
kC [sinh(kz) cosh(k(L z)) + cosh(kz) sinh(k(L z))] = 2k kC sinh(kL) = 2k C =
2
sinh(kL)
Now combining the above equation with equation 6 and 7
G(x, x

) = 2

m=
_

0
e
im
e
im

Jm(k)Jm(k

)
sinh(kz<) sinh(k(L z>))
sinh(kL)

5.2 Problem 2: Jackson 4.7
A localized distribution of charge has a charge density
(r) =
1
64
r
2
e
r
sin
2
(5.8)
(a) Make a multipole expansion of the potential due to this charge density and determine all the nonvanishing
multipole moments. Write down the potential at large distance as a nite expansion in Legendre polynomials.
For Equation 4.1 to be solved rst Equations 4.4-4.6 have to be solved. First notice that the charge density is
independent of , therefore m = 0. Now notice sin
2
= 1cos
2
, because this is power 2, then l 2. Now beginning
with Y20
Y20 =
_
5
4
_
3
2
cos
2

1
2
_
Y20 =
_
5
4
_

3
2
cos
2
+ 1
_

2
3
_
4
5
Y20 = sin
2

2
3
24
Now the next term has no power of , so the next term would be from Y00. Therefore
sin
2
=
2
3

4Y00
2
3
_
4
5
Y20
Now using Equation 4.3
1

4
_
V
2
3

4
1
64
r
4
e
r
sin drdd =
1
4
1
2
_
5
4
_
V
2
3
_
4
5
1
64
r
6
e
r
sin
3
drdd =
30
4
Back to Equation 4.1
(x) =
1
4o
_
4
1
1
4
P0
r

4
5
30
4
P2(cos )
r
3
_
(x) =
1
4o
_
P0
r

6P2(cos )
r
3
_

(b) Determine the potential explicitly at any point in space, and show that near the origin, correct to r
2
inclusive,
(r)
1
4o
_
1
4

r
2
120
P2(cos )
_
(5.9)
We know from Equation 4.2
(x) =
1
o

l,m
1
2l + 1
__
Y

lm
(

)r
l
(x

)d
3
x

_
Y
lm
(, )
r
l+1
Looking ahead to the deserved solution and combined with the previous part only l = 0, 2 and m = 0 will be considers.
Then
(x) =
1
o
_
2
3

4Y00
_

0
1
64
r
3
e
r
dr
2
3
_
4
5
Y20
r
2
5
_

0
1
64
re
r
dr
_
=
1
o
_
2
3

4
P0

4
1
64
6
2
3
_
4
5
_
5
4
r
2
P2(cos )
5
1
64
1
_
=
1
o
_
P0
16

r
2
480
P2(cos )
_
=
1
4o
_
1
4

r
2
120
P2(cos )
_

(c) If there exists at the origin a nucleus with a quadrupole moment Q = 10
28
m
2
, determine the magnitude of
the interaction energy, assuming that the unit of charge in (r) above is the electronic charge and the unit of
length is the hydrogen Bohr radius ao = 4o/me
2
= 0.529 10
10
m. Express your answer as a frequency by
dividing by Plancks constant h.
The quadrupole interaction energy is given in Equation 4.24
W =
1
6

j
Qij
Ej
xi
(0) (5.10)
But as it has been shown earlier that m = 0 so the only terms that remain are i = j, but the trace has to be 0, which
is
W =
eQ
6
_
1
2
Ex
x
+
1
2
Ey
y

Ez
z
_
=
eQ
6
_
1
2
E
3
2
Ez
z
_
=
eQ
6
_
1
2

3
2
Ez
z
_
25
At the origin (0) =, so the rst term drops out, so the energy is then W =
eQ
4

z
2
. Now the potential has to be
transferred into Cartesian coordinates. So for the quadrupole term
(x) =
1
480o
r
2
P2 (cos ) (x) =
1
960o
_
2z
2
x
2
y
2
_
from Merzbacher Quantum Mechanics. So

2

z
2
=
1
240o
, then the quadrupole term becomes
W =
e
2
Q
960oa
3
o
Then the frequency is
W
h
=
e
2
Q
960oha
3
o
= 0.98 MHz
26
Chapter 6
Problem Set 6
6.1 Problem 1: Jackson 4.9
A point charge q is located in free space a distance d from the center of a dielectric sphere of radius a (a < d) and
dielectric constant /o.
(a) Find the potential at all points in space as an expansion in spherical harmonics.
Inside the sphere D = 0, because there is no charge inside
(r, ) =

l=0
A
l
r
l
P
l
(cos ) r<a
For outside the sphere, there are two regions, a < r < d and r < d, which will dictate the expansion of 1/[x x

, ie
what is r< and r>. Then the outside region will be
(r, ) =

l=0
_
B
l
r
(l+1)
P
l
(cos ) +
1
4o
q
[x x

[
_
Using the typical spherical expansion for 1/[x x

, the expression for all space is

(r, ) =

l=0
A
l
r
L
P
l
(cos ) r<a

l=0
_
B
l
r
(l+1)
+
q
4o
r
l
d
l+1
_
P
l
(cos ) a<r<d

l=0
_
B
l
r
(l+1)
+
q
4o
d
l
r
l+1
_
P
l
(cos ) r>d
This is the potential in terms of Lagrange Polynomials, so in Spherical Harmonics
(r, ) =

l=0
_
2l+1
4
A
l
r
L
Y
l,0
(, ) r<a

l=0
_
2l+1
4
_
B
l
r
(l+1)
+
q
4o
r
l
d
l+1
_
Y
l,0
(, ) a<r<d

l=0
_
2l+1
4
_
B
l
r
(l+1)
+
q
4o
d
l
r
l+1
_
Y
l,0
(, ) r>d
(6.1)
Now to nd the coecients. Using the normal boundary condition

r=a

=

r

r=a
+
(6.2)

o
lA
l
a
l1
= (l + 1)B
l
a
(l+2)
+
lqa
l1
4od
l+1
A
l
=
o

(l + 1)
l
B
l
a
(2l+1)
+
q
4od
l+1
_
(6.3)
27
The other boundary condition is for tangential component

r=a

r=a
+
A
l
a
l
= B
l
a
(l+1)
+
q
4o
a
l
d
l+1
(6.4)
Then the coecients can easily be found from equation 3 and 4
A
l
=
1
/o + (l + 1)/l
_
2l + 1
l
_
q
4od
l+1
(6.5)
B
l
=
1
/o + (l + 1)/l
_
1

o
_
qa
2l+1
4od
l+1
(6.6)
Combining equations 5 and 6 into equation 1 yields the potential at every point in space.
(b) Calculate the rectangular components of the electric eld near the center of the sphere.
Expanding the potential inside the sphere
(r, ) = A1rP1(cos ) +A2r
2
P2(cos ) +. . .
From Quantum Mechanics, rP1(cos ) = z and r
2
P2(cos ) = z
2
x
2
+y
2
, then the potential becomes
(x, y, z) =
q
4o
_
3z
(/o + 2)d
2
+
5
_
z
2
x
2
y
2
_
2(2/o + 3)d
3
+. . .
_
So then Ei =
_
dxi. Then the component in Cartesian space
Ex =
q
4od
2
_
5
2/o + 3
x
d
+. . .
_
Ey =
q
4od
2
_
5
2/o + 3
y
d
+. . .
_
Ez =
q
4od
2
_
3
/o + 2
+
5
2/o + 3
z
d
+. . .
_

