Tap San KHCN So 3-2010 - 2

S 3/thang 9/2010 DI N A N NGHIN C U & PHA T TRI N V T LI U XY D NG - VI N V T LI U XY D NG - B XY D NG
hgh|n cuu mI s I|nh chI cua x| mng da cu Iu

0ng Iy X| mng 8a| 8dn - hho nhung h|u qua
S DI N A N NGHIN C U & PHA T TRI N V T LI U XY D NG - VI N V T LI U XY D NG - B XY D NG
0d h| va Ihach Ihuc
d| vd| hganh 0ng ngh|p X| mng V|I ham
Tru sd: 236 hguyn Tra|, Thanh Xun, ng a, ha h|.
Ta|: 04. 3B6B1111 - Fax: 04. 3B6B1112
Ema||: v|anv|xd@v|bm.vn - wabs|Ia: WWW.v|bm.vn
Vin Vt liu xy dng c thanh lp ngay 4/11/1969, la
Vin nghin cu khoa hoc cng ngh quc gia v vt liu
xy dng phuc vu cng tac quan ly nha nc va phat trin
cng nghip Vt liu xy dng trong pham vi toan quc.
Chc nng, nhim vu:

Nghin cu khoa hoc, ng dung, chuyn giao cng ngh
v lnh vc vt liu xy dng.
Xy dng chin lc, quy hoach, k hoach, chnh sach

phat trin, cac quy chun, tiu chun v vt liu xy dng
phuc vu cng tac quan ly nha nc lnh vc vt liu xy dng.
Phn tch, kim nh nguyn, nhin liu, san phm vt

liu xy dng, mi trng san xut vt liu xy dng.
Thm nh, anh gia, tip nhn, chuyn giao cng ngh
mi san xut vt liu xy dng cua nc ngoai va kt qua
nghin cu trong nc.
Thc hin cng tac t vn trong lnh vc xy dng va vt

liu xy dng.
ao tao, bi dng sau ai hoc theo chuyn nganh c

nha nc giao; ao tao ky thut vin, th nghi m vin,
cng nhn vn hanh thit b cac dy chuyn
san xut vt liu xy dng.
Thc hin hp tac trong va

