Structural Analysis Due To Temperature Loading

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com/
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CHAPTER
16
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
DUE TO TEMPERATURE
LOADING
16.1 INTRODUCTION
In a bridge structures temperature change has very significant influence to its response. Temperature
change cause additional strain to structural element. For unconstrained structural element temperature
change cause zero stress, but for constrained structural element that temperature change cause
stress. For that reason we shall to placing release to a joint of element of bridge like expansion joint so
the joint free to expand.
We can use matrix method for structural analysis under temperature change. Same like other modeling
technique we need to transform the temperature change to equivalent joint loads.
16.2 TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

Uniform change in temperature cause extensional strain in all direction but no shearing strain arises in
freely deforming body. The extensional strain due to temperature change can be calculated with the
equation below
T = T T
16.1
Where :
T
= thermal strain
= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)
= temperature change
The coefficient of thermal expansion is described in table below
MATERIAL
Concrete
Steel
Wood
COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION
10E-6
12E-6
5E-6 (parallel fiber)
50E-6 (perpendicular fiber)
16 - 1
Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading
Thermal stress due to temperature change is

T = E( T )
16.2
Where :
T
= actual thermal stress
= modulus of elasticity
= actual thermal strain
= thermal strain
If the body is constrained then T =0 then thermal stress becomes T = TE . For that reason we can
control the thermal stress by placing releases, expansion joint in a structure.
This chapter discussed about temperature change at the centroidal axis of structural element. Thermal
strain subjected to temperature change consists of thermal axial strain and thermal curvature strain.
Thermal axial strain is

0 = T T0
16.3
Where :
0
= thermal strain at centriodal axis
T0
= temperature change at centroidal axis
Thermal curvature strain is
0 =
2
T T
h
16.4
Where :
0
= thermal curvature
= depth of element
= difference of top and bottom fiber of element section
The equation above assumes that temperature change linearly to element depth, if the temperature
change is uniform then T = 0 produce only axial strain. In other word the temperature difference
between top and bottom fiber is null.
16 - 2
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16.3 MODELING TECHNIQUE

16.3.1 General
In matrix method for structural analysis subjected to temperature change we need to transform the
temperature loading to equivalent joint loads or fixed end forces. For uniform temperature change to
element depth there are only normal fixed end forces. For linearly temperature change to element
depth there are normal and flexure fixed end forces. In any condition of temperature change there is no
shear fixed end forces.
16.3.2 Temperature Change Modeling

Normal fixed end force due to temperature change is
NT = EA0
16.5
NT = EA ( T T0 )
Where :
NT
= normal fixed end force
= axial area
T0
= temperature change at centroidal axis
Flexure fixed end force due to temperature change is

MT = EI0
16.6
MT = EI T T
h
Where :
MT
= flexure fixed end force
= moment of inertia
= temperature difference top and bottom fiber of section
Fixed end forces matrix due to uniform temperature change is

NT
{FTC } = 0
0

16.7
Fixed end forces matrix due to linearly temperature change is

NT
{FTC } = 0
M
T
16.8
2
MT
NT
MT
NT
16 - 3
Figure 16.1
Fixed End Force Due to Temperature Change
Sign convention for positive temperature change can be seen in the figure above
16.4 EXAMPLE
16.4.1 Structural Model
1500 kg/m
15/30
3,5
30/30
Element 2 has constant temperature change 30oC
30
30 Deg
+
+
15
16.4.2 Units, Material and Section Properties
Units
= kg-m-rad
Material
= Reinforced Concrete
= 2.1E9
m2
30/30
AREA
(m2)
0.3 0.3 = 0.09
15/30
0.15 0.3 = 0.045
DIMENSION
16 - 4
kg
MOMENT OF INERTIA
(m4)
1
0.3 0.33 = 0.000675
12
1
0.15 0.33 = 0.0003375
12
16.4.3 Joint, Element and DOF Numbering

2
1
3
2
NJOINT
=3
NR
=6
NDOF
= 3(3)-6
= 3 DOF
3,5
X
3
16.4.4 Joint Coordinates

JOINT
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.50
3.00
3.50
16.4.5 M-Code Matrix

0
0
0
M=
1
2
2
3
0
0
16.4.6 Local Element Stiffness Matrix
[ke ] = EI3
L
AL2
I
0
0
12
0
6L
AL2
I
0
0
12
0 6L 4L
AL2
0
0
I
0 12 6 L
0 6L
AL2
0
I
0
12
2 L2
0 6L
6L
0
6 L
2 L2
6 L
4 L2
16 - 5
ID
STIFFNESS MATRIX
(m)
(kg/m)
3.5
0
0 16333.33
0
0 0
16333 .33
0
12
21
0 12
12 0
0
21
49
0 21 24.5 0
[k e ]1 = 33061.22
0
0 16333.33
0
0 1
16333 .33
0 12 21
0
12 21 2
0
21 24.5
0 21
49 3
54000000
[k e ]1 = 540000000
3.0
[k e ]2
0 54000000
0
396734 .69
694285 .71
694285 .71
0
1620000
0
694285 .71
16 - 6
3.0
396734 .69 694285 .71 2