(c) Verify that, in the limit /o , your result is the same as that for the conducting sphere.
Examining equation 2, the equation would blow-up if A
l
,= 0, therefore A
l
= 0. This is the same for the conductor.
Then from that and equation 4,
B
l
=
q
4o
a
2l+1
d
l+1
which is the same as a conduction sphere.
6.2 Problem 2: Jackson 4.10
Two concentric conducting spheres of inner and outer radii a and b , respectively, carry charges Q. The empty
space between the spheres is half-lled by a hemispherical shell of dielectric (of dielectric constant /o), as shown in
the gure.
1
(a) Find the electric eld everywhere between the spheres.
Lets assume that E
r
r
3
. Using Gausss Law for a sphere between the two spheres:
_
D da = Q
2r
2
(oE(r) E(r)) = Q
Q
2(o +)
r
r
3
= E(r)
Now checking the conditions on the solution. The curl of the electric eld is obviously 0. The divergent of the eld
does yield the charge density. By the uniqueness theorem, this is the correct solution.
1
Jackson. pg 174
28
(b) Calculate the surface-charge distribution of the inner sphere.
From Equation 4.40, in particular n ((D2 D1) =
free
. The half without the dielectric is

free
= r D(a) = r
r
a
2
Qo
2(o +)
=
Qo
2a
2
(o +)
Now for part with the dielectric is directly

free
=
Q
2a
2
(o +)

(c) Calculate the polarization-charge density induced on the surface of the dielectric at r = a
The electric polarization is given by P = ( o)E. Because in the free space = o, the electric polarization for the
free space is P = 0. Therefore
pol
= 0 for the free space half. Now, the polarization density is
pol
= n(P1 P2).
For the dielectric part

pol
= r P(a) = r
r
a
2
( o)Q
2(o +)

pol
=
( o)Q
2a
2
(o +)

6.3 Problem 3: Distressed Simple Cubic
Repeat the analysis of section 4.5 for a cubic crystal which is subjected to a stress such that the lattice separation is
elongated along one edge of the cube (the x axis) and contracted along the other cube edges (the y and z axes) by
the amounts
ax = a(1 +) (6.7)
ay,z = a
_
1
1
2

_
(6.8)
where a is the unstressed cubic lattice spacing. Find the susceptibility for two cases, considering that the molecular
polarizabilty
mol
is a constant scalar (Hint: Calculate Enear at a particular dipole by considering only the 6 nearest
dipoles in the cubic lattice):
(a) An electric eld applied parallel to the x axis
The polarization is given on page 161 in Jackson as P = Np
mol
) and also p
mol
) = o
mol
(E + Ei) From the
previous page Equation 4.63, Ei =
P
3
+Enear. All that remains is to nd Enear. From Equation 4.64:
Enear =
3 n( n p) p
r
3
(6.9)
29
Considering the six nearest neighbors, which occur from the shape(from class notes):
Ei =
3 n( npi) pi
a
3
i
Ex =
4px
a
3
x

2px
a
3
y

2px
a
3
z
Ey =
4py
a
3
y

2py
a
3
x

2py
a
3
z
Ez =
4pz
a
3
z

2pz
a
3
x

2pz
a
3
y
Now using the values for the expansion of the nearest neighbors and the fact that < 1 and the binomial expansion.
Ex =
4px
a
3
(1 +)
3

2px
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3

2px
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3
=
4px
a
3
(1 3)
4px
a
3
_
1 +
3
2

_
=
18px
a
3
(6.10)
Ey =
4py
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3

2py
a
3
(1 +)
3

2py
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3
=
2py
a
3
_
1 +
3
2

2py
a
3
(1 3) =
9py
a
3
(6.11)
Ez =
4pz
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3

2pz
a
3
(1 +)
3

2pz
a
3
_
1
1
2

_
3
=
2pz
a
3
_
1 +
3
2

2pz
a
3
(1 3) =
9pz
a
3
(6.12)
So now Enear known. To simplify the problem, the fact that P = oE can be used. Since Ey = Ez = 0, then
Py = Pz = 0. So only Px is needed.
Px = N
mol
_
oEx +o
_

18
a
3
+
1
3o
_
Px
_

_
1 +N
mol
18
a
3
o
N
mol
3
_
Px = N
mol
oEx
_
1 +N
mol
18
a
3
o
N
mol
3
_
oEx = N
mol
oEx =
N
mol
1
1
3
N
mol
+
18
a
3
N
mol
o

(b) An electric eld applied parallel to the y axis.

For an electric eld in the y direction. As above, P = oE, then Ex = Ez = Px = Pz = 0. So only Enear for the y
direction is needed. Then
Py = N
mol
_
oEy +o
_
9
a
3
+
1
3o
_
Py
_

_
1 N
mol
9
a
3
o
N
mol
3
_
Py = N
mol
oEy
_
1 N
mol
9
a
3
o
N
mol
3
_
oEy = N
mol
oEy =
N
mol
1
1
3
N
mol

9
a
3
N
mol
o

30
Chapter 7
Problem Set 7
7.1 Problem 1: Jackson 4.13
Two long, cylindrical conducting surfaces of radii a and b are lowered vertically into a liquid dielectric. If the liquid
rises an average height h between the electrodes when a potential dierence V is established between them, show
that the susceptibility of the liquid is
e =
_
b
2
a
2
_
ghln(b/a)
oV
2
(7.1)
where is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and the susceptibility of air is neglected.
The rst thing to nd is the electric eld between the cylinders. There is no charge between the cylinders, so
2
= 0.
From the symmetry of the problem, cylindrical coordinates are the proper choice, Further there is radial symmetry,
so there is no polar coordinate. So the Laplacian is
1
r

r
_
r

r
_
= 0 (7.2)
The familiar solution is
(r) = Aln (r/B)
Now the boundary condition that the dierence of the two cylinders is V or more exact
(b) (a) = Aln(b/a) = V A =
V
ln(b/a)
So the electric eld is
E =

r
r E =
V
ln(b/a)
r
r
Now that the electric eld is known, the electric displacement is simply D = E for inside the liquid, and for above
the liquid, the electric displacement is D = oE. The work to raise the liquid is
W =
1
2
_
E Dd
3
x =
1
2
_
b
a
2rdr
__
z
d
E
2
dz +
_
l
z
oE
2
dz
_
where d is the length in the liquid and l is the length above. The work is then
W =
1
2
_
b
a
2rdr
__
z
d
E
2
dz +
_
l
z
E
2
dz
_
=
V
2
ln(b/a)
( (z +d) +o (l z))
From Equation 4.102, the force needed to left the liquid is
Fz =
_
W
z
_
V
=
( o) V
2
ln(b/a)
31
Now nding the volume of liquid that has been lifted is
_
b
2
a
2
_
h. The mass is then m =
_
b
2
a
2
_
h. At
equilibrium, the force of gravity is equal to the force of the electric eld.
_
b
2
a
2
_
h =
( o) V
2
ln(b/a)
_
b
2
a
2
_
h
o
=
(/o 1) V
2
ln(b/a)
The susceptibility is dened as e = /o 1. Then
_
b
2
a
2
_
h
o
=
eV
2
ln(b/a)
e =
_
b
2
a
2
_
ghln(b/a)
oV
2