ngoai nc v nghin cu
khoa hoc, t vn, ao tao va chuyn giao cng ngh trong
lnh vc vt liu xy dng.
Bao gm 10 n v thanh vin:
TT Xi mng & B tng
TT Vt liu chu la
TT Gm x & Thuy tinh
TT Kim nh VLXD
TT T vn xy dng & VLXD
TT ng dung & phat trin VLXD
TT Vt liu hu c va Hoa phm xy dng
TT VLXD min Nam
Phong quy hoach phat trin VLXD
TT Thit b va Mi trng
Vin Vt liu xy dng - B Xy dng Vin Vt liu xy dng - B Xy dng
CHU TRCH NHIM XUT BN:
TS. Lng c Long
BAN BIN TP:
TS. Mai Ngc Tm
ThS. Nguyn Vn Huynh
ThS. Trn Thu H
KS. inh B L
CN. Nguyn Hng Giang
N V THC HIN:
Vin Vt liu xy dng v
GN Lucky Media., JSC
TR S:
235 Nguyn Tri,
Thanh Xun, ng a, H Ni.
Tel: 04. 38581111 / 35746751
Fax: 04. 38581112 / 35746751
Email: vienvlxd@vibm.vn/
gnluckymedia@gmail.com
TRNH BY:
Star books
Giy php s: 217/1998/GPXB-BC
ngy 17/2/1998
In ti XN in I Nh xut bn Bn
nh ba 1: Nh my Xi mng Nam Sn (Chng M, H Ni).
TRONG S NY
S 3 (9/2010)
TIN TC & S KIN
Tin trong ngnh
05. Tng xut, gim nhp VLXD
05. Khi cng xy dVin nghin cu v pht trin Viglacera
05. 6 thng cui nm mi cng ty lin doanh phi xut khu
100-150 nghn tn xi mng.
06. Li nhun doanh nghip ngnh xi mng Qu II/ 2010 gim
mnh so vi cng k.
Tin tc t Vin VLXD
06. Nghim thu ti Nghin cu s dng puzolan m Giao
Ninh lm ph gia khong cho sn xut xi mng v b tng
Tin tc th gii
07. n pht trin xi mng xanh t v tru
07. VLXD n nhim
07. Xi mng th gii s vo Vit Nam qua Thi Lan
VN HM NAY
08. C hi v thch thc i vi ngnh CN xi mng.
>TS. LNG C LONG - VIN TRNG VIN VLXD
12. Tnh hnh tiu th xi mng ton cu.
>NGUYN KIM LAN BIN DCH
KHOA HC CNG NGH:
Nghin cu KHCN ca Vin VLXD
14. Nghin cu Tnh cht xi mng a cu t.
>TS. LNG C LONG & ThS. LU TH HNG - VIN VLXD
23. Sn xut vt liu chu la t nguyn liu ph thi ca l
nung xi mng.
>KS. NGUYN QUC DNG,ThS. HONG L ANH - VIN VLXD
KHCN nhn ra th gii
25. Ch to xi mng c bit t bn .
>NGUYN H THANH THY - VIN VLXD
28. Bn v chin lc pht trin CNXM ca CHLB Nga.
> INH B L BIN DCH
KIN TRAO I:
30. Cng ty CP Xi mng Si Sn: Nh nhng hiu qu
> HNG GIANG
32. Gii php nng cao nng lc t vn xy dng Vit Nam
trong bi cnh hi nhp ton cu.
>TS. TRN MAI HNG (H KINH T QUC DN)
CNG NGH MI- VT LIU MI:
35. Than sinh hc- nguyn liu hon ho sn xut xi mng
>NGUYN LAN BIN DCH
38. Hi ngh chuyn S dng bn sn xut VLXD
>VIN VLXD
T VN - HI P
40. B tng thng so vi b tng phun c g khc nhau
> MINH QUYT
EDITOR IN CHIEF :
Dr. Luong Duc Long
EDITION BOARD:
Dr. Mai Ngoc Tam
MSc. Nguyen Van Huynh
MSc. Tran Thu Ha
Eng. Dinh Ba Lo
BA. Nguyen Huong Giang
EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATIONS:
Vietnam Institute for Building
Materials & GN Lucky Media., JSC
ADDRESS:
235 Nguyen Trai Str. Thanh Xuan,
Dong Da, Ha Noi
Tel: 04.38581111 / 04. 3 5746751
Fax: 04.38581112 / 04. 3 5746751
Email: vienvlxd@vibm.vn/
gnluckymedia@gmail.com
DESIGNER:
Star books
License No: 217/1998/GPXB-BC
ngy 17/2/1998
Printing House N1 of Publication
Geographic Map
C o n t e n t s
No 3 (9/2010)
NEWS & EVENTS:
News in the Country:
* News in the Field:
05. Accelerate export, reduce import of Building materials
05. To starting construction of Viglacera R&D Instiute
05. Cement Export in 6 months of the end of this year
06. In 2 ond quarter: Proftes of Cement feld Enterprises
reduced shaftly
** News from VIBM:
TheWorld News:
07. India has developed green cement from rice husk
07. The building material eats pollution
07. Cement from the world go into Vietnam through
Thailand
TODAY PROBLEMS:
08. Opportunity & Challenge for Vietnam Cement Industry...
>DR. LUONG DUC LONG - DIRECTOR OF VIBM
12. The Global cement selling. >NGUYEN KIM
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
* Sc & T In the Country
14. Research on properties of multi-components cement
properties.
>DR. LUONG DUC LONG & MSc. LUU THI HONG - VIBM
23. Refractory Materials production from cement kilns
wastes
>ENG. NGUYEN QUOC ZUNG, MSc. HOANG LE ANH - VIBM
* S & T in the World:
25. Special cement production from Red mud.
>NGUYEN HA THANH THUY - VIBM
28. Discussion on strategy of cement development industry
in Russian Federation. >DINH BA LO
EXCHANGE OPINIONS:
30. Saison Cement JSC. - Small but Efective.
>HUONGGIANG
32. Measuries for capacity enhancement of VCC in the
global joining conditions
>DR. TRAN MAI HUONG - THE HANOI NATIONAL ECONOMIC
UNIVERCITY
NEW TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS:
35. Eco - coal - The perfect fuel for cement production
>NGUYEN LAN TRANSLATED
38. The Symposium: Using Red mud for Building materials
producion. >VIBM
ASK & ANSWER
40. The Diferents of Ordinary Concrete and ShotCrete
>MINH QUYET
B Xy dng va ban hnh Ch th s 02/CT-BXD
yu cu cc doanh nghip, n v thuc B tng
cng cc gii php thc y sn xut - kinh
doanh, m rng th trng, y mnh xut khu,
hn ch nhp khu cc sn phm vt liu xy
dng trong nc sn xut c.
C th, i vi sn phm clinker v xi mng, B
Xy dng ch o cc DN phi nng cao cht
lng xi mng, tp trung sn xut cc loi xi
mng mc cao, gim dn t trng ximng PCB30.
Cc nh my xi mng trit p dng phng
n s dng nhit tha t pht in phc v
sn xut, nhm gim chi ph, h gi thnh sn
phm, kt hp x l mi trng trit hn. Cn
xy dng k hoch dng clinker sn xut trong
nc thay th nhp khu trong cc thng cui
nm 2010 v cc nm tip theo.
i vi cc sn phm gch p lt, ceramic, granit,
gch cotto, ch trng u t chiu su v cng
ngh, u t cho cng tc thit k mu m sn
phm mi, ng dng cng ngh trang tr mi
to ra cc sn phm c gi tr, hiu qu kinh t
cao hn, tng sc cnh tranh. Sn phm s v
sinh v knh xy dng, doanh nghip nn ch
trng u t chiu su v cng ngh, c k
hoch o to cn b, thu chuyn gia giu kinh
nghim v qun l vn hnh v thit k mu m
sn phm mi, tng sc cnh tranh ca sn
phm trong nc v xut khu sang nc khc.
Ngoi ra, cng tc tip th, thng tin th trng,
qun l cht lng sn phm phi c tng
cng. Bn cnh , nn coi trng vic xy dng,
qung b thng hiu, m rng v a dng ha
sn phm, m rng cc hnh thc lin doanh, lin
kt trong sn xut - kinh doanh m bo li
nhun v th phn. Kim sot cht ch h thng
phn phi i vi cc sn phm vt liu xy dng
ngn chn tnh trng u c; thc hin cng
khai gi bn v t l chit khu cho cc i l,
khng tng gi bt hp l, to s bnh n th
trng, nht l i vi cc mt hng thit yu
nh xi mng, thp.
NGHI N CU V PHT TRI N VT LI U XY DNG S 3 (T9 - 2010) [5]
1lN 1L| 8 bL llLN
Tng xut, gim nhp
vt liu xy dng
Mi y, Tng Cng ty VIGLACERA
tin hnh l khi cng Vin Ngin cu
v Pht trin VIGLACERA. y l mt
cng trnh quan trng, c ngha, phc
v nh hng nghin cu khoa hc v
ci tin cng ngh ca Tng Cng ty.
D n c xy dng trn quy m rng
hn 1ha, d kin thi gian hon thnh
sau 6 thng.
Ti bui l, B trng B Xy dng
Nguyn Hng Qun khng nh: Vic
ra i Vin Nghin cu v Pht trin
VIGLACERA l ch trng ng n ca tp th lnh o Tng Cng
ty VIGLACERA; l c s VIGLACERA tip tc nghin cu, a ra th
trng nhiu mu sn phm mi c cht lng, a dng v kiu
mu, p ng i hi ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng.
Theo B trng Nguyn Hng Qun, d n Vin Nghin cu VIGLAC-
ERA khng ch c ngha i vi s pht trin ca Tng Cng ty
VIGLACERA m cn c ngha quan trng i vi s pht trin ngnh
Gm, S, Thy tinh, Vt liu chu la Vit Nam. S pht trin v
mt khoa hc, cng ngh ca VIGLACERA s ko theo s pht trin
chung ca ton ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng. Do , VIGLACERA
cn c s phi kt hp vi cc n v sn xut, kinh doanh trong cng
lnh vc thc y s pht trin Ngnh nhanh hn v bn vng.
D n c tng vn u t khong
32,6 t ng, c xy dng trn quy
m rng hn 1ha; Thi gian hon
thnh: 6 thng.
TIN TRONG NGNH
Khi cng xy dng Vin Nghin
cu v Pht trin Viglacera
D kin, nm 2010, nhu cu tiu th xi mng ca c nc s d tha t 1
- 2 triu tn khi nng lc sn xut ca cc nh my xi mng hin c v cc
nh my mi a vo hot ng t n 50 - 51 triu tn xi mng.
Mi y, B Xy dng ngh cc cng ty lin doanh sn xut xi mng
phi hp vi Tng Cng ty Cng nghip Xi mng b tr vn chuyn xi
mng, clinker t khu vc pha Bc vo khu vc min Trung v min Nam
nhm bnh n gi c v nhu cu xy dng trong cc thng cao im
ca ma xy dng.
B Xy dng cng yu cu trong 6 thng cui nm, mi cng ty lin
doanh phi xut khu t 100.000 n 150.000 tn xi mng. Trong nm
2011, phi xut khu 50% sn lng xi mng v t nm 2012 tr i phn
u xut khu 100% sn lng xi mng tnh theo t l quy nh ti giy
php u t.
6 thng cui nm, mi cng ty lin
doanh phi xut khu t 100.000
n 150.000 tn xi mng
1lN 1L| 8 bL llLN
TIN T VIN VLXD
Va qua, Hi ng khoa hc k thut
chuyn ngnh B Xy dng t chc
cuc hp nghim thu kt qu nghin
cu ca ti Nghin cu s dng Pu-
zolan m Giao Ninh Chu c tnh
B Ra Vng Tu lm ph gia khong
cho sn xut xi mng v b tng. y
l ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B
do Th.S Nguyn Mnh Tng Vin Vt
liu xy dng lm ch nhim ti.
Vt liu t nhin Puzolan c dng
lm ph gia cho sn xut xi mng v
ch to b tng t nhng nm 60 ca
th k trc. Nm 2004, B Ti nguyn
& Mi trng cp quyt nh cho php
Cng ty CP Khong sn Minh Tin khai
thc Puzolan bng phng php l
thin thuc khu vc ni Giao Ninh vi
din tch khai thc l 40,1ha, tr lng
khai thc l 15.479.875 tn. khng
nh cht lng puzolan m Giao Ninh,
c c s khoa hc v php l, Cty
Khong sn Minh Tin phi hp vi
Vin VLXD tin hnh kho st, ly mu
v nh gi cht lng m puzolan
Giao Ninh.
Thay mt nhm nghin cu Th.S
Nguyn Mnh Tng trnh by
trc Hi ng cc kt qu ni dung
nghin cu ca nhm ti gm:
Nghin cu cc ti liu a cht, cu
trc khu m Giao Ninh trong bo co
kt qu thm d m cng ty thc
hin t trc; nh gi c tnh k
thut ca puzolan Giao Ninh; xc nh
tnh d nghin ca puzolan Giao
Ninh so vi clinker xi mng; nghin cu
nh hng cc t l s dng puzolan
Giao Ninh n tnh cht ca xi mng
pooclng hn hp, b tng thng v
b tng m ln; xut, kin ngh s
dng hp l ngun lm ph gia
khong cho xi mng v b tng.
Theo nhn xt ca cc chuyn gia
phn bin v cc thnh vin Hi ng,
y l mt ti c thc hin kh
bi bn, c th v t c mc tiu
ra.
Hi ng nht tr thng qua v
nghim thu cc kt qu ca ti,
nh gi ti t loi xut sc.
Nghim thu ti Nghin cu s dng puzolan m Giao
Ninh lm ph gia khong cho sn xut xi mng v b tng
Va qua, cc doanh nghip cng
b kt qu kinh doanh qu II, kt qu
cho thy li nhun ca cc doanh
nghip trong ngnh xi mng qu II
gim mnh so vi cng k nm 2009.
Theo Tng cng ty cng nghip xi mng
Vit Nam (Vicem), Qy II/2010 ni ring
v 6 thng u nm 2010 ni chung, cc
doanh nghip ngnh xi mng i mt
vi nhiu kh khn. C th:
- Qu I/2010, sn phm xi mng tiu
th tng 9,9% so vi cng k nm
2009. Tuy nhin, trong Qu II/2010, do
gi st, gch xy dng tng mnh
trong thng 3 v thng 4 lm cho
nhiu cng trnh gim tin thi cng,
nhu cu xy dng chng li dn ti
vic tiu th xi mng gim.
- Ngun cung xi mng ton x hi tng
khong 40% so vi nhu cu khin th
trng xi mng ngy cng cnh tranh
quyt lit.
- Vic gi cc vt t nhin liu u vo
nh gi than tng 60%, du FO, DO
tng 40%, v bao tng 10%, ht nha
PP tng 18% v giy Kraft tng 12%
cng khin cho li nhun ca cc
doanh nghip xi mng gim ng k
so vi 6 thng u nm 2009.
Chnh nhng kh khn trn nn li
nhun cc doanh nghip ngnh xi
mng qu II/2010 gim mnh so vi
cng k. Nh cc cng ty: Xi mng
Hong Mai: Li nhun qu II/2010 t
27,67 t ng, gim 44,85% so vi mc
50,18 t ng t c vo qu
II/2009; Xi mng Bm Sn: Li nhun
qu II/2010 t 45,06 t ng tng
ng gim 20,39% so vi cng k
nm 2009 mc d doanh thu tng
17,17%; Xi mng Bt Sn: Li nhun
qu II/2010 t 27,52 t ng, gim
35,47% so vi mc 42,64 t ng t
c cng k nm 2009; Xi mng Tam
ip: L 4 t ng trong 6 thng u
nm 2010. K hoch li nhun c nm
2010 ca n v ny l 29 t ng. Xi
mng Sng : Qy II/2010 li nhun
t 272 triu ng, gim 91,04% so vi
cng k nm trc. Xi mng Hong
Thch: Li nhun 6 thng u nm t
201 t ng, ch hon thnh 69% k
hoch nm. Xi mng Hi Phng: t 10
t ng li nhun 6 thng u nm
2010, hon thnh 10% k hoch nm ...
Li nhun doanh nghip ngnh xi mng qu II/2010
gim mnh so vi cng k
1lN 1L| 8 bL llLN
Cc cng ty xi mng hng u th
gii ang tm cch tng u t
thng qua vic mua a s c phn
ca cc cng ty xi mng Thi Lan.
Mt s nh phn tch cho rng,
nguyn nhn chnh l do Thi Lan s
tng mnh u t vo nhng d n
xy dng c s h tng Vit Nam
v Lo.
Th trng xi mng Vit Nam ang
c coi l im hp dn l tng.
c bit l khi Vit Nam tham gia
vo l trnh hi nhp AFTA, th
trng ny s m ca i vi cc
cng ty ca Thi Lan v thu nhp
khu s gim xung cn 5%.
Mt khc, vic y mnh m rng
u t ca cc cng ty ln trn th
gii vo ngnh xi mng Thi Lan s
c li v thu sut u t rt thp.
TIN TH GII
Xi mng th gii s vo Vit Nam qua Thi Lan
Cc nh khoa hc ti trng i hc
Cng ngh Eindhoven H Lan pht
trin mt vt liu lt ng mi c th
n nhim, tr thnh mt cng c ch
yu trong vic ci thin cht lng
khng kh ti cc khu th.
Phng tin giao thng ngy cng cao
(nht l cc thnh ph ln) thi ra
lng ln nitrogen oxides - cht gy ra
ma axt v sng m nh hng n
sc khe con ngi, cht lng sng
cng nh kt cu ca cc cng trnh
xy dng. Nhng vt liu b tng mi
ny c ph cht titanium dioxide c
kh nng kh nitrogen oxides v s
dng nh sng mt tri chuyn n
thnh cht Nitrat v hi, sau b ma
ra tri.
Gio s Jos Brouwers thuc trng i
hc Cng ngh Eindhoven cho bit:
Trong cc th nghim, chng ti nhn
thy lng nitrogen oxides gim i 35-
40% ti cc khu vc c lt b tng
mi. Theo ng Brouwers, tng chi ph lp
t vt liu mi ny d kin s ch t
hn 10% so vi b tng bnh thng.
GN Lucky tng hp
Vt liu xy dng n nhim
Cc nh nghin cu thuc Trng i
hc Bath v Dundee (n ) ang pht
trin loi xi mng thn thin vi mi
trng bng cch s dng cc ph liu
nh v tru.
Nghin cu ny l mt phn ca D n
xc tin gio dc v nghin cu Anh -
n (UKIERI), do Trng i hc Dundee
ch tr, nhm lm gim pht thi
ccbon trong qu trnh sn xut xi
mng, lnh vc ng gp gn 5% trong
tng lng pht thi CO2 trn ton
cu.
Xi mng pooclng (thnh phn chnh
ca btng) c sn xut bng cch
nung vi vi t st nhit cao,
mi tn xi mng c sn xut thi ra
khong 1 tn CO2.
Cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu
gim pht thi ccbon bng cch thay
th mt phn xi mng pooclng bng
cc ph thi nh tro bay t qu trnh
t than, x trong luyn thp v thm
ch l t v tru.
Theo TS Paine, Khoa Kin trc v k
thut cng trnh thuc i hc Bath,
b tng l vt liu c s dng nhiu
th 2 trn th gii (sau nc), v vy
vic pht thi CO2 do sn xut xi mng
lm b tng c th gy ra tc ng ln
i vi bin i kh hu. Hin nay, c
s h tng n ang pht trin
nhanh chng v n l nc sn
xut xi mng ln th 2 trn th gii
(sau Trung Quc). V vy, D n hp tc
vi cc vin nghin cu n ny
ang trin khai cc cng ngh mi ti
nhng nc c nhu cu xi mng ln
nht.
thay th mt phn xi mng
pooclng, cn phi nghin cu mt s
loi xi mng xanh s dng cc ph
thi khc nhau c sn a phng
lm nguyn liu. V d, n , c th
sn xut silic ixt t qu trnh t v
tru trn vo xi mng; nc Anh,
c th dng tro bay c to ra t qu
trnh t than.
TS Newlands thuc Concrete Technol-
ogy Unit Dundee cho bit, quy m
ca vn lin quan n s pht trin
c s h tng n v Anh, vic
cng tc gia mt s vin nghin cu
l cch duy nht t c mc tiu.
n pht trin xi mng xanh t v tru
>TS. uong c ong,
Vcn liung Vcn VIX
NGUN LC TO LN PHT
TRIN NGNH CN SN XUT XI
MNG VIT NAM
Cc ngun lc ch yu phc v cho
ngnh CN sn xut xi mng Vit Nam
kh di do nh: nguyn liu, nhin
liu, nng lng
Nguyn liu chim t l ln nht trong
thnh phn phi liu sn xut clinker
xi mng l vi v st xi mng. Theo
s liu iu tra a cht c cp nht
nm 2008, tng ti nguyn vi lm
nguyn liu cho sn xut xi mng
nc ta khong gn 45 t tn. vi
c phn b cc vng nh sau:
- Vng Trung du min ni pha Bc: Ti
nguyn vi c nh gi
khong 21,87 t tn (chim 48,88%
tng ti nguyn vi c nc), c kh
nng cung cp cho sn xut mt vi
trm triu tn xi mng/nm trong vng
50 nm.
- Vng ng bng sng Hng: Ti
nguyn vi trong vng khong 9,68
t tn (chim 21,64% tng ti nguyn
vi c nc), c kh nng cung cp
cho sn xut khong mt trm triu
tn xi mng/nm trong thi gian 50
nm.
- Vng Bc Trung B v Duyn Hi min
Trung: Ti nguyn vi trong vng
khong 11,35 t tn (chim 25,37%
tng ti nguyn vi c nc) v tp
trung ch yu cc tnh Bc Trung B,
c kh nng cung cp cho sn xut
trn mt trm triu tn xi mng/nm
trong thi gian 50 nm.
- Vng Ty Nguyn: vi Gia Lai vi
tr lng 23,47 triu tn (chim 0,05%
tng ti nguyn vi c nc). Kh
nng khai thc vi ti a trong vng
cho sn xut khong 0,4 triu tn xi
mng trong vng 30 nm.
- Vng ng Nam B: Tr lng vi
Ty Ninh v Bnh Phc khong 568
triu tn (chim 1,27% tng ti nguyn
vi c nc), c kh nng cung cp
vi cho cc nh my xi mng vi
tng cng sut khong 5 6 triu tn
xi mng/nm trong thi gian 50 nm.
- Vng ng bng sng Cu Long:
vi H Tin vi tr lng 575 triu
tn (chim 1,3% tng ti nguyn vi
c nc), c kh nng cung cp vi
cho cc nh my xi mng vi tng
cng sut khong 5 6 triu tn/nm
trong thi gian 50 nm.
Ngoi vi, t st cng l loi
nguyn liu chnh trong sn xut xi
mng, trong thnh phn phi liu, t
st chim t trng khong 20%. Tng
tr lng st xi mng d bo khong
2,923 t tn; trong , tr lng cp A
+ B + C1 l 1,56 t tn.
Cc m st xi mng phn b trn c 8
vng kinh t, song cng nh vi,
cc m st xi mng tp trung ch yu
cc vng Bc Trung B, ng Bc,
ng bng sng Hng v Ty Bc.
Vng Bc Trung B c tr lng d bo
ln nht chim 40,4% v tr lng cc
cp A + B + C1 chim 38%, tip sau l
C hi v thch thc i vi ngnh
cng nghip Xi mng Vit Nam
\N L F0H NA
vng ng Bc c tr lng d bo
chim 33,2% v tr lng cc cp A + B
+ C1 chim 21,6%; vng ng bng
sng Hng c tr lng d bo chim
8,67% v tr lng cc cp A + B + C1
chim 13,5%, vng Ty Bc c tr
lng d bo chim 7,5% v tr lng
cc cp A+B+C1+C2 chim 9,2%.
Cc nguyn liu iu chnh nh
nguyn liu giu silic, nguyn liu giu
st, giu nhm v cc loi ph gia
khong cng kh nhiu v tng i
thun li cho vic khai thc s dng
cho ngnh CN xi mng. Ngoi ra khi
cc ngnh cng nghip khc pht trin
cng to ra nhng ngun ph thi ln
c th s dng lm nguyn liu v ph
gia cho xi mng, v d: tro, x nhit
in, x l cao ht ha, ....
Than nc ta gm nhiu loi, ch
yu l than antraxit c cht lng cao.
