1

CC PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH HM THNG DNG

Phng php 1: H s bt nh.
Nguyn tc chung:
+) Da vo iu kin bi ton, xc nh c dng ca f(x), thng l f(x) = ax + b hoc
f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c.
+) ng nht h s tm f(x).
+) Chng minh rng mi h s khc ca f(x) u khng tha mn iu kin bi ton.
V d 1: Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1 f x f y x xy f x x y R + = + .
Li gii:
Thay
1 x
y R
=

vo (18) ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 f f y y f a + = + .
Thay ( ) 1 1 y f = vo (a) suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 f f f + = . t ( ) ( )
1 1 1 a f f = + ta
c: ( ) 1 f a = .
Chn
y a
x R
=

ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f x f a x xa f x xa f x f + = + + = .
t ( ) ( ) 0 f b f x a x b = = + . Th vo (1) v ng nht h s ta c:
( )
( )
2
1
1
1
0
a
f x x
a
a
ab a a f x x
b
=
=
=

=

= =

=

.
Vy c hai hm s cn tm l ( ) f x x = v ( ) f x x = .
V d 2: Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 2 f f x y y f x f y x y R + = .
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 0; : (2) 0 y x R f f x x R a = = .
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
: (2) 0 x f y f f f y y y f a = + = .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
0 a a f y y f + = . t ( ) ( ) 0 f a f y ay y R = = . Th li (2) ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
0 , a x y a y x y x y R + + = ( ) 0 0 a f x x R = = . Vy c duy nht hm s
( ) 0 f x = tha mn bi ton.
V d 3: Tm , : f g R R tha mn:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 ,
1
f x g x f y y x y R a
f x g x x x R b
=

.
Li gii:
Cho x y R = khi ( ) ( ) ( ) a f x g x x = .Thay li (a) ta c:

2
( ) ( ) 2 2 , g x x y g y x y R = + (c).
Cho 0; y x R = : t (c) ta c: ( ) ( ) 2 0 g x x g = + . t ( ) 0 g a = ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 , g x x a f x x a = + = + . Th vo (a), (b) ta c:
(a), (b)
( )( )
( )
2 2
2 1
x a x a
x R
x a x a x
+ = +

+ + +

( )
2 2
2 3 1 1 0 x a x a x R + +
( )
2
3 0 3 a a = . Vy ( ) ( ) 3 ; 2 3 f x x g x x = + = + .
V d 4: a thc f(x) xc nh vi x v tha mn iu kin:

2
2 ( ) (1 ) , f x f x x x + = (1). Tm f(x).
Li gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca biu thc di du f l bc nht: x, 1 x v phi l bc hai x
2
.
Vy f(x) phi c dng: f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c.
Khi (1) tr thnh: 2(ax
2
+ bx + c) + a(1 x)
2
+ b(1 x) + c = x
2
x do :
3ax
2
+ (b 2a)x + a + b + 3c = x
2
, x
ng nht cc h s, ta thu c:
1
3
3 1
2
2 0
3
3 0
1
3
a
a
b a b
a b c
c

=

= =


+ + =

Vy:
2
1
( ) ( 2 1)
3
f x x x = +
Th li ta thy hin nhin f(x) tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Ta phi chng minh mi hm s khc f(x) s khng tha mn iu kin bi ton:
Tht vy gi s cn hm s g(x) khc f(x) tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Do f(x) khng trng vi g(x) nn
0 0 0
: ( ) ( ) x g x f x .
Do g(x) tha mn iu kin bi ton nn:
2
2 ( ) (1 ) , g x g x x x + =
Thay x bi x
0
ta c:
2
0 0 0
2 ( ) (1 ) g x g x x + =
Thay x bi 1 x
0
ta c:
2
0 0 0
2 (1 ) ( ) (1 ) g x g x x + =
T hai h thc ny ta c:
2
0 0 0 0
1
( ) ( 2 1) ( )
3
g x x x f x = + =
iu ny mu thun vi
0 0
( ) ( ) g x f x


Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht l
2
1
( ) ( 2 1)
3
f x x x = +