32
Chapter 8
Problem Set 8
8.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.2
A long, right cylindrical, ideal solenoid of arbitrary cross section is created by stacking a large number of identical
current-carrying loops one above the other, with N coils per unit length and each loop carrying a current I.
(a) In the approximation that the solenoidal coil is an ideal current sheet and innitely long, use Problem 5.1 to
establish that any point outside the coil that H = 0, and that any point inside the coil the magnetic eld is
axial and equal to
H = NI (8.1)
This can be solved using two ampere loops. Placing a loop outside the cylinder, it yields B = 0. Placing a second
loop through a side of the surface perpendicular to the bottom surface. So
_
B dl = oIenc
From the rst loop that was outside the cylinder, the induced magnetic eld outside is 0. This means that the only
eld is inside the cylinder. The integral becomes
_
B dl = oIenc BL = oNIL
Using right hand rule, Bz = oNI. In this system M = 0, then H = B/o, therefore Bz = oNI H = NI.
(b) For a realistic solenoid of circular cross section of radius a (Na 1), but still innite in length, show that the
smoothed magnetic eld just outside the solenoid (averaged axially over several turns) is not zero, but is the
same in magnitude and direction as that of a single wire on the axis carrying a current I, even if Na .
Compare elds inside and out.
In a real solenoid, it is not simple current loops stacked on each other. There is a little bind in the loop to connect
the loops. This means there is a current in the vertical direction. So what is the current? This can be found by the
fact the total current moves up 1/N each loop. In each loop there is I/N in the vertical direction, so over a unit
length there is N loops, so the amount of vertical current is then NI/N = I. Therefore this current in the vertical
direction
_
B dl 2B = oI B

=
oI
2
This is the same as a wire along the z-axis. As the number of loops increase per unit length, the more ideal
it will become. The size of inside is many orders of magnitude large than the eld outside. To be more exact,
oNI/(oI/2) 2N. So the eld inside is 2N times larger. The directions of the two are perpendicular to
each other.
33
8.2 Problem 2: Semi-Innite Cylinder
Consider a semi-innite solenoid, which we idealize as a cylindrical current sheet of radius a and azimuthal current
K per unit length, with one end at the origin and the other end at - along the z-axis.
(a) Use the Biot-Savart Law to show that the magnetic induction on the axis is
Bz =
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
1/2
_
(8.2)
Lets begin by thinking of a single current loop at the origin. The magnetic-ux density is
Bz =
oI
4
_
dl x
[x[
3
Because this has to end the z direction, x = a cos + a sin

+ z z, [x[
3
=
_
a
2
+z
2
_
3/2
, and dl = a sin +
a cos

+ 0 z. Then
Bz =
oI
4
1
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
_
2
0
_
az cos +az sin +a
2

d
=
oI
2
a
2
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
z
Now this has to be integrated from start to nish of the cylinder remembering that I K
Bz =
oa
2
K
2
z
_
0

dz
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
=
oa
2
K
2
z
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
1/2

=
oK
2
z cos

1
where is the angle that the origin makes with the edge at the end of the cylinder and cos =
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
, then
Bz =
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
_

(b) Use a Taylor series expansion of the eld near the axis together with B = 0 and B = 0 to show that the
magnetic induction near the axis is
B
oK
4
a
2

(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
(8.3)
Bz
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
1/2

3
4
a
2
z
2
(a
2
+z
2
)
5/2
_
(8.4)
The two conditions, B and B, lead to Laplaces Equation
2
mag = 0 and B = mag. From electrostatics,
mag = R()Z(z)Q(). The radial solutions are the Bessel and Neumann functions. Then
mag = (AJ(k) +BN(k)) Ce
kz
De
i
From symmetry, = 0 and as 0 has to be well dene B = 0. Then mag = CJ0(k)e
kz
. Then the induced
eld is
B = mag =
_

+ z

z
_
mag
= Ck
Jo(x)
x
e
kx
+CkJo(k)e
kz
z
34
From Arfkens book,
Jo(x)
x
= J1(x)
1
. Expanding the two terms
2
,
B = CkJ1(k)e
kz
Cke
kz
_
k
2

k
3

3
16
_
Bz = CkJ0(k)e
kz
Cke
kz
_
1
k
2

2
4
_
Now, Bz(0, z) = Cke
kz
, this has to be the case, because it has to be continuous. It follows that

n
Bz(0,z)
z
n
=
(1)
n
Ck
n+1
e
kz
. With this substitution,
B Cke
kz
_
k
2
_

2
Bz(0, z)
z
Bz Cke
kz
_
1
k
2

2
4
_
Bz(0, z)

2
4

2
Bz(0, z)
z
Using Bz from part one nally
B

2

z
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
_
B
oK
4
a
2

(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
Bz
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
_

2
4

2
z
_
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
3/2
__
Bz
oK
2
_
1
z
(a
2
+z
2
)
1/2

3
4
a
2
z
2
(a
2
+z
2
)
5/2
_

8.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.6
A cylindrical conductor of radius a has a hole of radius b bored parallel to, and centered a distance d from, the
cylinder axis (d + b < a). The current density is uniform throughout the remaining metal of the cylinder and is
parallel to the axis. Use Amp`eres law and principle of linear superposition to nd the magnitude and the direction
of the magnetic-ux density in the hole.
From the hint to use superposition, we will rst nd the magnetic-ux density for the cylindrical conductors. For the
one with radius a applying Amp`eres law in the form of Equation 5.24
_
C
B dl = o
_
S
J nda
B2r
2
= oJr
2
B =
o
2
Jr z r
Now for the hole, it has to be the same except that it has a dierent coordinate system, that is related by a linear
transformation, directly B

=
o
2
J

z r

, because this is a hole the current density is in the opposite direction,

J

= J. Next is relating r r to r

. Dening the center of the hole on the y-axis of the cylinder, the relationship
is r

= r r +d y. Now linear superposition can be used to nd

B
final
= B+B

=
o
2
J z (r r r r d y)
=
o
2
Jd z ( y) B
final
=
oJd
2
x
8.4 Problem 4: Jackson 5.13
A sphere of radius a carries a uniform surface-charge distribution . The sphere is rotated about a diameter with
constant angular velocity . Find the vector potential and magnetic-ux density both inside and outside the sphere.
1
Arfken. MMP 5
th
ed. pg.673
2
Arfken. MMP 5
th
ed. pg.670
35
The surface current is

J = v = ( r

) = a sin

(r

a)