Tng tr lng than tnh n nm
2002 l 3,5 t tn. Cc m tp trung
mt s khu vc sau: Qung Ninh - tr
lng khong 3,3 t tn, trong c
195 triu tn l thin; Thi Nguyn - tr
lng thm d 80 triu tn; Na Dng
(Lng Sn) - tr lng 100 triu tn
(than ngn la di dng cho xi mng).
Nc ta cn c khong 0,4 t tn than
bn (tr lng trin vng l 6 t tn
phn b c 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam).
Than bn c cht lng trung bnh
(nhit lng 2.350 3.450 kcal/kg c
th s dng lm phn bn v cht t.
Theo Quyt nh s 89/2008/Q-TTg
ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic Ph
duyt chin lc pht trin ngnh than
Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh hng
n nm 2025 th d kin sn lng
than sch s khai thc vo nm 2010
khong 45 triu tn, nm 2015 khong
60 65 triu tn, nm 2020 khong 70
75 triu tn v nm 2025 khong trn
80 triu tn.
Theo thng k nm 2009, dn s nc
ta l 86,024 triu ngi, ng th 3
khu vc sau Indonesia v Philippines.
Nh vy, c th thy, ngun lao ng
nc ta rt to ln. Phn ln dn c Vit
Nam sng tp trung khu vc ng
bng chu th sng Hng v ng
bng sng Cu Long - chim ti trn
42% dn s c nc. C th thy rng,
ngun cung cp lao ng cho x hi
ch yu vn t hai khu vc ny. Hin
ti, ngun lao ng chim khong
61% tng dn s c nc v c th coi
Vit Nam ang vo thi k dn s
vng. Lc lng lao ng nc ta
hin c nh ga l c tui tr,
vi khong trn 50% tng s ngi c
tui t 15 35.
D bo n nm 2020, dn s trong
tui lao ng s c khong 63,5 triu
ngi, chim khong 64% tng dn s,
cht lng lao ng c nng cao, t
l qua o to tng t 25% nm 2005
ln khong 40% nm 2020. y s l
ngun lc quan trng cho pht trin
kinh t x hi. Mc d cn nhng vn
bt cp v trnh v cp bc k
thut ca ngi lao ng, v tui tc
v s phn b khng ng u gia
cc vng, cc lnh vc kinh t ca i
ng tr thc, song ngun nhn lc
nc ta c nh gi l mt ngun
lc quan trng trong s nghip pht
trin kinh t x hi, y cng l
ngun lao ng b sung to ln cho
ngnh CN xi mng trong giai on ti,
khi m nhu cu u t pht trin ngy
cng tng cao.
TC PHT TRIN MNH, LIN
TC CA NGNH CN XI MNG
VIT NAM HN THP K QUA.
T nm 1990 n nay, tc tiu th
xi mng ca Vit Nam lun tng. Theo
d bo th nhu cu xi mng t nay n
nm 2020 vn tip tc tng, tuy nhin,
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Series1
Series2
Series3
Hnh 1. Nhu cu xi mng Vit Nam.
Hnh 2. Nhp xi mng theo thi gian, giai on1996 - 2008.
1. Series 1 - Sn lng sn xut trong nc
2. Series 2 - Nhu cu xi mng trong nc
3. Series 3 - Lng xi mng nhp khu
\N L F0H NA
tc tng tiu th cc nm sau c
xu hng gim dn. Trn hnh 1 l biu
tiu th xi mng theo thi gian
trong giai on t 1990 n 2009 v d
bo n nm 2020.
Do c ngun lc pht trin v c
mt th trng tiu th tng trng
lin tc nn trong giai on va qua
tc u t pht trin ngnh cng
nghip sn xut xi mng ca ta pht
trin rt mnh, nht l giai on t
2005 n nay.
Mc d vy, lng xi mng cung cp
cho th trng khng sn xut nn
hng nm nc ta vn phi nhp
clinker hoc xi mng t nc ngoi.
Tnh hnh nhp khu xi mng ca nc
ta c th hin trn hnh 2.
n nm 2005 c nc mi u t
c 13 nh my xi mng l quay v
50 nh my xi mng l ng vi tng
cng sut thit k l trn 26 triu tn xi
mng/nm. Trong giai on t nm
2005 n ht nm 2009, c nc
u t thm khong 30 triu tn cng
sut, ngoi ra cc d n ang u t v
s i vo vn hnh nm 2010 c tng
cng sut thit k khong 12 triu
tn/nm. Nh vy giai on 2005 -
2010 tng cng sut u t t
khong 42 triu tn xi mng/nm, gp
42 ln tng cng sut u t t nm
1975 tr v trc v gp 12,7 ln tng
cng sut u t t nm 1990 tr v
trc.
THCH THC I VI S PHT
TRIN NGNH CN SN XUT XI
MNG TRONG GIAI ON TI.
Trong giai on sp ti, vic u t
pht trin ngnh CN sn xut xi mng
s i mt vi nhng thch thc sau:
- Khan him ngun nguyn liu
nhng a bn c thun li v th
trng v ngun nhn lc, nhng khu
vc cn nhiu nguyn liu li gp kh
khn v vn ti v ngun nhn lc: Do
tc u t SX xi mng tng mnh,
nn ngun vi mt s khu vc
c tnh ton ht cho cc d n v
ang xy dng, khng cn c hi
u t cc d n mi. Trong 6 vng
kinh t c 3 vng khng cn vi
cho cc d n mi, l: vng ng
Nam b, ng bng sng Cu Long, v
Ty Nguyn. Ti khu vc ng bng
Sng Hng th vng Hi Dng - Hi
Phng cng khng cn nhiu vi
cho cc d n mi. Ngoi ra mt s
khu vc khc, mc d ngun ti
nguyn cn kh nhiu, nhng li gp
tr ngi v h tng giao thng khng
p ng nhu cu vn ti cho ngnh
xi mng, mi trng b nhim do tp
trung qu nhiu nh my trong mt
a bn hp, v d ti khu vc H Nam,
Ninh Bnh. Ti vng ni pha Bc (ng
Bc v Ty Bc) d ngun nguyn liu
di do nhng c ly vn chuyn nhin
liu n ni sn xut ln, xa th trng
tiu th, kh khn v ngun nhn lc,
nn khi u t pht trin xi mng cng
khng thun li.
- Th trng Vit Nam ang tin dn
n tnh trng cung vt cu: Tnh n
ht nm 2009, tng cng sut u t
cc d n xi mng nc ta t
50,53 triu tn xi mng/nm. D kin
nm 2010, s c 12 d n i vo khai
thc vi cng sut thit k khong 12
triu tn/nm, a tng cng sut
thit k vo cui nm 2010 ln khong
trn 62 triu tn. Hin nay, cn rt
nhiu d n u t xi mng ang c
chun b. Nu tt c cc d n c
chp thun trong quy hoch pht trin
ngnh CN xi mng Vit Nam n nm
2010 nh hng n nm 2020 (quyt
nh s 108/2005/Q-TTg ca Th
tng Chnh Ph v cc vn bn b
sung) u c trin khai xy dng th
tng cng sut thit k cc nh my xi
mng Vit Nam ln ti trn 120 triu
tn xi mng/nm. Tuy nhin, cho n
nay vn cn cc d n ang c
ngh a vo quy hoch pht trin xi
mng Vit Nam n nm 2020 nh
hng n nm 2030. Theo tnh ton
ca Vin Vt liu xy dng, nhu cu xi
mng ca nc ta vo nm 2020 ch
khong xp x 100 triu tn/nm. Vi
tc u t nh hin nay, nm 2010
sn lng xi mng sn xut trong nc
p ng nhu cu v sau s l
tnh trng cung vt cu. y l mt
thch thc khng nh i vi ngnh
CN xi mng.
- Mc d ngnh CN xi mng Vit Nam
hin nay ang pht trin vi tc
cao, nhng cht lng pht trin cha
cao, c th hin mt s vn sau:
Nhiu d n u t thiu ng b, cht
lng thit b, nht l cc thit b kim
tra gim st qu trnh sn xut cn
thp; cht lng xi mng cha n nh;
cc chi ph nguyn liu, nng lng,
nhn cng cho sn xut cn ln; mi
trng sn xut nhiu nh my cha
c m bo; cng ngh khai thc v
hon nguyn m nguyn liu cn
trnh thp. Nhng c im ny lm
cho tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm xi
mng Vit - Kh nng t ch trong vic
ch to thit b ph tng thay th cn
yu. Mc d trong thi gian gn y
ngnh c kh trong nc lm c
mt s vic nh: gia cng ch to c
mt s b phn thit b nh v l
nung, preheater, v cooler, lc
bi,...nhng v c bn vn phi nhp
thit b t nc ngoi. Phn gia cng
t lm c trong nc cng l nhn
thu li ca nc ngoi trn c s bn
v thit k ch to ca nc ngoi.
Thng k cho thy, chi ph cho thit b
ph tng thay th cho mi tn cng
sut khong 2,0 - 2,5 USD/nm. Hin
nay thit b ph tng thay th cng
phi nhp ca nc ngoi l chnh.
Nh vy, ngun ngoi t cho nhp
khu thit b cng ngh v ph tng
thay th hng nm cng kh ln.
- Vic tn dng nhit kh thi pht
\N L F0H NA
in v ti s dng ph thi ca cc
ngnh khc lm nguyn, nhin liu
cho ngnh xi mng nc ta cn rt t.
Trong khi cc nc trong khu vc, vic
lm ny ang c xc tin mnh m
v mang li hiu qu kinh t - mi
trng cho t nc h. Trn thc t,
lng nhit thi ca 1 tn clinker xi
mng c th s dng pht c 32 -
36 kwh in, tc l p ng c 1/3
nhu cu in nng cho sn xut 1 tn
xi mng.
- Nguy c b xi mng nc ngoi cnh
tranh ngay trn th trng nh l
khng trnh khi. Trung Quc c tng
cng sut thit k cc nh my xi mng
rt ln, trn 1,6 t tn/nm. Hng nm
Trung Quc xut khu khong trn
di 50 triu tn xi mng. Thi Lan
cng l mt nc c nhu cu xi mng
ni a ch bng khong 50 - 60% nng
lc sn xut. Hai nc ny u st
Vit Nam nn nguy c b cnh tranh
trn "sn nh" ca xi mng Vit Nam l
hin thc.
- Vit Nam cha c kinh nghim xut
khu xi mng. Trong khi , vi cc
nc xung quanh Vit Nam, vic xut,
nhp khu xi mng c h thc hin
rt thnh tho v thng xuyn. V d:
T nm 2006 n nay bnh qun xut
khu ca Indonesia khong gn 4 triu
tn xi mng/nm; Malaysia xut
khong gn 4 triu tn xi mng v
clanhke/nm; Philippin xut khu
khong 1,5 triu tn xi mng/nm; Thi
Lan xut khu gn 5 triu tn xi
mng/nm; Nht Bn xut khu
khong 10 triu tn/nm. Ngoi vic
cha quen th trng ngoi nc, cc
iu kin phc v cho xut khu xi
mng ca Vit Nam cng cn rt hn
ch, v d: tu bin chuyn dng, cng
chuyn dng, ng t nh my ra
cng, h thng trung chuyn,....
C th ni sau hn mt 100 nm pht
trin, ngnh CN xi mng Vit Nam
c bc trng thnh vt bc. c
bit, trong vng 20 nm tr li y.
Ngnh CN xi mng v ang tng
bc hin i ha, hon thnh c
nhim v cung cp xi mng phc
v cho cng cuc Cng nghip ha -
Hin i ho ca t nc. Tuy nhin,
bn cnh nhng c hi pht trin
mnh m, hin nay ngnh CN xi mng
Vit Nam ang phi ng u vi
nhng thch thc khng nh. Mun
tip tc pht trin ngnh bn vng,
cc doanh nghip sn xut, cc nh
u t cn phi nhn nhn y
nhng thun li v kh khn chung
ca ngnh cng nh th mnh - yu
ca n v mnh la chn cc gii
php ph hp nht t khu u t d
n n qun l vn hnh v cng tc
th trng.
\N L F0H NA
>Nguycn KIn
(cn dcL l Ccmncl.Com)
T
heo s liu mi nht ca
ngnh xi mng, trong cc
thng u nm 2010 nhu cu
trn th trng ca cc nc
pht trin c du hiu ci thin, t ti
mc cao nht M. Hin nay, Brazil,
Nga v Trung Quc u t mc tng
hai con s.
Theo Cng ty Kho st a cht M,
tng cc chuyn hng ch xi mng
pooc lng v xi mng hn hp M v
Puerto Rico trong thng 4/2010 t
mc tng 8,7% so vi cng k nm
2009. y l thng th hai c s tng
nhu cu so vi cng k nm trc, sau
45 thng gim st lin tc k t thng
5/2006 n thng 2/2010.
Tiu th xi mng tng ln trn hu ht
cc khu vc Ty u. Trong thng
4/2010, tiu th VQ Anh tng ln so
vi cc thng trc, tng (+7%) trong
thng th ba lin tip. c tiu th
trong nc t 2,22 triu tn trong
thng 3 va qua, tng 0,5% so vi 2,14
triu tn t c trong thng 5/2009.
Tuy nhin, tng tiu th xi mng trong
giai on t thng 1 n thng 5/2010
vn gim i khong 6,29%. Ty Ban
nha, lng tiu th trong nc tip tc
gim trong 5 thng u nm nay
khong 17% tng ng 9,3 triu tn
so vi giai on ny ca nm trc. S
st gim ny c b p tng phn
bi lng xi mng xut khu t mc
tng cao hn. Trong giai on thng 1 -
thng 5/2010, Ty ban nha xut khu
c 1,5 triu tn, mang li mc tng
2% so vi 5 thng u nm 2009.
ng u a ra cc kt qu tng gim
tiu th xi mng tht thng trong 2
thng trc: Nga tng trng (+15%)
trong thng 4/2010, cao hn 8% so vi
mc thng 3; Ucraina st gim (- 4%)
so vi thng cng k nm trc. Theo
phn tch ca Jeferies International,
ni bt trong thng gn y nht ch
c Nga t mc tng (+4%) cn
Ucraina gim (-17%) v Ba Lan gim (-
3%). Trong thng 5, Ba Lan ln th 5 st
gim tiu th trong vng 6 thng (-
9%). Nc ny chu nhiu nh hng
do thi tit xu hi u nm, nhng
theo d bo tiu th s phc hi trong
qu II/2010, nh cc d n lin quan
n gii bng Euro 2012, nhu cu xi
mng c nm ca nc ny d kin s
tng ln 6%.
Theo bo co ca Phng u t ton
cu (GIH), trong cc quc gia thuc U
ban Hp tc vng Vnh (GCC): Cc Tiu
vng quc A rp thng nht tip tc
st gim tiu th. Nguyn nhn st
gim l do cc d n xy dng b dng
li, do cuc chin gi c v cc vn
gim kh gas. Hiu qu hot ng ca
cc nh sn xut xi mng trong qu
I/2010 l ti t nht cha tng thy
Cc Tiu vng quc A rp thng nht.
Ti -rp X-t nhu cu trong nc
tng mnh nay tip tc gim nh do
tc ng ca cung d tha. Hng xut
trong nc tng ln 22,7% trong qu
I/2010, tng ng 10,99 triu tn, so
vi 8,96 triu tn t c trong qu
I/2009, phn nh kt qu ca gii php
kch cu ca Chnh ph. Quatar hin
ang duy tr sn lng v duy tr mc
chnh lch ngun cung 1 - 1,5 triu
tn/nm, s tip tc mang li li nhun
cho cc nh u c xi mng trong
Tnh hnh tiu th xi mng ton cu
\N L F0H NA
nc. Theo GIH, sn lng xi mng
Quatar t mc cao nht 6,2 triu
tn/nm.
Theo Jeferies International, Chu v
chu Phi c mc tng trng thng
hu khp cc quc gia. Mc tng tiu
th ngon mc nht Trung Quc t
(+17%), Hn Quc tiu th trong
thng 4 tng 7% v mc st gim sn
lng khng ng k trong c nc(-
0,8%). Mc d c bo ng chnh tr
din ra th , Thi Lan vn t mc
tng tiu th lin tc ln th 11 hi
thng 4/2010 t (+10%). Mc tng
mnh t c Indonesia (+23%),
tng nh Ai cp (+1%), nhu cu xi
mng Philipine tng ln 15,7% trong
qu I/2010 lin quan ti bu c v hot
ng xy dng tng cao hn do khc
phc hu qu ca cc trn bo.
Theo tp ch ICR, Brazil l th trng xi
mng ln nht Nam M, duy tr
c mc tiu th tch lu tng trong
giai on t thng 6/2009 n thng
5/2010, t 54,5 triu tn, tng 6,5% so
vi giai on ny nm trc. Trong 5
thng u nm 2010, doanh s tiu
th xi mng ca nc ny tng ln
16,4%, tng ng vi 23 triu tn.
Trong thng 5/2010, trn khp
Achentina, tiu th xi mng(bao gm
c xut khu) t 794.639 tn, gim
6,2% so vi thng trc , nhng li
tng 8% so vi thng 5/2009.
\N L F0H NA
Phi t mnh vt qua nhng kh khn, tr ngi, bn mi c
tip thm sc mnh v ngh lc.
(Maxwell Winston Stone)
Ngh thut sng khng phi bn tm cch chi b kh khn
m l vic bn hc cch trng thnh t nhng kh khn .
(maxwell winston stone)
NG NGN CUC SNG
Mt ngi n ng ang i do trong khu rng vng
bng b mt con gu hung d dt ui. ng lin chy mt
mch v pha trc nhng phi dng li khi gp vch ngay
sn ni. Thy khng cn cch no khc, ng quyt nh nh
liu nhy xung hm ni pha di. May mn thay, ng kp
trng thy mt cy nho ngay b vch di ng leo
xung t. ng vi chy n v cn thn bm cnh nho leo
xung. Leo c na ng, ng nhn xung th thy mt con
gu khc ang ch ng di t. Ngc nhn ln ng li thy
hai con chut ang gm dn cnh nho ng ang bm vo.
Trong lc bc bi tm cch thot thn th ng pht hin mt cy
du mc thng ng b ang chu nng nhng qu du
to trn v mng. ng lin hi mgay mt tri n v nhn
thy rng y l loi du ngon nht m ng tng c thng
thc.
Cuc sng cng nh cu chuyn ng ngn trn: lun c mt
con gu ui theo sau lng v mt con gu cn li i pha trc
bn; ri thnh thong bn cng gp phi nhng ch chut
ng ght c mun ph bnh soi dy an ton m bn ang niu
gi. Nhng bt k tt c, nhng tri du ngt lnh nht vn s
ch bn trn sut hnh trnh, ch cn bn bit tin v tht s
sng vi nim tin ca mnh.
ST
DANH NGN
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
1. M U
Vt liu a cu t tri qua vi th k vi ng dng a
dng trong cng trnh xy dng dn dng. Cc vt liu c
tnh nng k thut c bit c ch to t cc vt liu a
cu t nh: Vt liu ch to my bay, vt liu lm ng, xi
mng b tng, thp. Xi mng a cu t c ch to theo s
phn loi xi mng nh hnh di y.
Xi mng c phn loi theo tiu chun Vit Nam gm:
- Xi mng pooc lng l xi mng c ch to t clinker xi
mng v thch cao, quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN 2682.
- Xi mng pooc lng hn hp l xi mng c ch to t
clinker xi mng pooc lng hn hp vi 40% ph gia, quy
nh trong tiu chun TCVN 6260.
- Xi mng x l xi mng c ch to t clinker xi mng pooc
lng vi hm lng x t 40 - 70% trong thnh phn xi mng,
quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN 4316.
Ngnh cng nghip luyn gang thp v ngnh cng nghip
nhit in pht trin to ra trong x hi nhng sn phm
xy dng mi nh: xi mng x, xi mng tro bay, b tng tro
bay...
X l cao l sn phm ph ca cng nghip luyn gang thp,
nhng n c vai tr quan trng trong vic ch to sn phm
t xi mng c tnh nng c bit nh: Xi mng bn trong mi
trng xm thc, xi mng chu axit yu, xi mng chu nhit
v nhiu tnh nng khc m xi mng c ch to t clinker
xi mng thng thng khng c.
Tro bay nhit in l sn phm ph ca nh my pht in,
nhng n ng gp khng nh vo cng cuc ch to sn
phm mi tnh nng u vit nh: Ph gia cho b tng dng
trong p thy in, b tng khi ln. Ngy nay ngi ta
dng tro bay kt hp vi mt s nguyn liu khc ch to h
xi mng geopolymer trn c s lin kt Al-O-Si.
Cu trc xi mng thng thng c lin kt bi h Ca-Si,
Ca-Al khng bn di tc ng ca mi trng xm thc,
cc lin kt ny lun b tc ng bi ion SO4
2-
, CO3
2-
trong
mi trng to thnh cc dng ca mui lm tng th tch
ca khi va hoc b ra tri, ha tan vo mi trng. Theo
Yoshida (2003) a ra s tc ng ca mi trng sun
pht, ccbonat ti mi trng thy ha ca xi mng to
thnh cc dng sau:
Cc dng tn cng sunphat trn th hin rt r trong xi
mng thng thng bng phng php xc nh n ca
mu xi mng trong mi trng sun pht v s suy gim
cng ca mu theo thi gian.
Cc mu xi mng a cu t th hin tnh bn chc di tc
ng ca mi trng xm thc c chng minh bng kt
Nghin cu mt s tnh cht
ca Xi mng a cu t
>TS uong c ong >ThS uu Th] Hng
Vcn Vl lcu xy dung
Xi mng a cu t, ch to clinker xi mng pooc lng vi hm lng <30% vi
ph gia l hn hp ca x l cao, tro bay v vi c nghin cu cc tnh cht
c l v bn trong mi trng xm thc. Cc kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng
xi mng a cu t th hin tnh nng u vit hn h xi mng thng thng di
tc ng ca mi trng xm thc. iu ny m ra kh nng ch to chng loi
xi mng s dng trong cc cng trnh chu tc ng xm thc cao.
Xi mng a cu t c kh nng bn vng trong mi trng xm thc.
TCVN4316 (xi mng x)
qu nghin cu di y.
2. VT LIU V CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Phng php nghin cu s dng l phng php tiu
chun v phi tiu chun.
2.1.1. Phng php tiu chun
- TCVN 141:1998 Xi mng - Phng php phn tch ho hc
- TCVN 4030:2001 Xi mng - Phng php xc nh mn
- TCVN 7713:2007 - Xi mng - Phng php xc nh thay
i chiu di thanh va trong dung dch sunphat.
- TCVN 6016:1995 - Xi mng - phng php xc nh cng
.
2.1.2. Phng php phi tiu chun
- Phng php nhiu x tia X - Xc nh thnh phn
khong.
- Phng php phn tch SEM Xc nh cu trc khong
- Phng php xc nh suy gim cng mu xi mng
trong dung dch sun pht. Mu xi mng c ch to theo
t l nc / xi mng = 0,5; t l xi mng/ ct = 0,33. Cc mu
sau khi bo dng m 24 gi c ngm trong 3 mi
trng:
+ Mi trng nc
+ Mi trng cha dung dch 5% Na2SO4
+ Mi trng nc bin nhn to vi nng gp 10 ln
thnh phn nc bin Vng Tu - Vit Nam.
2.2. VT LIU S DNG TRONG NGHIN CU
2.2.1. Clinker xi mng
- Clinker xi mng c s dng trong nghin cu l clinker xi
mng Nghi Sn. Xi mng c ch to bng cch nghin
clinker xi mng vi thch cao n mn 3100 cm
2
/g (Xc
nh theo phng php blaine). Thnh phn clinker xi mng
c trnh by trong bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn vt liu s
dng trong nghin cu
2.2.2. vi
vi c thnh phn ha hc th hin trong bng 2.1.
vi c nghin n mn 4500 cm
2
/g.
2.2.3. Tro bay Ph Li
Tro bay tuyn c thnh phn ha hc th hin trong bng
2.1 v thnh phn khong vt, c ht th hin trong hnh 2.1
v hnh 2.2.
L
i
n

