S DNG PHN MM MAPLE VO HNG DN SINH VIN T HC HC PHN PHP TNH VI PHN V TCH PHN CA HM NHIU BIN S

USING MAPLE SOFTWARE GUIDING STUDENTS TO SELFSTUDYING DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF MULTI-VARIABLE FUNCTIONS Th.S NGUYN VN KIM
Trng CSP Qung Tr TM TT
Trong dy ton, vic s dng cc phm mn Mathematieca, Maple, Cabri Geometry, Geometer's Sketchpad,Mathcad...vo h tr t hc, t nghin cu ca sinh vin l vn rt cn thit. T , nh hng c cch dy ca ngi dy cho ngi hc v cch hc ca ngi hc trn s h tr ca cc phn mm ton hc. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti ch cp mt vn "S dng phn mn Maple vo hng dn sinh vin t hc hc phn php tnh vi phn v tch phn ca hm nhiu bin s".

ABSTRACT
In Mathematics teaching, the use of such softwares as Mathematieca, Cabri Geometry, Geometers Sketchpad, Mathcad ect, in assisting students self-study is of great essentiality. As a result, it can help to set up orientation for teachers teaching methods and students learning methods with the support of those mathematical softwares. This paper only deals with the use of Maple software in guiding students to selfstudying differential and integral calculus of multi-variable functions.

A. T VN Chin lc pht trin gio dc i hc - Cao ng t nm 2005 n 2015 l tng bc i mi ni dung, chng trnh, gio trnh v phng php dy hc. Mt trong nhng khu then cht ca qu trnh i mi phng php dy hc l rn luyn k nng t hc, t thch ng cho sinh vin. Trong dy ton, vic s dng cc phm mm Mathematica, Maple, Cabri Geometry, Geometer's Sketchpad, Mathcad... vo h tr t hc, t nghin cu ca sinh vin l vn rt cn thit. T , nh hng c cch dy ca ngi dy cho ngi hc v cch hc ca ngi hc trn s h tr ca cc phn mm ton hc. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti ch cp mt vn "S dng phn mn Maple vo hng dn sinh vin t hc hc phn php tnh vi phn v tch phn ca hm nhiu bin s". 41

B. NI DUNG 1. Maple l phn mm do mt nhm cc nh khoa hc ca Canada thuc trng i hc Waterloo xy dng v cho ra i vo nm 1980 vi mc ch gii quyt mi cng vic lin quan n tnh ton. T , lm thay i hn cch hc ton: Song song vi cch gii "truyn thng", sinh vin c hng dn gii bng s tr gip ca Maple. Phng php ny to ra cho sinh vin cch tip cn mi vi ton hcsinh ng, sng to v rn c kh nng t hc, t kim tra, t nghin cu. 2. T hc, t nghin cu l vic lm thng xuyn ca sinh vin trong qu trnh hc tp v sau ny lp nghip. c bit, i vi sinh vin ngnh s phm ton vic s dng cc phm mn ton hc vo t hc, t nghin cu l c s vng chc cho vic ng dng tin hc vo i mi phng php dy hc bc ph thng. Thc t cho thy nhng sinh vin no bit ng dng cc phn mn ton hc vo h tr t hc, t nghin cu th rt thnh cng trong cng tc ging dy sau ny. 3.S dng phn mn Maple vo hng dn sinh vin t hc hc phn php tnh vi phn v tch phn ca hm nhiu bin s. 3.1. th ca hm hai bin: 3.1.1 nh ngha: th ca hm s z = f( x , y ) xc nh trn tp D R2 l mt tp hp gm cc im trong khng gian R3 xc nh bi to ( x , y , z) vi ( x , y) D.

G = ( x, y, z ) R 3 / z = f ( x, y ),( x, y ) D

3.1.2 V th ca hm hai bin z = f( x , y ) khi x [ a ; b ] , y [ c ; d ] C php: [ > plot3d ( f(x,y) , x = a..b , y = c..d ); Minh ho 1.> #Ve do thi ham hai bien# > z:=sin(sqrt(2*x^2+y^2)); z := sin( 2 x 2 + y 2 ) > plot3d(z,x=-2..2,y=-2..2);

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>f(x,y):=((2*x-y^2)*exp(-x^2-y^2)); f( x, y ) := ( 2 x y 2 ) e

2 2 ( x y )

>plot3d(f(x,y),x=-2..2,y=-2..2);

