He Thong Vien Thong 5595

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng Bai 1: TONG QUAN VE CAC HE THONG VIEN THONG
I. Khai niem : - He thong vien thong la tap hp tat ca cac phng tien ky thuat e truyen dan tin tc t ni phat en ni thu . - Tuy theo cac muc ch khac nhau ma ngi ta co nhieu cach phan loai he thong vien thong . Phan loai theo tnh chat cong viec : H TV T Chuyen mach ( tong ai ) . Truyen dan ( Vi ba ,ve tinh ) . Vi ba lien lac trong pham vi ngan . Ve tinh lien lac trong pham vi dai . Phan loai theo c che truyen tin : He thong n cong ( Truyen tn hieu theo mot chieu nhat nh ) . H TV T He thong song cong ( Truyen tn hieu hai chieu cung mot luc ) . He thong ban song cong ( Truyen tn hieu hai chieu khong ong thi ) . - Cau hnh c ban cua mot HTVT : cam bien X ly tn hieu
+Nguon tin : Ni phat ra tin tc can truyen i . + Cam bien : Bien tin tc thanh tn hieu ien . + X ly tn hieu : Bien tn hieu thanh mot tn hieu khac e truyen dat hieu qua cao trong truyen dan . + Kenh truyen :ng truyen tn hieu . oi vi cac HTVT hien nay co 3 kenh truyen chnh . Cap kim loai ( Truyen ngan,toc o truyen thap ). Vo tuyen ( Truyen trong khong kh ) . Cap quang ( Che tao bang thuy tinh ) . II. Cac thong so anh gia chat lng cua cac HTVT : 1) o suy hao cua ng truyen : o suy hao : La ty so gia cong suat tn hieu ngo vao chia cho cong suat tn hieu ngo ra . Trong cac HTVT cong suat va o suy hao eu tnh theo n v chuan hoa la deciben (dB) . P Cong suat : [p] = 10log 10/ PC Neu Pc = 1W Neu Pc = 1mW [p] co n v la dBW . [p] co n v la dBm.
Pin Pout 10
tai Le lieu Th ho an c t h T ho an ng t in
Nguon tin
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cam bien ng c
Nhan tin
o suy hao: [A] = 10log
= [Pin] - [Pout] ( n v : dB ) .
Vd: oi 100W ra dBm va dBW.
Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn
H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

[P] dBW = 10 log
100 10
= 2*10 = 20 dBW = 5*10 = 50 dBm log b = M b = aM a
[P] dBWm = 10log
100*10 3 10
log (ab.c ) = log b + log c a a log =log b log c a a log 1 = 0 a

b c a
2 2 P P2 = 2P1 [P2] = 10log 10P1 = 10log 10 +10 log101
P1(W)
P [ P1] = 10 log101
3
P P [P1]dBm = 10log 101*10 = 10 log101 + 10 log10 10
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* Chu y Khi cong suat tnh bang W tang gap 2 th cong suat tnh bang dB tang them 3 n v 100W # 20dBW = 50dBm 200W # 23dBW = 53dBm 50W # 17dBW = 47dBm P1 P1 # [P1] = 10log 10
Vd oi 11dBW = ( 20 - 9 ) dBw = 100 : 9 = 12,5 W 10W # 10 dBW 100W # 20 dBW 1000W # 30 dBW 10000W # 40 dBW oi dBm ra mW 17dBm = (20 3) = 100 : 2 = 50mW 19dBm = (10 + 9) = 10 * 8 = 80mW 2) Thi gian tre :
1W # 0 dBW = 30 dBm 2W # 3 dBW = 33 dBm 4W # 6 dBW = 36 dBm 8W # 9 dBw = 39 dBm 16W # 12 dBw = 42 dBm 32W # 15 dBw = 45 dBm 64W # 18 dBw = 48 dBm
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La khoang thi gian ma tn hieu truyen t ni phat en ni thu trong cac he thong vien thong thi gian tre toi a cho phep la 100ms Tn hieu tai au thu : uR(t) = uT(t - ) : o suy hao : Thi gian tre vd :Tn hieu tai au phat uT (t) = A cos (100 t + / 6 ) (t = ms) Xac nh pha cua tn hieu tai au thu cach ni phat 30km d 3 * 10 4 Thi gian tre : = = = 10 4 (s) 8 c 3 * 10
3) Bang thong cua he thong : la khoang tan so ma am bao cho he thong hoat ong che o bnh thng . 1 Tan so cat : La tan so ma tai o o li giam i lan (tnh theo dB th o li 2 giam 3 lan) 1/0.7 -3dB
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Pha cua tn hieu tai au thu
100
100
(rad)
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fc
o tre pha = 100 * 10 4 =
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Bang thong bang o rong pho (khoang thi gian gia tan so nho nhat fmin va fmax cua tieng noi con ngi . Bang thong cua he thong (BW) : BW =fmax - fmin (Hz) oi vi mot he thong ly tng th se co bang cong bang o rong pho cua tn hieu . 4) o meo tn hieu : Mot he thong tuyen tnh la he thong co quan he gia tn hieu au phat va au thu theo phng trnh ng thang . He thong phi tuyen la he thong co quan he gia tn hieu au phat va au thu theo phng trnh ng cong . Meo tn hieu trong he thong phi tuyen chia lam hai loai : Meo hai . Meo ieu che tng ho . + Meo hai : f1 f1 ,2f1. Phi tuyen Cac tan so 2f1 ,3f1 nf1 goi la hai

Nh vay hai la nhng thanh phan tan so mi xuat hien ngo ra cua phi tuyen va co tan so gap so nguyen lan tan so tn hieu ngo vao .Thanh phan hai co tan so gap n lan ngo vao goi la hai n lan . Meo hai : la meo gay ra do cac thanh phan hai . + Meo ieu che tng ho . Trong mach phi tuyen neu cho tn hieu ngo vao co nhieu tan so th ngo ra ngoai cac thanh phan hai con co cac thanh phan khac co tan so khong gap mot so nguyen lan tan so ngo vao . Cac thanh phan nay c goi la san pham ieu che tng ho . Meo ieu che tng ho la meo gay ra do cac san pham ieu che tng ho . 5) Nhieu: La mot tn hieu khong mong muon nhng xuat hien trong tn hieu thu c . co nhieu cach phan loai nhieu khac nhau . Phan theo nguon goc : Nhieu Can nhieu : xuat phat ben ngoai he thong Tap am (tieng on ) : Xuat phat ben trong he thong Phan theo ac tnh tan so : Nhieu trang : nhieu thanh phan tan so tao nen Mau : Mot thanh phan tan so tao nen Phan loai theo cach thc tac ong cua nhieu Nhieu cong tn hieu can thu cong vi tn hieu nhieu Nhan tn hieu can thu vi tn hieu nhieu Trong cac he thong vien thong e anh gia chat lng cua tn hieu thu c ngi ta thng dung ai lng ty so tn hieu tren nhieu . S Tn hieu /nhieu : viet tat hay SNR N S PS S = ; dB = [Ps] [PN] N PN N S ngi ta con dung ai lng ty le Trong cac he thong so ngoai ai lng N bit loi ky hieu BER BER = so bt loi / tong so bt thu c III . Tn hieu va phan tch tn hieu 1. Khai niem tn hieu : La mot bieu hien vat ly cua tin tc no c tao ra nh vao bo cam bien .Tuy theo muc ch khac nhau ma ngi ta phan chia tn hieu theo nhieu cap , VD : micro ,camera . + Phan loai theo tnh lien tuc . Tn hieu Tng t : truyen hnh , phat thanh . So : ien thoai di ong . Tn hieu tng t la tn hieu lien tuc ca ve thi gian lan bien o .
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Tn hieu so la tn hieu lien tuc ve thi gian nhng khong lien tuc ve bien o . * Cac u iem cua tn hieu so so vi tn hieu tng t : Kha nang bao mat tn hieu so tot hn . Kha nang chong nhieu cao e tach nhieu So thu
2. Phan theo tn hieu a. Phan tch theo tan so : La xac nh cac thanh phan tan so co trong tn hieu va nang lng tng ng cua moi thanh phan la bao nhieu . C s phan tch tn hieu tan so la phep bien oi Fourier.
Ex =
x2(t) dt
Cong suat tn hieu : La tn hieu cong suat hu han 0<Px< ky hieu Px Px = lim
1 T
t0 +
T 2
x2(t) dt
t0
T 2
Neu x(t) la tuan hoan th :

1 Px= T
T 2
x(t )dt
T 2
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+
+ Phan theo tnh tuan hoan : 2 loai Tn hieu tuan hoan x(t) = x( t-T ) Ngau nhien X(t) = 220sin (100 t) f = 50hz X(t+0.02) = 220sin[100 (t+0.02)] = 220sin[100 t +2 ] = 220sin 100 t + Phan theo nang lng va cong suat : Nang lng tn hieu : La tn hieu co nang lng hu han 0<Ex< ky hieu Ex
Bien oi thuan X(f) =
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-s 2 f(t )
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dt
TT ttthu hu hu Hieu qua nen tn hieu cao .
as

Bien oi ngc X(t) =
X ( f ) = X ( f ) ej ( f )
+
x ( f )e
s 2 f(t )
dt
BAI 2
MOI TRNG TRUYEN TIN
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I. Cac hieu ng xay ra tren ng day : 1. Hieu ng da : Khi cho cac tn hieu co tan so cao chay tren day dan th mat o ien t khong phan bo eu tiet dien phang cua day ma tap trung chu yeu lp vo ben ngoai cung goi la hieu ng da .
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: Pho pha. b. Phan tch theo thi gian : xac nh bien o cua tn hieu tai cac thi iem khac nhau .Trong thc te rat nhieu ngi ng dung phan tch tn hieu theo thi gian .May hien song ( osciloscope) .
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Be day lp dan ien d =
Ngi ta a ng dung hieu ng da e che tao ra day dan lng kim ,ong dan song e dung trong cac he thong vien thong . 2. Hieu ng lan can : Khi hai day dan dat gan nhau th mat o ien t phan lp vo cua hai day dan theo hieu ng da cung khong eu ma tap trung nhieu pha tiep xuc hai day dan goi la hieu ng da lan can . 3. Hieu ng nhiet : Khi nhiet o cua moi trng thay oi lam cho cac thong so cua ng day : ien tr ,ien dan , ien cam ,ien dung b thay oi ay la hieu ng nhiet o. II. Cac loai kenh truyen : Cap kim loai Cap quang Hu tuyen Vo tuyen 1. Kenh truyen hu tuyen :
Lp dan ien
(l la ien tr suat . la t o tham) .
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X ( f ) : Pho bien o cua x(t)