(
C
p
s
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2-Theta - Scale
5 10 20 30 40 50
d
=
5
.3
9
7
6
7
d
=
4
.
2
6
8
1
0
d
=
3
.3
9
9
6
2
d
=
3
.
3
5
1
0
8
d
=
2
.8
8
6
7
8
d
=
2
.
6
9
9
5
3
d
=
2
.5
4
8
1
1
d
=
2
.2
9
6
6
2
d
=
2
.2
0
9
4
7
d
=
2
.1
2
1
5
9
d
=
1
.8
4
5
3
5
d
=
1
.8
2
0
4
7
d
=
1
.
7
0
4
1
2
Hnh 2.1: Biu phn b c ht tro bay.
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
- Dng ettringite
Ca(OH)2; SO4
2-
; H2O
Monosulphate (C-A-H) --------------------------> CA.3CaSO4.31H2O (ettringite)

- Dng thch cao
SO4
2-
; H2O
Ca(OH)2 -------------------> CaSO4.2H2O
- Dng thaumasite
SO4
2-
; CO3
2-
; H2O
C-S-H -----------------------> CaSiO3. CaCO3. CaSO4.2H2O
(thaumasite)
- Tinh th mui
SO4
2-
; H2O
Na2SO4 -------------------> Na2SO4.10H2O
Tn mu Thnh phn ho hc, %
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 R2O MKN
vi 0,77 0,39 0,27 53,82 0,80 0,00 0,00 43,08
Tro bay Ph Li 55,14 26,63 6,86 0,60 0,97 0,05 3,08 0,94
X l cao 32,05 14,28 0,22 42,98 7,66 1,47 0,45 -
Thch cao 2,00 0,36 0,05 32,16 0,50 42,60 0,03 21,84
Clinker XM 22,09 5,10 3,51 63,64 1,90 0,19 0,82 1,81
Hnh 2.2: Thnh phn khong vt tro bay
Thnh phn khong vt ca tro bay ch yu cha pha v
nh hnh, ngoi ra cn xut hin mt vi pha tinh th dng
quatz. Thnh phn c ht ch yu t 20 n 40 m.
2.2.4. X l cao
X l cao c thnh phn ha hc th hin trong bng 1, thnh
phn khong vt v c ht th hin trong hnh 2.3 ; 2.4.
Thnh phn khong vt x l cao ch yu l pha v nh
hnh. Thnh phn phn b c ht nm trong di ch yu t
10 n 40 m.
2.3. CH TO MU XI MNG
Mu xi mng a cu t c ch to trn c s h xi mng- x
- puzolan- vi theo t l cp phi th hin trong bng 2. 2.
3. KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1. TNH CHT C L CA XI MNG
Xi mng a cu t c ch to trn c s h cp phi trn
v c xc nh tnh cht c l th hin trong bng 3.1.
Ta c th v th th hin mi lin h gia hm lng x l
cao, tro bay, vi v n tnh cht c l ca xi mng theo
bng 3.1 nh sau:
Nhn xt tnh cht ca xi mng a cu t theo bng 3.1 v
hnh 3.1 n 3.6:
- Thi gian ng kt ca xi mng a cu t:
Theo chiu tng dn ca hm lng tro bay (hnh 3.1), vi
(hnh 3.3) v x l cao trong xi mng (hnh 3.5) lng nc
tiu chun gn nh khng thay i so vi mu xi mng OPC.
Thi gian bt u v kt thc ng kt tng dn khi tng
hm lng tro bay v vi. Nhng thi gian bt u ng
kt v kt thc ng kt ca h xi mng gim khi tng hm
lng x l cao.
Theo nghin cu [3] cho xi mng x l cao, khi hm lng x
L
in