3.2 Gii hn ca hm hai bin s: 3.2.1 nh ngha: Cho hm s f : D R2 R ( x , y ) a z = f(x , y) 2 v P0( x0 , y0) R ( P0 l im t ca tp D) L R c gi l gii hn ca hm s f khi x x0 , y y0 v k hiu l: L = lim f ( x , y )
x x0 y y0

3.2.2 Tnh gii hn ca hm hai bin f(x,y) khi ng thi x x0 v y y0 . C php: [ > limit(f(x,y), {x=x0,y=y0 }); Minh ho 2. > f(x,y):=(x^2*y)/(x^4+y^2); > limit(f(x,y),{x=1,y=2}); Minh ho 3. Tnh gii hn ca lim
2 5

f( x, y ) :=

x2 y x4 + y2

x2 y 2 lim 4 = 2 Vy , x 1 x + y 5 y 2

x0 y +

x + y v x+ y lim 2 2 2 x + x + y 2 x +y y +
x+y x2 + y2

> g(x,y):=(x+y)/(x^2+y^2); g( x, y ) :=

> limit(g(x,y),{x=0,y=infinity}); 0

vy , lim

x0 y +

x+ y =0 x2 + y2

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Khi tnh gii hn lim

x + y +

x + y , my cho kt qu sau: x2 + y2
x+y limit 2 , { x = , y = } x + y2

>limit(g(x,y),{x=infinity,y=infinity});

iu ny cho thy Maple khng tnh c gii hn dng

x y

lim

f ( x, y )

Tuy nhin, ta tnh c gii hn trn nh sau: Vi x 0,

y 0 , ta c:
2

x+y x + y
2

x + y 1 y

y + y

x + y

x + y

1 + x
lim

Suy ra: 0

x + y +

1 x+ y 1 x+ y =0 lim + = 0 . Vy xlim 2 2 2 x + + x + y 2 x y x +y y + y +
x x0 y y 0 y y 0 x x0

3.2. 3. Tnh gii hn lp: lim lim f ( x , y ) ;

lim lim f ( x , y )

C php: [ >limit(limit(f(x,y),x=x0 ),y= y0);

Hoc: [ >limit(limit(f(x,y),y=y0 ),x= x0);

Minh ho 4: Cho hm s f(x,y) =
x y + x2 + y2 , x+ y lim lim f ( x , y )
y 0 x 0

tnh lim lim f ( x , y ) ;

x 0 y 0

> f(x,y):=(x-y+x^2+y^2)/(x+y); > limit(limit(f(x,y),x=0),y=0); > limit(limit(f(x,y),y=0),x=0);

x y + x2 + y2 f( x, y ) := x+y -1 1

Ta thy hai gii hn trn khng bng nhau nn khng tn ti gii hn

lim
x0 y0

x y + x 2 + y 2 ,trong trng hp ny my tr li undefined(khng xc nh) x+ y

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> limit(f(x,y),{x=0,y=0});
2 2

undefined
2 2

Minh ho 5: Cho hm s f(x,y) =

lim lim f ( x , y ) =
x 0 y 0 y 0 x 0

x y , Chng minh rng x y + ( x y)2 lim lim f ( x , y ) = 0 v lim f ( x , y ) khng tn ti

x0 y0

Ta i tnh hai gii hn lp trn: > f(x,y):=(x^2*y^2)/(x^2*y^2+(x-y)^2);

f( x, y ) :=
0 0

x2 y2 x 2 y2 + ( x y )2

> limit(limit(f(x,y),x=0),y=0); > limit(limit(f(x,y),y=0),x=0); Khi tnh gii hn lim f ( x , y ) th my cho thng tin sau:
x0 y0

> limit(f(x,y),{x=0,y=0});

My khng tr li c. Trong trng hp ny, ta phi dng phng php truyn thng gii bi ton nh sau:

x2 y2 limit 2 2 x y + ( x y ) 2 , { x = 0, y = 0 }

1 1 khi n + n n 1 1 v f (xn , yn ) = / = 1 1 khi n + n4 n4 1 1 ' ' Ly dy xn , yn = , (0,0) khi n + n n 1 1 4 1 ' ' v f ( xn , yn ) = 4 / 4 + 2 = 2 0 khi n + n n n n +4
* Ly dy ( xn , yn ) = , (0,0)

Vy , khng tn ti gii hn lim f ( x , y ) .