a. Cap kim loai : La cap c che tao t cac vat lieu kim loai dan ien .Tuy theo pham vi ng dung khac nhau ma cap km loai cung c che tao theo nhieu kieu khac nhau . + Cap oi song hanh : la loai cap can bang co tr khang 300 hoac 600 .Cap nay thch hp cho viec truyen tn hieu co tan so thap va trung bnh .Bang thong tng oi hep va o nhieu phien am tng oi ln . + Cap xoan oi : Cap can bang tr khang Z = 200 bang thong hep ,chong o nhieu xuyen am . STP (shield TP) UTP (un shield TP) + Cap ong truc : la cap khong can bang, Tr khang 75 va 50 co bang thong tng oi ln nen rat thch hp e truyen tn hieu so co tn hieu cao, kha nang chong nhieu tng oi cao.
Cap thick (day) Cap thin (mong) b. Cap quang : Cap quang c che tao t thuy tinh va tn hieu truyen dan ben trong la anh sang. C s cua viec truyen dan quang. _ Hien tng khuc xa anh sang: Khi mot tia sang i qua mat phan cach giua hai moi trng co chiet suat khac nhau th lam cho tia sang b oi phng. Hien tng nay goi la hien tng khuc xa anh sang .
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n1 n2 r i: la goc ti c tao bi tia ti va phap tuyen. r: la goc khuc xa, goc tao bi tia khuc xa va phap tuyen nh luat khuc xa anh sang : Khi goc ti thay oi th goc khuc xa cung thay oi theo nhng ty so gia sin goc ti va sin goc khuc xa luon luon la mot hang so. Hang so nay chnh la t so chiet suat gia hai moi trng sin i n 2 = . sin r n1
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_ Hien tng phan xa toan phan: i
Cac loai si quang: _ Si quang co chiet suat nhay bac SI (step index) : + Cau tao gom hai lp: Lp loi co chiet suat ln . Lp vo ben ngoai co chiet suat nho o th bieu dien theo ban knh la mot ng bac thang. + Nguyen ly truyen tn hieu: Da theo hien tng phan xa toan phan. Khi chieu anh sang vao mot au cua si quang, neu tia sang thang goc vi thiet dien thang cua si quang th no se truyen en au thu theo mot ng thang. Neu tia sang vuong goc vi thiet dien thang cua si quang th se b phan xa nhieu lan va truyen en au thu. Nh vay ng i cua tia sang la mot ng gap khuc. Tn hieu tai au thu la mot tap hp cua tat ca cac tia sang . u iem : Si SI co cau truc n gian nen de che tao do o gia thanh thap . Nhc iem : v = c/ n do cac tia sang co nhieu ng i khac nhau nhng truyen cung van toc nen chung en au thu khong cung luc .Hien tng nay goi la tan xa trong si SI .Ket qua cua hien tng nay lam cho xung anh sang thu c co o rong
V n1 > n2 sini /sin r <1 sini < sin r r > r (v 0<i,r<90 0 ham Sin la ham tang) Khi cho anh sang di t moi trng chiet quang hn sang moi trng chiet quang kem th goc khuc xa ln hn goc ti. Neu tang goc ti en mot goc gii han nao o th goc khuc xa se bang 900 tiep tuc tang goc ti th tia khuc xa se bien mat va toan bo tia sang se phan xa lai moi trng 1 theo dnh ly phan xa. Hien tng nay goi la hien tng phan xa toan phan . e co hien tng phan xa toan phan th thoa man 2 ieu kien sau: + Anh sang i t moi trng chiet quang hn sang moi trng chiet quang kem. + Goc ti > goc gii han ( i>igh) . Goc ghi han la goc ti khi goc khuc xa bang 90 0 Sini gh n 2 n Sini n 2 = = i gh = arcSin 2 1 n1 Sinr n1 n1
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ln hn xung ang sang au phat .Do o si SI khong truyen c tn hieu co toc o cao _ Si Quang co chiet suat giam dan SI( Graded) : + Cau tao: Gom rat nhieu lp ,moi lp co be day rat mong, lp ben ngoai co chiet suat nho hn lp ben trong. o th bieu dien chiet suat theo ban knh la mot ng cong co gia tr cc ai tai R = 0 ( tam cua si quang ) co gia tr cc tieu tai R = r ( r la ban knh si quang ) + Nguyen ly truyen tn hieu: Da theo hien tng khuc xa anh sang Khi chieu anh sang vao mot au cua si quang th cac tia sang nay khuc xa nhieu lan e truyen en au thu .ng i cua cac tia sang la ng hnh sin . u iem : Mac du ng i cua cac tia sang dai ngan khac nhau nhng cac tia co ng i dai at c van toc cao do truyen trong moi trng co chiet suat nho ,cac tia co ung i ngan at toc o cham do i trong moi trng co chiet suat ln do o cac tia nay se en cung mot luc nen khong gay hien tng tan xa. V vay si GI co the truyen dan c tn hieu co toc o cao . Nhc iem : Do co cau truc phc tap nen si GI kho che tao nen gia thanh cao . e han che so lng tia sang truyen i trong si quang ngi ta che tao ra si quang co kch thc nho hn. Neu si quang ch truyen i c mot vai tia sang th c goi la si n made. Neeu si quang truyen c nhieu anh sang goi la si a made. Nguyen ly truyen dan quang : t/h
Bien oi E/O
K/ ai quang
cap quang
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K/ai quang
Bien doi O/E
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e truyen dan tn hieu au tien tn hieu c a vao bo bien oi ien quang, tn hieu ngo ra la tn hieu anh sang. Tn hieu nay c khuech ai nhieu lan e tao ra cong suat u ln roi a vao si quang. Tn hieu anh sang lan truyen sang si quang va en au thu . Tai au thu do suy hao cua si quang nen cng o tn hieu thu c nho do o tn hieu nay c khuech ai trc khi a vao bo bien oi quang ien. Ngo ra cua bo bien oi nay chnh la tn hieu ban au ( tn hieu can truyen ) Cac thong so cua si quang : _ He so suy hao : la lng suy hao tren moi n v chieu dai cua si quang. Thong so nay c tnh bang n v DB/km. Co 4 nguyen nhan gay suy hao cho si quang + Suy hao do hap thu : Neu trong qua trnh che tao si quang thanh phan cua si co lan mot so tap chat th se lam cho o trong suot cua si quang giam i. Chnh cac thanh phan tap chat nay se hap thu mot phan anh sang khi chieu qua bo va gay suy hao cho si quang .

+ Suy hao do tan sac : neu ben trong cac si quang co cac iem khuyet tat nh bot kh, cac vet nt va chung co dang nh cac lang knh th khi anh sang chieu qua no gay ra hien tng tan sac. Sau khi b tan sac co the mot so tia khong con u ieu kien e phan xa toan phan nen khong en c au thu do o gay suy hao cho si quang . + Suy hao do uon cong : Khi si quang b uon cong th phap tuyen tai iem uon cong b thay oi nen dan en goc ti cua mot so tia sang thay oi theo . Do o co the mot so tia khong con u ieu kien phan xa toan phan nen gay ra suy hao cho si quang . + Suy hao do an hoi : Khi han noi th tai moi han chiet suat si quang se b thay oi do vay gay ra mot phan suy hao cho si quang . _ Khau o so : (NA) tnh bang NA = n0 sini1max Trong o i1max la goc ti ln I tai A ma van am bao xay ra phan xa toan phan tai B Ma n0 sin i1 = n1sin r( nh ly khuc xa anh sang ) n0 sin i1max = n1sinr1max (*) Do r+i2=900 khi r = r max i2 = i2min e co phan xa toan phan tai B th i2min > i2gh = arcsin n2/n1 sin r2min >n2/n1 T (*) NA = n0 sin i1max = n1cos i2min = n1 1 sin in ' i min Ma sin I2min > n2/n1
2 NA < n1 1 n 2 / n12 2 0 < NA < n12 n 2
Thong so NA cang nho th si quang t tan xa nen chat lung cao hn ( khoang cach t 0 en sin i2max kha nang phan xa cang ln khi khoang cach o nho lai th si quang t tan xa ) Cac u khuyet iem cua si quang : + u iem : _ Si quang co bang thong rat rong nenco kha nang truyen c tn hieu co toc o cao . _ Do si quang cap ien hoan toan nen no khong gay nhieu cho cac he thong khac va cung khong b cac he thong khac gay nhieu . _ Si quang co o suy hao thap nen thch hp cho cac c ly lien lac xa . _ Cac thong so cua si quang kha on nh giup cho tuoi tho cua si quang lau hn . _ Si quang co kch thc nho gon nen de lap at . + Nhc iem : _ Do che tao bang thuy tinh nen de gay .
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- Viec han noi si quang tng oi phc tap . III Kenh truyen vo tuyen : 1. Cac phng thc truyen song : Do at iem cua khong gian t do thay oi theo o cao nen ngi ta chia khong gian t do lam ba tan c ban : Tan oi lu, bnh lu va tan ien ly Moi tan co cac ac iem khac nhau nen cung thch hp cho cac phng thc truyen khac nhau . + Truyen thang : (trc tiep ) S dung moi trng la tan oi lu .e truyen theo phng thc nay anten phat phai nhn thay anten thu do o cong cua mat trai at nen truyen theo phng thc nay co c ly han che + Truyen phan xa : Da vao at iem cua tan ien ly la phan xa tot oi vi tn hieu co tan so thap nen ngi ta truyen song vao s phan xa cua tan ien ly . Phng thc nay co c ly lien lac tng oi xa . 2. S phan chia cac bang tan so : Trong moi lnh vc khac nhau c phan phat s dung tan so khac nhau . + Phat thanh : Chia lam mot bang . _ Bang LW ( song dai ) f: 150 285 KHz _ Bang MW (song trung ) f: 525 1650 KHz _ Bang SW ( song ngan ) f: 4M 26,1 MHz _ Bang USW (FM) f: 87,5M 108 MHz + Truyen hnh : 4 bang tan . _ Bang I : T 41M _ 68MHz (VHF) _ Bang II : T 134M_ 216MHz (VHF) _ Bang III: T 470M _ 506 MHz( UHF) _ Bang IV : T 600M _900MHz(UHF) + Ve tinh : 3 bang tan _ Bang Ct 4G _ 6GHz _ Bang KU t 11G _ 14 GHz _ Bang KA t 20G _ 30 GHz + Thong tin di ong : 2 bang tan _ D900 : t 890 _ 960 MHz _ DCS1800 : t 1710 _ 1880 MHz Suy hao trong khong gian Khi song ien t lan truyen trong khong gian th no se va cham vi cac phan t kh va gay ra suy hao . Suy hao cua khong gian ky hieu LS : 4D 4D 2 LS = 10log10 ( ) = 20 log 10
Trong o D : la c ly lien lac (m) . : la bc song lam viec (m) .
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eu che tn hieu can ieu che iieu che
tn hieu a ieu che
Th tn hieu a ieu che AM co dang : xAM(t) = [A+x(t) ] cos ( c t + ) + Dang song cua tn hieu AM : + Ch so ieu che ( o sau ieu che) Ch so ieu che AM khong lap lai ky hieu ma c tnh bang : E E min ma = max E max + E min Trong o Emax = A+max{x(t)} Emin = A + min {x(t)}
Trong qua trnh ieu che tuy theo thanh phan nao cua song mang b thay oi ma ngi ta co cac kieu ieu che khac nhau . co 3 kieu : ieu che bien o ( AM) ieu che tan so (FM) ieu che pha (PM) 1. AM : + Khai niem : La qua trnh ieu che lam cho bien o cua song mang thay oi theo quy luat bien oi cua tn hieu giai nen , trong khi tan so va pha cua song mang khong thay oi . + Bieu thc toan hoc Neu goi x(t) la tn hieu giai nen . xc (t) = Acos ( c t + ) la song mang
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song mang + Muc dch cua viec ieu che la tao ra mot tn hieu mi phu hp vi moi trng truyen dan . ieu che tn hieu ieu che tng t . ieu che so . ieu che tng t la ieu che ma tn hieu can ieu che la tn hieu tng t . ieu che so ma tn hieu can ieu che la tn hieu so . II . ieu che tng t : Song mang s dung trong qua trnh ieu che thong thng la tn hieu hnh sin co dang xc (t) = Acos ( c t + )
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I . Khai niem : + ieu che la qua trnh bien oi tn hieu thanh mot tn hieu khac nh vao song mang .
BAI 3 : IEU CHE VA GIAI IEU CHE