3
Nhn xt: Nu ta ch d on f(x) c dng no th phi chng minh s duy nht ca cc
hm s tm c.

V d 5: Hm s y = f(x) xc nh, lin tc vi x v tha mn iu kin:
f(f(x)) = f(x) + x, x
Hy tm hai hm s nh th.
Li gii:
Ta vit phng trnh cho di dng f(f(x)) f(x) = x (1).
V phi ca phng trnh l mt hm s tuyn tnh v vy ta nn gi s rng hm s cn tm
c dng: f(x) = ax + b.
Khi (1) tr thnh: a( ax + b) + b (ax + b) = x , x

hay (a
2
a )x + ab = x, x
ng nht h s ta c:
2
1 5 1 5
1 1 5
( ) .
2 2
2 0
0 0
a a a a
f x x
ab
b b

+
= = =
=

=

= =


Hin nhin hai hm s trn tha mn iu kin bi ton (vic chng minh s duy nht dnh
cho ngi c).
V d 6: Hm s : f tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:

) ( ( )) , (1)
) ( ( 2) 2) , (2)
) (0) 1 (3)
a f f n n n
b f f n n n
c f
=
+ + =
=

Tm gi tr f(1995), f(-2007).
Li gii:
Cng nhn xt v l lun nh cc v d trc, ta a n f(n) phi c dng: f(n) = an +b.
Khi iu kin (1) tr thnh:

2
, a n ab b n n + + =
ng nht cc h s, ta c:

2
1 1 1
0 0 0
a a a
b b ab b
= = =


= = + =


Vi
1
0
a
b
=

ta c f(n) = n. Trng hp ny loi v khng tha mn (2).

Vi
1
0
a
b
=

ta c f(n) = -n + b. T iu kin (3) cho n = 0 ta c b = 1.

Vy f(n) = -n + 1.
Hin nhin hm s ny tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Ta phi chng minh f(n) = -n +1 l hm duy nht tha mn iu kin bi ton:
Tht vy gi s tn ti hm g(n) khc f(n) cng tha mn iu kin bi ton.
T (3) suy ra f(0) = g(0) = 1, f(1) = g(1) = 0.
S dng iu kin (1) v (2) ta nhn c: g(g(n)) = g(g(n+2)+2) n
.


4
do g(g(g(n))) = g(g(g(n+2)+2)) n

Hay g(n) = g(n+2)+2 n
.

Gi s n
0
l s t nhin b nht lm cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f n g n
Do f(n) cng tha mn (4) nn ta c:
0 0 0 0
0 0
( 2) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2)
( 2) ( 2)
g n g n f n f n
g n f n
= + = + =
=

Mu thun vi iu kin n
0
l s t nhin b nht tha mn (5).
Vy f(n) = g(n), n
Chng minh tng t ta cng c f(n) = g(n) vi mi n nguyn m.
Vy f(n) = 1 n l nghim duy nht.
T tnh c f(1995), f(-2007).
BI TP
Bi 1: Tm tt c cc hm s : f tha mn iu kin:
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (1 ) 2 (3 ), , f x y f x y f x f y xy y x x y + + + =
.

p s: f(x) = x
3
.
Bi 2: Hm s : f tha mn iu kin f(f(n)) + f(n) = 2n + 3, . n

Tm f(2005).
p s: 2006.
Bi 3: Tm tt c cc hm : f sao cho:
2 2
( ( )) ( ( )) 3 3, f f n f n n n + = + + . n
p s: f(n) = n + 1.
Bi 4: Tm cc hm : f nu:
1 1 8 2
3 5 , 0, ,1, 2
3 2 2 1 3
x x
f f x
x x x
| | | |
=
`
| |
+
\ \ )

p s:
28 4
( )
5
x
f x
x
+
=
Bi 5: Tm tt c cc a thc P(x) [ ]
x sao cho: P(x + y) = P(x) + P(y) + 3xy(x + y),
, x y
p s: P(x) = x
3
+ cx.
Phng php 2: phng php th.
2.1. Th n to PTH mi:
V d 1: Tm f: R\{2} R tha mn: ( )
2
2 1
2 1 1
1
x
f x x x
x
+ | |
= +
|

\
.
Li gii: t { }
1
2 1
\ 2
1
x
x
t MGT t R
x

+ | |
= =
|

\
(tp xc nh ca f). Ta c:
1
2
t
x
t
+
=

th vo (1):
( )
2
2
3 3
( ) 2
2
t
f t t
t

. Th li thy ng.