x0 y0

3.3. o hm ring ca hm hai bin s: 3.3.1. nh ngha: Cho hm s z = f(x,y) xc nh trn min D v im M0( x0 , y0 ) D R2. Nu hm s z = f(x,y0) c o hm ti x0 th o hm gi l o hm ring

ca hm s z = f(x,y) ti im ( x0 , y0 ) v k hiu: f x' ( x0 , y0 ) hoc

Nu hm s z = f(x0 ,y) c o hm ti y0 th o hm gi l o hm ring ca hm s z = f(x,y) ti im ( x0 , y0 ) v k hiu: f y' ( x0 , y0 ) hoc

( x0 , y0 ) x

( x0 , y0 ) y

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 Tng t , chng ta cng nh ngha cho cc o hm ring cp 2, cp 3,... cho hm s z = f(x,y) ti im ( x , y ) D l :

Khi hm s z = f(x,y) ) xc nh trn tp m D R2 v c cc o hm ring " " " " cp f xy , f yx hai lin tc ti im M0( x0 , y0 ) th f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y0 )
3.3.2. Tnh o hm ring ca hm hai bin s: C php:[ > diff ( f(x,y),x); [ >diff ( f(x,y),x$2); [ >diff ( f(x,y),x,y); Hoc [ > diff ( f(x,y),y); [ >diff ( f(x,y),y$2); [ >diff ( f(x,y),y,x); Minh ho 6: Cho hm s f ( x, y ) = x y , tnh

2 f f 2 f f ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) ; ( x , y ) = ( x, y ) 2 2 y y x x y x 2 f f 2 f f ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) ; ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) xy x y yx y x

f f 2 f 2 f 2 f , , , , x y y 2 x 2 xy

xy y x y 2 x y xy y x y ln( x ) > diff(f(x,y),x$2); > diff(f(x,y),y); 2 x x2 y x ln( x ) y x y y 2 + > diff(f(x,y),x,y); > diff(f(x,y),y$2); x ln( x ) x x x y ln( x ) y x y + > diff(f(x,y),y,x); x x

> f(x,y):=x^y;

f( x, y ) := x y

> diff(f(x,y),x);

tnh gi tr ca cc o hm ring ti im M ( x0 , y0 ), ta dng lnh [ > subs(x = x0 , y = y0 , % ); Rt gn biu thc [ >simplify(%); By gi tnh cc o hm ring trn ti im M ( e , 1)
xy y > diff(f(x,y),x); x > subs(x=e,y=1,%); 1
(y 1)

> simplify(%); > diff(f(x,y),y);

(y 2)

> subs(x=e,y=1,%); e ln( e )

y x > simplify(%); x y 2 > diff(h(x,y),y$2); x ln( x )
2 (y 2)

x y ln( x ) xy y2 xy y > diff(f(x,y),x$2); 2 x x2

> subs(x=e,y=1,%); > subs(x=e,y=1,%);

x

0 e ln( e ) 2
(y 1)

>diff(f(x,y),x,y); > subs(x=e,y=1,%);

x y ln( x ) y x y + x x > simplify(%); ln( e ) + 1

( y ln( x ) + 1 )

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4.1Tnh tch phn bi trn mt hnh hp:

Trn Maple ngi ta ch xy dng thut ton tnh trc tip cc tch phn bi 2 v bi 3. Khi tnh tch phn bi c s chiu ln hn ta c th h thp s chiu nh cc cng thc tch phn bi thng qua tch phn lp. tnh tch phn bi trn hp, ta s dng gi cng c student v gi n ra bng lnh: > with(student);
[ D, Diff , Doubleint , Int, Limit , Lineint , Product , Sum, Tripleint , changevar , completesquare , distance , equate , integrand , intercept , intparts , leftbox , leftsum , makeproc , middlebox , middlesum , midpoint , powsubs, rightbox , rightsum , showtangent , simpson, slope , summand, trapezoid ]

4.1.1.Tnh tch phn bi 2: f ( x, y)dxdy vi D = { ( x , y) / a x b , c x d }

D

C php: [ > Doubleint( f (x,y) , x =a .. b , y = c.. d); y l lnh "tr", nn n khng cho ta kt qu tnh ton m cho ta cng thc biu

din :

f( x , y ) d x dy c a

Mun bit gi tr ca biu thc trn ta s dng lnh : [ > value(%); Nu gi tr ny khng biu c cc k hiu ton hc bit th ta xem gi tr xp x ( di dng thp phn ) ca n bng lnh: [ > evalf (%); Minh ho 6: Tnh cc tch phn sau a) I =