. The surface current is then related to l = 1 and

m = 1 only, because of the sine term. The
36
vector potential is then
A

(r, ) =
o
4

l
P
1
l
(cos )
l(l + 1)
_
a(r

a)
r
l
<
r
l+1
>
P
1
l
(cos

)r
2
sin
2

dr

d
=
o
2

l
P
1
l
(cos )
l(l + 1)
a
3
r
l
<
r
l+1
>
_

0
P
1
l
(cos

)P
1
1
(cos ) sin

=
oa
3
4
r<
r
2
>
P
1
1
(cos )
4
3
=
oa
3
r<
3r
2
>
sin
Now for the magnetic eld, B = A. This needs to be done for the interior (a > r) and exterior (a < r). The vector
potential interior is Aint =
1
3
oar sin

. The vector potential for exterior is Aext(r, ) =

1
3
oa
4
sin
r
2

So
for the interior
Bint(r, ) = r
1
r sin

_
oa
3
sin
2

1
r

r
_
oar
2
sin
3
_
Bint(r, ) =
2
3
oa
_
cos r sin

_
Now for the exterior
Bext(r, ) = r
1
r sin

_
oa
4
3r
2
sin
2

1
r

r
_
oa
4
sin
3
1
r
_
Bext(r, ) =
1
3
oa
4
r
3
_
2 cos r + sin

_

37
38
Chapter 9
Problem Set 9
9.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.17
A current distribution J(x) exists in a medium of unit relative permeability adjacent to a semi-innite slab of material
having relative permeability r and lling the half space, z < 0.
(a) Show that for z > 0 the magnetic induction ca be calculated by replacing the medium of permeability r by an
image current distribution, J

, with components,
_
r 1
r + 1
_
Jx(x, y, z),
_
r 1
r + 1
_
Jy(x, y, z),
_
r 1
r + 1
_
Jz(x, y, z) (9.1)
The eld z > 0 is
B =
o
4
_
(J +J

)
(x x

)
[x x

[
3
d
3
x

(9.2)
The eld z < 0 is
B =
o
4
_
J
(x x

)
[x x

[
3
d
3
x

(9.3)
At the boundary of z = 0, the normal component of the eld must be continuous, so above
B
z
+(z) =
o
4
_
(Jx +J

x
+
)(y y

) (Jy +J

y
+
)(x x

)
_
(x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
_
3/2
d
3
x

below
B
z
(z) =
o
4
_
J

(y y

) J

(x x

)
_
(x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
_
3/2
d
3
x

Then B
z
+(z) = B
z
(z). Therefore
Jx(z) +J

x
+(z) = J

x
(z) (9.4)
Jy(z) +J

y
+(z) = J

y
(z) (9.5)
Now for the tangential components of the magnetic eld must be continuous, and H = B/. So for above
H
x
+(z) =
1
4
_
z

(Jy +J

y
+
) (y y

)(Jz +J

z
+
)
((x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
)
3/2
d
3
x

H
y
+(z) =
1
4
_
(x x

)(Jz +J

z
+
) +z

(Jx +J

x
+
)
((x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
)
3/2
d
3
x

Below
H
x
(z) =
1
4r
_
z

(J

) (y y

)(J

)
((x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
)
3/2
d
3
x

H
y
(z) =
1
4r
_
(x x

)(J

) +z

(J

)
((x x

)
2
+ (y y

)
2
+z
2
)
3/2
d
3
x

39
From H+ = H
rJz(z) +rJ
z
+(z) = J
z
(z) (9.6)
rJy(z) rJ
y
+(z) = J
y
(z) (9.7)
rJx(z) rJ
x
+(z) = J
x
(z) (9.8)
From eq 4 and 7, and eq 5 and 8
J
x
+(z) =
r 1
r + 1
Jx(z) J
x
(z) =
2r
r + 1
Jx(z) (9.9)
J
y
+(z) =
r 1
r + 1
Jy(z) J
y
(z) =
2r
r + 1
Jy(z) (9.10)
Now for the z components.
J

= 0 =
J

x
+
J

y
+
J

z
=
2r
r + 1
_
Jx
x
+
Jy
y
_
+r

z
(Jz +J
z
+) =
2r
r + 1
Jz
z
+r

z
(Jz +J
z
+)
Then solving and integrating

r 1
r + 1
_
Jz =
_
J
z
+
r 1
r + 1
Jz(z) = J
z
+(z) (9.11)
From equations 9, 10, 11 for J

+
matches equation 1.
(b) Show that for z < 0 the magnetic induction appears to be due to a current distribution [2r/(r + 1)]J in a
medium of unit relative permeability.
Combining equation 6 with equation 11 to nd
J

z
(z) =
2r
r + 1
Jz (z) (9.12)
Adding equation 12 with the J parts of equations 9, 10 to nd that J

= [2r/(r + 1)]J
9.2 Problem 2: Jackson 5.19
A magnetically hard material is in the shape of a right circular cylinder of length L and radius a. The cylinder has
a permanent magnetization Mo, uniform throughout its volume and parallel to its axis.
(a) Determine the magnetic eld H and magnetic induction B at all points on the axis of cylinder, both inside and
outside.
Because there is no free current, this is a magnetostatic potential problem. This problem then can be treated as an
electrostatic problem. Because the magnetization is uniform, M = M = 0. The surface charge density is then
M = n M = Mo at the caps. The potential is then
M =
1
4
_
M
[x x

[
d
3
x

This is evaluated at the caps only. Then

1
=
Mo
4

_
0
2d
_

2
+ (z L/2)
2
=
Mo
2
__

2
+ (z L/2)
2
_
a
0
=
Mo
2
__
a
2
+ (z L/2)
2

_
(z L/2)
2
_
This can easily be show for the bottom with symmetry that
2 =
Mo
2
_
_
a
2
+ (z +L/2)
2

_
(z +L/2)
2
_
40
The potential over all space is = 1 + 2.
=
Mo
2
_
_
_

_
a
2
+
_
z
L
2
_
2

_
a
2
+
_
z +
L
2
_
2

z
L
2

z +
L
2

_
_
_
The magnetic eld has two cases, one inside
Hz =

z
Hz =
Mo
2
_
_
_
z +L/2
_
a
2
+ (z +L/2)
2

z L/2
_
a
2
+ (z L/2)
2
2
_
_
_
And outside
Hz =
Mo
2
_
_
_
z +L/2
_
a
2
+ (z +L/2)
2

z L/2
_
a
2
+ (z L/2)
2
_
_
_
Now the induced eld is Bz = o(Hz +M). In this case, M = Mo inside and M = 0 outside. Then the induced eld
both inside and outside is
Bz =
oMo
2
_
_
_
z +L/2
_
a
2
+ (z +L/2)
2