5
Vy hm s cn tm c dng
( )
2
2
3 3
( )
2
x
f x
x

.
Nhn xt:
+ Khi t t, cn kim tra gi thit
x
x D
MGT t D

. Vi gi thit mi m bo tnh cht: Khi

t chy khp cc gi tr ca t th x = t cng chy khp tp xc nh ca f.
+ Trong v d 1, nu f: R R th c v s hm f dng: ( )
( )
( )
2
2
3 3
2
2 ( )
2
x
x
x f x
a x

(vi aR
ty ).
V d 2: Tm hm f : ( ] ( ] ; 1 0;1 R tha mn:
( )
2 2
( 1) 1 1 2 f x x x x x = + .
Li gii: t
( )
2 2
2
2
0
1 1
1
x t
t x x x x t
x x t

= =

2
2 2 2
1
1 2
2
x t
x t
t
x x xt t x
t




+
= + =

. H c nghim x
2
1
2
t
t
t
+

1
0 1
t
t

<

( ] ( ] ; 1 0;1 t . Vy ( ] ( ]
1
; 1 0;1
x
MGT t D

= = .
Vi
2
1 t x x = th
2
1 1
1 ( ) x x f t
t t
+ = = tha mn (2).
Vy
1
( ) f x
x
= l hm s cn tm.
V d 3: Tm f : R\
2
; 3
3
R


`
)
tha mn: ( )
3 1 1
1, 2 3
2 1
x x
f x x
x x
+ | |
=
|
+
\
.
Li gii: t
( )
1
2
3 1 2
\ ;3
2 3
x
x
x
t MGT t R
x

= =
`
+
)

2 1
3
t
x
t
+
=

th vo (4) ta c:
4
( )
3 2
t
f t
t
+
=

tha mn (3). Vy hm s cn tm l:
4
( )
3 2
x
f x
x
+
=

.
V d 4: Tm f : ( ) ( ) 0; 0; + + tha mn:
( ) ( ( )) ( ( )) , 0; (4) x f x f y f f y x y = + .
Li gii:
Cho y = 1, x ( ) 0; + ta c: ( (1)) ( (1)) x f x f f f = .
Cho
1
(1)
x
f
= ta c: ( (1) 1 ( (1)) 1 f f x f x f = =
1
( (1)) f x f
x
= . t:

6
(1)
. (1) ( ) ( )
f a
t x f f t f t
t t
= = = (vi (1) a f = ). V ( )
( )
( )
0;
(1) 0; 0;
x
f MGT t
+
+ = + .
Vy ( )
a
f x
x
= . Th li thy ng ( ) 0 a > . Hm s cn tm l: ( )
a
f x
x
= vi ( ) 0 a > .
V d 5: Tm hm f: ( ) ( ) 0; 0; + + tha mn:
( ) ( )
1 3 3
(1) ; ( ) ( ). ( ). , 0; 5
2
f f xy f x f f y f x y
y x
| |
| |
= = + +
| |
\
\
.
Li gii:
Cho x = 1; y = 3 ta c: ( )
1
3
2
f = .
Cho x = 1; ( ) 0; y + ta c: ( )
3
f y f
y
| |
=
|
\
. Th li (5) ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) , 0; (5') f xy f x f y x y = + . Thay y bi
3
x
ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 1
3 2 )
2
f f x f f x
x
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
. Th li thy ng.
Vy hm s cn tm l: ( )
1
2
0 f x x = > .
V d 6: Tm hm f: R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 , 6 x y f x y x y f x y xy x y x y R + + = + .
Li gii: Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
6
1 1
4 4
x y f x y x y f x y
x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
+ + =
(
= + + + + + + + ( ( ( (
(


t
u x y
v x y
=

= +

ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 1
4
v f u u f v u v u v u v u v = + +
( ) ( )
3 3
v f u u f v u v v u = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
v f u u u f v v =
+ Vi 0 uv ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3
* 3
, 0
f u u f v v f u u
u v R a f u au u u
u v u

= = = + .
+ Vi 0; 0 u v = suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
0 0 0 f u u f u u f = = = .
Hm ( )
3
f u au u = + tha mn ( ) 0 0 f = . Vy ( )
3
f u au u u R = +
Hm s cn tm l: ( ) ( )
3
f x ax x a R = + . Th li thy ng.
2.2. Th n to ra h PTH mi:

7
V d 1: Tm hm f: R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 f x x f x x x R + = + .
Li gii:
t t x = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 f t t f t t t R = + . Ta c h:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
f x x f x x
f x
x f x f x x
+ = +

