The Atom Project- JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

BIOGRAPHY.
DATE OF BIRTH: December 18 , 1856 in Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester, England. EDUCATION: Attended Owens College in 1870, accepted on a scholarship to Trinity College in Cambridge 1876. In 1880, he finished his third year of mathematics in Trinity, second in his class. January 22nd, 1890, he married Rose Elisabeth Paget. Lecturer for Trinity College in 1883. Professor at Cavendish Experimental Physics Laboratory in 1884. Chosen as Master of Trinity in 1918, where he stayed till his death. DEATH: 30-Aug-1940. CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE: Discovery of the electron in 1897. Investigation of the conductivity of electricity in gases, for which he earned a Nobel Prize in 1906. Discovery of the isotope in 1912. Discovery of the natural radioactivity on potassium in 1905 and demonstration that hydrogen had only one electron per atom. Invented the mass spectrometer. Knighted in 1908 and became Sir Joseph John Thomson.
CONCLUSIONS FROM THE 3 EXPERIMENTS
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EXPERIMENTS AND MODELS BY J.J THOMSON.

J.J Thomson performed three experiments in the late nineteenth century, in coming up with his plum-pudding model of atomic structure. His experiments involved the use of the cathode ray tube. EXPERIMENT 1 -Thomson built a cathode ray tube, and intended to investigate whether or not the negative charge could be separated from the cathode rays by magnetism. He used a magnet, to see if by bending the cathode rays if the charges in the rays could be separated, he placed the magnet in the path of the rays and found that they were bent. He concluded that the negative charge and cathode rays must be somehow stuck together and the charge could not be separated from the waves. EXPERIMENT 2His first experiment failed to prove that the atom was made up of negatively charged particles. He built a slightly different cathode ray tube; electric plates were positioned, producing positive and negative regions where he hoped waves would be deflected. He had previously known that a charged particle will normally curve as it moves through an electric field; provided that it is not surrounded by a conductor .He deduced that the traces of gas remaining in the tube were acting as a conductor and extracted nearly all of the gas from the tube. He found that the rays were deflected by the electric charge and proved that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge, as the deflection was towards the positive plate.

EXPERIMENT 3- In his third experiment Thomson centered

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considerably smaller in size than the atoms of which they

. Particles are a universal component of matter,

his study on determining the basic properties of these particles. He could not directly measure the mass or the electric charge of a particle, but could measure how much the rays were deflected by a magnetic field and how much energy they carried. In doing so he could calculate the ratio of the electric charge of a particle to its mass .In his results Thomson found that the mass-to-charge ratio for cathode rays was over a thousand times higher than that of a charged hydrogen ion. This meant that either the cathode rays carried an enormous charge or that the particles were very light.

APPARATUS USED FOR THOMSONS FIRST EXPERIMENT.

APPARATUS USED FOR THOMSONS SECOND EXPERIMENT

APPARATUS USED IN THOMSONS THIRD EXPERIMENT.

DIAGRAM OF THE PLUM-PUDDING MODEL.