Neu Emax>0 ,Emin>0 ma <1 va au thu co the khoi phuc lai c tn hieu dai nen . Neu Emax>0 ,Emin<0 => ma >1 va au thu khong the khoi phuc lai tn hieu dai nen do vay khong nen dung trng hp nay . Neu x(t) la tn hieu hnh sin . V du 1: x(t) = Bcos 0t th Emax = A+B
Emin = A-B A + B ( A B) B = ma = A+ B + A B A V du 2: Cho tn hieu dai nen x(t) = 5cos (100 t + 30 0 ) c ieu che AM vi song mang . Xc (t) = 4sin(100 t ) Tnh ch so ieu che AM va a ra nhan xet . ma = 5/4 =1,25 ay la hien tng qua ieu che au thu khong khoi phuc lai tn hieu dai nen nen khong dung trng hp nay Neu x(t) la tn hieu khong sin Chang han x(t) = A1cos 1 t + A2 cos 2 t + ... An cos n t th ch so ieu che ma =
ma1 + ma 2 + ... + ma n
2 2
Trong o mai la ch so ieu che thanh phan th i V du 3 : cho tn hieu dai nen x(t) = 3cos10 t + 2 cos 5t + 6 sin 100t ieu che AM tn hieu nay vi song mang xc(t) =10 cos 2000 t Tnh ch so ieu che AM ma1 = 3/10 ma2 =2/10 ma3 =6/10 ma =7/10 + Pho cua tn hieu a ieu che AM : Pho cua tn hieu la tap hp tat ca cac thanh phan co trong tn hieu va bien o tng ng cua no . Vd pho cua tn hieu tieng noi nam trong khoang tan so t 300hz en 3400hz . Gia s tn hieu dai nen x(t)=Bcos 0t Tn hieu song mang xc(t)=Acos ct Th tn hieu a ieu che xAM(t)=[A+ x(t)] cos ct =[A+ Bcos 0t] cos ct B B =A cos ct + cos( 0t+ ct) + cos( ct- 0t) 2 2 Nh vay trong tn hieu a ieu che AM co 3 thanh phan : Thanh phan song mang co tan so c Thanh phan bien tren co tan so c + 0 Thanh phan bien di co tan so c - 0
qu
2
an
gv
av
ib
as

xAM (t) =Acos c t +B/2 cos ( c + 0 )t +B/2 cos ( c - 0 ) t Trong 3 thanh phan ieu che AM ch co thanh phan 2 bien la cha tn hieu dai nen . Va khi tn hieu a ieu che truyen en au thu th may thu ch can 1 bien th co the khoi phuc c tn hieu dai nen . Do vay e tiet kiem nang lng may phat se phat i nhng thanh phan can thiet va loai bo nhng thanh phan khong can thiet t o phat sinh ra cac kieu ieu che AM khac nhau . Cac kieu ieu che AM : DSB TC ; DSB-SC ; SSB-TC ; SSB-SC DSB-TC (ieu che 2 bien phat song mang ) Phat i 3 thanh phan co trong tn hieu a ieu che . DSB-SC ( ieu che 2bien kh song mang ) phat thanh phan 2 bien nhng khong phat song mang . SSB-TC ( ieu che n bien phat song mang ) phat i song mang va ch 1 bien . SSB-SC ( ieu che n bien kh song mang ) ch phat i duy nhat 1 bien. 2. FM (Frequency Modulaeion) : + Khai niem : FM la qua trnh ieu che lam thay oi tan so cua song mang theo quy luat bien oi dai nen trong khi bien o va pha cua song mang khong thay oi . + Bieu thc toan hoc : Goi x(t) la tn hieu dai nen xc(t) = Acos 2 fc t la song mang th tn hieu a ieu che FM co dang :
Trong o kf : la he so di tan ( kHz/von) +Dang song : +Ch so ieu che FM : f mf c tnh nh sau : mf = f max trong o :
+ o rong bang thong cua tn hieu FM :
3. PM (Phase Modulation) : + Khai niem : La qua trnh ieu che lam thay oi pha cua song mang theo quy luat bien oi cua tn hieu dai nen trong khi bien o va tan so cua song mang khong thay oi. + Bieu thc toan hoc : Goi x(t) la dai nen .
xFM(t) = A cos [ 2 (fc t +kf
f = kf[ max {x(t)] o di tan cc ai f max la tan so ln nhat trong x(t).

BW= 2 ( f + f max )
qu
T
x(t )dt )]
0
an
gv
av
ib
as

xc (t) = Acos( 0 t+ ) la song mang Khi o tn hieu a ieu che PM co dang : xPM (t) = Acos( c t + + kp x(t )dt ) , Trong o kp la he so di pha ( rad/v) + Ch so ieu che : mp = kp max{x(t)} Chu y : Khi tn hieu truyen t ni phat en ni thu th pha cua tn hieu b thay oi phu thuoc vao tan so lam viec va c ly truyen. Do vay, doi vi kieu ieu che PM th viec dai ieu che rat phc tap nen kieu ieu che nay khong s dung oi vi tn hieu tng t. Tuy nhien , trong ieu che so van s dung ieu che pha co cai tien.
0 t
Giai ieu che chia lam 2 loai : giai ieu che ket hp va giai ieu che khong ket hp. - Giai ieu che ket hp : La qua trnh giai ieu che co s dung song mang. Song mang s dung phai co cung tan so va pha so vi song mang au phat. - Giai ieu che khong ket hp : La qua trnh giai ieu che khong s dung song mang. Vd ve giai ieu che AM khong ket hp B nh phng xAM(t) Bnh phng 1
Loc tthong Loc hong h
qu
an
2
+ Khai niem : La qua trnh tai tao lai tn hieu dai nen t tn hieu a ieu che. Cong viec dai ieu che thc hien may thu.
gv
III. Giai ieu che tn hieu :
av
s xAM(t)= [A+ x(t)] cos ct khi qua mach bnh phng ta c 1 + cos 2 c t 2 2 2 2 x1(t)=x AM(t)= [A+ x(t)] cos ct =[A+ x(t)] 2
[ A + x(t )] 2 [ A + x(t )] 2 + cos 2 0 t lien tuc cho x1(t) qua LPF 2 2 [ A + x (t )] 2 x2(t)= cho x2(t) qua ham can bac 2 ta c 2 A + x (t ) A x (t ) = + x3(t)= 2 2 2 x (t ) x3(t) qua tu C th ngo ra c 2 vd ve giai ieu che ket hp
x1(t) = xAM(t)= [A+ x(t)] cos ct
ib
as
o
3 x(t)

x1(t)=[A+x(t)] cos2 ct=[A+x(t)] =
1 + cos 2 c t 2
-Trong dai ieu che ket ket hp ieu kien e dai ieu che c la song mang may thu phai cug tan so va pha so vi song mang au phat. - e tao ra song mang giong vi au phat may thu s dung cac bo khoi phuc song mang. Co 2 loai khoi phuc song mang thng s dung . SM Vong khoa pha. Vong CosTAS.
Vong khoa pha :
* Chu y :
x1(t)
Bo so pha Bo so pha
qu
x2(t)=
A + x(t ) x (t ) cho x2(t) qua tu C ta c 2 2
an
B VCO VCO
x1(t) qua LPF ta c
gv
Acos ct
av
Loc thong thap
ib
x2(t)
xAM(t)
( 1)
(2) x(t)
Bo so pha bang bo nhan. VCO : Bo dao ong c ieu khien bang ien ap. Gia s x1(t) = Acos( 1 t + 1 ) th ban au VCO tao ra tn hieu
as
[ A + x(t )] [ A + x (t )] + cos 2 0 t 2 2

x2(t) = Bcos( 2 t + 2 ) . Trong o x2(t) se c hoi tiep e so sanh vi x1(t) . xA(t) = x1(t)* x2(t) = AB cos[( 1 + 2 )t + ( 1 + 2 )] + AB cos[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 )] 2 2 xB(t) = AB cos[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 )] 2 xB(t) chnh la ien ap kch cho VCO . Neu 1 - 2 0 va 1 - 2 0 th VCO se ieu chnh tan so va pha qua trnh lap lai nh cu cho en khi 1 = 2 va 1 = 2 th VCO khong thay oi na . Luc nay ta goi pha a b khoa va tn hieu VCO tao ra giong nh tn hieu ngo vao . Vong COSTAS : Gia s x1(t) = Acos( 1 t + 1 ) va ban au VCO tao ra x2(t) = Bcos( 2 t + 2 ) xA(t)= ABcos( 1 t + 1 ) cos( 2 t + 2 ) = AB cos[( 1 + 2 )t + ( 1 + 2 )] + AB 2 2
xD(t)= - AB Sin[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 )] 2
I.Bien oi tng t so : e bien oi tn hieu tng t thanh tn hieu so th co nhieu phng phap khac nhau Tuy nhien trong lnh vc vien thong phng phap pho bien nhat la ieu che xung ma PCM ( pull Code Modolation ) . Qua trnh bien oi A/D bang PCM gom 3 bc nh trong s o sau : Analog Lay mau Lng t xc(t) Ma hoa Digital
BAI 4: KY THUAT IEU CHE SO
1. Lay mau: x(t)
Mo hnh hoa cua bo lay mau la mot khoa k ong m lien tuc . muc ch cua viec lay mau la bien oi tn hieu lien tuc thanh tn hieu ri rac. Cac gia tr cua tn hieu ri rac c goi la cac mau .thi gian gia hai lan khoa k ong m lien tiep c
xE(t)=-A2B2/8 Sin cos = A2B2/8 Sin[2( 2 - 1 )t + 2( 2 - 1 )] chnh xE(t) lam ien ap VCO Neu 1 - 2 0, 1 - 2 0 th VCO se ieu chnh tan so va pha cua no .Qua trnh sau o c lap lai cho en khi 1 = 2 va 1 = 2 th VCO se khong ieu chnh na . Tn hieu do VCO tao ra luc nay se co cung tan so va pha so vi x1(t) .
K kk K
qu
an
Sin[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 )] xC(t)= AB Cos[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 ) 2
gv
AB 2
cos[( 1 - 2 )t + ( 1 - 2 )] xB(t)= ABcos( 1 t + 1 )sin( 2 t + 2 )=
av
Sin[( 1 + 2 )t + ( 1 + 2 )] - AB 2
ib
as

goi la chu ky lay mau,k hieu la T, nghch ao cua chu k lay mau goi la tan so lay mau .k hieu fS (Sampcing) . Tn hieu ri rac sau khi lay mau c xac nh bang cong thc Xo(t) =x(nT) = x(n) ,(T la chu k lay mau) e t x(nT) khoi phuc lai tn hieu x(t) ma t b sai dang th viec lay mau phai tuan theo dnh ly lay mau. nh ly: Tn hieu lay mau phai co bang thong hu han. Tan so lay mau tan so ln nhat co trong tn hieu ,khi tan so lay mau bang 2 lan tan so ln nhat co trong tn hieu th tan so nay goi la tan so lay mau toi thieu hay con goi la tan so Nyquit f S f ma x vd1: x(t)=3cos10 t.2 sin 12t + 4 sin 20t tnh tan so lay mau toi thieu x(t)=3sin22 t + 3 sin 2t + 4 sin 20t cac thanh phan tan so co trong tn hieu ; f1=11Khz f2=1Khz f3=10Khz tan so ln nhat fmax=f1=11Khz fS=2fmax=2.11=22Khz vd2:Cho tn hieu x(t)=3cos 10t + 2 sin 12t + 4 sin 20t xac nh tn hieu ri rac sau khi lay mau a.fS=10K n n n x(nT)=3cos10 + 2 sn12 + 4 sin 20 10 10 10 =3cos n +2sin n/5 +4sin2 n=3cos n+2sin6 n/5 bien oi ngc x(nT)=3cos10 n/10 + 2sin12 n/10 => x(t) = 3cos10 t + 2sin12 t ( khong ung x(t) ) b. fs = 40khz x(nT) = 3cos10 tn/40 + 2sin12 n/40 +4sin20 n/40 x(nT) = 3cos n/4 + 2sin n/40 +4sin n/2 Bien oi ngc : x(nT) = 3cos10 n / 40 +2sin12 n / 40 + 4sin20 n / 40 => x(nT) = 3cos10 t +2sin12 t +4sin20 t ung vi tn hieu x(t) ban au . 2. Lng t hoa : x (nT) x(nT) Lng tt hoa Lng hoa
x(1T) = 1.2 v
qu
an
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av
ib
as

x(2T) = 2.6 v x(3T) = 4.2 v x(1T) = 1 v x(2T) = 3 v x(3T) = 4 v Cac mau cua tn hieu ri rac sau khi lay mau thong thng co gia tr ngau nhien. Do o lng t hoa la lam gan ung cac mau ve cac gia tr chuan cho trc cac gia tr chuan nay goi la cac mc lng t , khoang cach gi 2 mc lng t lien tiep goi la bc lng t k hieu la Q . Nh vay trong lng t hoa se gay nen sai so va c goi la sai so lng t k hieu e Q Q e 2 2 V du : cho tn hieu x(t) = sin100 t (t = s ) Lay mau tan so fs = 1000Hz a. xac nh x(nT) ? b. tnh gia tr cua 10 mau au tien t x(1T) cho en x(10T) ? c. xacnh lai 10 mau nay khi lng t hoa biet cac mc lng t la mot so nguyen ? Giai : a. Ta co x(nT) = 4sin100 /1000 =4sin n/10 . b. x(1T) = 4sin /10 = 1.23v => x= 1 x(2T) = 4sin2 /10 = 2.35v => x= 2 x(3T) = 4sin3 /10 = 3.23v => x= 3 => x= 4 x(4T) = 4sin4 /10 = 3.8v x(5T) = 4sin5 /10 = 4v => x= 4 => x= 4 x(6T) = 4sin6 /10 = 3.80v => x= 3 x(7T) = 4sin7 /10 = 3.23v => x= 2 x(8T) = 4sin8 /10 = 2.35v x(9T) = 4sin9 /10 = 1.23v => x= 1 x(10T) = 4sin = 0v => x= 0 * Cac cach kng t hoa : _ Lng t hoa eu : la chia cac bc lng t eu nhau . nhc iem cua lng t hoa eu la se gay sai so ln cho cac mau co gia tr nho. e khac phuc nhc iem nay ngi ta s dung cac lng t hoa khong eu . - Lng t hoa khong eu : Chia cac bc lng t khong eu nhau vung co bien o cang nho th bc lng t cang ngan. vung co bien o cang ln ht bc lng t cang dai. e thc hien lng t hoa khong eu, ngi ta nen thc hien trc roi sau o a qua bo lng t hoa eu .
nen nen
Lng tt hoa khong eu Lng hoa khong eu
qu
Lng tt Lng hoa eu hoa eu
an
gv
av
ib
as