z L/2
_
a
2
+ (z L/2)
2
_
_
_
(b) Plot the ratios B/oMo and H/Mo on the axis as functions of z for L/a = 5.
See last page
9.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.22
Show that in general a long, straight bar of uniform cross-sectional area A with uniform lengthwise magnetization M,
when placed with its at end against as innitely permeable at surface, adheres with a force given approximately
by
F
o
2
AM
2
(9.13)
Relate your discussion to the electrostatic considerations in Section 1.11.
So consider this as two long straight bars with uniform cross-sectional areas A with uniform magnetization, M. One
rod runs from z = 0 to z = L and the other from z = 0 to z = L. These two dipoles are head to tail, so
the components of the B-eld cancel everywhere except at z = 0. Now, lets introduce a small separation zo. The
potential energy on the real rod from the image rod is
W(zo) =
_
M Bid
3
x = M
_
V
Bz,id
3
x
Because the image rod is not moved and the rod is much longer than it is any other direction
W(zo) = M
_
V
Bz,id
3
x MA
_
zo+L
zo
Bz,i(z)dz
The force from the change in the vertical separation
Fz =
dW(zo)
dzo

zo=0
= MA(Bz,i(L) Bz,i(0))
From the previous problem, if the shape is circular, which is not that bad of an approximation, the induced eld is
Bz,i(z) =
oM
2
_
z +L
_
a
2
+ (z +L)
2

a
2
+z
2
_
41
Figure 9.1: H/M
o
=
1
2

z/L+1/2

1/25+(z/L+1/2)
2

z/L1/2

1/25+(z/L1/2)
2

-0 |z/L| > 1/2 or1 |z/L| 1/2

The force becomes
Fz =
oM
2
A
2
_
2L

a
2
+ 4L
2

a
2
+L
2

a
2
+L
2
+ 0
_
Now the condition that a L, Fz =
oM
2
A
2

Now comparing the problem with 1.11. From the previous problem inside the rod, M = M on the end above the
plain, and M = M below the plain. So
Bz =
_
oM inside
0 outside
Because of the constant induced eld, this is similar to a constant electric eld. In fact, the magnetic potential is
similar to the electric potential of plane capacitors with E/o oM. To create a capacitor, lets separate the real
rod, which is the one above the plane, and the image rod. Now on page 43, F/A =
2
/2o for a capacitor. Then
F/A =
2
M

2
o
/2o F/A = o
2
M
/2. Finally the value of M, F/A = oM
2
/2 F =
o
2
AM
2
42
Figure 9.2: B/
o
M
o
=
1
2

z/L+1/2

1/25+(z/L+1/2)
2

z/L1/2

1/25+(z/L1/2)
2

43
44
Chapter 10
Problem Set 10
10.1 Problem 1: Jackson 5.14
A long, hollow, right circular cylinder of inner (outer) radius a (b), and of relative permeability r, is placed in a
region of initially uniform magnetic-ux density Bo at right angles to the eld. Find the ux density at all points
in space, and sketch the logarithm of the ratio of the magnitudes of B on the cylinder axis to Bo as a function of
log
10
r for a
2
/b
2
= 0.5, 0.1. Neglect end eects.
Because there are no end eects, this problem can be reduced to a two dimensional problem. With the z-axis the
length of the cylinder and the Bo in the x-direction. With those being set, this is much like the problem done
in class. So B = (H) = 0 and for inside and outside H = 0. The solution is H = m where
= ao + bo ln +

n=1
an
n
(cos n + sin n) +

n=1
bn
n
(cos n + sin n). All that remains is to solve for the
coecients. By symmetry the sine terms can be dropped. For > b, an = 0, and for < a, bn = 0. So the potential
is
m(, ) =
_

n=1
n
n
cos n < a

n=1
_
n
n
cos n + n
n
cos n
_
a < < b

n=1
n
n
cos n > b
H has to be continuous at the boundaries. At = b, the dierential with respect to the radial is
Bo
o
cos +

n=1
nb
(n+1)
n cos n = r

n=1
n
_
nb
n1
nb
(n+1)
_
cos n
From this n = 1, so
Bo
o
+1b
2
= r1 +r1b
2
(10.1)
The tangential continuation at = b

Bo
o
+1b
2
= 1 +1b
2
(10.2)
Likewise at = a
1 = r1 r1a
2
(10.3)
1 = 1 +1a
2
(10.4)
Reducing the number of coecients in equations 1 and 2
1 =
(r 1)
2r
1b
2

(r + 1)
2r
Bo
o
(10.5)
1 =
(r + 1)
2r
1 +
(1 r)
2r
Bo
o
b
2
(10.6)
45
Doing the same with equations 3 and 4
1 =
(r + 1)
2r
1 (10.7)
1 =
(r 1)
2r
1a
2
(10.8)
Now combining equations 5 and 7
1 =
(r 1)
(r + 1)
1b
2

Bo
o
(10.9)
Now for equations 6 and 8
1 =
(r + 1)
(r 1)
1a
2

b
2
a
2
Bo
o
(10.10)
Equating 9 and 10
1 =
_
1
a
2
b
2
_
_

2
r
1
_
b
2
(r + 1)
2
b
2
(r 1)
2
a
2
Bo
o
b
2
(10.11)
With equation 9 and 11
1 =
4rb
2
(r + 1)
2
b
2
(r 1)
2
a
2
Bo
o
(10.12)
Placing equation 12 into equation 7 and also equation 8
1 =
2 (r + 1) b
2
(r + 1)
2
b
2
(r 1)
2
a
2
Bo
o
(10.13)
1 =
2 (r 1) b
2
(r + 1)
2
b
2
(r 1)
2
a
2
Bo
o
a
2
(10.14)
Now the eld is
H =
_ 1 cos +1 sin < a

_
1

1

2
_
cos +
_
1 +

1

2
_
sin a < < b
_
Bo
o
+

1

2
_
cos
_
Bo
o
+

1

2
_
sin > b
See last page for graph
10.2 Problem 2: Jackson 5.27
A circuit consists of a long thin conducting shell of radius a and a parallel return wire of radius b on axis inside. Of
the current is assumed distributed uniformly throughout the cross section of the wire, calculate the self-inductance
per unit length. What is the self-inductance if the inner wire is a thin tube?
First lets apply Amperes law
_
B dl = oIenc (10.15)
So quickly, B is
B =
_ oI
2

b
2
< b
oI
2
1

b < < a
0 > a
46
The energy of the magnetic eld per length of the system is given by Eq. 5.148
W =
1
2
_
H Bd
3
x =
1
2o
_
B
2
d
3
x
=
2
2o
_
oI
2
_
2
__
b
0

3
d
b
4
+
_
a
b
d

_
=

o
_
oI
2
_
2
_
1
4
+ ln
_
a
b
_
_
=
oI
2
16
_
4 ln
_
a
b
_
+ 1
_
From Eq. 5.152, W =
1
2
LI
2
. The self-inductance per unit length is
1
2
LI
2
=
oI
2
16
_
4 ln
_
a
b
_
+ 1
_
L =
oI
2
8
_
4 ln
_
a
b
_
+ 1
_

Now if the inner wire is a tube B = 0 for < b, so there is only the middle term which yields a self-inductance per
unit length of
L =
o
2
ln
_
a
b
_