1620000 3
694285 .71
0 31500000
00
=0
3 .5
3 .5 0
sin =
=1
3 .5
30
cos =
=1
3
3 .5 3 .5
sin =
=0
3
0 1
472500
0 315000
472500 2
472500
0
945000
0
0 472500
31500000
0
472500 3
0 0
315000 472500
cos =
315000
472500
[T]1 = 0
0
0
[T]2
0
0
=
0
0
1 0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
315000 472500 0
0 472500
472500
TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
(m)
3.5
810000 0
0 1
810000
16.4.7 Transformation Matrix
694285 .71
0
0
0 12000
0
0 1
12000
0
12
18
0
12
18
0
18
36
0 18
18 3
= 26250
0
0 12000
0
0 0
12000
0 12 18
0
12 18 0
0
18
18
0 18
36 0
31500000
[k e ]2 = 315000000
ID
396734 .69 0
0
54000000
396734 .69 694285 .71
0 0
0 396734 .69
945000 0
16.4.8 Global Element Stiffness Matrix
[KE ] i= [T] iT[k e ] i[T] i

STIFFNESS MATRIX
ID
(kg/m)
[KE ]1 = [T]1T [k e ]1[T]1

396734 .69
0
694285 .71
[KE ]1 = 396734.69
694285 .71
0 396734 .69 0
0 694285 .71 396734 .69

54000000
0
0
1620000
694285 .71
0 0
0 54000000
694285 .71
396734 .69
0
0
54000000
54000000
810000
694285 .71
810000 0
694285 .71 1
0 2
1620000 3
[KE ]2 = [T]2T [k e ]2 [T]2

31500000
0
[KE ]2 = 31500000
0 31500000
0
315000
472500
472500
945000
0 472500
472500 3
0 0
315000 472500 0
0 472500
472500
0 1
472500 2
31500000
315000 472500
472500
0 315000
945000 0
16.4.9 Generalized Element Stiffness Matrix

STIFFNESS MATRIX
ID
(kg/m)
396734 .69
0
694285 .71
[KE ]1 = 396734.69
694285 .71
0 396734 .69 0
0 694285 .71 396734 .69

54000000
0
0
1620000
694285 .71
0 0
0 54000000
694285 .71
396734 .69
0
0
54000000
54000000
810000
694285 .71
810000 0
694285 .71 1
0 2
1620000 3
0 694285 .71 1
396734 .69
0 54000000
0 2
694285 .71
0
1620000 3
M
[KE ]1
[KES ]1 =
31500000
0
[KE ]2 = 31500000
0 31500000
0 1
315000
472500
0 315000
472500 2
472500
0
945000
0
0 472500
31500000
0
472500 3
0 0
315000 472500
472500
472500
315000 472500 0
0 472500
945000 0
0
0 1
31500000
0 315000 472500 2
0 472500 945000 3
M
[KE ]2
[KES ]2 =
16.4.10
Structure Stiffness Matrix

0 694285 .71 1
31896734 .69
0 54315000
472500 2
694285 .71
472500
2565000 3
[K ]3x3 =
16 - 7
16.4.11
Load Matrix
ELEMENT LOAD
MATRIX
1500 kg/m
1125 kgm
1125 kgm
2250 kg
2250 kg
LOCAL
ID
GLOBAL
FEF
FEF
{Q }
fe 2
0 1
2250 2
1125 3
=
0 0
2250 0
1125 0
28350 1
0 2
0 3
=
28350 0
0 0
0 0
{ftc }2
GENERALIZED
FEF
{Q } = [T] {Q }
T
FE 2
{Q }
FE 2
{FTC }2
fe 2
0 1
2250
2
1125 3
=
0 0
2250 0
1125 0
28350 1
0 2
0 3
=
28350 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
{Q } {Q } = 2250 2
M
FE 2
FES 2
1125 3
28350 1
0 2
0 3
M
{FTCS }2
{FTCS }2 =
28350 1
{Q }= 2250 2
FE
{Q} = {Q} {QFE }

0 28350 28350 1

2250 = 2250 2
0 1125 1125 3
{Q} = 0
16.4.12
Load-Displacement Matrix
[K ]{q} = {Q}
0 694285 .71 D1 28350
31896734 .69
0
54315000
472500 D2 = 2250
694285 .71
472500
2565000 D3 1125
D1 0.000885

D2 = 0.000040
D 0.000192
16 - 8
1125 3
16.4.13
ID
LOCAL DISPLACEMENT
(m)
(m)
16.4.14
{d}1 = [T]1{D}1
0 0
0 0
0 0
{D}1 =
0.000885 1
0.000040 2
0.000192 3
{D}2
Element Displacement Matrix
GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT
ID
0 0
0 0
0 0
{d}1 =
0
.
000040
0.000885 2
0.000192 3
{d}2 = [T]2 {D}2
0.000885 1
0.000040 2
0.000192 3
=
0 0
0 0
0 0
{d}2
0.000885 1
0.000040 2
0.000192 3
=
0 0
0 0
0 0
Element Nodal Forces