+ = +

. Th li hm s cn tm l: ( ) 1 f x = .
V d 2: Tm hm s { } : \ 0,1 f R R Tha mn: ( ) ( )
*
1
1 2
x
f x f x x R
x
| |
+ = +
|
\
.
Li gii: t ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
, 2 1
x
x f x f x x
x

= + = + .
t ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 2 1
1
1 1
, 2 1
1
x
x f x f x x
x x

= = + = +

.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2
2
1
, 2 1
x
x x f x f x x
x

= = + = + .
Ta c h
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1 2
2 1 1
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 1
1
f x f x x
x x x
f x f x x f x x
x x
f x f x x
+ = +
+ + | |
+ = + = = + +

+ = +

. Th li thy
ng. Vy hm s cn tm c dng: ( )
1 1 1
2 1
f x x
x x
| |
= + +
|

\
.
V d 3: Tm hm s { } : \ 1; 0;1 f R R tha mn: ( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 3
1
x
x f x f x
x
| |
+ =
|
+
\
.
Li gii:
t ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
, 3 2 1
1
x
x x f x f x
x

= + =
+
.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 1 2
1
1 1
, 3 2 1
1
x
x x f x f x
x x

= = + =
+
.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 2 2 3
2
1 1
, 3 2 1
1 1
x x
x x f x f x
x x
+
= = + =
+
.
t ( ) ( ) ( )
3
4 3 3
3
1
, 3 2 1
1
x
x x x f x f x
x

= = + =
+
.
Ta c h
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3
2 1
2 1
4 1
5 1 2 1
2 1
x f x f x
x f x f x
x x
f x
x x x f x f x
x f x f x
+ =

+ =
+
=

+ =

+ =

. Th li thy ng.

8
Vy hm s cn tm l: ( )
( )
2
4 1
5 1
x x
f x
x x
+
=

.
BI TP
1) Tm { } : \ 1 f R R tha mn:
2
1
1 1 f x x R
x
| |
+ = +
|
\
.
2) Tm : \
a
f R R
b


`
)
tha mn:
2
4
1
b ax x a
f x
bx a x b
| |
=
|
+ +
\
(a, b l hng s cho
trc v 0 ab ).
3) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( )
2
2002 0 2002 f x f x x R = .
4) Tm { } : \ 0 f R R tha mn: ( ) { }
1 1
1 \ 0;1
2 1
f x f x R
x x
| |
+ =
|

\
.
5) Tm { } : \ 1; 0 f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) { }
1
64 \ 1
1
x
f x f x x R
x
| |
=
|
+
\
.
6) Tm
2
: \
3
f R R


`
)
tha mn: ( )
2 2
2 996
3 2 3
x
f x f x x
x
| |
+ =
|

\
.
7) Tm { } : \ 1 f R R tha mn:
3 3
1
1 1
x x
f f x x
x x
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
+
\ \
.
8) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( )
2
2 1 f x f x x x R + = .
9) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( )
2008 *
1
f x f x x R
x
| |
+ =
|
\
.
10) Tm
1
: \
3
f R R


`
)
tha mn: ( )
1 1
1 3 3
x
f x f x x
x
| |
+ =
|

\
.
11) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( )
2
0
a
f x f x x a a
a x
| |
+ = >
|

\
.
12) Tm { } , : \ 1 f g R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 2 1 2
1
1 1
f x g x x
x
x x
f g x
x x
+ + + =

| | | |
+ =
| |

\ \
.
Phng php 3: Phng php chuyn qua gii hn.
V d 1: Tm hm s : f R R lin tc, tha mn: ( ) ( )
2 3
1
3 5
x x
f x f x R
| |
+ =
|
\
.
Li gii:
t ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 3
; 1
3 5
x
x f x f x x = + = .
t ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 1 2 1
2 3
; 1
3 5
x
x f x f x x = + = .