10.3 Problem 3: Jackson 5.29
The gure (See Jackson pg. 232) represents a transmission line consisting of two, parallel perfect conductors of
arbitrary, but constant, cross section. Current ows down one conductor and returns via the other.
Show that the product of the inductance per unit length L and the capacitance per unit length C is
LC = (10.16)
where and are the permeability and the permittivity of the medium surrounding the conductors.
First using Amperes Law for outside the wires
_
B dl = I B =
I
2
But inside the wire B = 0. The vector potential is
Az =
_
B

d =
_
I
2
d Az =
I
2
ln
_

o
_
where o = a, b. The work per unit length can be found from Eq. 5.149
W =
1
2
_
J Ad
3
x =
1
2
_
(JaAdaa +J
b
Ada
b
)
=
1
2
I
2
__
a
0
2I
a
2
ln
_
d
b
_
ada +
_
b
0
2I
b
2
ln
_
d
a
_

b
d
b
_
=
1
2
I
2
_
a
2
I
a
2
ln
_
d
b
_
+
b
2
I
b
2
ln
_
d
a
__
=
I
2
4
ln
_
d
2
ab
_
Relating this to the self-inductance per unit length
1
2
LI
2
=
I
2
4
ln
_
d
2
ab
_
L =

2
ln
_
d
2
ab
_
From the second problem 1.7, the capacitance is
C =
2
ln
_
d
2
ab
_ (10.17)
47
Then
LC =

2
ln
_
d
2
ab
_
2
ln
_
d
2
ab
_ LC =
Capacitance The electric eld for a wire is given by

E =
Q
2o
r
r
The potential between the two wire is
=
_

E d

l =
Q
2o
__
da
2
a
1
dr
r
+
_
da
1
a
2
dr
r
_
=
Q
2o
_
ln
_
d a2
a1
_
+ ln
_
d a1
a2
__
=
Q
2o
_
ln
_
(d a2) (d a1)
a1a2
__
The capacitance is given by C =
Q

. Then
C =
Q

=
Q
Q
2o
_
ln
_
(da
2
)(da
1
)
a
1
a
2
__
=
2o
ln
_
(da
2
)(da
1
)
a
1
a
2
_
Since the distance between the wires is much large than their radii, da1 da2 d. Then capacitance reduces to
C
2o
ln
_
d
2
a
1
a
2
_
48
Figure 10.1:
B
Bo
=
r
(r+1)
2
(r1)
2 a
2
b
2
49
50
Chapter 11
Problem Set 11
11.1 Problem 1: Jackson 6.8
A dielectric sphere of dielectric constant and radius a is located at the origin. There is a uniform applied electric
eld Eo in the x direction. The sphere rotates with an angular velocity about the a axis. Show that there is a
magnetic eld H = M, where
M =
3
5
_
o
+ 2o
_
oEo
_
a
r>
_
5
xy (11.1)
where r> is the larger of r and a. The motion is nonrelativistic.
First the polarization from Eq. 4.57
Px = 3
o
+ 2o
Eo x Px = Eo x (11.2)
So the volume charge density is P = 0. The surface charge density is
= n M = n ((r P) z) = oEoa sin cos cos
= oEoa
_
8
15
1
2
[Y2,1 Y2,1]
The potential is
M =
1
4
_

da

[x x

[
= oEoa
_
8
15
1
2
a
2
4

4
2l + 1
r
l
<
r
l+1
>
Y
lm
(, )
_
Y

lm
(

)
_
Y2,1(

) Y2,1(

sin

= oEoa
_
8
15
1
2
a
2
5
r
2
<
r
3
>
[Y2,1(, ) Y2,1(, )]
= oEoa
_
8
15
1
2
a
2
5
r
2
<
r
3
>
_
2
_
15
8
sin cos cos
_
=
3
5
o
+ 2o
oEoa
3
r
3
<
r
5
>
sin cos cos
M =
3
5
o
+ 2o
oEoxz
_
a
r>
_
5

51
11.2 Problem 2: Jackson 6.20
An example of the preservation of causality and nite speed of propagation in spite of the use of the Coulomb gauge
is aorded by a dipole source that is ashed on and o at t = 0. The eective charge and current densities are
(x, t) = (x)(y)

(z)(t) (11.3)
Jz(x, t) = (x)(y)(z)

(t) (11.4)
where the prime means dierentiation with respect to the argument. This dipole is of unit strength and it points in
the negative Z direction.
(a) Show that the instantaneous Coulomb potential (6.23) is
(x, t) =
1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
(11.5)
Using Eq. 6.23
(x, t) =
1
4o
_

|x x

|
d
3
x =
1
4o
_
(x

)(y

(z

)(t)
d
3
x
|x x

|
=
1
4o
(t)
_

z

1
|z z

|
_
=
1
4o
(t)
_

z
|x z

|
3
_
=
1
4o
(t)
z
r
3

(b) Show that the transverse current Jt with a factor of 2/3 multiplying the delta function coming from treating
the gradient of z/r
3
according to (4.20).
Jt(x, t) =

(t)
_
2
3
3(x)
3
4r
3
+
3
4r
3
n(3 n)
_
(11.6)
From Eq. 6.25 and 6.29
Jt = J J
l
= J
1
oc
2

t
= (x)(y)(z)

(t) z +
1
4

(t)
z
r
3
_
= (x)(y)(z)

(t) z +
1
4

(t)
_
4
3
(x)(y)(z) z
3 r( z r) z
r
3
_
=

(t)
_
2
3
(x) z
1
4r
3
z +
3
4r
3
r( z r)
_

(c) Show that the electric and magnetic elds are causal and that the electric eld components are (with Ey the
same as Ex except with cos replaced by sin ),
Ex(x, t) =
1
4o
c
r
_

(r ct) +
3
r

(r ct)
3
r
2
(r ct)
_
sin cos cos (11.7)
Ez(x, t) =
1
4o
c
r
_
sin
2

(r ct) + (3 cos
2
1)
_

(r ct)
r

(r ct)
r
2
__
(11.8)
From section 6.3, A is causal, B is causal. Now for E. From equation 6.48
A =
o
4
_
1
R
[J]
ret
d
3
x
A
t
=
o
4
_
1
R

t
_

_
t
R
c
__
(x

) z +
1
4

1
r

__
d
3
x

=
o
4
1
r

_
t
R
c
_

o
4
_
dk
2
1
R

2
t
2
e
ik(tR/c)
1
4

1
r

d
3
x

Now

2
e
ik(tR/c)
R
=
1
R
(ik/c)
2
e
ik(tR/c)
e
ik(tR/c)
4(x x

)
=
1
c
2

2
t
2
e
ik(tR/c)
R
e
ikt
4(x x

)
52
With that
A
t
=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z
oc
2
4
_
dk
2
_

2
e
ik(tR/c)
4R
+e
ikt
(x x

)
_

1
r

d
3
x

=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z
o
4oo
__
dk
2
e
ik(tR/c)
4R

2
1
r

d
3
x

+(t)

z
1
r
_
=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z +
1
4o
_
dk
2
e
ik(tR/c)
R