(
C
p
s
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
2-Theta - Scale
5 10 20 30 40 50
d
=
9
.3
4
9
7
3
d
=
2
.1
8
1
7
4
d
=
2
.8
9
4
5
0
d
=
1
3
.8
2
4
8
5
Hnh 2.3: Biu phn b c ht x l cao
Hnh 2.4: Thnh phn khong vt x l cao
BTT
K hiu
mu
T l cp phi
Clanhke xm X l cao Tro bay vi SO3
1 M1 28.5 66.5 0 5 3.5
2 M2 25.5 59.5 10 5 3.5
3 M3 22.5 52.5 20 5 3.5
4 M4 19.5 45.5 30 5 3.5
5 M5 28.5 66.5 0 5 4.0
6 M6 25.5 59.5 10 5 4.0
7 M7 22.5 52.5 20 5 4.0
8 M8 19.5 45.5 30 5 4.0
9 M9 28.5 66.5 0 5 4.5
10 M10 25.5 59.5 10 5 4.5
11 M11 22.5 52.5 20 5 4.5
12 M12 19.5 45.5 30 5 4.5
13 M13 28.5 66.5 0 5 5.0
14 M14 25.5 59.5 10 5 5.0
15 M15 22.5 52.5 20 5 5.0
16 M16 19.5 45.5 30 5 5.0
17 M17 27 63 0 10 3.5
18 M18 24 56 10 10 3.5
19 M19 21 49 20 10 3.5
20 M20 18 42 30 10 3.5
21 M21 27 63 0 10 4.0
22 M22 24 56 10 10 4.0
23 M23 21 49 20 10 4.0
24 M24 18 42 30 10 4.0
25 M25 27 63 0 10 4.5
26 M26 24 56 10 10 4.5
27 M27 21 49 20 10 4.5
28 M28 18 42 30 10 4.5
29 M29 27 63 0 10
30 M30 24 56 10 10 5.0
31 M31 21 49 20 10 5.0
32 M32 18 42 30 10 5.0
33 M0 100 - - - 3,5
Bng 2.2. T l cp phi v k hiu mu xi mng a cu t
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
tng th thi gian bt u ng kt v kt thc ng kt
tng. i vi xi mng a cu t theo quy lut ngc li,
ngha l trong cc cu t c s tc dng tng h vi nhau.
- Cng ca xi mng a cu t:
Theo chiu tng dn hm lng tro bay (hnh 3.2) v vi
(hnh 3.4) cng xi mng a cu t gim dn, nhng khi
hm lng x tng (hnh 3.6) cng tng dn. Nghin cu
ny ph hp vi nghin cu [5] cho xi mng x l cao.
Bng 3.1. Tnh cht c l xi mng a cu t
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
Hnh 3.1. Mi quan h gia tro bay v thi gian ng kt Hnh 3.2. Mi quan h gia tro bay v cng
N0 K hiu mu Nc,%
Thi gian ng kt Cng un , MPa Cng nn, MPa
Bt u,
pht
Kt thc,
pht
R3 R28 R3 R28
1 M1 26,6 80 180 5.92 11.90 18.69 37.89
2 M2 26.0 75 175 5.73 11.25 17.65 35.96
3 M3 27.1 85 200 4.88 11.04 17.20 34.04
4 M4 26.6 75 210 5.28 10.14 16.47 32.66
5 M5 26.3 85 190 6.57 11.99 18.80 38.56
6 M6 27.5 75 180 6.09 11.98 17.74 37.21
7 M7 27.1 85 205 6.30 10.86 17.62 34.61
8 M8 27.6 75 215 6.13 10.48 16.59 32.65
9 M9 26.3 95 210 6.83 11.68 17.64 36.09
10 M10 27.3 95 205 6.79 11.59 17.35 33.62
11 M11 27.3 100 225 5.44 12.08 16.92 32.88
12 M12 27.6 90 230 5.34 10.79 16.18 32.47
13 M13 26.6 90 215 6.50 12.14 17.42 37.49
14 M14 27.1 80 205 5.63 11.95 17.15 35.07
15 M15 27.3 90 215 5.30 10.63 16.56 32.95
16 M16 26.6 85 225 4.98 10.30 15.21 32.14
17 M17 26.6 70 160 5.31 10.83 17.56 37.69
18 M18 26.6 115 190 4.85 10.68 16.29 33.92
19 M19 26.6 120 210 5.21 10.49 15.21 31.53
20 M20 26.8 115 235 5.02 9.56 13.52 27.90
21 M21 26.3 80 160 5.91 11.13 18.49 39.61
22 M22 27.0 115 200 5.50 10.68 16.12 34.37
23 M23 27.0 130 225 5.27 10.16 15.58 32.74
24 M24 27.0 125 240 4.71 10.03 14.42 30.39
25 M25 26.0 85 170 6.40 11.37 19.18 40.32
26 M26 27.0 125 225 5.70 11.45 17.56 35.37
27 M27 27.1 135 250 5.11 10.63 16.26 33.58
28 M28 27.1 130 250 4.82 10.26 15.30 30.21
29 M29 26.3 75 175 5.28 11.37 17.01 38.41
30 M30 27.1 130 235 4.63 11.05 16.17 33.61
31 M31 27.0 145 255 4.50 10.16 13.97 29.60
32 M32 27.0 140 250 4.02 10.32 13.64 27.12
33 M0 26.8 135 225 5.99 10.77 26.79 51.89
Cc kt qu nghin cu tnh cht c l ca xi mng a cu t
trn cha th hin r nt v kh nng c bit ca loi xi
mng ny. Kt qu nghin cu cc tnh cht bn lu ca xi
mng a cu t trong mi trng xm thc c th hin
trong bng 3.2.
Kt qu nghin cu tnh bn lu ca mu xi mng a cu t
trong mi trng xm thc th hin trong bng 3.2 v hnh
3.7 n hnh 3.19 cho ta nhn xt sau:
- n autoclave: Hu ht cc mu xi mng u c n
autoclave thp hn tiu chun quy nh ( <0,8%). Trn hnh
3.7 th hin khi hm lng tro bay tng n autoclave
tng. Do trong tro bay c cha hm lng SiO2 dng tinh th
mt phn s phn ng vi Na2O trong xi mng, di tc
ng ca nhit v p sut cao gy ra hin tng n kim
- silic [4]
- n trong mi trng nc tui 28 ngy: n 28
ngy tng khi tng hm lng SO3 , tro bay v x l cao trong
xi mng (th hin trn hnh 3.7; 3.10 ; 3.19). Do trong thnh
phn ca SO3, tro bay v x l cao c cc phn t khi tham
gia phn ng lm tng th tch khi va. Tuy nhin, n 28
ngy gim khi tng hm lng vi (hnh 3.13), l do vi
gn nh ng vai tr ph gia in y cu trc, v vy khi
hm lng vi tng lm gim cc thnh phn tham gia
gy n th tch dn n n 28 ngy gim.
- n sun pht tui 6 thng: i vi mu xi mng OPC
n trong mi trng sun pht vt qu tiu chun cho php
(bng 3.2) ( < 0,1% tui 6 thng xi mng bn sun pht
trung bnh). Tuy nhin cc mu xi mng a cu t c n
sun pht tui 6 thng rt nh, c nhng mu c n sun
pht m (bng 3.2). Theo chiu tng hm lng tro bay v
vi n sun pht gim dn (hnh 3.7; 3.13) . n sun pht
tng khi tng hm lng x l cao (hnh 3.10). Do trong
Hnh 3.3. Mi quan h gia vi v thi gian ng kt Hnh 3.4.. Mi quan h gia vi v cng
Hnh 3.5. Mi quan h gia x l cao v thi gian ng kt Hnh 3.6. Mi quan h gia x l cao v cng
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
Cc kt qu nghin cu c th hin trong biu mi quan h gia hm lng x, tro bay v vi vo tnh cht ca xi
mng nh sau:
Hnh 3.7. Mi quan h gia tro bay v n Hnh 3.8. Mi quan h gia tro bay v cng un
Table 3.2. n v cng ca mu xi mng tui 6 thng
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
TT
K hiu
mu
n au-
toclave(A
STM
C151)
n
trong mi
trng
sunphats
tui 6
thng
(ASTM
C1012)
n
trong mi
trng
nc
tui 28
ngy
(ASTM
C1038)
Cng 6 thng
trong mi trng
nc, MPa
Cng 6 thng
trong dung dch
Na2SO4 (5%), MPa
Cng trong mi
trng nc bin
nhn to , MPa
H s cng
trong dung dch
Na2SO4, %
H s cng
trong mi trng
nc bin, %
Cng
un.
(Ru6)
Cng
nn.
(Rn6)
Cng
un.
(Ru6)
Cng
nn.
(Rn6)
Cng
un .
(Ru6)
Cng
nn.
(Rn6)
CuS CuS CuS CuS
1 M1 -0,0106 0.0272 0,001 13.71 45.93 14.41 43.53 17.38 40.60 105.13 94.77 126.72 88.41
2 M2 0.036 -0.0044 0.0272 12.56 42.68 12.89 41.50 16.48 38.47 102.64 97.25 131.20 90.15
3 M3 0.029 -0.0048 0.0216 11.41 39.45 13.36 38.68 14.92 37.53 117.04 98.04 130.70 95.13
4 M4 0.0324 -0.012 0.0211 10.97 35.48 12.89 32.00 15.36 34.50 117.52 90.20 140.06 97.24
5 M5 -0.0129 0.0296 0.0022 12.40 45.37 14.06 42.43 16.71 42.49 113.42 93.52 134.75 93.65
6 M6 0.016 -0.0032 0.0208 12.19 38.30 14.65 36.93 13.80 38.84 120.19 96.41 113.27 101.40
7 M7 0.0116 -0.004 0.0210 10.64 37.58 13.36 35.90 13.58 37.44 125.55 95.54 127.64 99.65
8 M8 0.0172 -0.01 0.0211 10.20 32.55 12.42 33.50 12.69 34.02 121.84 102.92 124.48 104.51
9 M9 -0.0132 0.0292 0.0044 12.54 44.63 14.44 41.60 17.15 44.09 115.14 93.22 136.76 98.81
10 M10 0.0165 -0.0044 0.0251 13.01 41.10 14.60 38.75 14.25 40.15 112.25 94.28 109.55 97.69
11 M11 0.0112 -0.0068 0.0216 12.78 39.60 13.25 37.20 14.68 38.44 103.67 93.94 114.89 97.08
12 M12 0.0132 -0.0084 0.0219 11.46 33.98 12.19 36.75 15.14 35.83 106.34 108.17 132.11 105.46
13 M13 -0.0152 0.022 0.0059 12.89 45.07 14.81 41.70 18.04 43.76 114.91 92.52 139.91 97.09
14 M14 0.0124 - 0.004 0.0249 11.39 39.63 14.55 40.87 14.92 41.23 127.78 103.14 130.97 104.05
15 M15 0.012 -0.006 0.0235 11.33 37.70 14.30 38.53 14.58 38.67 126.21 102.19 128.74 102.57
16 M16 0.004 -0.0072 0.0225 10.64 35.30 12.48 36.08 13.92 37.33 117.33 102.20 130.78 105.75
17 M17 -0.0102 0.0112 0.0043 12.89 44.35 15.12 41.20 16.49 34.97 117.27 92.90 127.91 78.85
18 M18 0.0042 - 0.002 0.0192 11.82 37.38 14.53 36.95 14.92 39.45 122.89 98.86 126.15 105.55
19 M19 0.0038 - 0.0052 0.0187 10.57 35.55 13.83 36.05 14.03 37.80 130.82 101.41 132.71 106.32
20 M20 0.0045 -0.0104 0.0178 10.78 32.50 12.66 34.10 14.36 34.91 117.39 104.92 133.21 107.42
21 M21 -0.0109 0.0284 0.0040 13.59 46.55 15.70 44.05 17.03 37.84 115.52 94.63 125.30 81.29
22 M22 0.0054 -0.0056 0.019 13.03 40.40 13.83 39.20 15.92 37.47 106.12 97.03 122.17 92.74
23 M23 0.0056 - 0.008 0.0168 11.32 35.43 13.69 34.75 14.70 34.78 120.87 98.09 129.77 98.18
24 M24 0.026 -0.0152 0.0173 10.21 31.60 12.89 31.93 14.47 33.02 126.29 101.03 141.79 104.49
25 M25 -0.0112 0.022 -0.0020 13.71 47.63 15.13 44.13 17.03 38.94 110.37 92.66 124.23 81.76
26 M26 0.005 -0.0076 0.0188 12.79 38.60 16.05 37.30 16.48 39.79 125.57 96.63 128.87 103.08
27 M27 0.004 - 0.0108 0.0187 11.53 38.08 14.77 37.98 16.14 37.84 128.05 99.74 139.99 99.38
28 M28 0.003 - 0.0112 0.0179 10.16 32.85 12.19 35.43 13.80 35.55 119.95 107.84 135.87 108.20
29 M29 -0.0136 0.0288 -0.0013 14.88 48.50 15.09 45.35 15.59 39.64 101.42 93.51 104.72 81.72
30 M30 0.0088 0.028 0.0178 13.72 41.13 15.70 40.30 15.25 42.19 114.43 97.99 111.14 102.58
31 M31 0.009 0.0296 0.0155 12.26 39.28 14.06 37.60 15.25 40.67 114.72 95.74 124.43 103.55
32 M32 0.007 0.0248 0.009 11.33 35.00 11.48 35.68 13.36 34.55 115.29 101.93 134.12 98.72
33 M0 0.05 0.664 0.0128 9.96 59.95 9.77 48.30 9.46 43.00 86.21 80.57 83.53 71.73
Na2SO4
Hnh 3.9. Mi quan h gia tro bay v cng nn Hnh 3.10. Mi quan h gia x l cao v n
Hnh 3.13. Mi quan h gia vi v n Hnh 3.14. Mi quan h gia vi v cng un
Hnh 3.11. Mi quan h gia x l cao v cng un Hnh 3.12. Mi quan h gia x l cao v cng nn
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
Na2SO4 Na2SO4
Na2SO4
Na2SO4
thnh phn x l cao c hm lng Al2O3 hot tnh s phn
ng vi cc nhn t sun pht tui di ngy.
- Cng trong mi trng sunphat v nc bin:
Cng un trong mi trng Na2SO4 v nc bin tui
6 thng ln hn mi trng nc i vi hu ht cc t l
tro bay , x l cao, vi (hnh 3.8; 3.11; 3.14). Cng un
trong 3 mi trng gim dn khi tng hm lng tro bay v
vi (hnh 3.8; 3.14). Tuy nhin khi tng hm lng x l
cao cng un trong 3 mi trng tng (hnh 3.11).
Khi tng hm lng tro bay v x l cao cng nn trong
mi trng xm thc tng. (hnh 3.9; 3.12). Cng trong
mi trng xm thc gim khi vi tng.
Mi quan h r nht ca tng cng cc mu xi mng
trong mi trng xm thc c th hin trong hnh 3.16
Hnh 3.15. Mi quan h gia vi v cng nn Hnh 3.16. Mi quan h gia tro bay v h s cng trong
mi trng xm thc
Hnh 3.17. Mi quan h gia x l cao v h s cng trong mi
trng xm thc
Hnh 3.18. Mi quan h gia vi v h s cng
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
Hnh 3.19. Mi quan h gia hm lng SO3 v n xi mng
Na2SO4
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
n 3.18 thng qua h s suy gim cng tui 6 thng. Khi
hm lng tro bay v vi tng h s bn un v nn
trong mi trng xm thc ca mu xi mng tng.
Nguyn nhn ca s tng cng un v nn trong mi
trng xm thc so vi mu ngm trong mi trng nc c
th c gii thch nh sau:
Trong thnh phn xi mng a cu t ngoi lin kt ca h C-
S-H, cn lin kt ca Al- O-Si. Theo cc nghin cu gn y
chng minh lin kt aluminosilicate l nhng polime v c
vi cu trc v nh hnh n na kt tinh theo 3 chiu
khng gian bn chc. C ch phn ng xy ra nh sau:
To thnh cu trc sialate-siloxo:
Cc kt cu khung gm nhng t din ca SiO4 v AlO4
c ni xen kp vi nhau bng cc nguyn t oxy. Nhng
ion dng Na
+
, K
+
, Ca
2+
nm trong cc hc ca khung cn
bng in tch cho Al
3+
.
Chnh nh lin kt Al-O-Si c to thnh theo thi gian v
trong mi trng c ion Na
+
, K
+
, Mg
2+
tng tc hnh thnh
lin kt bn chc dn n cng mu xi mng a cu t
trong mi trng xm thc tng.
4. KT LUN
1. Xi mng a cu t th hin tnh nng u vit hn h xi
mng thng thng di tc ng ca mi trng xm
thc.
2. Kt qu nghin cu ny gp phn quan trng trong vic
nghin cu ch to chng loi xi mng s dng trong cc
cng trnh chu tc ng xm thc.
3. Tnh cht bn lu ca xi mng a cu t ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t trong ngun gc nguyn liu ban u
ch to n c vai tr v cng quan trng.
5. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Edited by Joseph Davidovits: Geopolymer, green chem-
istry and sustainable developments solutions.
2. Special digest 1:2005 (third ediction): Concrete in aggres-
sive ground
3. ACI 318; ACI 215
4. Hugh Wang; Cement, conrete and aggregates, Vol 4, No2 -
The autoclave soundness test mischaracterizes cement - fy
ash blends by introducing alkali quartz reaction.
5. TS. Lng c Long v cng tc vin: Nghin cu nh
ng x l cao ti tnh cht xi mng - 2005
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
T
heo s liu thng k cc
nc pht trin, cc ngnh
cng nghip tiu th vt liu
chu la (VLCL) nhiu nht l
Luyn kim, VLXD, c kh, ho cht, nng
lng tng tiu th VLCL trn th
gii hin nay khong 40 triu tn/nm
trong cho luyn kim chim khong
60%, cc ngnh cn li chim 40%.
i vi cc loi VLCL thng thng,
sau khi ht tui th s dng chng
c tho d khi thit b v thi ra
mi trng nh san lp mt bng
hoc a vo thnh phn ca cc vt
liu xy dng khc. Bin php ny ph
hp vi cc vt liu gi tr thp, tuy
nhin i vi mt s VLCL c cha
thnh phn c hi th li gy tc hi
ti mi trng. V d: gch chu la
cha Cr2O3 nhiu nc b cm s
dng v to ra ph thi cha Cr
+6
c chng minh l tc nhn gy ung