x(n) x(n)
x(1) = 1 0 # 0100 x(2) = 2 1 # 0101 x( 3) =3 2 # 0110 x(4 ) =4 3 # 0111 x( 5) =4 4 # 1000 x( 6) =4 II. Cac ky thuat ieu che so : Giong nh ieu che tng t , ieu che so cung c chia ra lam 3 loai : - Khoa dch bien o ASK. - Khoa dch tan so FSK. - Khoa dch pha PSK. Ngoai ra con co the ket hp nhieu kieu ieu che cung mot luc e tao ra ky thuat ieu che lai. 1. ASK : Khoa dch bien o.
Theo tieu chuan quoc te co 2 tieu chuan nen tn hieu . Luat A : y = Ax/ (1=lnA) (A = 87.6) Luat : y = (1+lnx)/(1+ln ) Trong o x la thanh phan ngo vao cua nen y la thanh phan ngo ra cua nen. 3. Ma hoa : Ma hoa la gan cho moi mau (mau a chua hoa ) bang mot chuoi bit . Ket qua cua ma hoa ta c tn hieu so ngo ra. So bit ma hoa cho mot mau va so mc lng t lien he nhau bang cong thc : n = log2 M trong o : n: la so bit gan cho mot mau. M : la so mc lng t. Toc o bit cua tn hieu so sau khi ra khoi bo ma hoa c xac nh bang cong thc : fb = fs*n (b/s) trong o : fs ch so lay mau n so bit ma hoa cho mot mau. Ma hoa Ma hoa 0101 0110 0111 1000 1000 1000
qu
an
gv
av
ib
as

+ Khai niem : ASK la qua trnh lam thay oi bien o song mang theo quy luat bien oi cua tn hieu dai nen trong khi tn so va pha cua song mang khong thay oi. Tn hieu dai nen trong trng hp nay la mot tn hieu so. + Nguyen ly ieu che : ((1)) 1 ((2)) k 2 k
).
* OOK : La trng hp ac biet cua ASK . e giam bt nang lng khi truyen i bit 0 ngi ta ieu che bien o tng ng vi x0 bang 0 , kieu ieu che nay c goi la khoa tat m OOK. 2.FSK (Frequency Shift keying) : +Khai niem: FSK la qua trnh ieu che lam thay oi tan socua song mang theo qui luat bien oi cua tn hieu dai nen trong khi bien o va pha khong thay oi .tn heu song mang trong trng hp nay la mot tn hieu so . +Nguyen ly ieu che : Acos ( 1 t + ) Acos( 2 t + ) ((1)) 1 ((2)) 2 k k
qu
k
Nh vay tn hieu ngo ra co bien o thay oi tuy thuoc vao x(t0. (n = 1,2,3...) Tong quat : xASK (t) = Ancos( c t + ).
Tong quat :
x(t) xFSK(t)= Acos ( n t + )
+Dang song: 3.PSK (Phase Shift Keying) : +Khai niem : PSK la qua trnh ieu che lam thay oi pha cua song mang theo qui luat bien oi cua tn hieu dai nen trong khi bien o va tan so khong thay oi . Tn hieu dai nen trong trng hp nay la mot tn hieu so . +Nguyen ly ieu che :
an
Khi x(t) = 0 th K v tr (2) kuc o xASK (t) = A2cos( c t + ).
gv
( n=1,2)
x(t) Khoa K co the chuyen oi t v tr (1) sang v tr (2) va ngc lai di s ieu khien cua tn hieu dai nen x(t). Khi x(t) = 1 th K v tr (1) luc o tn hieu ngo ra xASK (t) = A1cos( c t +
av
xFSK(t)
ib
A2cos( c t+ )
ASK
as
A1cos( c t+ )

Acos (t + 1 ) Acos (t + 2 ) ((1)) 1 ((2)) 2 k k xPSK(t)
qu
+Dang song : Nhc iem cua PSK : Trong truyen dan tn hieu , khi tn hieu i t au phat en au thu th pha cua no thay oi mot goc 0
an
y(t)
gv
DPSK ieu che PSK PSK
0 la mot tan so lam viec .
che PSK th trong trng hp goc pha b thay oi 1800 th may thu se giai ieu che sai do o PSK khong s dung c trong thc te . e khac phuc nhc iem nay ngi ta s dung kieu ieu che pha vi sai goi tat la DPSK ( Difference Phase shift Keying)
la thi gian truyen t may phat en ni thu nh vay neu s dung kieu ieu
X(t)
Ma hoa visai
* Mach ma hoa vi sai : Gia s x(t)=101101 Trang thai ban au y(t)=1 Vay y(t)=1001001 Neu bo ieu che PSK s dung co cac trang thai 1 =0 tng ng vi bit 0
S o ieu che DPSK
av
Trong ieu che PSK 1 va 2 c chon sao cho chung hn kem nhau 1800 / 1 = 2 1800 . +Giang o pha : 1
ib
as
x(t) (n=1,2) Tong quat : xPSK(t)=Acos ( c t + n )

2 = tng ng vi bit 1
Vay pha ngo ra tng ng vi x(t) bit tren = 00 00 Tn hieu ngo ra bo ieu che DPSK c trueyn en au thu . Xet 2 trng hp xay ra + Trng hp 1 : Pha cua tn hieu au thu thay oi khong ang ke so vi au phat . + Trng hp 2: Pha cua au thu thay oi 1800 so vi au phat * Mach giai ma vi sai +Trng hp 1 : Pha cua tn heu thu c = 00 00 th z(t)=1001001 luc o x(t)=101101 +Trng Hp 2 :Pha cua tn hieu thu c =0 0 0 th z(t)=0110110 Luc o x(t)=101101 Nh vay trong ca 2 trng hp bo giai ieu che DPSK van khoi phuc lai c tn hieu ban au . Do o DPSK c s dung c trong thc te . III. ieu che nhieu mc : Trong cac kieu ieu che c ban nh ASK,FSK,PSK tai moi thi iem may thu ch giai ieu che c mot bit,do o toc o truyen dan c han che . e tang toc o ieu dan ngi ta s dung ky thuat ieu che nhieu mc . Trong ieu che nhieu mc ngi ta ghep nhieu mc tn hieu lai thanh mot nhom roi mi ua qua bo ieu che . Nh vay tn hieu ngo ra co nhieu mc .Trong trng hp nay tai moi thi iem may thu giai ieu che nhieu hn mot bit . VD: Cho tn hieu x(t)=1011010110 Neu ghep 2 bit thanh mot nhom th se co 4 loai nhom khac nhau 00,01,10,11 moi nhom bit c goi la mot Symbol co bao nhieu kieu Symbol th co bay nhieu so mc ieu che . so mc ieu che va so bit trong moi symbol lien he nhau bang cong thc M=2n hay n=log2M M : so mc ieu che n : so bit trong moi symbol Qui c : Trong ieu che nhieu mc thong thng so mc ieu che c ghi tren ngay kieu ieu che . ieu che 4PSK=QPSK: Vd: x(t)=1011010010 I=11001 Q=01100 Bo nh mc : Bien oi nh mc cua tn hieu khi tn hieu la bit 1 th ngo ra co ien ap la +1 khi tn hieu vao la bit 0 th ien ap ngo ra la 1 OSC : Bo dao ong * Neu tn hieu x(t) la Symbol 00 T=0 , Q=1
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as

xA(t) = - cos c t xB(t) = -sin c t xQPSK(t) = xA(t)+ xB(t) = - cos c t - sin c t = -[ cos c t + cos( c t-900) = -2cos( ct 450) cos 450 = - 2 cos( ct 450 ) = 2 cos( ct 450 -1800) = 2 cos( ct 1350) * Neu tn hieu x(t) la Symbol 01 : I=0 , Q=1 xA(t) = - cos c t xB(t) = sin c t xQPSK(t) = xA(t)+ xB(t) = - cos c t + sin c t = - (cos c t - sin c t) = -[ cos c t - cos( c t-900) = -2Sin( ct 450) Sin 450 = - 2 Sin( ct 450 ) = 2 cos(- ct +1350) = 2 cos( ct 1350) * Neu tn hieu x(t) la Symbol10 I=1,Q=0 xA(t) = cos c t xB(t) = -sin c t xQPSK(t) = xA(t)+ xB(t) = cos c t -sin c t = cos c t - cos( c t-900) = -2Sin( ct 450) Sin 450 = - 2 Sin( ct 450 ) = - 2 Cos( ct 450-900 ) = - 2 cos( ct 1350) = 2 cos( ct 1350+1800) = 2 cos( ct +450 ) *Neu tn hieu x(t) la Symbol11 I=1,Q=0 XQPSK(t) = 2 cos( ct -450 ) Giang o pha cua QPSK:
00
Dang song cua QPSK: Tnh goc pha cung vect :
01
qu
11
an
10
gv
av
ib
as

ieu che lai 16 QAM : VD xac nh pha cua tn hieu ieu che QPSK biet sng mang s dung la x(t)=2cos( ct +450 ) 11 xQPSK(t) =2 2 cos ct 10 xQPSK(t) =2 2 cos( ct+900) 01 xQPSK(t) =2 2 cos( ct-900) 00 xQPSK(t) =2 2 cos( ct 1800) ieu che 16 QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) : ieu che bien o cau phng(16 QAM) :la kieu ieu che lai gia bien o va pha . Trong ieu che nay s dung 2 song mang vuong goc va tn hieu a ieu che co 16 mc . Gia s abcd=1010 x16QPSK(t) =3 2 cos( ct-450) abcd=1101 abcd=0011 abcd=1111 abcd=0101 abcd=0010 abcd=1000 abcd=1110 abcd=1001 abcd=0001 abcd=1011 abcd=0000 abcd=0100 abcd=0110 abcd=0111 abcd=1100 Nh vay trong 16 QAM co 3 mc bien o va 12 pha . ay chnh la ieu che lai gia bien o va pha . u nhc iem cua ieu che nhieu mc : + u iem : Toc o truyen dan tan khi so mc ieu che tang . Khi so mc ieu che tang len th o rong bang thong cua tn hieu sau ieu che se giam xuong . Do o hieu qua s dung tan so se cao hn . Bang thong cua tn hieu c ieu che f BW= b 2 Bang thong cua tn hieu sau ieu che : f BW=(1+r) b n fb : Toc o bit cua tn hieu dai nen n: So bit trong moi symbol r : He so cua bo loc trong bo ieu che . Hieu qua s dung tan so : fb = BW saudieuche
qu
an
gv
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ib
as