(x

)d
3
x

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
Now integrating the second term by parts
A
t
=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z +
1
4o
_
dk
2
_

z
e
ik(tR/c)
R
_
(x

)d
3
x

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z +
1
4o
_
dk
2

z
e
ik(tr/c)
r

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
Again working with part of the second term

z
e
ikr/c
r
=
__

ike
ikr/c
cr

e
ikr/c
r
2
__

z
r
__
=
__
ik
cr
+
1
r
2
_
e
ikr/c
cos
_
=
_
2
r
3
+
2ik
cr
2

k
2
c
2
r
_
cos e
ikr/c
r +e
ikr/c
_
ik
cr
+
1
r
2
__
sin
r

_
Now integrating over k-space, which is just a Fourrier transform
A
t
=
o
4
1
r

(t R/c) z +
1
4o
__
1
r
3
(t R/c)
1
cr
2

(t R/c)
_
_
2 cos r + sin

_
+
1
c
2
r

(t R/c) cos r
_

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
=
oc
3
4
1
r

(ct R)
_
cos r sin

_
+
c
4o
__
1
r
3
(ct R)
1
r
2

(ct R)
_
_
2 cos r + sin

_
+
1
r

(ct R) cos r
_

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
=
1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
_
2 cos r + sin

(ct R) sin

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
Now this can be used to nd the electric eld
E =
A
t
=
1
4o
(t)
z
r
3

1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
_
2 cos r + sin

(ct R) sin

1
4o
(t)
z
r
3
=
1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
_
2 cos r + sin

(ct R) sin

_
Now the electric eld in Cartesian coordinates
Ex =
1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
(2 cos sin cos + sin cos cos )

(ct R) sin cos cos

_
=
1
4o
c
r
_

(r ct) +
3
r

(r ct)
3
r
2
(r ct)
_
sin cos cos
Ey =
1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
(2 cos sin sin + sin cos sin )

(ct R) sin cos sin

_
=
1
4o
c
r
_

(r ct) +
3
r

(r ct)
3
r
2
(r ct)
_
sin cos sin
Ez =
1
4o
c
r
__
1
r

(ct R)
1
r
2
(ct R)
_
_
2 cos
2
sin
2

_
+

(ct R) sin
2

_
=
1
4o
c
r
_
sin
2

(r ct) + (3 cos
2
1)
_

(r ct)
r

(r ct)
r
2
__
So the electric eld is causal because the only time dependence is in the -functions.
53
11.3 Problem 3: Jackson 6.11
A transverse plane wave is incident normally in vacuum on a perfectly absorbing at screen.
(a) From the law of conservation of linear momentum, show that the pressure (called radiation pressure) exerted on
the screen is equal to the eld energy per unit volume in the wave.
The total electromagnetic momentum in an innitesimal volume for a small area, A over a small time, t,
P = gAct
The force due to the momentum, F = P/t = gAc. The pressure is then perpendicular to the force per area.
p =
gAc
A
= gc =
S
c
= energy per unit volume or u
(b) In the neighborhood of the earth the ux of electromagnetic energy from the sun is approximately 1.4 W/m
2
.
If an interplanetary sailplane had a sail of mass 1 g/m
2
of area and negligible other weight, what would be
its maximum acceleration in meters per second squared due to the solar radiation pressure? How does this
compare with the acceleration due to the solar wind (corpuscular radiation)?
The acceleration do the radiation pressure
a
rad
=
S/c
m/A
=
1.4 10
3
/(3 10
8
)
10
6
a
rad
4.67 10
3
m/s
2
There are 10
5
protons/m
2
s with an average velocity v = 4 10
5
m/s
a
wind
=
mv/tA
m/A
=
1.67 10
27
4 10
5
10
5
10
6
= 6.68 10
14
m/s
2
So a
rad
a
wind

54
Chapter 12
Problem Set 12
12.1 Problem 1: Jackson 6.4
A uniformly magnetized and conducting sphere of radius R and total magnetic moment m = 4MR
3
/3 rotates about
its magnetization axis with angular speed . In the steady state no current ows in the conductor. The motion is
nonrelativistic; the sphere has no excess charge on it.
(a) By considering Ohms law in the moving conductor, show that the motion induces an electric eld and a uniform
volume charge density in the conductor, = m/c
2
R
3
.
Here there are no free currents, so there is scalar potential that can describe the magnetic eld. H = B/o M
H = M, then
2
M = M. Here M = M (R r) z
1
, so
M =

z
M(R r) = M(r R)
r
z
= M(r R)
z
r
= M(r R) cos
Then

M
= M(r R) cos =
1
4
_
M(r R) cos

|r r

|
d
3
r

This integral can be solved using a multipole expansion as done with electrostatics for inside a sphere.

M
=
1
4

l=0

m
4
2l + 1
_
M(r

R) cos

l+1
Y

lm(

)d
3
r

r
l
Y
lm
(, )
=
1
4

l=0
l

m=l
4
2l + 1

4
3
M
R
2
R
l+1
_
Y
10
Y

lm
dr
l
Y
lm
=
1
4

l=0
l

m=l
4
2l + 1

4
3
M
l,1

m,0
r
l
Y
lm
=
1
3
Mr cos =
1
3
Mz
The magnetic eld inside the sphere is H = =
1
3
M z. The magnetic induction is
B = o (H+M) = o
_
1
3
M z +
1
3
M z
_
B =
2
3
oM z
From Ohms Law
E = v B = ( r) B =
2
3
oM z ( z r) =
2
3
oM ( z r z r)
E =
2
3
oM (x x + y y) =
1
2
om
R
3
(x x + y y)
The charge density is
E =

o
=
4
3
oM =
4
3
M
oc
2
=
m
oc
2
R
3
E =

o
=
m
oc
2
R
3
=
m
c
2
R
3

1
Here is a step function
55
(b) Because the sphere is electrically neutral, there is no monopole electric eld outside. Use symmetry arguments
to show that only a quadrupole eld exists outside and that the quadrupole moment tensor has nonvanishing
components, Q33 = 4mR
2
/3c
2
, Q11 = Q22 = Q33/2.
The surface of the sphere has to have positive charge some place on it, just as it has to have negative charge on
it. These charges cancel out because there is no monopole term. Now considering a ip of the radial vector. This
obviously does not change the sign of the angular momentum. This will change the sign of and J, so the magnetic
eld does not change signs. From this the magnetic induction does not change sign. Because is independent of the
radial vector, it does not change sign. This means that under a radial ip, the problem is the same, so the odd terms
of l must vanish. Since the dipole is odd in l, it is zero, therefore the rst nonvanishing term is the quadrupole.
Because of the azimuthal symmetry about z axis, the Qxx term can not be distinguished from the Qyy term. From
this, Qxx = Qyy. Because the quadrupole term is a traceless matrix, Qxx +Qyy +Qzz = 0 Qxx = Qyy = Qzz/2.
For the o diagonal terms, under x x, y, z y, z are the Qxy and Qxz terms. From arguments before, which
are r r terms are 0, Qxy = Qxz = 0. Now for y y x, z x, z, which are Qyx (which from before is 0) and
Qyz, are 0 from the fact that the is equivalent to r r.
I show that Qzz = 4mR
2
/3c
2
in the next part.
(c) By considering the radial electric elds inside and outside the sphere, show that the necessary surface-charge
density () is
() =
1
4R
2
4m
3c
2
_
1
5
2
P2(cos )
_
(12.1)
For inside the sphere from part a
E =
2
3
oM (x x + y y)) = 1 1 =
oM
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
+ C
In terms of spherical harmonics,
1 =
oM
3
_
x
2
+y
2
_
+C 1 =
oM
3
r
2
sin
2
+C
=
oM
3
r
2
2
3
_
1
_
4
5
Y20
_
+C
=
2
9
oMr
2
_
1
_
4
5
Y20
_
+C
For outside the sphere, there is no charge and no dipole terms, so the rst no vanishing term is the quadrupole term.
The potential outside is
2 = A2
_
R
r
_
3
Y20
The potential must be continuous at the boundaries, so