th ngi.
Xu hng ph bin trn th gii hin
nay l ti s dng ti a cc ph thi
VLCL a tr li lm nguyn liu
cho sn xut ra chnh cc loi VLCL ny
hoc s dng cho cc mc ch hu
dng hn.
* TNH HNH NGHIN CU TI CH,
S DNG PH THI CHU LA TRN
TH GII
Lin x c: Hu ht cc chng loi
gch chu la u c ti ch s
dng: trong sn xut gch chu la
manhzi - crm v gch manhzi -
spinel cho php s dng ti 40%
nguyn liu ti ch t gch thi. B
tng chu la kim tnh v gch chu
la kim tnh khng nung s dng ti
75% ph liu thu hi. Sn xut gch
chu la thuc h alumsilict c th
s dung nguyn liu ti ch t 25%
n 60%.
M: Trc y ph thi chu la
trong ngnh sn xut thp ch yu
c chn lp, mt lng nh c ti
s dng trong ngnh sn xut v dt
si thu tinh. Gn y di p lc ca
lut bo v mi trng, cc ngha v
php l, chng trnh chng ch ISO
14000 (h thng qun l mi trng),
s gia tng chi ph cho chn lp, gi tr
Sn xut vt liu chu la t nguyn
liu ph thi ca l nung xi mng v
ph liu gm, s v sinh
>Ths. Hong c Anh, >Ks. Nguycn Quc Ong- Vcn Vl lcu xy dung.
Bi vit ny thng qua d n: Sn xut Vt liu chu la t nguyn liu ph thi
chu la ca l nung xi mng v ph liu gm k thut, s v sinh nhm gii
thiu bc tranh tng th v ngun ph thi gch chu la t l quay nung xi mng
v ph thi gm s k thut v s v sinh. Xc lp c s khoa hc cho vic ti s
dng ngun ph thi, a ra cc tiu ch phn loi v xy dng quy trnh cng
ngh gia cng ti ch cc ngun ph thi ny, ng thi trn c s nghin cu
s dng hp l chng.
cao ca cc VLCL nh hng cc
nh s dng tnh ti vic hp tc
nghin cu ti ch ph thi chu la.
Sau y l mt s ng dng ph thi
chu la:
Nguyn liu sn xut VLCL
Cht iu khin x l luyn kim.
Nguyn liu sn xut xi mng, ct
liu b tng
Ct liu trong sn xut vt liu gm
Vt liu mi
Cht n tr
Nguyn liu cho sn xut thu tinh
Bt cch nhit, cch in
Nm 2002, Trung tm nghin cu Al-
bany v Phng th nghim Quc gia Ar-
gonne cng tc vi 21 nh sn xut
thnh vin ca Hip hi thp Hoa K
trin khai chng trnh nghin cu
gim thiu s lng ph thi chu la
theo 2 tiu ch ch yu:
1. Ko di tui th s dng ca vt liu
chu la ti vng tuyn x ca l in
h quang (EAF)
2. Ti s dng ph liu chu la.
Ngoi vic nghin cu ti ch s dng
ph thi chu la, gn y mt s hng
sn xut vt liu chu la trn th gii
nh Hasle (an mch) v mt s nh
sn xut b tng chu la (BTCL) Trung
Quc ch to BTCL bn kim bng
cch s dng nguyn liu thu hi
thuc h Alumsilict c hm lng
xit nhm thp, mt cu trc cao v
rt t tp cht c hi. in hnh l vic
s dng xng s cao cp gia cng t
cc ph phm s cch in, s v
sinh, lm ct liu ch to BTCL
bn kim s dng trong mt s v tr
ca l xi mng.
* Vit Nam
Nc ta khng c nhiu ti nguyn
thin nhin lm VLCL, v vt liu chu
la alum silict ch c mt s m t
st chu la cp thp. M cao lanh c
nhiu song thng dng phn tn,
m nh do vy thnh phn khng n
nh, nc ta cng cha thm d c
ngun bauxite lm VLCL. Nguyn liu
khc ch c quczit, thch anh, lmit
v zircn sa khong. Do vy hu ht
cc loi VLCL cao cp cho nhu cu
luyn kim, xi mng, u phi nhp
ngoi vi gi tr ngy cng tng v ph
thuc nhiu vo ngun cung cp.
Vic nghin cu ti s dng VLCL ph
thi nc ta hu nh cha c
cp n cp ti khoa hc. V
vy d n ny c a ra nhm
xc lp c s khoa hc cho vic ti s
dng ngun ph thi, cc tiu ch phn
loi v xy dng quy trnh cng ngh
gia cng ti ch cc ngun ph thi
ny, ng thi trn c s nghin
cu s dng hp l chng.
1. MC TIU, NI DUNG CA D N
MC TIU:
- Thu hi trit ph thi chu la l
quay xi mng, l luyn kim v ph thi
gm s t tiu ch v kinh t v bo
v mi trng.
- To ra cng ngh ti ch ph thi chu
la v gm s t yu cu s dng lm
nguyn liu sn xut VLCL cung cp
cho cc ngnh cng nghip.
NI DUNG:
+ Xc lp quy trnh thu gom, phn loi,
bo qun ph liu chu la p ng
yu cu cht lng cho cc mc tiu s
dng khc nhau v sau.
+ Nghin cu, xc lp bin php gia
cng ch bin hp l cho tng chng
loi ph thi chu la.
+ Nghin cu, ch to cc sn phm
vt liu chu la c th t nguyn liu
ph thi p ng yu cu s dng
trong cng nghip luyn kim, xi mng
v cc thit b cng nghip khc
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
Bng 1. Thng k tiu th vt liu chu la v c tnh lng ph thi ca mt
s nh my xi mng l quay ln pha Bc.
n v: tn/nm
Bng 2. Thng k lng ph thi s k thut v s v sinh mt s nh my
khu vc pha Bc.
n v: tn/nm
TT Tn cng ty
Lng ph phm tn
t trc n nay
Lng ph
phm thi
Ghi ch
1 Cng ty s Thanh Tr 500 500700
Thng tin
do cc
cng ty
cung cp
2
Cng ty CP s k thut
Hong Lin Sn
1000 300500
3 Cng ty s Vit Tr 500 500600
4 Cng ty s VS ToTo - 2000 - 3000
5 Cng ty s VS Inax - 2000 - 3000
TT Nh my XM
Gch kim
tnh
Gch sa mt+
cao nhm
B tng chu
la
1 Hong Thch 1828 563 324
2 Bt sn 409 137 50
3 Bm sn 1922 573 140
4 Hong Mai 225 148 82
Tng s 4384 1421 596
Lng ph thi (khong 30%) 1315 426 179
(Xem tip s 4/T12)
Ch to xi mng c bit t
bn
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
>Nguycn H Thanh Thy - Vcn VIX
(JicL dcL l lu cL Wuslc ^unugcmcnl)
B
n l cht thi rn ca qu trnh ha tan qung
b xt bng soda (theo cng ngh Bayer). Trn ton
th gii c tt c 85 nh my ch bin nhm v c
mi tn nhm c sn xut th thi ra 1-1.6 tn
cht thi t qung boxit (bn ). iu c ngha l c
tnh trn 66 triu tn cht thi loi ny b thi ra trn th gii
mi nm, trong 2 triu tn l t n . Bn l hn hp
phc tp m thnh phn ha v cu to khong cht ca n
rt a dng, ph thuc vo ngun boxit v cc thng s ca
qu trnh k thut ch to. N cha 6 thnh phn chnh c
lit k nh sau: , Fe203, A1203, SiO2,TiO2, Na20 v CaO v
mt lng nh nhng kim loi him nh V,Ga, Cr, P, Mn, Cu,
Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb, Mg, Zr, Hf, Nb, U, Th, K, Ba, Sr. Mi loi bn
c th c cu thnh t 14 n 21 loi khong cht. Vic
x l khi lng ln bn thi c cha kim (cht thi cui
cng ca qu trnh khai thc boxit) l rt tn km (ln ti 1-
2% gi thnh ca nhm), yu cu din tch t rng(khong
1km
2
cho 5 nm hot ng i vi mt d n khai thc b
xt) v gy nn mt s vn mi trng. Vic i hi nhng
phng php x l phi c hiu qu v c ngha kinh t
c t ra. Tuy nhin, trong sut 40-50 nm n lc nghin
cu v pht trin, nhng cha c mt khi lng ln bn
no tht s c tn dng bt c ni u trn ton th
gii.
Trong 2 thp nin gn y, vic m rng nghin cu v
ang c thc hin bi nhm luyn kim khai khong ca
trng i hc Banaras Hindu pht trin nhng qu trnh
khc nhau v vic tn dng bn .
Nhng nghin cu khc nhau v ang thc hin bao
gm: vic sn xut gch xy dng; tn thu titan v hp kim
st titan; ch to gch c t trng thp (bt kh v l rng);
ti ch bt st; cng nh cc cht ph gia cho va v b
tng. Ch to cc khi xy dng c tnh n nh; v vic ch
to cc loi xi mng c bit. T khi bn c dng trong
sn xut VLXD th kh nng ti s dng khi lng ln c
m ra, c bit l trong sn xut cc loi sn phm k trn
trn ton th gii.
Cc nh khoa hc n c nhiu nghin cu s dng
bn ch to mt s loi xi mng c bit bng cch s
dng vi, bn , tro bay, bauxite v thch cao. Bn ca
cng ty TNHH cng nghp HINDALCO, Renukoot, n ,
cha mt hm lng ln nhm, oxid st v silic. Cc thnh
phn cu to ca bn l nhng thnh phn nguyn liu
thch hp cho vic ch to loi xi mng c bit. Vic ch to
3 loi xi mng khc nhau c nghin cu. l (a) alu-
moferite (C
4
AF)- Blit (-C
2
S) dng vi + bn + tro
bay; (b) aluminoferite-ferite (C
2
F)- Tricanxi aluminat (C
3
A
and C
12
A
7
), s dng vi +(bn ) + boxit; and (c) sul-
foaluminate (C
4
AS) - aluminoferite ferite dng vi + bn
+ boxit + thch cao. Nhng nh hng ca thnh phn
nguyn liu (nh vi, bn , tro bay, b xit v thch cao),
nhit nung v thi gian nung n tnh cht ca xi mng
c nghin cu chi tit. Xi mng lm t vi, bn ,
boxit hoc xi mng lm t vi, bn , boxit, thch cao c
cng v cht lng cao hn khi so snh vi xi mng
portland thng thng. Ngc li, xi mng lm bng vi,
bn v tro bay th xi mng lm ra khng cng .
Pha ferite (C4AF), mt thnh phn quan trng trong bt k
loi xi mng no, c hnh thnh khi pha trn nguyn liu
th c cha Fe203 v A1203. Mc d pha ny khng nh
hng nhiu n cng nhng ngy u, nhng n s
cho cng nhng ngy sau.Trong thi gian gn y,
pha canxi sulfoaluminate (C4A3S) thu ht s ch ng k
v n l mt thnh phn ca nhng loi xi mng pht trin
cng sm cng nh cng mun v trong vic n
nh cng ca xi mng pooclng thng thng (OPC).
Chng thng c chn cho loi xi mng t ta nhit, xi
mng gin n hoc xi mng sulfoaluminate. Trong nhng
loi xi mng ny vic pht trin cng sm ph thuc
nhiu vo s hnh thnh nhanh khong ettringite
(C3A.3CS.32H).
Clinker c to thnh theo cc mu nhm A c thnh phn
( vi+bn +tro bay) c quan st l mm, b v c
mu kem.Trong khi cc mu A1-A3 ( bn = 00-10%, tro
bay = 25-15%) khng c cng ng k, cc mu A4- A6
(bn = 1.535%, tro bay = 10-0% ) c cng cao hn.
Tuy nhin, cng ca chng thp hn nhiu so vi
cng ca xi mng pooclng thng thng do s pht
trin vt nt. Nhng nghin cu nh tnh pha bng XRD
trn mu xi mng A6 ch ra rng s to nn cng nh s
hnh thnh khong C3A v -C2S cng vi s thy ha to
khong C2F thp, nhng pha C4AF khng c tm thy.
Clinker to thnh t cc mu nguyn liu nhm mu B (
vi+bn +boxit) cng v c mu nu en. cng ca
chng ging nh thy tinh t nhin, t l vi t trng v s
gia tng trong mu sc khi tng thnh phn bn . Nghin
cu XRD ca mu cho thy c s to thnh cc khong C
3
A,
C12A7, C4AF v C2F. S gia tng hm lng bn (t l F/A
0.5 1.5) v hm lng cc khong C3A v C12A7 c hnh
thnh gia tng cng vi s gia tng ca pha C
2
F. Hm lng
pha C4AF t ti a khi t l F/A gn n t l mu (mu B5,
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
25% bn , 25% boxit). Do , cng ca nhng vin
c to thnh t loi xi mng ny nht qun vi cng thc
ti a hm lng C
4
AF. Nghin cu XRD ca mu thy ha
B7 trong 28 ngy ch ra s c mt ca C2F khng thy ha v
s to thnh C3(A,F)H6.
Clinker ca nhm mu C ( vi+thch cao+bn +boxit)
cho mu nu sng, mm v d nghin. Vi s gia tng hm
lng bn th mu sc mu tr nn ti hn v c chc
hn. Cng cc vin mu cng tng t l vi hm lng
bn . Kt qu XRD cng ch ra C4A3S, C4AF v C2F l cc
khong chnh c to thnh. Hn na, s gia tng ca hm
lng bn (do t l F/A) lm tng s hnh thnh pha C4AF
v C2F ng thi lm gim hm lng pha C4A3S. Phn tch
XRD ca mu xi mng thy ha C7 ch ra s pht trin cng
ch yu nh v s hnh thnh ca C3A.3CS.32H (ettrin-
gite) v C3(A,F)H6.
Kt qu ca cc nhm trc cho thy c kh nng to thnh
xi mng h sufoalminate-ferite khi s dng vi + thch
cao + bn + boxit. V th, trong nhm D ( vi + thch
cao + bn + tro bay), boxit c thay th bng tro bay
nh mt ngun cung cp Al. Xi mng to thnh v th khng
pht trin cng . Kt qu XRD ca mu D3 (10% bn ,
15% tro bay) cho thy s hnh thnh rt t C4A3S v -C2S
cng vi C2F khng thy ha v 2C2S.CS nh l nhng pha
chnh.
Trong nhm E ( vi + thch cao + bn + boxit + tro
bay) nghin cu nh hng ca vic thay th mt phn (5%)
boxit bng tro bay. Kt qu cho thy s hp phn ca tro bay
trong cc hn hp nguyn liu nh hng xu n s hnh
thnh ca cc pha khng thy ha 2C2S.CS v C2AS.
NH HNG CA NHIT NUNG
Tt c cc mu xi mng u th hin s tng cng khi
nung nhit 1300
o
C. nhit 1350
o
C, clinker b chy
v dnh vo thnh l nung. Trong khi nhm mu xi mng A
cho thy s tng nhit mp th lot mu B v C cng
tng u vi nhit nung. Tht ra cng ca mu B
v C nung nhit 1300
o
C trong 2h cao hn nhiu so
vi mu OPC. Kt qu XRD ca mu xi mng nung cc
nhit khc nhau cho thy lot mu B, th t l khong
C12A7 v C2F tng cng vi vic tng nhit cho ti 1250
o
C
v sau gim vi s tng km theo t l ca C4AF. Trong
cc mu nhm C quan st thy s tng ca C4AF nhng
li gim C2F v t l ca C4A3S khng thay i. Cc mu nung
1300
o
C c cng rt cao do s to thnh ti a C4AF
quan st c nhit ny trong c hai trng hp.
NH HNG CA THI GIAN NUNG
Trong khi thi gian nung (t 0.5-2.0h) khng nh hng
ng k n cng nn ca c cc mu nhm A (cng
duy tr mc thp hn xi mng OPC ng k) ca lot mu
nhm B v C th cng tng n thi gian 1.5h v sau
gim. S nghin cu xc nh pha RXD cho thy rng c
mu xi mng nhm B v C th t l ca C2F gim v C4AF tng
cng vi s tng thi gian nung n 1.5 h. Nhng trong cc
mu nung 2h th pha xut hin mun hn xut hin s r
ngc v C2F. Thm na trong nhng trng hp xi mng
nhm C th thi gian nung dng nh khng nh hng
n s to thnh pha C4A3S.
IU KIN TI U
Nhng kt qu trn cho thy rng vic sn xut xi mng c
bit c cht lng cao vi xi mng (OPC) bng cch s dng
hn hp nguyn liu t bn , boxit, vi hoc bn ,
boxit, thch cao, vi l kh thi. Nhit nung cn thit l
1250
o
C, thp hn so vi nhit nung sn xut OPC.
Thnh phn hn hp chnh xc c xc nh bi nhng
nghin cu k hn, thch hp nht l 30- 35% bn hin-
dalco, 15- 20% boxit, 7.5 -10% thch cao, 45- 50% vi ty
thuc vo tng loi xi mng c th. Mu ca xi mng ny l
nu . Hn hp xi mng m nguyn liu s dng c tro bay
Hindalco c cng thp.
Cc kt qu nghin cu khng nh rng:
1. C th iu ch xi mng t bn , boxit, vi hoc bn
, boxit, thch cao, vi c cng 28 ngy tui tng
ng vi OPC.
2. Vic iu ch xi mng t hn hp c thnh phn tro bay
to ra xi mng c cng tng ng vi OPC l
khng kh thi. Khi thay th khong boxit bng tro bay lm
gim cht lng ca xi mng.
3. Cng ca mu xi mng t bn , boxit, vi hoc
bn , boxit, thch cao, vi tng khi nhit nung tng.
Cng cao (so vi OPC) c th t c khi nung xi mng
ti nhit 130
0
.
4. T l gia oxit st v oxit nhm (F/A) nm trong khong 0.8
1.2, vi nhit nung 1250
o
C, trong 1.5 2h s cho mu xi
mng tt nht.
5. S tng cng ny c th gii thch l do s gia tng
cc khong C4AF, C3A, C12A7 i vi xi mng t bn , boxit
v vi, khong C4AF, C3A, C4AS i vi xi mng iu ch
t bn , boxit, thch cao, v vi.
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
S
tng gi xi mng nh vy
vn cn tip din, khin
cho gi thnh cc sn phm
xy dng cng tng theo. Vn
khng ch bnh m ca ngnh xy
dng tng vt gi, m tai ho hn l
cht lng ca n li gim theo. Cc
nh my sn xut ch yu xi mng mc
thp. Th c ngha l cn phi s dng
nhiu xi mng hn trong xy dng th
kt cu mi m bo bn. Nhiu
chuyn gia cho rng, xi mng mc thp
buc phi s dng cc loi ph gia cn
thit, s dn n lm phc tp thm
qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
Mc xi mng thp khng p ng c
yu cu ca thc t xy dng hin i,
bi v c nhiu cng trnh phc tp nh
nh cao tng, cng trnh ngm, cc
cng trnh yu cu chu ng t cao
v nhiu cng trnh c bit khc u
yu cu xi mng mc cao.
Ti sao mt loi vt liu nh xi mng li
st gi ln nh vy? C ch th trng
nh hng ti qu trnh ny - khan
him to ra s tng gi.
Hin nay, CHLB Nga sn xut gn 58
triu tn xi mng/nm. Lng xi mng
ny ch chi ph cho xy dng nh .
Nhng trong nc li ang xy dng
cc cng trnh nng lng, giao thng,
cng nghip, nng nghip - nng
thn, v xi mng cn cn cho vic ci
to cc cng trnh th thao, bnh vin,
trng hc, nh tr-mu gio, c bit
cho cc cng trnh xy dng t nhn.
Ni chung p ng c nhu cu
xy dng ca t nc, hin ti Nga
s cn khong 30 triu tn xi mng
na. Trong tng lai khng xa, ch
ring i vi xy dng nh cng i
hi khong 90 triu tn, khong 50
triu tn na dnh cho cc dng xy
dng khc. S khan him ny c
cc nh sn xut tn dng theo c ch
th trng nh gi xi mng. Cc
chuyn gia cho rng, th trng s cn
i khi s cung cp xi mng ca cc
nh sn xut vt cu khong 10%.
Nhng Nga hin nay khng c t l
ny, ngy mai n cn ti t hn, bi v
ang din ra s bng n xy dng.
Vy th u l li thot ra khi tnh trng
khng hong ny? Cc chuyn gia khng
nh rng: cn i mi cc qu sn xut,
pht trin cng nghip xi mng trn c
s k thut cng ngh hin i. Vn
ny l rt kh khn. Nhng nu khng
Chin lc pht trin cng nghip
xi mng ca CHLB Nga
Bo Xy dng Nga nhiu ln ng cc bi vit bo ng v vn
xi mng ca nc Nga. c bit, gi xi mng tng vt lm
cho ngnh Xy dng Nga phi iu ng. Vo ma h nm 2005,
gi xi mng mc 400, 500 (tng ng mc PC40, 50 ca Vit
Nam) cn tng cha ng k, th n h nm 2007 tng vt ln,
n nay gi xi mng Nga cao hn gp 2 ln Ty u.
lF0A F0| |0Nb NbFL
gii quyt n th khng th thc hin
thnh cng cc chng trnh xy dng
ln c d kin v s pht trin kinh
t ca t nc.
Hin nay, Nga hu nh tt c cc nh
my xi mng c xy dng t lu
trn c s chi ph cao, s dng phng
php sn xut t v s hao mn
thit b t ti 70%. Khai thc vn
hnh mt ngnh xi mng lc hu v k
thut, m nng lc sn xut ca n mi
nm mt st km qu l bi ton kh
cho ngnh cng nghip xi mng Nga.
R rng vi c s sn xut nh vy
khng th no sn xut ra xi mng
cht lng cao p ng c nhng
i hi ca thc t xy dng.
Tuy nhin, ch nhn ca cc doanh
nghip xi mng li khng h lo lng v
tnh trng phc tp trn - h cn g
phi u t nhng khon tin ln,
nhng n lc ln cho vic i mi v
pht trin sn xut, nu gi xi mng v
li nhun vn tng ln! S tr tr cn
do mt kha cnh khc: nhiu nh lnh
o doanh nghip li khng nhn thc
c rng h l nhng ngi ch thc
s, bi v h l nhng c ng, chnh
bn thn h khng to dng nn sn
xut, m h t nhn ho n. C
ngha l, cc c ng cng c th mt
quyn lnh o.
Trong mt s vng, cc cng ty d
kin xy dng cc nh my xi mng,
nhng tng cng sut ca chng
khng cho php a ngnh xi mng
vt ra khi khng hong. Khi no th
nhng d nh ny s c thc hin?
Thc t xy dng hin nay rt cn s
h tr ca Nh nc. S tr hon quyt
nh vn chin lc ca quc gia
ch lm xu thm tnh hnh xy dng
ca t nc. Nhiu kin cho rng,
cn xem xt mt cch cn k nhng
kh nng phc hi cc nh my hin
ang hot ng. Khng ch n gin l
chuyn t phng php sn xut t
sang kh hin i ho, t ng ho
hon ton. R rng l cn phi gii
quyt bi ton ny mt cch c phn
bit. Ti cc nh my c s hao mn
thit b cao, c th cn phi i mi
ngay cc qu sn xut. Cn thit b th
ly u? Bi v hin nay khng c cc
nh my ch to thit b chuyn ngnh
phng php t, cn nc ngoi
th khng sn xut chng. Nhng d
