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M`# =z`OQ L yOKH =_O "II# O^~ P \H *sK# K `= U~@ K H"x
`*Q K *sK~^x `_O [~Q`Ok.
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(Z) xH ^< K / _
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(Z) M`# `iK =O `H^#/ ~ K## Uq^OQ K=K ``O. q~ "\x iH~
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(Z) q~ *s K# K QiOz KeO xe"` K## JOwHiO. q K# JOkO^< ~^ # WO. P
\H q K HiOQ KeO O^H ` KeO xe"` K~ fO\O. (a) U=~< Ks LO>
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K # JOk# ` ~ " ` K e O [iy` O (#+ ) i ~ q^ #O H ~ O (#+ ) i ~ O K e O z
sKO.
8.5. q~ *sK K / ^ K#
(Z) q M` KeO O|OkOz J K#/^ K## ^ "\ `# ^ z`# (W"*#)
K@H~O ZO` =O LOKH" JO`^H =^Q~ LOKHO\O. (a) = ^Q~ Jq iH~
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HQ xK~. KeO [i# K QiOz/^ K# QiOz q"^O `u # _ U_k# J iOz#@~`
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^ ) K QiOz Z ==iOK `e*O. M` =#O^= KeO [~x , u O#
K Ks# = KO. HH" \i \H `e# q=~ H~O Ks# qkO.
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Y# ="#_ / =~ K#_ "= (Z) =_< <\# JO^*O. q ^Q~ = W`~
Yq #@~` "O Uq^O Q OHOQ = JO^*
Q" `e*O. (a) XH" q ^Q~ U^~<
Y L#@~` ~ O_< <\ # WO.
8.7. =$u KOk#"i M` H~" i~O
8.7.1. =$u KOk# "i M` "# q^<# J#iO.
(Z) <qh / rqOz L# "i x|O^# ` LO_ M`
M`^~ <q<+< H~ O qxyOKH# M` (W^~ ^ rqOzL#"~, U XH~~< ^ rqOz

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_l\ M` LO_ "`x rqOz L#"iH /<qh Ke ~ .
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=$u KOk# "i M` KeO O|OkOz =~ <#O #Oz Z@=O\ L`~ LO_ _^ . (iii)
rqOzL#"iH/ <qh =KeO K=O^ =$uKOk# _l@~ H # K@| ^" # "~ ~# @
Q
O KeO [~`#^< q+x +O KOk. nx= KeO [i# <qh / rqOzL#"i @
Z=iH~< LO_ H~" / OQO HQ^. =O^ q=iOz# +~` H~O, O ^` x~~#
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=$u KOk#"i i@ [=~# "`# nx [= K < O. J~` U~HO Q# =# fH_^ .
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=~O. D q+x "iH `e~O. rqOz L#"~ / <qh J_ O "ix HHx
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=$u KOk# _l@~ q+ O H ~ " i~O, <qh / rqOz L# "iH _l@~ =$`^ = `O
=O\ HO JOk# <\#Oz 15 ~A H==k O# O`$ iK H~" QiO [i# `~`
KeO [~`~.
8.8. ^` H~ ( _l\)
^`H~ LO_ q"# == QiOz, "\H J#=iOK x=, q^< QiOz iQ `e*O.
8.9. q^= ~HO =
(Z) q^=~HO H< ^ Jq< = QiOz =K~x `e*O. q^ =~HxH =iOK qx=~@,
W`~Ks "II "\ QiOz q=iO. XH" `e*H` Z K `e*O. (a) q^ =
|kb Z K ``O. (i) = q=~#, "\x Z L yOKH" `e*O. (ii) q^
= Z_ OOn, XH " POQ JOk` ZO^ PO J~^ q=iO. (iii) q^^=O =~_xH
=iOK qx=~ @ ("^g [i@_ D ~ @ `eH` `~" ` nx) `e*O. (iv) Hq+# ^ Ks
q=~, = O^`# =HH q^O Ks KeO J "`x KeOK KiH# JO^*O. (v)
q QiOz# =K~O q^ KeO i`O^ ^ J# q+O `e*O. XH" nx `_ ^
JOi` L#_ `H}" iK=x / iQ JOk==x H~`O. (vi) q^#Oz q M` =
|kb J~` q M` ZO` "`O JQ KiOn, ZO` KsQ q#Oz = KO n ``O. q
M` = KeO K#_ q^#Oz O"~ Ks Ke Z@=O\ Ks = KO. (vii) q^j
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= [= K_xH xs` H==k qOz XH~A Z= =O \#@~` q (#+ ) i~O JO^`Ok.
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Lz`OQ JO^* O.
8.10. ~`^O =KeO
=# ^O < = KeO Z K q=iO. (Z) = q=~, "\x U q^O Q L yOKH=K. (a)