Hieu qua s dung tan so la toc o bit co the truyen c tng ng vi o rong bang thong la 1hz cua ng truyen . + Nhc iem : Khi so mc ieu che tang len th may thu cang kho giai ieu che do o t so bit loi cung tang len ( chat lng kem ) BWt/h BWt Bai tap : 1. Mot ng trueyn co o rong bang thong la 10Mhz s dung e truyen dan tn hieu so co toc o bit 70M/b/s a. Neu khong ieu che tn hieu th co the truyen c hay khong ? giai thch . b. Neu s dung ky thuat ieu che th so mc toi thieu can thiet la bao nhieu ? c. Tnh hieu qua s dung tan so ng vi kieu ieu che tren . Giai: a.Neu khong ieu che : f 70 BWt/h= b = =35Mhz >BWt=10Mhz 2 2 Nen khong the truyen c b. Goi M la so mc ieu che can thiet e truyen c th: BWt BWt/h fb ma BWt/h=(1+r) log 2 M fb f BWt (1+r) log2M (1+r) b =7 log 2 M BWt
log2M 7 M 27=128 c. Hieu qua s dung tan so . fb = BW saudieuche

ma : BWsaudieuche= BW=(1+r)
70 = 7 b/s/hz 10 2. Mot ng truyen co o rong 25Mhz dung truyen tn hieu so co toc o bit 140M/b/s . Bo loc s dung co 1tan so r=0.3. a. tnh so mc ieu che can thiet toi thieu . b. Tnh hieu qua s dung tan so . Giai: a.e truyen c th : BWt BWt/h fb 70 140 log 2 M 1.3 = 7.28 chon log2M=8 BWt/h (1+r) = 1.3 log 2 M 25 log 2 M =
M 28=256
f b 70 = =10Mhz n 7
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vay so mc ieu che toi thieu M=256 mc. 140 140 b. BWsauieuche = 1.3 = 22.75( Mhz ) = 6.15(b / s / hz ) 8 22.75 3. Mot tn hieu so co toc o bit 1200bit/s c ieu che bang mot song mang co tan so 1.28 MHz .Hoi trong moi bit cua tn hieu s dung co bao nhieu chu ky cua song mang? giai 1 o rong bit Tb= =1/1200(s) fb 1 1 Chu ky song mang : Tc= = ( s ) f c 1.28M
I. Tong quan ve ghep kenh : Ghep kenh la ghep nhieu tn hieu rieng le thanh mot tn hiue e truyen i chung tren mot ng truyen . Muc ch cua viec ghep kenh la nang cao hieu qua cua ng truyen . Thong thng thiet b ghep kenh c s dung e ghep cac ng trung ke . Ngoai ra co the s dung thiet b ghep kenh e giai quyet van e thieu cap quang trong mang ien thoai . Do o thiet b ghep kenh con goi la thiet b li day . II. Cac ky thuat ghep kenh : 1. Ghep kenh phan chia theo tan so :(FDM: Frequency DivisionMultiplex) a. Nguyen ly : e ghep kenh FDM,bang thong cua ng truyen c chia lam nhieu khoang nho,moi khoang tan so nay c s dung e truyen 1 kenh khac nhau. Nh vay cac kenh tn hieu se ong thi c truyen i nhng moi kenh co mot tan so rieng biet nen khong gay nhieu cho nhau. b. Cach thc hien : +au phat:(ghep kenh) Trong FDM, N kenh tn hieu c ua vao cac bo ieu che e ieu che vi mot song mang co tan so thch hp . Ngo ra cua bo ieu che c a qua bo loc e lay 1 bien cua tn hieu a ieu che . Cac tn hieu nay c a vao mach cong e tao ra tn hieu FDM . VD Gia s moi kenh tn hieu tieng noi co tan so t 0-4Khz c ghep kenh FDM . Neu ng truyen co bang thong t 60Khz-100khz th co the ghep c bao nhieu kenh . Tnh tan so cua cac song mang s dung cho cac kenh ? Giai
BAI 5: HE THONG GHEP KENH
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So chu ky song mang trong moi bit T 1 / 1200 128 1,28 = = = 1066,7 (chu ky) m= b = 6 6 0,0012 T 1 / 1,28.10 1200.10
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a. do rong cua ng truyen BW=100-60=40(Khz) o rong tn hieu BW=4Khz Ta co c 1 kenh 4Khz ? 40Khz 40 th se co c = 10 (kenh) 10 b. 4K 60 100 f BWt=40K Neu s dung bien tren Fc1=60K Fc2=64K Fc3=68K Fc4=72K Fc5=76k Fc6=80k Fc7=84k Fc8=88k Fc9=92k Fc10=96k iieu che eu che f1
Kenh 1
Neu s dung bien di Fc1=64K Fc2=68K Fc3=72K Fc4=76K Fc5=80k Fc6=84k Fc7=88k Fc8=92k Fc9=96k Fc10=100k
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G a eu che n h eu SSB Giiaii iieu che ttn hiieu
FDM 2 BPF BPF N BPF BPF
SSB Giiaii iieu che ttn hiieu G a eu che n h eu SSB Giiaii iieu che ttn hiieu G a eu che n h eu
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e tach kenh trong tn hieu FDM au tien tn hieu c chia ra lam n nhanh ,moi nhanh cho qua bo loc thong dai co tan so cat tng ng vi kenh o . tn hieu ngo ra cua bo loc c giai ieu che e thu lai tn hieu ban au . * Lu y : ghep kenh FDM thch hp cho tn hieu cua kenh tng t v oi vi tn hieu tng t th bang thong nho hn oi vi tn hieu so . 2. Ghep kenh phan chia theo thi gian TDM ( Time Division multiplex) a. Nguyen ly : Trong ghep kenh TDM tn hieu cua cac kenh khong ong thi truyen tren ng truyen ma no thay nhau chiem ng truyen . moi kenh ch s dung ng truyen trong 1 khoang thi gian cho phep . khi c phep s dung ng truyen th kenh o se chiem tat ca bang thong cua ng truyen . b. Cach thc hien : au phat s dung 1 khoa chuyen mach co the thay oi v tr e tiep xuc vi cac kenh . Khi khoa k tiep xuc vi 1 iem nao o th kenh tn hieu tng ng c truyen i tren ng truyen. Thi gian khoa k quay het mot vong c goi la khung thi gian khoang thi gian khoa k dng lai tai moi v tr c goi la khe thi gian . au thu e tach cac kenh ta cung s dung khoa chuyen mach giong nh au phat . e tn hieu tach ra khong b sai dang th khoa k au thu phai quay ong bo vi khoa k au phat . Kenh 1 Kenh 1 Kenh 2 Kenh n
1 1 2 k 2 k 3 3
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* Chu y : Ghep kenh TDM thch hp cho viec ghep tn hieu so nen ghep kenh TDM con c goi la ghep kenh so . 3 .So sanh FDM va TDM : FDM TD M Tn hieu cua 1 kenh c truyen lien tuc Gian oan( ri rac) Cac kenh truyen ong thi Khong ong thi thch hp cho kenh so Thch hp cho kenh tng t 1 kenh ch chiem 1 phan BWt 1 kenh chiem tat ca BWt dung lng thap(N=1) Dung lng cao (N>1) Khong can ong bo khoa k ong bo gia au phat va au thu De b nhieu xuyen kenh khi khong b nhieu xuyen kenh tan so song mang thay oi III. Cac tieu chuan ghep kenh TDM : 1. Tieu chuan Bac My:
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Moi khung thi gian co chieu dai la 125 s va c chia lam 24 khe thi gian. Moi khe thi gian truyen c 1 kenh tieng noi ,moi khe cha 8 bit, rieng khe thi gian th 0 cha them 1 bit ong bo . Nh vay toc o cua luong so ( ngo ra) cua bo ghep kenh la : 24 * 8 + 1 =1544000=1,544(Mb/s) Toc o bit : fb= 125.10 6 Va con c goi la luong cap 1 ( hay luong c ban theo tieu chuan Bac My) No con goi tac la luong T1 e quan ly s ong bo cua he thong ghep kenh ngi ta nhom cac khung lien tiep e tao thanh mot a khung . Trong tieu chuan bac My moi a khung gom 12 khung . Vay cac bit ong bo trong 1 a khung c phan bo nh sau : 10001101110B B 1: Co canh bao. 0: khong co canh bao 2. Tieu chuan Chau Au: Trong tieu chuan Chau Au thi gian c chia thanh nhieu co o dai 125 s , moi khung chia lam 32 khe thi gain e truyen 30 kenh tieng noi . khe so 0 truyen tn hieu ong bo . khe so 16 truyen tn hieu bao hieu . Nh vay toc o cua luong so ngo ra cua bo ghep kenh theo tieu chuan chau Au 32 * 8 =2,048 (Mbp/s) co toc o bit nh sau: f b = 125.10 6 Toc o nay c goi la luong so cap 1 theo tieu chuan Chau Au c goi tac la luong 2M hay luong E1 * Chu Y :Trong mang vien thong VN s dung thiet b ghep kenh theo tieu chuan Chau Au . e ong bo ngi ta cung s dung cau truc a khung . Moi a khung gom 16 khung lien tiep . Tn hieu trong moi a khung c phan bo nh sau : + Tn hieu ong bo : oi vi khung le : (1,3,5,7.15) x0011011 oi vi khung chan : x1Bxxxxxx Trong o : B 1: co canh bao 0: khong co canh bao . X: tuy y. + Tn hieu bao hieu : Khe th 0 cua khung th 1 bao hieu cho kenh 1 va 17 Khe th 1 cua khung th 2 bao hieu cho kenh 2 va 18 Khe th 2 cua khung th 3 bao hieu cho kenh 3 va 19 Khe th 3 cua khung th 4 bao hieu cho kenh 4 va 20 IV. Ghep luong ( ghep kenh cap cao ) : Ghep luong hay ghep kenh cap cao la ghep cac nguon co toc o thap thanh cac nguon co toc o cao hn .
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1. Ghep luong theo tieu chuan Chau Au : a. Luong cap 2 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 1,cau truc cua luong cap 2 c pahn bo nh sau : Moi khung thi gian co o dai 100,3 s va c chia lam 4 cum , moi cum cha 212bit thong tin . + Cum 1: t bit 1 en 10 la 10 bit ong bo bit th 11,12 la 2 bit canh bao bit th 13 en 212 la 200 bit d lieu cua 4 luong E1 c ghep xen ke vi nhau tng bit + Cum 2 va 3: Bit 1 en 4 la 4 bit them vao ,bit th 5 en 212 la 208 bit d lieu cua 4 luong E1 . + Cum 4 : T 1 en 4 la 4 bit them vao . bit th 5 en 8 la 4 bit phuc vu mang t 9 en 211 la 204 bit d lieu . Nh vay trong 1 khung cua luong cap 2 cha tat ca 848 bit do o toc o cua luong cap 2 la : 848 fb = = 8,48( Mbp / s ) 100,3.10 6 Toc o nay c goi la luong cap 2 hay E2 . Co dung lng 120 kenh tieng noi. b.Luong cap 3 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 2 , moi khung cua luong cap 3 co chieu dai 44,7 s va cha tat ca 1536 bit . Nh vay toc o cua luong cap 3 1536 fb = = 34,362( Mbp / s ) 44,7.10 6 luong cap 3 goi tat la luong E3 hay 34M ,no co dung lng 480 kenh thoai . c. Luong cap 4 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 3 , moi khung cua luong cap 4 co chieu dai 21,02 s va cha tong cong 2928 . Toc o cua luong cap 4 la 139,264 Mbp/s . luong cap 4 co dung lng 1920 kenh thoai . No c goi tat la luong E4 hay luong 140 M d. Luong cap 5 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 4 co toc o 364,943 Mbp/s . Luong cap 5 co dung lng 7680 kenh thoai va c goi tat la luong E5 hay 365 M/s 2. Ghep luong theo tieu chuan Bac My : a. Luong cap 2 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 1 co toc o 6,312 Mbp/s . Luong cap 2 goi tat la luong T1 co dung lng 96 kenh tieng noi. b. luong cap 3 : c ghep t 4 luong cap 2 co dung lng 384 kenh tieng noi ,co toc o 26,736 Mb/s goi tat la T3. BAI TAP:
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1) cho tn hieu tng t xa(t)=12cos10 t.cos20 t .Cos40 t (t=ms) a. xac nh thanh phan tan so co trong xa(t). b. Neu bien oi PCM cua xa(t) th tan so Nyquist la bao nhieu ? c. Tnh toc o sau PCM biet bo lng t hoa co 1024 mc . d. Neu s dung ng truyen co o rong 50Khz th co truyen c tn hieu so tren ma khong can ieu che, c khong? giai thch? e. Vi ng truyen tren va phai ieu che th so mc ieu che can thiet toi thieu la bao nhieu? Cho r=0,3. f. a tn hieu so vao bo ghep kenh TDM chau Au co c khong? Giai thch? Giai : a. xa(t)=12cos10 t.cos20 t .Cos40 t = 6cos30 t.cos40 t + 6cos10 t.cos40 t =3cos70 t+3cos10 t+3cos50 t+3cos30 t cac thanh phan tan so co trong tn hieu : f1=35Khz f2=5khz f3=25Khz f4=15Khz b. tan so ln nhat co trong tn hieu fmax= f1=35Khz Vay tan so Nyquit : fs=2 fmax=2* 35 =70Khz c. so bit ma hoa cho 1 mau : n=log21024=10 (bit) Toc o bit fb=fs.n=10*70=700(Kb/s) vay toc o bit fb=700(Kb/s) f 700 d. neu khong ieu che th BWt/h= b = = 350 Khz 2 2 Can : BWt BWt/h=350 Khz ma BWt=50Khz nen khong the truyen c tn hieu . e.e truyen c BWt BWt/h fb fb 70 ma BWt/h=(1+r) BWt (1+r) log2M 1,3 = 18,2 log 2 M log 2 M 50 chon log2M=19 So mc ieu che M=219 mc f. So bit ma hoa cho mot mau n= log2M=log2219=19 bit Toc o bit fb=fs.n=19*70 =1,33 Mb/s Tnh toc o cua kenh trong TDM theo Chau Au Neu fb bang nhau th ghep c va ngc lai V 125 s 8 bit 1s 64 Kb/s
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Vi ket qua nh tren ta thay khi a tn hieu so vao bo ghep kenh TDM chau au th khong c v toc o bit khac nhau nen khong ghep c. Chon cau tra li ung nhat 1. Ch so ber dung e anh gia a. chat lng cua he thong tng t. b. Chat lng cua he thong so . c. Ca a,b eu ung . d. Ca a,b eu sai . Tra li : cau b 2. cac bo khoi phuc song mang c s dung tai a. May phat e ieu che tn hieu . b. May thu e giai ieu che tn hieu . c. May thu giai ieu che ket hp . d. Ca a,b,c ung . Tra li : cau c 3. Si quang co ng knh cang nho th . a. t b tan xa hn. b. Toc o truyen dan tot hn . c. B suy hao nhieu hn . d. Ca a,b,c eu ung . Tra li : cau a. 4.Trong PCM neu tang so mc lng t th tn hieu so thu c a. Co toc o bit tang len . b. o rong bang thong tan len. c. Co sai so lng t thap hn . d. Ca a,b,c ung. Tra li : cau d 5 . Khi tang so mc ieu che th a. chat lng tn hieu thu c tai au thu tot hn . b. bang thong cua tn hieu a ieu che rong hn . c. C ly truyen tn hieu tang len d. A,b,c sai Tra li : cau d 6 .mot may phat co cong suat 4W th tng ng vi a. 36 dBw b. 6dBw c. 30dBw d. ca a,b,c sai tra li : cau a 7. Trong ieu che AM ,ch so ieu che a. cang ln cang tot .