GLOBAL
LOCAL
LOCAL
NODAL FORCES
NODAL FORCES-#1
NODAL FORCES-#2
{F}1 = [KE ]1{D}1
{f }1 = [k e ]1{d}1 + {Qfe }1
{f }1 = [T]1{F}1
484.14 0
2146.84 0
{F}1 = 769.56 0
484
.
14
2146.84 2
924.94 3
2146.84 0
484.14 0
769.56 0
{f }1 =
2146.84 1
484.14 2
924.94 3
{F}2 = [KE ]2 {D}2

} + +{F }
+ {Q
FE 2
TC 2
{F}2
484.14 1
2146.84 2
924.94 3
=
484.14 0
2353.16 0
1234.42 0
{f }2 = [k e ]2 {d}2
} + {f }
+ {Q
fe 2
tc 2
{f }2
484.14 1
2146.84 2
924.94 3
=
484.14 0
2353.16 0
1234.42 0
2146.84 0
484.14 0
{f }1 = 769.56 0
2146
.
84
484.14 2
924.94 3
{f }2 = [T]2 {F}2
{f }2
484.14 1
2146.84 2
924.94 3
=
484.14 0
2353.16 0
1234.42 0
16 - 9
16.4.15
Internal Forces
ID
INTERNAL FORCES
x1
769.56
2146.84
924.94
2146.84
484.14
484.14
3,5
Px1 = 2146.84
Q x1 = 484.14
x1
x1
Px1
Mx1 = 484.14(x1) + 769.56
Qx1
x1
Mx1
-2146.84
-484.14
769.56
-2146.84
-484.14
285.42
-2146.84
-484.14
-198.72
-2146.84
-484.14
-682.86
3.5
-2146.84
3.5
-484.14
3.5
-924.94
1500 kg/m
x2
2
924.94
484.14
484.14
2353.16
2146.84
1234.42
3
Px 2 = 484.14
x2
16.4.16
Px2
1500 (x 2 )
x2
Qx2
Mx 2 = 2146.84(x 2 ) 924.94
1
2
2
1500 (x 2 )
x2
Mx2
-484.14
2146.84
-924.94
-484.14
646.84
471.90
-484.14
-853.16
368.74
-484.14
-2353.16
-1234.42
Support Reactions and Apply Joint Loads
484.14 0
2146.84 0
{F}1 = 769.56 0
484
.
14
1
2146.84 2
924.94 3
16 - 10
Q x 2 = 2146.84
{F}2
484.14 1
2146.84 2
924.94 3
=
484.14 0
2353.16 0
1234.42 0
ID
SUPPORT REACTIONS &

APPLY JOINT LOADS
484.14 0
{R}1 = 2146.84 0
769.56 0
484.14 1 484.14 1
0 1
924.94 3 924.94 3
0 3

{R}2 = 2146.84 2 + 2146.84 2 = 0 2

484.14 0
2353.16 0
1234.42 0
{R}3 =
1500 kg/m
484.14
2353.16
1234.42
3,5
769.56
484.14
2146.84
16 - 11

Structural Analysis Due To Temperature Loading

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http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.

16.2 TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

The coefficient of thermal expansion is described in table below

Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

Thermal stress due to temperature change is

= actual thermal stress

= actual thermal strain

Thermal axial strain is

= thermal strain at centriodal axis

= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

= temperature change at centroidal axis

Thermal curvature strain is

= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

= difference of top and bottom fiber of element section

16.3 MODELING TECHNIQUE

16.3.2 Temperature Change Modeling

= normal fixed end force

= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

= temperature change at centroidal axis

Flexure fixed end force due to temperature change is

= flexure fixed end force

= coefficient of thermal expansion (unit of strain)

= temperature difference top and bottom fiber of section

Fixed end forces matrix due to uniform temperature change is

Fixed end forces matrix due to linearly temperature change is

Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

Fixed End Force Due to Temperature Change

Element 2 has constant temperature change 30oC

16.4.2 Units, Material and Section Properties

0.15 0.3 = 0.045

16.4.3 Joint, Element and DOF Numbering

16.4.4 Joint Coordinates

16.4.5 M-Code Matrix

16.4.6 Local Element Stiffness Matrix

Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

396734 .69 694285 .71 2

16.4.7 Transformation Matrix

396734 .69 694285 .71

16.4.8 Global Element Stiffness Matrix

[KE ] i= [T] iT[k e ] i[T] i

[KE ]1 = [T]1T [k e ]1[T]1

0 694285 .71 396734 .69

[KE ]2 = [T]2T [k e ]2 [T]2

16.4.9 Generalized Element Stiffness Matrix

0 694285 .71 396734 .69

Structure Stiffness Matrix

Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

{Q} = {Q} {QFE }

Element Displacement Matrix

{d}2 = [T]2 {D}2

Element Nodal Forces

{F}1 = [KE ]1{D}1

{F}2 = [KE ]2 {D}2

Structural Analysis Do To Temperature Loading

Mx1 = 484.14(x1) + 769.56

Support Reactions and Apply Joint Loads

SUPPORT REACTIONS &

{R}2 = 2146.84 2 + 2146.84 2 = 0 2

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