sao i chng na vn c th tm ra
nhng kh nng gii quyt vn ny
nc Nga.
Ngoi ra, theo cc chuyn gia, mt
phn nht nh cc nh my xi mng
cn phi dn dn chuyn i sang
phng php sn xut kh. Mt
tng lnh mnh l: cn phi ch
to cc thit b ti cc nh my trong
nc. Nga l mt nc ln, n khng
th tnh ton trn c s da vo cc
nh my xi mng ca nc ngoi
p ng nhng nhu cu to ln ca t
nc. Th nht, l mt phng n
t, th hai l khng an ton. Chnh
nhng li ch chin lc ca t nc
i hi phi gii quyt vn ny, sao
cho m bo c xi mng mt cch n
nh.
Khi xy dng v thc hin chng
trnh tng hp pht trin cng nghip
xi mng r rng l cn c s tham gia
tch cc ca khoa hc. Tt c cc nh
my xi mng ca nc Nga c xy
dng t lu, cng ngh li
thi...Trong thi gian qua xut hin
nhiu thnh tu khoa hc k thut
mi. Cng ngh Nano c ng
dng mnh vo thc t. Hin nay, s l
ti li, nu i mi sn xut xi mng
m thiu cc kh nng ng gp ca
khoa hc Nano.
Vic to ra mt bc ngot k thut
tin tin trong cng nghip xi mng s
khng th thc hin c nu thiu s
tham gia ca Nh nc. Nh nc c
th to ra cc ngun lc cho hot ng
sng to trong ngnh sn xut lc hu
ny. cng cn c cc cn b nm
bt c cc tri thc hin i.
Sng L ( Bin dch t Bo Xy dng)
>Huong GIang
T NHNG BC I CHC
CHN
Tip chng ti gia bn b cng vic,
Ph gim c Cng ty Phng Minh
Tun - Trng ban D n Nh my xi
mng Nam Sn ti ci chia s:
Cng ty cng ang c gng hon
thnh d n Nh my xi mng Nam
Sn vo qu IV nm nay. Qua cu
chuyn, c bit i ng k s ca
Cng ty ang m ng c phn vic
t vn thit k ca d n, chng ti
phn no hiu ra iu g khin cho Xi
mng Si Sn nhanh chng chuyn
i cng ngh n th. Trong khi
khng t doanh nghip xi mng l
ng vn cn ang loay hoay hoc
cha chuyn i, hoc chuyn i
manh mn, th Cng ty CP Xi mng Si
Sn nhanh chng xy dng d n
Nh my xi mng Nam Sn t nm
2006, ngay sau khi c Quyt nh
108/2005/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh
ph v ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin
Cng nghip xi mng Vit Nam n
nm 2010 v nh hng n nm
2020.
D n Nh my xi mng Nam Sn vi
dy chuyn l quay cng sut hn
300 nghn tn clinker/nm t ti x
Nam Phng Tin - Huyn Chng M
Tnh H Ty (Nay l H Ni). Vi gi tr
u t ban u hn 30 t ng. Tuy
nhin, d n ca Cng ty u t vo
ng thi im suy thoi kinh t th
gii (2006- 2009), nn kinh t trong
nc cng b nh hng khng nh,
khin d n gp nhiu tr ngi: Tt c
cc chi ph t vt liu xy dng, my
mc thit b, nhn cng v li sut
ngn hng u tng. Trong 4 nm
xy dng d n, Cng ty phi iu
chnh gi n 2 ln. Gi tr u t n
nay ln gp ri so con s ban u.
- Si Sn lm cch no vt qua
c nhng cn th la ? - Ph
gim c Phng Minh Tun bt m:
Nh c ngun vn di hi ca cc nh
u t m d n xi mng Nam Sn ca
Si Sn c tip sc v anh khng
nh: Nu khng ln sn chng khon
sm th d n ny kh thc hin
c!. C l y l iu m cc doanh
nghip trong ngnh cng nn nm bt
v hc tp. Xi mng Si Sn l mt s t
cc doanh nghip xi mng tham gia th
trng chng khon sm (19/9/2007)
v c gi tr c phiu cao v n nh
trong sut thi gian di. Lc mi ln
sn, vn iu l ca Si Sn ban u l
27 t. 3 nm sau vi 3 ln tng vn,
hin nay vn iu l ca Si Sn huy
ng t cc c ng ln ti hn 96 t
ng. To thun li cho Si Sn sm
a d n Nh my xi mng Nam Sn
Cng ty CP Xi mng Si Sn:
Nh nhng hiu qu
llLN 1FA0 0l
Anh Phng Minh Tun PG Cng ty CP Xi
mng Si Sn - Trng ban D n Nh
my Xi mng Nam Sn.
Mt doanh nghip thuc loi nh trong ngnh xi mng (vi cng sut 220 nghn tn/nm), nhng li c nhiu
ngi bit n bi s nng ng v hiu qu trong u t v kinh doanh. l Cng ty CP Xi mng Si Sn (Quc
Oai- H Ni)- L c s sn xut xi mng l ng u tin ca Vit Nam v l c s sn xut xi mng th hai ca Vit
Nam sau Cng ty xi mng Hi Phng. Vi ng vn so vi cc doanh nghip trong ngnh cn khim tn, nhng li
nhun/ ng vn ca Si Sn khng phi nhiu doanh nghip c c. Thu nhp bnh qun ca doanh nghip lun
thuc loi kh trong ngnh. Hiu qu kinh doanh ca Si Sn c khng nh thng qua cc ch s trn sn chng
khon: Sau 3 nm ln sn hai ln Xi mng Si Sn c nhn danh hiu l Doanh nghip tiu biu trn sn
chng khon v s n nh v tn nhim. iu g khin cho Xi mng Si Sn nh nhng hiu qu n nh vy?
hiu r hn th mnh ca Xi mng Si Sn, phng vin Tp ch Nghin cu & Pht trin Vt liu Xy dng tm
n X Nam Phng Tin, Huyn Chng M, H Ni- Ni Nh my xi mng Nam Sn ca Cng ty CP Xi mng Si
Sn sp hon cng.
i vo hot ng.
Nhn li tng giai on pht trin ca
Si Sn cho thy doanh nghip ny
rt nng ng, bit pht huy th mnh
truyn thng lu i cng vi s nng
ng nhanh nhy ca i ng lnh
o tr ca Cng ty, tng bc to cho
mnh ch ng vng chc trn thng
trng bn cnh nhng g khng l
trong ngnh.
K t thng 11/1998, Cng ty Xi mng
Si Sn u t dy chuyn sn xut xi
mng l ng cng ngh ca Trung
Quc vi cng sut thit k 60.000 tn
xi mng/nm ti Si Sn, Quc Oai, H
Ty: Ngay t nm u tin vn hnh
dy chuyn sn xut mi, Cng ty
t c 70.000 tn/nm vt cng
sut thit k. Cng vi h thng qun
l cht lng theo tiu chun quc t
ISO 9001, cht lng sn phm c
n nh, c uy tn trn th trng v
c ngi s dng tin dng, nhu cu
i vi sn phm ca Cng ty ngy
mt tng.
Nm 2002 - 2003, Cng ty u t thm
mt dy chuyn sn xut ng b,
nng tng cng sut thit k ca hai
dy chuyn ln 120.000 tn/nm. Tng
vn u t ca dy chuyn th hai ch
bng 1/3 vn u t dy chuyn th
nht, do chi ph qun l v chi ph
nhn cng/tn sn phm gim so vi
dy chuyn th nht, dn n gi
thnh sn phm gim, khin xi mng
Si Sn thm c lng ngi s
dng. Nm 2005, Cng ty sn xut v
tiu th 205.000 tn.
nng cao nng lc sn xut ng
thi chun b bc chuyn i xa b
cng ngh l ng, chuyn sang cng
ngh l quay nm 2006 Cng ty
u t xy dng Nh my xi mng
Nam Sn (nh ni n trn). ng
thi, thng 4/2006, Cng ty thu trm
nghin cng sut 150.000 tn/nm
Xun Mai Chng M H Ty v
thnh lp Chi nhnh Chng M. Nu
nm 2006, Cng ty sn xut v tiu th
257.000 tn xi mng/nm th nm
2007, sn lng sn xut v tiu th
ca Cng ty tng ln 300.000 tn xi
mng/nm Sn phm ca Cng ty
cung cp ch yu cho th trng H
Ty, H Ni v cc vng ln cn.
N BC CHUYN I KP
THI, HIU QU.
D n Nam Sn sp n giai on kt:
Nh my xi mng Nam Sn s i vo
hot ng k t nm 2011, nng tng
cng sut ca Si Sn ln 500 nghn tn
xi mng/ nm. Khi c hi: Si Sn c
b quyt" g khin vic kinh doanh sn
xut t hiu qu nh vy, c th phn
nh ch s chng khon ca XM Si
Sn lun n nh v mc cao trong
top cc doanh nghip trong ngnh xi
mng tham gia th trng chng
khon? Ph Gim c Cng ty Phng
Minh Tun tr li: B quyt ? Ch n
gin l chng ti sn xut tt v bn
hng tt, bn cnh vic qun l hiu
qu nn cng ty t c li ch kinh t
cao v l iu quyt nh gi cho c
phiu ca Si Sn lun n nh. Qua
cu chuyn vi v Ph G (Kim K
ton trng) thng minh, gii giang
ny, chng ti cng tm ra c p s
nh nhng hiu qu ca Xi mng Si
Sn. V nh nm 2009, Cng ty vi
ng vn b ra 47 t cui nm li
nhun thu v l 45 t ng (gn 100%),
trong khi cng mt doanh nghip
trong ngnh xi mng li th hn Si
Sn v mi mt, nhng hiu qu kinh
doanh khng bng: vi s vn 125 t
nhng cui nm li c c 43 t. Nm
2008, Xi mng Si Sn chia li tc n
48%. Chnh v l m vic huy ng
vn ca Si Sn i vi cc c ng
khng kh khn g. Vi s vn vay v
thi hn, Cng ty c nhiu iu kin
ch ng m rng pht trin sn xut.
Bn cnh vic u t dy chuyn xi
mng, Cng ty ang ln k hoch m
rng mt hng sn phm trong nhm
VLXD. Gch khng nung cng l sn
phm cc lnh p Cng ty ang cn
nhc. Theo PG Phng Minh Tun:
Ty thuc vo tnh hnh pht trin
kinh t- x hi ca a phng, Si Sn
d nh 2 phng n: Phng n 1: s
cho dng l ng vo thi gian ti v
chuyn sang xy dng d n nghin
clinker cng sut 1000 tn/ ngy
tng ng 315 nghn tn xi
mng/nm. Phng n 2 l c th xin
chuyn mc ch s dng 7 ha t ca
Cng ty hin nay vo lnh vc bt
ng sn.
Vi truyn thng lu i, mt th phn
n nh trn a bn thun li, cng
vi i ng cn b k thut c trnh ,
c kinh nghim v quan trng hn ht
l s nng ng, kh nng qun l tt
ca i ng lnh o tr hin nay, chc
chn Cng ty CP Xi mng Si Sn s
to c hng i vng chc cho
doanh nghip mnh trong qu trnh
chuyn i.
Nh my Xi mng Nam Sn (Chng M, H Ni).
llLN 1FA0 0l
1. NNG LC T VN CA CC
CNG TY T VN XY DNG VIT
NAM
* KH NNG THC HIN CC LOI
HNH DCH V T VN
Lc lng t vn tch cc tham gia
gip ch u t trong tt c cc khu
t lp d n, kho st thit k cho n
gim st thc hin d n, mua sm
trang thit b, nghim thu bn giao
a cng trnh vo s dng. Cc cng
ty thc hin phng chm: a dng
ho sn phm, dch v; a phng ho
quan h v a dng ho s hu, huy
ng c nhiu ngun lc u t
pht trin. Nhiu cng ty t vn c kh
nng thc hin tng thu t vn thit
k xy dng cc cng trnh ln. Cc
hnh thc tng thu EPC, u t theo
hnh thc BOT, BT, BTO cc cng trnh
xy dng c cc cng ty thc
hin thnh cng. Lc lng t vn xy
dng Vit Nam c mt cc cng
trnh quan trng ca quc gia, cc b,
ngnh v a phng, ca cc nh u
t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Mt s
cng ty dn u c nc v cc lnh
vc u t nh my xi mng, vt liu
xy dng, cng trnh h tng k thut,
xy dng khu th mi, khu cng
nghip, thu in va v nh. T ch
ch tham gia kho st thit k cc cng
trnh nh, n gin, n nay cc cng
ty t vn Vit Nam tip cn v nm
vng c cc cng ngh tin tin,
hin i, qui m ln, m nhn nhiu
loi hnh dch v theo thng l quc t,
pht huy vai tr trong s pht trin ca
ngnh xy dng.
* TRNH T VN CA CC CNG
T VN XY DNG VIT NAM:
- V trnh kinh nghim ca cc k s
t vn: Cc k s t vn ca Vit Nam
c trnh chuyn mn tt, i hc
hoc trn i hc chim trung bnh l
72 75%, c b dy kinh nghim. Tuy
nhin, trong iu kin hi nhp su
rng, khi nhu cu v yu cu v cc
dch v cng cao th kh nng p ng
cn nhiu hn ch. iu ny th hin
vic nm bt, cp nhp cc ch trng,
chnh sch c lin quan cha tt, kin
thc v kinh t, x hi, php lut, k
nng thuyt trnh v lm vic theo
nhm cha khoa hc, hiu qu, tnh
phn bin cn yu.
- V kh nng nm bt thng l quc
t, khoa hc cng ngh:
Cc k s, chuyn gia Vit Nam c iu
kin tham gia cc d n do cc nh ti
tr phn no thch ng vi thng l
quc t, kh nng ng dng v pht
trin cng ngh thng tin c thc
Gii php nng cao nng lc t vn
xy dng Vit Nam trong bi cnh
hi nhp
>TS. Tvn MaI Huong - u Loc InL lc quc dn
Vit Nam, t vn u t xy dng c xem l mt lnh vc c vai tr quan
trng c bit trong bi cnh hi nhp. Hin ti, c nc c hn 1200 cng ty t
vn xy dng ln nh. S lng cc cng ty t vn xy dng nhiu nhng i a
s c qui m va v nh, nng lc v kinh nghim cn hn ch, cht lng dch
v cung cp cng rt khc nhau. Mc d cc cng ty t vn xy dng c nhiu
c gng u t chiu su, ch trng o to, nng cao trnh , nm bt cng
ngh mi nhng so vi cc cng ty t vn nc ngoi, cc cng ty trong nc vn
cn yu km. Bi vit di y cp mt vi nt v thc trng nng lc t vn
ca cc cng ty t vn xy dng trong nc v xut mt s gii php nng cao
nng lc t vn ca cc cng ty t vn xy dng Vit Nam.
llLN 1FA0 0l
hin tt. Mt s cng ty trong nc
xy dng v thit k cc phn mm
phc v cho cng vic. Tuy nhin,
nhiu dch v cung cp cht lng
cha p ng yu cu. T vn Vit Nam
vn cn thua km ngay trn sn nh v
cha pht huy ht vai tr quan trng l
cu ni ca mnh. Nhiu d n trng
im quc gia phi thu t vn nc
ngoi hoc t vn nc ngoi lm thu
chnh, pha Vit Nam lm thu ph.C
rt t cc cng ty t vn xy dng Vit
Nam c nng lc thc hin cc d
n ln cng nh c th ch ng v x
l c cc vn k thut phc tp.
Ton b cc cng trnh nh h thng
sn bay, ng st, ng cao tc,
hm giao thng, cng nc su, h
thng giao thng ngm gn nh
vt tm vi ca t vn trong nc.
Trong nhiu cng trnh xy dng, khu
t vn cn nhiu thiu st t kho st,
iu tra n lp d n. Sai st ny l
nguyn nhn chnh dn n pht sinh
khi lng, tng kinh ph, ko di thi
gian thi cng. i ng t vn gim st
cng trnh kinh nghim cn hn ch.
2. Gii php nng cao nng lc t vn
ca cc cng ty t vn xy dng Vit
Nam
Trc thc trng v nng lc ca cc
cng ty t vn xy dng Vit Nam hin
nay, pht trin v hi nhp vi trnh
khu vc v th gii, bi vit xin nu
ra mt s gii php ch yu sau:
Th nht, nng cao cht lng i ng
k s t vn. Thi gian ti, cc cng ty
cn xy dng k hoch o to ph
hp vi mc tiu, yu cu v i tng.
Khuyn khch o to ti n v bng
vic kt hp mi trng lm vic gia
chuyn gia c kinh nghim v i ng
k s tr. Lin kt vi cc trng i
hc xy dng cc chng trnh o
to ph hp. Khai thc c hiu qu
thng qua vic hc hi kinh nghim
quc t bng lin doanh, hp tc vi t
vn quc t. Nng cao k nng hiu
bit thng l quc t, lut php trong
nc. Nng cao trnh ngoi ng cho
i ng k s t vn thng qua vic t
chc v cp kinh ph tham gia cc kho
hc v ngoi ng. Bi dng, tuyn
truyn nng cao thc, trch nhim v
o c ngh nghip cho i ng k
s t vn.
Th hai, tng cng nng lc ti chnh
cho cc cng ty t vn. Nng lc ti
chnh mnh s m bo cho cc
cng ty c c li th trong vic trin
khai thc hin cc hp ng, chi tr
tin lng tho ng cho i ng k
s. Ngun vn pht trin ca n v
t vn ch yu t s tch lu u t
chiu su ca mi doanh nghip hoc
vay t ngun vn tn dng. Cc cng ty
llLN 1FA0 0l
cn la chn v quyt nh u t
chnh xc, kp thi nhanh chng
pht trin doanh nghip mnh.
Bn cnh , Nh nc cn c chnh
sch v gi t vn v tn dng u i
cc cng ty trong nc c th to
ngun u t hoc h tr trong vic
tm kim cc ngun ti tr pht
trin. Cn xc nh dch v t vn phi
c i x bnh ng nh cc sn
phm khc. Cc quy nh c ban
hnh cng cn phi to iu kin
cc c nhn, t chc t vn trong nc
c iu kin thng tho mc lng
ph hp.
Th ba, kin ton h thng thng tin
v tng cng u t trang thit b
phc v cho cng vic. Cc cng
ty t vn trong nc cn tng cng
u t trang thit b ng b, hin i,
cc thit b chuyn ngnh vi chng
trnh phn mm trnh cao, c
qun l cht ch phc v cho cng
vic. Cng vi , cc cng ty cng cn
t chc o to s dng cc trang
thit b v phn mm mi cho i ng
k s.
Th t, nng cao tnh c lp ca cc
n v t vn. Cc cng ty t vn hot
ng c lp theo quy lut ca c ch
th trng. Gim thiu v tin ti
khng c s can thip ca cc ch th
khc n cng vic chuyn mn ca t
vn. Vic tch bch v nng cao tnh
c lp l mt yu t gp phn tng
cht lng v nng cao hiu qu ca
cc d n.
i vi ch u t, la chn t vn cn
da trn cc tiu ch: gii chuyn mn,
c uy tn, c lp, khch quan, kinh
nghim.khng ch da trn tiu ch
gi thp do dn n vic d can
thip, iu khin.
Trn thc t, vai tr ca t vn cn hn
ch, chu nhiu p lc khi trin khai
thc hin cng vic. Do vy, thi gian
ti cc c quan qun l nh nc cn
phi tng cng cc ch ti x pht, x
l thch hp i vi cc ch u t ra
quyt nh sai lm v cc cng ty t
vn cung cp dch v c cht lng
thp, khng p ng yu cu.
llLN 1FA0 0l
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. c Hnh, Hip hi T vn xy dng Vit Nam (2006),Thc trng v nhng
vn t ra trong cng tc t vn
2. ng Hin (2008), y mnh vai tr ca t vn trong hi nhp, vne. org.vn
3. Trn Mai Hng (2010), Nng cao nng lc t vn lp d n u t ca cc
cng ty t vn xy dng Vit Nam, ti cp B
4. L Vn Thnh (2004), Cng tc t vn gim st xy dng: Ni dung, trnh
t, bin php v nguyn tc gim st, Ti liu bi dng cn b ngnh Xy
dng.
|0Nb NbFL H0l \1 LlLL H0l
N
gnh cng nghip xi mng
ang phi i mt vi hiu
ng tht lng buc bng v
ang chu p lc lin tc
i vi vic gim lng pht thi NOx,
SOx, CO2 ng thi cng ang phi
i mt vi khon chi ph Nhin liu
Thay th (AF) tng ln do tnh sn c b
gim i v cng ang phi gii quyt
tnh trng bt n nh v gi nhin liu
ho thch.
Thermya, mt cng ty thit k k thut
ca Php a ra thit k cc h thng
chuyn i sinh cht thnh cc-bon
hoc nng lng, xy dng mt h
thng sy c gi l TORSPYDTM cho
php tp trung hu ht nng lng c
cha trong bt k cht to th g no.
Kt qu cui cng l mt than sinh
hc dng cho cc nh my xi mng l
s la chn mi lm n gin cc
yu cu thng xuyn tri ngc nhau
lin quan n chng.
Bi vit ny s trnh by mt s tnh
cht ca than sinh hc khi s dng cho
cc nh my xi mng, m t cch thc
than sinh hc c to ra thng qua
qu trnh TORSPYD v nghin cu tnh
hiu qu kinh t ca vic sn xut than
sinh hc.
C TNH CA THAN SINH HC
Cc c tnh chnh ca than sinh hc
nh sau:
1. m < 1%;
2. Tnh k nc (khng thm nc),
gim chi ph lu kho;
3. D nghin vi Ch s Nghin Hard-
grove l 50. Than sinh hc, khi so snh
vi g, c th c nghin ng thi
trong hu ht cc my nghin than;
4. Cht bc > 70%. Than sinh hc c
im bc chy xp x 250
o
C lm cho n
d bt chy k c khi tn ti di dng
cc ht th;
5. Kh sun-phua < 0,02% (hm lng
cht kh - g sch), lm gim qu trnh
to vng th;
6. Nng sut trc tip ca qu trnh
TORSPYD sau khi lm ngui/nghin:
100% i qua 2mm;
7. LHV> 5000kCal/kg (20,5GJ/Mt);
tng ng vi licnit;
8. Tro trong cht kh < 1%, ngn nga
hin tng to vng tro;
Than sinh hc -
nhin liu hon ho cho
sn xut xi mng
Qu trnh sy g c th to ra mt loi nhin liu c tnh c trng cao
s dng trong ngnh cng nghip xi mng, cng vi mt s vn
lin quan n cc nhin liu thay th khc. Trong bi vit ny, Xavier
dHubert trnh by quy trnh cng ngh sn xut v gii thiu mt s
li ch kinh t ca vic s dng than sinh hc hiu qu.
nh trn: T g n than sinh hc thng qua qu trnh sy.
9. Kh ni-t < 0,06% (cht kh), gim
lng NOx;
10. 100% cc-bon trung tnh v di
4% nng lng sn xut ra yu cu
phi t c nng lng t n nh;
11. Khng c nha ng, v PAH
(Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocar-bons)
c chit xut ra t sinh cht trong
qu trnh sy. Cng vy, ton b cc
hp cht alkaloid s b loi b.
12. Cc c tnh ca than sinh hc
c duy tr, bt k th g cp. Qu
trnh sy din ra khi c mt thit b
ng nht nhin liu;
13. D dng v vin l mt iu thun
li trong trng hp vn chuyn
ng di.
NI NO TH PH HP?
Xt v gc truyn thng, ngnh
cng nghip xi mng c gng thay
th cc nhin liu ho thch bng cc
nhin liu thay th nh mn ng vt,
RDF, Climafuel, bn kh v tng t,
vi cc li ch r rng l chi ph thng
m, tc ng tch cc ln NOx v cha
hm lng clo-rua v sun-phua thp,
khng gy nh hng xu ti cht