1
(R) =
2
(R)
2
9
oMR
2
_
1
_
4
5
Y
20
_
+C = A
2
Y
20
Then C =
2
9
oMR
2
and A2 =
2
9
_
4
5
oMR
2
. The displacement eld is
D =
_

2
3
M
c
2
r sin
2
r
2
3
M
c
2
r sin cos

r < R

2
3
M
c
2
R
5
r
4
P
2
(cos ) r
2
3
M
c
2
R
5
r
4
sin cos

r > R
56
From D = with evaluated at r = R, the surface charge density becomes
(, ) =
2
3
M
c
2
RP2(cos ) +
2
3
M
c
2
Rsin
2

=
2
3
M
c
2
RP2(cos ) +
2
3
M
c
2
R
_
2
3

2
3
P2(cos )
_
=
4
9
M
c
2
R
_
1
5
2
P2(cos )
_
=
1
4R
2
4m
3c
2
_
1
5
2
P2(cos )
_
For Qzz
Qzz = 2
_
r
2
P
2
(cos )d
3
r
= 2
_ _

m
c
2
R
3
(R r) +
1
4R
2
4m
3c
2
_
1
5
2
P
2
(cos )
_
(r R)
_
r
2
d
3
r
=
4m
c
2
R
3
_
_
(R r) +
R
3
_
1
5
2
P
2
(cos )
_
(r R)
_
r
4
drd(cos )
=
10
3
mR
2
c
2
_
1
1
(P
2
(cos ))
2
d(cos )
Qzz =
4mR
2
3c
2

(d) The rotating sphere serves as a unipolar induction device if a stationary circuit is attached by a slip ring to the
pole and a sliding contact to the equator. Show that the line integral of the electric eld from the equator
contact to the pole contact (by any path) is c = om/4R
The c/T is given by
c =
r=R,=0
_
r=R,=/2
E dl =
r=R,=/2
_
r=R,=0
dl = (R, /2) (R, 0)
=
oMR
2
3

2
9
oMR
2
+
2
9
oMR
2
=
oMR
2
3
c =
om
4R

12.2 Problem 2: Jackson 6.14
An ideal circular parallel plate capacitor of radius a and plate separation d a is connected to a current source by
axial leads. The current in the wire is I(t) = Io cos t.
(a) Calculate the electric and magnetic elds between the plates to second order in powers of the frequency (or wave
number), neglecting the eects of fringing elds.
As in the static case E

= E = 0 and B = Bz = 0. From Gausss law in statics

Ez =

o
=
Q
a
2
o
=
Io
ia
2
o
From Amperes law
2B

= oo(i)
2
Ez B

=
oIo
2a
2
From Faradays law, the next order correction is
E =
Ez

=
B
t
= iB

57
Then
Ez() = Ez(0) i
_
B

d Ezd =
Io
ia
2
o

ioIo
2
4a
2
Ez() =
Io
ia
2
o
_
1
1
4

2
c
2
_
Now the correction to the B-eld.
B =
1

(B

= oo
E
t
= iooEz z
So
B

() =
ioo

_
Ezd =
ioo

Io
ia
2
o
_

2
2

1
16

4
c
2
_
B

() =
oIo
2a
2
_
1
1
8

2
c
2
_
Now for the time dependence, because the time dependence is of the form e
it
= cos t i sin t, the real parts are
Ez() =
Io
oa
2
_
1
1
4

2
c
2
_
sin t
B

() =
oIo
2a
2
_
1
1
8

2
c
2
_
cos t

(b) Calculate the volume integrals of we and wm that enter the denition of the reactance X, (6.140), to second
order in . Show that in terms of the input current Ii, dened by Ii = iQ, where Q is the total charge on
one plate, these energies are
_
wed
3
x =
1
4o
|I
i
|
2
d

2
a
2
,
_
wmd
3
x =
o
4
|I
i
|
2
d
8
_
_
1 +

2
a
2
12c
2
_
_
(12.2)
The energy in the elds is we =
o|E|
2
4
and wm =
|B|
2
o4
. From part a
we =
o[E[
2
4
=
o[Ii[
2
4 (oa
2
)
2
wm =
[B[
2
o4

o[Ii[
2

2
16
2
a
4
_
1 +
1
8

2
c
2
_
The integral for we over all of space in between the plates
_
o[Ii[
2
4 (oa
2
)
2
dddz =
2
4o
[Ii[
2
d

2
a
4
_
a
0
d =
1
4o
[Ii[
2
d

2
a
2
For wm
_
o|Ii|
2

2
16
2
a
4
_
1 +
1
8

2
c
2
_
dddz =
o
4
|Ii|
2
d
2a
4
_
_

3
+
1
8

5
c
2
_
d
o
4
|Ii|
2
d
2a
4
_
a
4
4
+
1
48

2
a
6
c
2
_
=
o
4
|Ii|
2
d
8
_
1 +

2
a
2
12c
2
_

(c) Show that the equivalent series circuit has C oa
2
/d, L od/8, and that an estimate for the resonant
frequency of the system is res 2

2c/a. Compare with the rst root of Jo(x).

From section 6.9, the capacitance
X =
1
C
=
4
[Ii[
2
1
4o
[Ii[
2
d

2
a
2
=
d
oa
2
C =
oa
2
d
For the inductance
X = L =
4
[Ii[
2
o
4
[Ii[
2
d
8
=
od
8
L =
od
8
58
Resonance occurs when L = 1/C,
L =
1
C
=
1

LC
=
1
_
_
od
8
_
_
oa
2
d
_
=
_
8
ooa
2
=
_
8c
2
a
2
= 2

2c/a
If the next term in the B-eld is kept the inductance becomes
L =
od
8
_
1 +

2
a
2
12c
2
_
The resonance is

2
=
8c
2
a
2
_
1 +
1
12

2
a
2
c
2
_
1

8c
2
a
2
_
1
1
12

2
a
2
c
2
_
=
8c
2
a
2

2
3

2
=
_
24
5
c
a
So the further the electric eld and the induced magnetic eld are expand in power of , the closer the resonant
frequency will be to Jo(x) = 0, where x = . This seems logical because the rst resonant frequency should occur
when half a wavelength is inside the cavity.
59
60
Appendix A
Special Functions
Hi
61
Index
hydrogen, 2
mean value theorem, 4
62