(4- x
D

- y 2 )dxdy

vi D = { ( x , y) / 0 x 1 , 0 x

3 } 2

> Doubleint((4-x^2-y^2),x=0..1,y=0..3/2);
4 x 2 y 2 d x dy 0 0
3/2 1

> value(%);
1 1

35 8

sin( x + y ) b) J = cos( x ) + sin( y ) + 2 dx dy 0 0

> Doubleint(sin(x+y)/(cos(x)+sin(y)+2),x=0..1,y=0..1); > 47

 sin( x + y ) d x dy cos( x ) + sin( y ) + 2 0 0

> evalf(%);
4.1.2Tch phn bi ba:

0.2345690622

C php: [ > Tripleint(f(x,y,z),x =a..b,y=c..d,z=p..q); Minh ho 7: Tnh cc tch phn bi ba sau : f( x, y, z ) dx dy dz p c a

q d b

a) I =

xysinyzdxdydz , trong B l hnh hp ch nht gii hn bi cc

B

mt phng x = , y =

, z = v cc mt phng to . 3 2

> Tripleint(x*y*sin(y*z),x=0..pi,y=0..pi/2,z=0..pi/3);
x y sin( y z ) dx dy dz 0 0 0
3 2

> value(%);
1 1 1

2 3 3 sin + 6 4 2

sin( x y + y z + z x ) dx dy dz b) J = 0 0 0 > Tripleint(sin(x*y+y*z+z*x),x=0..1,y=0..1,z=0..1); sin( x y + y z + z x ) dx dy dz 0 0 0

1 1 1

> evalf(%); 0.5821196251 * Tch phn lp 2 ca hm hai bin f ( x , y) khi x [ a , b ] v y thay i t y1(x) n y2(x).
C php: [ > int(int(f(x,y), y=y[1](x)..y[2](x)), x=a..b);

4.1.3.Tch phn lp:

* Tch phn lp 3 ca hm ba bin f ( x , y , z) khi x [ a , b ] v y thay i t y1(x) n y2(x) v z thay i t z1(x ,y) n z2 (x , y).
C php: [ >int( int(int(f(x,y,z), z=z[1](x,y)..z[2](x,y)), y=y[1](x)..y[2](x)),x =a..b);

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Minh ho 8: Tnh cc tch phn bi hai sau

a) I =

xdxdy 1+x + y
2 2

, D = { ( x , y ) / 0 x 2 , y2 2x }

y2 Ta c: D = { ( x , y ) / x2,-2y2} 2
int(int(x/sqrt(1+x^2+y^2),x=(y^2/2)..2),y=-2..2);

2 5 + ln( 5 ) 3 2

b) J =
2

ydxdy , D = { ( x , y ) / 0 x 2 , 0 y
D

1 } sin 3 x + cos3 x

> int(int(y,y=0..1/((sin(x))^3+(cos(x))^3)),x=0..2);
1 1 dx 2 ( sin( x ) 3 + cos( x ) 3 ) 2 0

> evalf(%);

1.417868442

Minh ho 9: Tnh cc tch phn bi ba sau I = dxdydz , trong B l mt vt th gii hn bi cc mt:

B

z = x + y2 , z = 2 ( x2 + y2 ) , y = x , y2 = x.
> int(int(int(1,z=x^2+y^2..2(x^2+y^2)),y=x..sqrt(x)),x=0..1);
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C. KT LUN Maple l mt phn mn tnh ton kh phong ph, h tr hu ht cc lnh vc ca ton hc. Do , ng dng Maple vo t hc , t nghin cu c th kim tra c kin thc ton hc ca mnh v to ra nhng t duy mi v ton hc .Ngoi ra, phn mn Maple h tr chng ta bin son nhng bi ging theo gio trnh in t mt cch sinh ng gp phn vo i mi phng php dy hc hin nay.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Phm Minh Hong: Maple v cc bi ton ng dng. NXB khoa hc v k thut.
[2] inh Th Lc - Phm Huy in- T Duy Phng: Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin. NXB i hc Quc Gia H ni [3] Nguyn Mnh Qu - Nguyn Xun Lim: Php tnh vi phn v tch phn ca hm nhiu bin s.

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