g J=~ J``=OQ iq^#O. () H#Q}OQ =~ Ks q=~# \i \H

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Hg+< q=~# `e*O. O (#+) i~ q^#OH~O PO= g #+O [iy</J^#OQ Y~K<
ui KO.
8.11 ~}
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JOK<"O.
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P x~O ^~ U~_ e`# `H=x H~`O (J=~=~` ` ~` _# JaO ^Q~,
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q=e ~}xH Q~O\^~Q JOwHiOz#C_ D q+ # q=iO. (Z) Q~O\^~_Q g ^`. (a)
O g~ ^ ` =OKe# "`O =. () g ^ ` <~" i = KeO K O^~. (_) Q~O\^~Q
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xez# g ~}Q_ PiH u =K u i`# QiOz g `e*O\O.
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(Z) = ~}, H_\ H~ ^H QiOz HHO# "\H =iOK ~=# QiOz g =K~x ~}O/
H_\H~ =OE~ KC_ `e*O. (a) ^~M KH<O^ J=~= =K~x ` =~}
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^~M g~ `e# q=~# ^gHiOKHO\O. WO^ q=e HH=_" g z~<=/"~
^# O <~ Q Hh D [#O HO xq`~# U *h ^~ `H=_" = J=~# |\ KO.
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Hi#C_ KeO Ke. J=~= ~` JkHO Q fH# "`xH J Q}<x, KeO Ke# =_ H O# QiOz
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8.14.1. ^~} =K~O
(Z) H~ ^~M K=O^ ^xH =iOK x|O^# +~`A, =_Ks, a O}, KeO, H
_# "`O HOK_O, #~gH~}, ~^ ~KH< q^<, H~ QiOz LQ_ =K~O "II q=iO.
(a) = ^H/=# qxyOKH<C_/^~M KC_ = H "`x (target) QiOz `e*O.
() "Q_ / ` O|O^ zx QO^x g O`O. JO^ x|O^# , +~` q=~, g~ H~ Q@HO>
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W`~ O|Ok` =K~x H~
Q q=~` g "^\ H~` @ `e. (_) "^gx g~ QiOK#@~`,
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g~ K# xi+ "^g QiOz H# KOKQO.
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(Z) g~ ~# z~<= ^ `= z~<= H_\ H~/<# O`O. ( z~<=
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O. (a) (L yOK_xH gHx) x~ Q
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"^g q=~# \"O@Q <i# ` JO^*O. g~ Hi` WO@~\ ^~ _ O`O. u <
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9.1. ~H`"# qh OHOQ, KeO q^<

i=Q HiO. JO^= g~ qOK qh OHOQ, KeO q^<# ~Q J#q~. ^`
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g # U~@ K < O.
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^"#O`=~ g =~# = `e* *Q` fHO_.
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9.3. g M`# ijeOKH=_O
(Z) g \"O@# ^ H# H=O `O_ ijeOKH=x "O ~ K<O. Zh `CQ
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H=|^" # K , ~ L`~ g = K~= # "iH K~ `<x ``~. (a) g M` "^g#
ijeOKO> g~ g`, b`/W`~ i^< U*h` HiOKe =O@Ok. J=~" ` gix `__=x
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K, H, H~, <, W`~ ^` =K~O @ g~ *Q` =OKe =O@Ok. J_ g
M`# "O #Oz ~HOKH=K. HO^ zOz# # \OKO_.
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LOK_^. (iii) W`~ # g H~, <, =~ ^ W`~ ~ =K~x "_h_^. (iv) g <
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<#O K O_. (vii) K# O M` Ke#_ Kg^ M`^~ ~# (Za O M` xyz)
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Hx =#"# *Q` fO> P<< OHOQ ~H`OQ#, J#"#kQ# =O@Ok. ^K WH_
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b Hx, "= Hx P<< OHOQ KeO H~ <#, =~ =K~x W=x H~O. () |~H
LQO/.# H OKHx = WO@~\ OHOQ \ `H=_O =Ozk H^x W<O. (_) g
# Z\HC_ "~Q~KHx PO\"~ "~ "~` H=O `O_ *Q`_x q<O. g~
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x^ ^ Wz# ~ K## ~^ K @O ^ ` H [=# ed` ~HOQ `e =O@Ok. (a)
`H [=# ~^ KO> g~ = `e*e =O@Ok. `H [= ^# J = _ D
q+ # `e* x "= H~`<O. () ~^ K=x g x~x `H` KeO# ~^ K@O
^_^. (_) H_\ H~ KeO ~^, +~`, x|O^# "~ =iOk.
9.7. # ^`
(Z) "i`OQ ==i g M` P #xO\H ^Q K~. `Q =`O *Q` O_ ==i
#+O [~Q`Ok. ^xH g~ ^. (a) "i`OQ ==iOz =O_H` ^ `Q =`O *Q``
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iq`O KO. () Q@< ^ =~QiOz ~r_ ^ W`~ =K~O QiOz ~r_< "O H\OK^H
^~ ^~QxH `y# K~ K>^H g~ ^` =OKe.
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OHOQ x==, ~f =} =O_e =O_ _~H~, H =O_e x==ox igH~.

gix kQ= ~z# q=~ ^~ OkOK=K :
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