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b. cang nho cang tot c. ca a,b eu ung d. ca a,b eu sai Tra li : cau d 8. trong PCM neu lay mau sai nh ly th a. khong the thc hien lng t hoa c b. sai so lng t se tang len c. khong khoi phuc lai c tn hieu ban au d. ca a,b,c eu ung tra li : cau c
I. Tong quan ve vi ba so : Vi ba la thiet b truyen dan vo tuyen thng s dung kem theo thiet b ghep kenh .Viba hoat ong tan so t 1GHz en 30GHz .C ly lien lac cua mot chan viba toi a khoang 60km, do o muon truyen dan tn hieu i xa hn th phai s dung cac tram lap (Repeater). Viba hoat ong che o song cong .Tuy theo loai tn hieu truyen dan la tng t hay so ma ngi ta chia vi ba lam hai loai : Vi ba tng t va vi ba so . II. Cac thanh phan cua mot tram vi ba so : 1. Khoi giao tiep : Khoi giao tiep
Khoi Modem
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BAI 6: HE THONG TRUYEN DAN VI BA SO
Thanh phan c ban cua mot tram vi ba so co the chia lam 4 khoi chc nang sau : - Khoi giao tiep : Thc hien chc nang giao tiep vi thiet b ghep kenh . Nhiem vu cua khoi nay la x ly tn hieu . cac phep x ly cu the la chuyen ma ng truyen va ma hoa ngau nhien. - Khoi modem : ieu che va giai ieu che tn hieu . - Khoi cao tan : Co nhiem vu bien oi tn hieu e c tn hieu khac co tan so mong muon va khuech ai tn hieu . - He thong Anten : Bao gom Anten, bo loc vong, chc nang cua khoi nay la bien oi tn hieu ien thanh song ien t va ngc lai. TX phat Anten Bo TX loc vong 1 3 2 RX
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a. Chuyen ma ng truyen : + Ma ng truyen :La mot cach e bieu dien tn hieu so tren ng day. Co rat nhieu ma ng truyen khac nhau , nhng chung c phan thanh 2 nhom. Nhom ma n cc va nhom ma lng cc. - Ma n cc : La ma s dung mot mc ien ap khac 0 e bieu dien tn hieu so. - Ma lmg cc : La ma s dung 2 mc ien ap khac 0 e bieu dien tn hieu so. + Cac ma ng truyen : Ma NRZ ( Non Return Zero : ma khong quay ve 0) bit 1 c bieu dien mc +1V keo dai trong khoang thi gian 1 bit, bit 0 c bieu dien mc 0V keo dai trong khoang 1 bit. Ma RZ ( return zero: Ma quay ve 0 ) Bit 1 c bieu dien bang 2 na bit, na bit au co mc +V,na bit sau co mc 0. Bit 0 bieu dien mc 0 giong NRZ. Ma AMI :( Alternate mark Intersion: ao dau luan phien) Bit 1 bieu dien mc +V hay V , nhng ao dau luan phien, Bit 0 bieu dien bang mc 0. Ma AMI co 2 loai : - AMI-NRZ : Bit 1 bieu dien bang 1 bit. - AMI-RZ : Bit 1 bieu dien bang 2 na bit. Ma CMI(Code Mark inversion) : Bit 1 giong AMI-NRZ. Bit 0 bang 2 na bit na au co mc V, na sau co mc+V. Ma Manchester : Bit 1 bieu dien bang 2 na bit.1/2 au co mc V va sau co mc +V Ma HDB3(High Density) : Bit 1 c bieu dien theo kieu ao dau luan phien. Bit 0 neu trong tn hieu khong xuat hien 4 bit 0 lien tiep th cac bit 0 c bieu dien bang mc 0. Neu trong tn hieu xuat hien 4 bit 0 lien tiep th 4 bit 0 nay c ma hoa bang mot trong 2 cach sau : 000V : Neu tong so bit 1 gia 2 lan xuat hien chuoi 4 bit 0 la so le. B00V : Neu tong so bit 1 gia 2 lan xuat hien chuoi 4 bit 0 la so chang. Trong o : Bit V = +V va V nhng luon luon pham luat ao dau . Bit B = +V va V nhng tuan theo luat ao dau. Quy c : Khi cha co tn hieu coi nh xuat hien 4 bit 0. + Chuyen ma ng truyen : Tn hieu truyen t tn hieu ghep kenh song song thiet b vi ba va ngc lai luon luon la tn hieu lng cc v ly do : V tn hieu lng cc co thanh phan mot chieu nho nen khi truyen qua bien ap , tu ien th tn hieu au thu khong b anh hng nhieu. Khi truyen i tn hieu lng cc th au thu de dang khoi phuc lai xung clock hn.
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Tuy nhien, khi nhan c tn hieu lng cc th khoi giao tiep trong thiet b vi ba phai chuyen sang ma n cc th mi s dung c. Nh vay viec bien oi tn hieu lng cc sang n cc va ngc lai c goi la chuyen ma ng truyen. b. Ma hoa ngau nhien : La bien oi tn hieu can truyen thanh mot tn hieu khac ma nang lng cua no phan bo eu trong bang thong va c goi la tn hieu ngau nhien. Muc ch cua viec ma hoa ngau nhien la giup cho au thu tranh c hien tng khoi phuc nham song mang. V neu khoi phuc nham song mang th se khong giai ieu che c. + Cach thc hien ma hoa ngau nhien : e thc hien ma hoa ngau nhien ngi ta tao ra chuoi tn hieu gia ngau nhien roi ket hp vi tn hieu can truyen bang cong logic XOR. ieu kien e au thu khoi phuc lai c tn hieu x(t) th au thu phai tao ra c chuoi PN giong chuoi PN au phat . e tao ra chuoi PN nay ngi ta s dung cac mach hoi tiep tuyen tnh dung thanh ghi dch. VD : mach tao chuoi PN 4 Fliplop. Gia s trang thai ban au cua cac Fliplop :1111 Ta co bang trang thai sau : FF1 FF2 FF3 FF4 Ban au 1 1 1 1 CLK1 0 1 1 1 CLK2 0 0 1 1 CLK3 0 0 0 1 CLK4 1 0 0 0 CLK5 0 1 0 0 CLK6 0 0 1 0 CLK7 1 0 0 1 CLK8 1 1 0 0 CLK9 0 1 1 0 CLK10 1 0 1 1 CLK11 0 1 0 1 CLK12 1 0 1 0 CLK13 1 1 0 1 CLK14 1 1 1 0 CLK15 1 1 1 1 Chu ky cua chuoi PN m = 2n 1 Theo quy nh th cac HTVT bo tao PN phai co N 10. Trong mot chu ky cua chuoi PN tong so bit 0 va so bit 1 gan bang nhau. Tnh chat nay goi la tnh chat can bang cua chuoi PN. VD : nFF => m = 2m 1
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FF2 => m=3 2. khoi ieu che va giai ie che ( a hoc ). 3. Khoi cao tan : a. oi tan : La bien oi tn hieu t tan nay sang tan so khac. Muc ch cua viec bien oi tan so la giup cho cac bo dao ong lam viec on nh hn nhng van am bao tan so lam viec. oi tan c chia lam 2 loai : oi tan len va oi tang xuong. - oi tan len : Tao ra tn hieu co tan so cao hn tan so ngo vao. x fc +f1 fc oi tang xuong : Tao ra tn hieu co tan so thap hn tang so ngo vao. f1
* Tan so anh : La tan so cua tn hieu khong mong muon nhng khi i qua bo oi tan xuong no cung tao ra tn hieu co tan so ung bang trung tan cua tn hieu can thu. Vd : Gia s muon thu mot kenh tn hieu co tan so 3 GHz va tao ra trung tan 0.5 GHz th bo dao ong co tan so 2.5GHz. 3G 0.5G TX
2.5G Tuy nhien do bang thong cua ngo vao tng oi nen tn hieu co tan so 2 GHz cung i vao c khoi cao tan. Tn hieu nay cung tao ra tan so 0.5 GHz va gay nhieu cho tn hieu can thu . nh vay tn hieu 2 GHz c goi la tan so anh. * Cach khac phuc bien ap : - Khong nen chon IF co tan so qua thap hay qua cao v khi o khoang cach t tan so can thu en tan so anh gan lai nen de b anh hng cua tan so anh. - Chia BW lam viec cua may thu lam thanh nhieu khoang tan so khi o tan so anh se b loai ngay ngo vao cua may thu . - S dung cac bo oi tan can bang co kha nang kh c tan so anh. =900
fc * Trung tan IF : La tan so trung gian c tao ra t khoi oi tan. oi vi oi tan len trung tan la tang so cua tn hieu ngo vao. oi vi oi tang xuong trung tan la tan so cua tn hieu ngo ra. IF may phat IF may thu T len T xuong
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cos 1 t cos 2 t goi I la trung tan 0 la tan so dao ong cos 1 t +cos( 2 t - ) cos 2 t +cos( 1 t - )
gia s tn hieu ngo vao cua anten xRF(t) = 0 xA(t)= Acos( 0 + I )t +Bcos( 0 - I )t xB(t)=Acos[( 0 + I )t 900]+Bcos[( 0 - I )t-900]
x0(t)=A cos( I t- 900)
chon cau tra li ung: 1.Trong cac he thong phi tuyen neu tn hieu ngo vao co tan so 1,5Mhz th hai bac 3 se co tan so . a. 2Mhz b. 1Mhz c. 4Mhz d. ca 3 eu sai . Tra li : cau d 2. trong he thong phi tuyen neu tn hieu vao co tan so 1,5Mhz va 2M th san pham ieu che tng ho bac 3 co tan so a. 2,5Mhz b. 1Mhz c. 5,5Mhz d. ca 2 eu ung
= Acos( 0 + I )t cos 0 t+ Bcos( 0 - I )t .cos 0 t A A B B = Acos(2 0 + I )t cos 0 t+ cos I t+ cos(2 0 - I )t+ cos2wit 2 2 2 2 0 xD(t) = xB(t) cos 0 t = Acos[( 0 + I )t 90 ]+ Bcos[( 0 - I )t - 900] cos 0 t A A = cos[(2 0 + I )t - 900]+ cos( I t+900) 2 2 B B = cos[(2 0 - I )t - 900]+ cos( I t+900) 2 2 A A B B A x1(t)= cos[(2 0 + I )t + cos I t+ cos(2 0 - I )t+ cos I t 2 2 2 2 2 A B B cos(2 0 + I )t - cos I t - cos(2 0 - I )t + cos I t 2 2 2 x1(t)= B cos I t x2(t)=xD(t)+xC(t)-900 =A cos[(2 0 + I )t - 900]+A cos( I t-900)+B cos[(2 0 - I )t - 900]
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tra li :cau d 3. tn hieu ien s dung trong sinh hoat la a. tn hieu nang lng . b. tn hieu cong suat . c. ca 2 eu ung . d. ca 2 eu sai tra li : cau b 4. Si quang SI va GI co nhng iem nao khac nhau : a. ng knh khac nhau . b. o suy hao khac nhau . c. o tan xa khac nhau . d. Ca 3 eu ung . Tra li : Cau c 5. Trong truyen dan vo tuyen suy hao cua khong gian phu thuoc vao : a. tan so lam viec . b. c ly truyen tn hieu . c. Ca 2 eu ung . d. Ca 2 eu sai . Tra li : Cau c 6. trong ieu che tn hieu song mang s dung : a. Co tan so luon luon ln hn tan so dai nen . b. Co tan so luon luon nho hn tan so dai nen . c. Tuy thuoc vao moi trng truyne tn hieu . d. Ca 3 eu sai . Tra li : cau c 7 trong ieu che SSB-SC ,cach giai ieu che nao th chat lng se tot hn : a. Giai ieu che ket hp . b. Giai ieu che khong ket hp . c. Chat lng nh nhau. d. Ca 3 eu sai . Tra li : cau b 8 .Trong ieu che ASK neu tn hieu dai nen co mc ien ap la +1 tng ng vi bit 1 va 1 tng ng vi bit 0 th tn hieu a ieu che co dang song giong : a. OOK . b. FSK. c. PSK. d. Ca 3 eu sai . Tra li :cau c 9 . trong ieu che QPSK neu s dung song mang : fc(t) =Acos( 0 t +600) th pha cua tn hieu a ieu che cua Symbol 11 la : a. 00.
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b. 250. c. 450 d. Ca 3 eu sai . Tra li : cau d 10 Trong ghep kenh TDM theo tieu chuan Chau Au cua luong so 4M bit/s co dung lng : a. 60 kenh thoai . b. 48 kenh thoai . c. 120 kenh thoai . d. Ca 3 eu sai . Tra li : cau d b. Cac van e trong truyen song vo tuyen : + Hien tng fading : La hien tng ma lam cho cng o trng tai iem thu khong on nh . + Nguyen nhan : Gom hai nguyen nhan chnh - Khi song ien t truyen i trong moi trng co chiet suat khong ong nhat th se lam cho tia sang b uon cong . Khi o Anten thu se b lech hng so vi anten phat nen cng o trng tai anten thu giam xuong va gay ra fading . Fading nay c goi la fading phang . - Khi song ien t truyen t ni phat en ni thu bang nhieu ng khac nhau nh tia trc tiep , tia phan xa . Cng o trng tai iem thu la tong hp tat ca cac tia sang. Neu cac tia sang cung pha th cng o trng tong hp tang len Neu cac tia sang ngc pha th cng o trng tong hp giam xuong va gay ra hien tng fading. Fading nay c goi la fading nhieu tia . Goi d1 la chieu dai ng i cua tia trc tiep d2 la chieu dai ng i cua tia phan xa Gia s tn hieu tai au phat xA(t) = Acos 0 t
Thi gian tia trc tiep i t A en B : t1 = d1 /c Thi gian tia phan xa i t A en B : t2 = d2 / c xA(t) = Acos 0 t , xB(t) = A cos ( 0 t t1) Tn hieu tai B theo tia trc tiep : xB1 = Acos ( 0 t - 0 t1)
Tn hieu tai B theo tia phan xa . xB2= Acos ( 0 t - 0 t2 )
t : c ly truyen tn hieu . Tn hieu tong hp tai B . xB(t) = xB1(t) +xB2(t) = Acos ( 0 t - 0 t1) + Acos ( 0 t - 0 t2 ) 2 0 t 0 t1 0 t 2 t 0 t1 . cos 0 2 = 2A cos 2 2
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= 2Acos [ 0 t ( 0 t1 + 0 t2 ) /2 . cos ( 0 t2 - 0 t1) /2 Vay bien o la 2A cos [ 0 ( t2 t1 ) /2 ]
t 2 t1 = + K = ( 2 K + 1) 2 2 2 2( 2 K + 1). 2 K + 1 t 2 t1 = . = 2f 0 2 2 f0 0 d 2 d1 1 1 = ( 2 K + 1) . 2 f0 c c
2 + cach khac phuc fading : - Dung cac mach dieu khien o li t ong trong cac may thu . Khi tn hieu thu b fading th mach nay se lam thay oi he so khuech ai e tn hieu ra t b giao ong hn. - S dung ky truat phan tap : Phan tap la dung nhieu hn nguon tai nguyen thong tin can thiet e nang cao chat lng truyen dan tn hieu . Phan tap Anten : Ta au thu s dung nhieu Anten thu at cach nhau mot khoang trong khong gian . Phan tap Anten con goi la phan tap khong gian . Phan tap tan so : cung mot thong tin nhng s dung nhieu tan so khac nhau e phat i . - S dung o d tr fading : Khi tnh toan thiet ke mot tuyen viba so can phai am bao neu co fading xay ra th cong thc thu thc te van ln hn mc ngng cua may thu , khi o may thu se lam viec lien tuc khong b gian oan .
d 2 d 1 = ( 2 K + 1)
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+ Tn hieu tai B cc tieu khi cos 0
t 2 t1 =0 2
gv
d 2 d1 2K = c c f0 c d 2 d 1 = 2k = 2 K f0
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t 2 t1 = 0 + 2 K 2 4 K 2 K t 2 t1 = = f0 0
as
+ Tn hieu tai B cc ai khi : cos[
0 ( t 2 t1 )
=1