lng clinker. Mt s nh my hin
ang t sinh cht cha cc-bon trung
tnh. L do l chi ph cao trong qu
trnh chun b sinh cht th t ti
mn v kh cn thit; chi ph mua
mt t Giun sinh cht c bit k t khi
cc nh my xi mng cnh tranh vi
cc nh my in; nh hng khng
tt ca tnh mi mn cao, m cao v
nhit tr thay i khi phun qua vi
phun l.
Than sinh hc l loi th ba mang li
mt s tin ch. N l nhin liu ti ch
vi khi lng ln c m t trn.
N l nhin liu hon ho c th thay
th mt phn hoc ton b than
nhng thm ch c th ph hp hn
khi em trn ln vi than cc. Than
sinh hc c th c sn xut t g,
nhn ht hoc v qu hch; ni cch
khc l bt k cht to th g no.
QUY TRNH CNG NGH
TORSPYD
Ti thi im bt u ca quy trnh
ny, thm ch 20% m c th chp
nhn c. Mt tiu chun nghin cy
rng chun l va cho TORSPYD.
Khng cn phi tin hnh x l trc
hoc hiu chnh trc tn km cc sinh
cht. Bn trong thp x l c hai dng
chy c b tr thnh cc dng i
nhau: sinh cht i xung cn kh tr
nng (t hn 2% O2) chy ngc ln
trn; trong quy trnh ny mi dng
chy c gia nhit tng dn ti 230
240
o
C t phn v n phn li ca n
cho n khi t c cc dng kh
nng hn. Bn cnh vic kh ton b
nc c trong sinh cht, qu trnh sy
kh tip tc x l nhit cho n khi cc
polymer hemiaxenluloza b ph v (to
ra cht k nc trong sinh cht v rt
d v), m gy ra hin tng kh cht
d bay hi (g ri) mt lng nh cc
cht hu c trong dng kh. Vic x l
nhit thp, lm bc hi cc phn t
hu c nh nht, c th to ra kh
nng gi li hu ht cc cht hu c
trong sinh cht. Nh kim sot p sut
kh thi nh thp v s dng mt s
my truyn pht p sut v truyn pht
nhit dc theo thp, gradient nhit
ca dng ht xung tip tc c
duy tr qua l phn ng. Thi gian lu
ca cc ht sinh cht l khong 8 gi.
l mt qu trnh din ra lin tc.
Sau liu, lc ny c sy kh,
c rt ra ti y thp. Than sinh cht
khi c lm ngui bng cch p
gia hai trc nghin kha rng ca
kiu quay i trng cng sut thp. N
gii phng kh nng thu c trong
cc ht phn tn v nghin than sinh
cht ti mn yu cu cho qu trnh
x l thm (v vin hoc t chy).
Vi nhit 240
o
C khng phi l mt
con s k o; l nhit ti u cho
hu ht g c th nghim bi
Thermya. Quy trnh ny c th c
tin hnh ti bt k im t no t
230
o
C n 300
o
C v cao hn na. Mi
ln nhit tng ln s tinh ch thm
nng lng nhng qu trnh ny s rt
km hiu qu.
THAN SINH HC DNG CHO SN
XUT XI MNG V VI
Chng ta c th thy trc hai trng
hp xy ra khi s dng than sinh hc
Hnh trn: S nh my sy kh g bng quy trnh cng ngh TORSPYD.
trong ngnh cng nghip xi mng v
vi. Trong trng hp th nht, than
sinh hc s c mua nh bt k nhin
liu no khc. Ngay khi c trang
thit b sn xut, than sinh hc s hu
nh c s dng sn xut ra cc
vin thuc th h th hai. Quy trnh
cng ngh TORSPYD cho php s dng
g nghin vi khi lng ln v h
thp chi ph to cc vin v quy trnh
ny yu cu t cng on chun b hn,
t nng lng (hi v lc p) v t phi
bo dng do t b mi mn. l v
hemiaxenlulo b ph v v c tnh
ging nh keo ca lic-nin tng ln,
iu ny yu cu t hn mt na nng
lng tiu th cho v vin g qua
sy kh.
Trong trng hp ny, cc ngnh cng
nghip in v xi mng s cnh tranh
vi nhau c c cc nhin liu, cn
c vo gi Euro/GJoule. Cc nh my xi
mng s b bt li v h c t c hi t
c cc chng nhn xanh hn so vi
cc nh my in v hn na cc li
ch ca than sinh hc lin quan n
vic gim bt cc trm tch tro v x
ang c quan tm khi t bn trong
l hi ch khng phi trong l nung.
Trng hp th hai l cc nh my xi
mng s t sn xut ra than sinh hc
ca mnh. Cc nh my xi mng s tch
hp h thng sy kh vo trong thit
b ca mnh. C nhiu li ch khi xy
dng mt nh my sy kh kt hp ti
mt nh my xi mng:
Nh my s c cp bt k loi cht
to th g no c sn trong khu vc
ca nh my (thng nm trong bn
knh 120km c coi l t hiu qu
kinh t);
Nh c tch hp vi h thng x l
nhit ca chnh n, nhu cu to ra kh
nng c cha hm lng kh O2 thp
v x l kh thot ra c th c kt
hp vi h thng x l nhit clinker:
khng cn c h thng bn ngoi;
Tng t p dng cho
vic vn hnh v bo tr
thit b sy kh; c th
thc hin khi phn clinker
to ra cc hot tnh.
XEM XT KHA CNH
TI CHNH
Kh nng ti chnh ca
trng hp th hai l rt
nhy cm i vi v th ca
nh my. Tuy nhin, s liu
sau s gii thch cho trng
hp th nht.
TORSPYD c th c
xc nh cho cc nh
my c cng sut
t 5000 tn n
40.000 tn/nm vi
mt thp sy n.
Mt thp sy
ng knh 2,5m, cao 10m,
s sn xut ra 2,5 tn/gi than sinh
hc (20.000 tn/nm). V nng sut
ny trc tip lin quan n tit din
ca thp sy, mt thp sy c ng
knh 3,5m c th sn xut ra 40.000
tn/nm. Cc vin g than sinh hc c
dung trng khong 800 kg/m
3
. Cc
vin tiu chun hin c bn vi gi
khong 7Euro/GJoule.
Mt nh my g sy kh cng sut
20.000 tn/nm cn c 25.000 tn/nm
sinh cht th vi m 20%. Nh my
s s dng 3000Nm
3
/gi kh nhit
240oC m chim khong 4% gi tr
nng lng ca g sy kh sn xut ra
sn xut (phn nng lng cn li
to ra t nhit tr c cha trong kh
thot ra t thp sy). Kh nng cn to
ra hoc t kh cng ngh hin c hoc
c sn xut ra nh t mt s than
sinh hc trong l t ph.
Chi ph cho mt nh my nh vy l
khong 3 triu Euro cho mt thit b
sy kh ng b, t my cp liu ti
u vo thp sy kh n u ra ca
liu c sy kh i ra khi thit b
lm ngui/my p kt hp. Chi ph
vn hnh, gi nh vn hnh lin tc, s
bao gm hai ca nhn vin lm vic v
mt chuyn gia gim st. Tiu hao in
nng khong 12kWh/tn than sinh hc.
KT LUN: QUY TRNH CNG
NGH NY MANG LI HIU QU
KINH T
Nh thng thy trong lnh vc k
thut, gii php cng n gin, th t
hiu qu cng tt. Qu trnh sy kh
khng c g c bit c nhng li l
mt gii php rt hiu qu kh
polymer bt k cht to th g no;
l mt qu trnh nng lng hiu qu
m sn xut ra nhin liu rt hiu qu
vi li th CO
2
trung tnh.
NGUYN LAN
(Dch t Global Cement)
Hnh trn: S
tiu biu ca mt
nh my sy kh
g bng quy trnh
cng ngh TOR-
SPYD
1L \N F0l AF
T
i Hi ngh, KS Nguyn Mnh
u trnh by Tng quan v
bn v vic x l bn
lm vt liu xy dng trn th
gii v Vit Nam.
Vic khai thc b xt Ty nguyn, vic
tn cha, x l bn v nh hng
ca n n cc vn x hi, mi
trng v ang l vn nng trn
khp cc din n chnh tr, x hi
cng nh khoa hc cng ngh trong
sut hai nm qua.
Bn l loi qung ui c sinh ra
ng thi vi alumina trong tin trnh
Bayer. Bn thc cht l cn khng
ho tan trong kim v c to ra
trong qu trnh ho tch B xt vi
dung dch kim (NaOH) nhit v
p sut cao. N l mt hn hp ca cc
thnh phn vn c trong b xit v cc
thnh phn c to thnh trong chu
trnh Bayer. Bn c thi ra dng
bn nho, trong hm lng cht
rn vo khong 10 30%, pha lng
ch yu l dung dch kim mnh, pH
khong 13. Khi lng bn dao
ng t 0,4 tn n 2 tn kh cho mt
tn alumina sn phm. Bn l cht
thi c hi nht ca nh my alumina
khi x l b xit theo phng php
Bayer.
Bn c s dng ch yu trong
cc lnh vc sn xut sau y:
+ Sn xut cc loi gm truyn thng,
gm:
- Gch, ngi nung,
- Sn xut gm xp dng trong lc
nc v x l nc thi,
- Sn xut cc loi khi xy, ct liu
gm nh,
- Sn xut cc loi gm c bit nh:
gm xng phosphate, gm khng
nung (ceramics without sintering) nh:
precusor ceramic, gm in mi,
- Sn xut vt liu nh dng trong
hon thin v trang tr ni tht.
+ Sn xut gm thy tinh (glass-ceram-
ics): l loi gm va c c cc tnh cht
ca thy tinh v cc c tnh ca gm.
Loi gm ny bao gm mt pha v
nh hnh vi mt hoc nhiu pha tinh
th, c sn xut bng cng ngh
kt tinh c iu khin.
+ Sn xut men s,
+ Lm vt liu xy dng nn ng
t, vt liu san lp,
+ Lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng
thng, xi mng ging khoan, xi mng
cao nhm, xi mng cao st, cc loi
cht kt dnh thy lc khc ...,
+ Sn xut, thu hi kim loi,
Hi ngh chuyn S dng Bn
sn xut vt liu xy dng
Mi y, Vin Vt liu xy dng t chc Hi ngh chuyn v
S dng bn sn xut vt liu xy dng ti Vit Nam.
Tham d hi ngh c cc nghin cu vin thuc cc n v
nghin cu trin khai thuc Vin, TS. Lng c Long - Vin
trng Vin VLXD ch tr hi ngh.
1L \N F0l AF
+ Sn xut cht n trong cng nghip
cao su, cht do, sn xut bt mu,
+ Lm cht ci to t chua phn,
+ v cc ng dng khc.
Hi ngh a ra nhng kt qu s
dng (hay cn quen gi l ti s dng),
nghin cu s dng bn ca mt s
tp on hay quc gia sn xut nhm
ln trn th gii nh: Tp on Alcoa,
Alcan, Kaiser, Chalco Trung Quc, n
v cc nc khc l Nht Bn v
HiLp
Vit Nam, cng ngh ch bin b xt
v tn cha bn c s dng 2
d n Tn Rai v Nhn C. C 2 d n
b xt th im Tn Rai v Nhn C u
la chn cng ngh Bayer ha tch b
xit nhit 145 C p sut 5 atm
cho hiu sut ha tch t 85,5% v
hiu sut thu hi alumina ton b t
83,6%. qung B xit Nhn C v Tn Rai
c ly mu th nghim vi
cng ngh ny v cho kt qu tt.
Vic trin khai cc d n khai thc v
ch bin b-xt v sn xut nhm Ty
Nguyn theo k hoch t ra trong
lng bn phi tn cha s l rt
ln. V th, ngoi nhng nghin cu v
hiu qu kinh t-x hi, nh gi tc
ng mi trng ca tng d n theo
quy nh, cn c ch trng tin hnh
nhng nghin cu cn thit xy
dng chin lc tng th v tn cha
v s dng bn t b xit Ty
nguyn Vit nam. Trong , cn tin
hnh ngay nhng nghin cu s dng
bn mt cch a dng, vi khi
lng ln. Trong chin lc tn cha
cn nhn mnh n tn cha an ton,
tin hnh cc nghin cu nh gi ri
ro v cc bin php khc phc s c.
B-xt Ty Nguyn c th khng c
cht phng x, nhng do c pH rt
cao v vi s c mt ca nhiu nguyn
t kim loi v kim loi nng... nn c
th coi bn Ty nguyn l loi ph
thi tim tng nguy him, cn sm c
nhng nghin cu c th khng
nh. Tuy vy, vic s dng bn
trong cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip
nh xi mng, gch, ngi, gm, vt liu
san lp, ci to t chua phn... l rt
c trin vng. Vic khuyn khch
nhng nghin cu v s dng bn
mt cch rng ri, bn vng s mang
li hiu qu kinh t - x hi r rt hn
hn so vi vic tch cha lu di loi
ph thi ny.
Nn chng Nh nc cn ban hnh cc
chnh sch, xy dng h thng cc tiu
chun lin quan n ph thi cng
nghip ni chung v bn ni ring
khuyn khch vic ti s dng n
mc ti a v hn ch n mc ti
thiu thi ra ph thi. t , cc
ngnh lin quan c th xy dng chin
lc qun l v s dng ph thi ca
ngnh mnh.
Vin VLXD
1L \N F0l AF
>MInh Quyct
(Dch t ww.concrete.Com)
B
tng thc s l mt loi vt
liu xy dng a nng. Cc
loi b tng hin nay ang s
dng c hnh thnh vi rt
nhiu c im tnh nng c th v
tng, bao gm mt s loi b tng
nh, nng, rng, b tng ct si, b
tng khi ln, b tng tnh nng cao
v b tng xp. Mi loi c cc c tnh
c th theo mc ch s dng ca
chng. Cc c tnh ny t c nh
vo qu trnh tnh cp phi v kim
sot c ch cc thay i nh thnh
phn v chng loi xi mng, loi v
thnh phn puzlan, loi ct liu, cc
ph gia s dng, thi gian bo dng
v t l cho cc ph gia , cng nh
cc thay i khc, thng l thay i t.
Loi b tng c bit c s dng
rng ri l b tng phun. S khc bit
chnh gia b tng phun v ngi h
hng gn gi ca n, thng thng l
phng php . B tng thng c
ra t mt xe ch b tng trn sn
ln trn nn t hoc vo cc khun v
sau s c m cht. Tri li, quy
trnh phun b tng, dng nguyn liu
B tng thng so
vi b tng phun
c g khc nhau?
1L \N F0l AF
cp t hay kh, u khng cn to
khun hoc m cht do nng cao tnh
sng to v thit k v tnh ng dng
linh hot, nn tit kim c c thi
gian v tin bc.
B tng phun, ban u c gi l Gu-
nite khi m vo nm 1910 Carl Akeley
thit k mt sng phun xi mng hnh
nng kp. Thit b ca ng dng kh
nn phun hn hp ct xi mng vi
vn tc cao ti b mt ch nh. Cc
thng hiu khc sm c hnh
thnh ni ting nh Guncrete, Pneu-
crete, Blastcrete, Blocrete,
Jetcretev.v tt c u dng kh
nn phun b tng. Ngy nay, Gunite
thin v b tng phun theo quy trnh
hn hp kh, trong khi thut ng
Shotcrete - b tng phun thng m
t quy trnh phun b tng hn hp
t. Khi em ng dng, c hai kiu ny
u c coi l b tng phun.
B tng phun theo quy trnh hn hp
kh, a vo v trn vi nc theo yu
cu ti vi phun khi cc cht dnh kh
(tro bay, x, silicafume ..v.v) v ct liu
c a ti qua sng. Ngi vn
hnh vi phun kim tra st ca hn
hp b tng, iu chnh lng nc b
sung ph hp vi cc iu kin thay
i cua a bn. Quy trnh hn hp kh
cng phi ph hp vi cc hot ng
ng dng khng u v phn ln nc
ch tip xc vi cc cht kt dnh khi ri
khi vi phun. Quy trnh hn hp t
s dng b tng c trn xong
giao ti ni thi cng. Cc thnh phn
ni chung c giao trong cc xe ch
hn hp trn sn nh b tng thng.
Cc cht rn nhanh hoc cc cht ph
gia khc c th c a vo va ti
vi phun di p lc ca kh nn lm
tng vn tc ca liu v nng cao kh
nng kim sot quy trnh ng dng
hoc quy trnh phun.
Vn tc tc ng ln b tng phun p
dng thch hp ln cht tc thi
nguyn liu, lm do hn hp ti
ch giu xi mng hn v t cng
cao hn so vi hn hp tng t trc
khi . c bit, mt hn hp b tng
phun kh c ct liu mn c giao
theo t l Xi mng/ct liu = 1 : 3 khi
a vo sng phun s cn t l 1 : 2 =
xi mng /ct liu khi . Ph liu v bi
c hi thi ra c bit n trong
kinh doanh l ny v do bm phun
qu mc, thc t khi phun b tng c
c cng cao khi mt phn ct liu
ny ra khi b mt v bn ra khi v tr
u c thu li. Tht thot qua
ny s thay i ph thuc vo kh
ca hn hp, khong cch phun t b
mt, cc iu kin v gi, ..v.v Nnn
chung, phn phun qu mc dy d
nh c loi b bt ph hp vi
dy thit k v c hon thin theo
c im v kt cu b mt mong
mun.
Trong khi quy trnh hn hp kh nghe
c v nhanh chng v kinh t, th quy
trnh ny li yu cu cc bin php
phng nga m bo cht lng
ng dng. Trnh chuyn mn v
kinh nghim ca ngi vn hnh vi
phun l quan trng, v ngi vn hnh
vi phun kim sot t l nc / hn hp
ch yu i vo thit b s dng. Bng
quy trnh hn hp t, ngi vn hnh
vi phun khng cn kim sot st
ca hn hp giao ti hin trng thi
cng, nhng c th kim sot tc
ca nguyn liu v vic cho thm cc
cht rn nhanh vo khi hn hp b
tng ra khi vi phun.
Theo cc thit k cp phi hn hp b
tng, t l nc / cc cht kt dnh vn
l mt thng s quan trng nht nh
hng ti cng nn, co ngt v
ton b tui th ca sn phm cui
cng. K thut p dng cng l yu t
quyt nh v khng km quan trng
so vi hn hp b tng trn sn thng
thng. K thut phun tt c th to
ra s khc bit gia hn hp c chc
c cng cao hoc hn hp trng
c v tt b mt hon thin nhng
thc t li c cc hc ct, cc l rng n
di v ct thp c bao bc km.
Quy trnh phun b tng l quy trnh a
nng hn so vi b tng thng
thng. Nu nh b mt phun t cht
lng tt, sch s v c th ra vo
c, th c th tin hnh phun b
tng vo cc khun hoc cc mt ct
kh v phc tp ni m cp-pha b
tng thng thng cho thy rt kh
hoc khng th lp ghp c cng
nh chi ph rt cao. Phun b tng c
bit c th p dng cho cc khun c
bit c hnh th phc tp theo mun,
cc b bi v cc nt c trng ring
bit khc ca cc khu vui chi gii tr
di nc. N cng c th l mt loi
vt liu ph v sa cha tuyt vi cho
cc kt cu hin c v kh nng t
c bn lin kt tt v thm
thp ca n.
Cc trng thi v s khc nhau gia b
tng thng v b tng phun l rt ln
khng th trnh by ht trong bi vit
ngn ny. Vic la chn phng php
b tng, cho d l b tng thng
thng, b tng phun theo quy trnh
hn hp t hoc hn hp kh, s l
mt cng vic y thch thc, v mi
phng php u c cc mt tch cc
ca mnh. Trong khi s tht th mt
phng php c th ngy cng c
ng dng nhiu hn, ph hp hn
hoc kinh t hn so vi cc phng
php khc, vic la chn phng php
b tng cui cng cho mi d n
cn da vo thit k ca d n, tiu ch
phm cht ca nguyn liu v tng
ngn sch d n.
George W. Seegebrecht v Steven H.
Gebler
Anh i cng em n Tin An
Min i t huyn Yn Hng
Ph Rng bn nc mnh mang sng
Du tch ngn nm thy chin Bch ng
Hn cng em v y xy l gch mi
Cng ngh cao bn do t i gy
Trn ph liu pha u nghin mn
p n nung gch chc cng ngh xanh
Hn c cng em ngi k s silicat
Nguyn mt i gn b vi t nung
Trn tr thng ngy tm thi hn cho t
T tri tim ta ngun la rc hng !
Nguyn c cng em t ma thu nm y
Cm tm bng i hc Bch khoa
Xy l tuy nen ta cng em i khp
T Bc ch Nam gch ngi ra l
T luyn t th cng ba mai, hai ko, mt xo
Tin ln c gii ha ton phn
C my thay ngi cng nhn th mc
L tuy nen khng cn bi tro en
Chng cn ch ph l qun ngi tro lm
Em quyt cng anh i khai li m ng
Thch thc kh khn luyn ch kin cng
Ta thnh cng dng xy s nghip
Thng hiu vng bn Thch Bn xanh !
Ta bao ln cht chiu cn ong o m
Lm li cho i t gch ngi t nung
Gim tiu hao tng cn than s in
Gim pht thi bi khi lbu tri trong
T Qung Ninh Yn Hng v Bc Giang Yn Dng
Nhng min i hoang t hng
Luyn t i gy ta lm cng ngh mi
Cho ra l gch nung cng ngh xanh!
Ti ht bi ca Thch Bn xanh
Tri trong gi mt di trng thanh
Ai h bn nguyt xy b va
Gch Thch Bn xanh nng ra chn !
* (Bi th Tnh ca Thch Bn xanh c tc gi vit
nhn dp Cng ty CP Thch Bn khi cng xy dng
Nh my gch t i bn do Thch Bn xanh u
tin ti Tin An, Yn Hng, Qung Ninh).
Tnh ca Thch Bn xanh
Tng TG Nguyn Th Cng v Phu nhn.
\N F0A \N NbFL
>Sng
CNG TY C PHN PHT TRIN TRUYN THNG V DU LCH GN LUCKY
GN LUCKY MEDIA., JSC
Add: S 15, Ngch 54/16, Ng 54, Ph Tn Tht Tng, ng a, H Ni
Tel: 04. 35746751 / 0904932182
Fax: 04. 35746751
Email: gnluckymedia@gmail.com
Website: www.ximangvn.com
Hot ng trong cc lnh vc:
Truyn thng, qung co, kinh doanh thng mi in t, xy dng pht trin website cho
cc doanh nghip, t chc s kin, in n thit k, cc hot ng du lch, t chc gii thiu v
xc tin thng mi
ON |ack Me4|a - Se c||a ket re|, |adrg td| tadrg |a|

Tap San KHCN So 3-2010 - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tap San KHCN So 3-2010 - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S 3/thang 9/2010 DI N A N NGHIN C U & PHA T TRI N V T LI U XY D NG - VI N V T LI U XY D NG - B XY D NG

hgh|n cuu mI s I|nh chI cua x| mng da cu Iu

Xy dng chin lc, quy hoach, k hoach, chnh sach

Phn tch, kim nh nguyn, nhin liu, san phm vt

Thc hin cng tac t vn trong lnh vc xy dng va vt

ao tao, bi dng sau ai hoc theo chuyn nganh c

Thc hin hp tac trong va

c chng minh l tc nhn gy ung

You might also like