Nh vay khoang cach t mc tn hieu thu thc te trong ieu kien khong b fading en mc ngng cua may thu uc goi la o d tr fading. + Tnh toan thiet ke trong vi ba so : o li Anten : Trong viba Anten s dung la loai Anten parabol . o li Anten uc tnh bang cong thc . 4A G=10log10 2 (dB) Trong o: A: dien tch hieu dung cua anten (hng song) m : Hieu suat (phu thuoc cong nghe che tao . : Bc song lam viec (m). vd: tnh o li cua anten co ng knh 2m,hieu suat 0,7 lam viec tan so 3Ghz c 3.10 8 bc song lam viec = = = 0,1( m) f 3.10 9 DK 2 ) = dien tuch hieu dung A=(BK)2 = ( 2 4 2 .0,7 28 1A o li anten G=10log10 2 =10log 10 = 10 log10 2 + 10 log10 0,01 0,01 =34(dB) Suy hao cua khong gian t do :k hieu la Ls 4D 2 4D Ls=10log10 ( (dB) ) = 20 log10
Trong o : D : c ly truyen song (m) . : bc song lam viec (m) .
vd tnh suy hao cua khong gian t do biet rang c ly vao 50Km va tan so lam viec 6Ghz . 4 .5.10 4 20 = 60 + 20 log10 = 140( dB ) Suy hao khong gian Ls=20 log10 0,05 0,05 Suy hao cua feeder: Lf = . l (dB) . : he so suy hao (dB) l : chieu dai feeder (dB) Cong suat tn hieu thu tai anten thu : PR1=PT(dBm,dBW) - Lf T GT Ls Vd Mot ai truyen hnh co cong suat phat 10W, o li anten phat la 15dB, suy hao feeder may phat 3dB. Tnh cong suat tn hieu thu c tai mot iem cach ai truyen hnh 20Km . Biet tan so lam viec la 500MHz Giai c 3.10 8 Bc song = = = 0,6m f 500.10 6
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C ly truyen song D=2.104(m)
4 .2.10 4 Suy hao khong gian t do Ls = 20log 10 = 112 (dB) 0,6 PR1 = 10 3 + 15 112 = -90 dBW = -60dBm Cong suat tn hieu thu tai ngo vao may thu PR = PR1 + GR LfR ieu kien cho may thu hoat ong c la PR Pngng VD: Mot tuyen lien lac vi ba co c ly 40km toc o lam viec 4,5 GHz. Anten s dung hai au giong nhau co ng knh 3m va hieu suat la 50%. Cong suat cua may phat 5W, cong suat ngng cua may thu la 50dBm. Tnh cong suat tn hieu tai ngo vao may thu biet suy hao cua feeder may phat la 5dB, may thu la 3dB. Giai : D = 40km = 4.104 m c 3.10 8 = = = 0,06 (m) f 4,5.10 9 A = 2,25 (m) PT =5W =7dBW = 37dBm 4 2 .2,25.50 o li Anten GR = GT = 10log10 = 41dB 0,0036.100
Suy hao khong gian LS = 20log10
4 .4.10 4 = 138dB 0,06 Cong suat tn hieu thu tai Anten thu PR1 = 37 5+41 138 = 65 Cong suat tn hieu thu tai ngo vao may thu bang PR = PR1 +GR LF R = -65+41 3=-27dBm V 27 -50 nen may thu hoat ong c VD: Mot may phat co cong suat 5W o li Anten phat 30dB, suy hao cua feeder may phat 2dB. Tnh c ly lien lac biet cong suat tn hieu tai Anten thu 30dBW, tan so lam viec la 3 GHz 4D Cong suat tn hieu thu tai Anten thu PR1 = 37-2+30-20log10 0,1 4D => 20log10 =95 0,1 => 20log10 125,6D = 4,75 => 125,6 D= 104 ,75 => D = 447,7m = 0,44 km
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I. Thanh phan cua mot he thong thong tin di ong : Mot he thong thong tin di ong co the chia thanh 3 he thong con + He thong con chuyen mach (SS). + He thong con tram goc (BSS). + He thong con khai thac va bao dng(OMS) 1. SS(Switching Subsystem) SS c xem nh la mot tong ai cua mang ien thoai di ong . Chc nang cua SS la chuyen mach cuoc goi va quan ly thue bao di ong . SS co 5 thanh phan . a. Trung tam chuyen mach di ong (MSC :Mobile Switching Center) MSC la thanh phan trung tam cua he thong chuyen mach . Chc nang chnh cua MSC la x ly cuoc goi. MSC la ni duy nhat thc hien chc nang chuyen mach . Do o tat ca cac cuoc goi eu phai i qua MSC. b. Bo nh nh v thng tru: (HLR : Home Location Register): HLR lu tr thong tin cua thue bao di ong . Thue bao c ang ky tai vung nao th se c lu vao HLR cua vung o . Thong tin trong HLR c cap nhat bang tay moi khi co mot thue bao ban ra . Thong tin nay khong cho biet trang thai va v tr hien tai cua thue bao , no con la mot o cng trong may tnh . c. Bo nh nh v tam tru: (VLR : Visitor LR) VLR lu tr thong tin cua cac thue bao di ong ang hien dien trong vung hoat ong o . Thong tin nay c cap nhat t ong thong qua thu tuc ang ky v tr . Thong tin nay cho biet v tr va trang thai hien tai cua thue bao . Khi thue bao di chuyen t tram phat song nay sang tram phat song khac th thong tin trong VLR se thay oi khi thue bao tat may , thong tin trong VLR se b xoa va giup cho he thong tiem goi thue bao nhanh chong va chnh xac hn. d. Bo nh nh ngha thiet b di ong ( EIR:Equipment Identifi Register) EIT dung e quan ly thiet b di ong, thong tin lu tr trong EIR la so nh ngha thiet b di ong Quoc te goi tat la so IMEI (International Mobile Equipmen Idenlify) IMEI phai trung vi so con rom ben trong ta nhan * # 06 # e. Trung tam nhan thc thue bao (AC:Authenti cation) AC co chc nang kiem tra mot thue bao di ong co quyen thc hien mot dch vu hay khong 2. BSS : Gom 3 phan t a. Thue bao di ong (MS: Mobile Station) Mot thue bao di ong gom 2 phan : Thiet b di ong (ME : Mobile Equipment) va khoi nh ngha thue bao (SIM: Subcriber Identity Module). Thue bao di ong thc hien c dch vu khi SIM c chen vao ben trong thiet b di ong * ME : la thiet b thu phat ca nhan c thue bao trc tiep s dung. ME hoat ong giong nh mot may tnh do chng trnh cha trong SIM ieu khien Bang tan hoat ong : Trong thong tin di ong bang tan c chia lam hai he .
BAI 7: HE THONG THONG TIN DI ONG
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- D900 : Trong D900 gom hai tan so : Tan so hng len ( t MS en BTS) s dung trong khoang t 890 en 915MHz Tan so hng xuong ( t BTS en MS) s dung trong khoang t 935 en 960 MHz Khoang tan so moi hng chia lam 124 kenh moi kenh gom hai tan so , mot cho hng len va mot cho hng xuong. Hai tan so trong cung mot kenh cach nhau 45MHz, o rong bang thong moi kenh la 200KMHz . Khoang tan so t 915 en 935 MHz khongs dung vi muc ch bao ve Mot ME bnh thng ch co the hoat ong 124 kenh tan so khac nhau . Chu y: Viet nam hien nay cac mang di ong ang s dung he D 900 cu the mang vinaphone s dung cac kenh tan so t 1 en 40 kenh . Mobilephone s dung kenh 84 en 124 - DCS 1800 : Trong DCS1800 chia lam 374 kenh tan so , moi kenh gom mot tan so hng len va mot tan so hng xuong , khoang cach gia hai tan so nay la 95MHz. o rong bang thong cua moi kenh la 200KMHZ . * Cong suat thu phat cua ME : + Cong suat ngng thu t 90 dBm en 50 dBm + Cong suat ngng phat : Gom 3 mc : Mc 1 : 0,8W Mc 2 : 2W Mc 3 : 5W Tuy theo khoang cach t MS en BTS ma ME se thay oi cong suat phat thch hp * SIM card: la mot bo nh lu tr thong tin ca nhan cua thue bao di ong . Cac thong tin lu tr trong sim bao gom + So thue bao + Cac dch vu + So chuyen vung b. Tram thu phat goc (BTS : Base Transceiver satation) BTS la tram thu phat co nh tao ra vung hoat ong cho MS . moi vung phu song cua BTS c goi la 1 te bao . Tap hp tat ca cac te bao tao nen vung hoat ong cua mang di ong. Moi BTS ch hoat ong toi a 12 kenh TS khac nhau, kenh TS cu the do ngi khai thac mang quyet nh. Trong mot mang thong tin di ong cac BTS c lap at khap moi ni.( BTS goi la m rong vung phu song ) c. Bo ieu khien tram goc : (BSC : basestation Contioller) BSC co chc nang ieu khien tat ca cac hoat ong cua BTS nh : cap phat kenh, nhay tan so, chuyen giao, ieu khien cong suat. Moi BSC ieu khien nhieu BTS. Giao tiep gia BSC vi cac BTS co toc o 2 Mb/s III. Nguyen ly a truy suat trong thong tin di ong : a truy suat trong thong tin di ong la viec nhieu MS cung s dung mot BTS e truy suat vao mang ,giao tiep MS va BTS la giao tiep vo tuyen nen a truy suat nay c goi la a truy suat vo tuyen. Trong thong tin di ong s dung 3 kieu a truy suat. 1. a truy suat phan chia theo tan so (FDMA : Frequencys Division Multipe Access)
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Bang thong lam viec cua mot BTS c chia lam nhieu bang tan nho . Moi bang tan nho c cap phat cho mot MS e truy suat vao mang. Nh vay nhieu MS truy suat vao mang di cac tan so khac nhau. 2. a truy suat phan chia theo thi gian : TDMA Thi gian lam viec cua BTS c chia thanh nhieu khung thi gian moi khung co o dai 4615 s, c chia thanh 8 khe thi gian moi khe co o dai 577 s. Khi MS truy suat vao mang th se c cap phat khe thi gian nay. Cac mang thong tin di ong viet nam hien nay s dung ket hp hai kieu a truy suat la FDMA va TDMA 3. a truy suat phan chia theo ma: CDMA a. Khai niem trai pho tn hieu : Trai pho tn hieu la lam cho bang thong cua tn hieu rong hn gap nhieu lan trc khi truyen tn hieu . Muc ch au tien cua trai pho la e bao mat tn hieu sau o trai pho c ng dung trong ky thuat a truy suat . b. Cach thc hien trai pho : oi vi tn hieu so th o rong pho c xac nh bang cong thc 1 (T : o rong bit) BW= T Do o e thc hieu trai pho tn hieu ngi ta s dung mot chuoi tn hieu gia ngau nhien co o rong bit nho hn rat nhieu lan so vi o rong bit cua tn hieu can trai pho. Khi nhan hai tn hieu nay vi nhau th pho cua tn hieu se rong hn gap nhieu lan so vi ban au .
b(t)
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X X c(t)
X X
B(t): tn hieu can trai pho C(t) : tn hieu gia ngau nhien S(t) : tn hieu sau khi trai pho
c(t)
1 Tb 1 o rong pho sau khi trai BWS= Tc

o rong pho trc khi trai BWb =
Do Tb > Tc nen BW s > BWb tn hieu sau khi trai pho S(t) =b(t) .c(t). au thu khi thu c tn hieu S(t) muon khoi phuc lai b(t) th may thu phai thc hien nen pho . e lam c ieu nay may thu phai tao ra chuoi gia ngau nhien c(t) giong au phat e nhan vi S(t). Nh vay nen may thu khong tao ra c c(t) th khong thu c tn hieu ban au . Do o c(t) c goi la tn hieu ma hay ma. c. ng dung cua trai pho trong CDMA:
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b(t)

Trong he thong CDMA , moi MS c cap phat s dung mot chuoi PN khac nhau e truy suat vao mang. Nh vay khi truyen tn hieu cho mot MS nao o th ch MS nay mi thu c tn hieu con cac MS khac khong thu c v khong biet chuoi PN trong trng hp nay moi chuoi PN c goi la mot kenh. IV. Cac thu tuc trong thong tin di ong Thu tuc trong thong tin di ong la qua trnh chuan b trc trc khi thuc hien mot dch vu nao o cua MS . Cac thu tuc nay bao gom + cap nhap v tr + tm goi + Khi tao cuoc goi + chuyen giao 1. Thu tuc cap nhap v tr : Cap nhap v tr la mot thu tuc ma thue bao di ong bao cho he thong biet c trang thai va v tr hien tai cua no. Muc ch cua thu tuc nay e giup cho he thong quan ly c cac thue bao va thc hien tm kiem thue bao b goi nhanh hn + Cac ieu kien e xay ra: Co 3 ieu kien - Khi thue bao chuyen trang thai t tat sang m . - Khi thue bao chuyen t BTS nay sang BTS khac - cap nhap theo chu ky thi gian + Cac bc cua thu tuc cap nhap v tr : au tien MS phat mot tn hieu e yeu cau xin c cap nhap v tr . Neu c he thong chap thuan th BTS phat lai tn hieu yeu cau MS cung cap thong tin ca nhan va thong tin cua BTS ang phuc vu no. Khi cac thong tin nay a truyen en he thong th qua trnh nhan thc xay ra. Neu cac thong tin chnh xac th se c t ong lu vao VLR va thu tuc cap nhap v tr hoan tat. 2. Thu tuc tm goi : Xay ra khi thue bao di ong b goi. Muc ch cua thu tuc la tm kiem thue bao b goi e thc hien chuyen mach + Nguyen tac tm goi: Khi co mot thue bao di ong b goi th so thue bao b goi au tien se c gi ti MSC . Trc khi thc hien chuyen mach th MSC truy suat vao VLR e biet c v tr cua thue bao . Tiep theo mot thong bao tm goi c gi en BTS ma thue bao ang nh v thong qua BSC . Khi BTS phat thong bao tm goi th tat ca cac MS nam trong vung phu song cua BTS o eu nhan c thong bao nay nhng ch co MS b goi tra li thong bao tm goi. + e nhan c cuoc goi MS yeu cau cap cho mot khe thi gian truc khi tien hanh am thoai he thong bat buoc gia MS va BTS s dung mot mat ma e truyen nhan tn hieu. 3. Thu tuc tao cuoc goi : c thc hien khi MS chu ong goi i. e thc hien thu tuc nay au tien MS phat i ban tin e xin cap phat khe thi gian . trc khi cap phat he thong yeu cau MS
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cung cap thong tin ca nhan, khi nhan c thong tin ca nhan t Ms he thong tien hanh nhan thuc. Neu thue bao c phep goi i th mi c cap phat khe thi gian. Luc nay so thue bao b goi c gi en MSC va MSC tien hanh trien mach . Khi thue bao b goi nhac may th he thong bao cho MS goi i biet e thc hien am thoai . Trong thi gian am thoai gia MS va BTS cung s dung mat ma e truyen dan tn hieu. 4. Thu tuc chuyen giao: Chuyen giao la qua trnh thay oi BTS phuc vu cho MS khi MS ang trong che o am thoai. Muc ch cua viec chuyen giao la d0am bao thong tin lien tuc e nang cao chat lng phuc vu. * cac ieu kien e xay ra thu tuc chuyen giao + Khi MS di chuyen t BTS nay sang BTS khac + MS khong di chuyen nhng do chat lng cua ng truyen vi BTS ang phuc vu kem + Khi MS khong di chuyen nhng dung lng cua BTS ang phuc vu sap at en trang thai bao hoa th no se ngen mach.
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He Thong Vien Thong 5595

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H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng Bai 1: TONG QUAN VE CAC HE THONG VIEN THONG

o suy hao: [A] = 10log

Vd: oi 100W ra dBm va dBW.

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

= 2*10 = 20 dBW = 5*10 = 50 dBm log b = M b = aM a

[P] dBWm = 10log

log (ab.c ) = log b + log c a a log =log b log c a a log 1 = 0 a

2 2 P P2 = 2P1 [P2] = 10log 10P1 = 10log 10 +10 log101

P P [P1]dBm = 10log 101*10 = 10 log101 + 10 log10 10

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Pha cua tn hieu tai au thu

o tre pha = 100 * 10 4 =

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Neu x(t) la tuan hoan th :

Bien oi thuan X(f) =

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

TT ttthu hu hu Hieu qua nen tn hieu cao .

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

MOI TRNG TRUYEN TIN

Be day lp dan ien d =

(l la ien tr suat . la t o tham) .

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

X ( f ) : Pho bien o cua x(t)

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Bien doi O/E

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Trong o D : la c ly lien lac (m) . : la bc song lam viec (m) .

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

eu che tn hieu can ieu che iieu che

tn hieu a ieu che

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

BAI 3 : IEU CHE VA GIAI IEU CHE

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

+ o rong bang thong cua tn hieu FM :

xFM(t) = A cos [ 2 (fc t +kf

f = kf[ max {x(t)] o di tan cc ai f max la tan so ln nhat trong x(t).

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Loc tthong Loc hong h

III. Giai ieu che tn hieu :

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

Vong khoa pha :

A + x(t ) x (t ) cho x2(t) qua tu C ta c 2 2

x1(t) qua LPF ta c

Loc thong thap

Th..s L Thanh Tn Th s L Thanh Tn

H tthng viin tthng H hng v n hng

BAI 4: KY THUAT IEU CHE SO

= 210 = 20 dBW = 510 = 50 dBm log b = M b = aM a