9
t ( ) ( ) ( )
*
1 1
2 3
, ; 1
3 5
n
n n n n
x
x n N f x f x x
+ +
= + = .
Ta c h
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
1
3
1
5
3
2
5
3
1
5
n n n
f x f x x
f x f x x
f x f x x n
+

+ =

+ =

+ = +

Nhn dng phng trnh th (i) vi (-1)
i+1
ri cng li ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
3 2 2 2
1 1 *
5 3 3 3
n
n
n
f x f x x
+
+
(
| | | |
+ = + +
(
| |
\ \
(

.
Xt ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
lim 1 lim lim 0
f
n
n n n
f x f x f x f
+
+ + +
(
= = = (


l.tc
.
Mt khc (1) suy ra f(0) = 0 nn ( ) ( )
2
1
lim 1 0
n
n
f x
+
+
= .
Ly gii hn hai v ca (*) ta c: ( )
3 1 9
2
5 25
1
3
x
f x x = =
+
. Th li thy ng.
Vy hm s cn tm l: ( )
9
25
x
f x = .
V d 2: Tm hm s f lin tc ti x
o
= 0 tha mn:
: f R R v ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 f x f x x x R = + .
Li gii:
t 2 t x = ta c: ( ) ( )
'
2 2
2 2
t t
f t f t R
| |
= +
|
\
.
Xt dy:
*
1
1
1
,
2
1
2
n n
t t n N
t t
+

. Thay dy {t
n
} vo (2) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
1 1
1 1
1
2 4
1 1
2
2 4
1 1
2 4
n n n
f t f t t
f t f t t
f t f t t n

= +

= +

= +

. Th (n) vo ( ) ( ) 1 2 n n ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
*
2 2 2 2
n n n n n n
f t f t f t f t t
+
= + + + + .

10
Thay
1
2
n
n
t t
| |
=
|
\
vo (*

) ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
"
2 4 2
1 1 1 1
*
2 2 2 2
n n n
f t f t t
| |
= + + + +
|
\
.
V f lin tc ti x
o
= 0 nn ( )
1
lim 0
2
n n
f t
| |
=
|
\
. Ly gii hn 2 v (*

) suy ra: ( )
3
t
f t = . Th
li thy ng.
Nhn xt:
+) Nu dy {x
n
} tun hon th ta gii theo phng php th ri quy v h pt hm.
+) Nu dy {x
n
} khng tun hon nhng f lin tc ti x
o
= 0 v {x
n
} 0 th s dng
gii hn nh VD1.
+ Nu {x
n
} khng tun hon, khng c gii hn th phi i bin c dy {t
n
} c
gii hn 0 v lm nh v d 1.
BI TP
1) Tm : f R R tha mn:
a) f lin tc ti x
o
= 0,
b) ( ) ( ) , 2; n f nx f x nx n N n x R = + .
2) Tm : f R R lin tc ti x
o
= 0, tha mn: ( )
10
3
3 3
x
f x f x
| |
+ =
|
\
.
3) Tm : f R R lin tc ti x
o
= 0, tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
*
, , , m f mx n f nx m n x m n N m n x R = + .
Phng php 4: Phng php xt gi tr.
+) y l phng php c s ca mi phng php khc.
+) Khi vn dng phng php cn ch s dng kt qu va c c.
V d 1: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
,
a f x x R
b f x y f x f y x y R

+ +

.
Li gii:
Cho
0
0
x
y
=

suy ra
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0 0
0 2 0
f
f
f f

.
Cho
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0, 0 0, 0
f f x f x f x f x
y x
f x f x f x f x
+ +

=





( ) ( ) 0 f x f x x R = = . Vy ( ) 0 f x = . Th li thy ng.
V d 2: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
, , 2
2 2 4
f xy f yz f x f yz x y z R + .
Li gii:

11
Cho , 1 x z y = = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 1 1
0
4 2 2
f x f x f x f x
| |
=
|
\
. Th li thy
ng.
V d 3: Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ax 3
y R
f x M xy f y x R

= .
Li gii: ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 , f x xy f y x y R .
Cho ( ) ( )
2
2
t
x y t R f t t R a = = = .
T (a) suy ra:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1
2 2 2 2
y x x
xy f y xy x y = ( ) ( ) { } ( )
2
ax
2
y R
x
f x M xy f y x R b

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
x
a b f x + = . Th li thy ng.
V d 4: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2008 , 4
x y
f x y f x f y x y R
+
+ .
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 1 0 1 x y f f f = = = .
Cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
1 0 1 1 x y R f f x f x f x f x f x x R a
f x
= = = =

.
Cho ( )
( )
( )
( )
2008 0
0; 2008
2008 0
x
x
x
f x
y x R f x b
f x

>

>

.
Theo ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
2008
2008
x
x
a b f x c
f x

+ = =

. ( ) ( ) ( ) 2008
x
b c f x + = . Th li
thy ng.
V d 5: Tm [ ] [ ] : ; ; f a b a b tha mn:
( ) ( ) [ ] , ; f x f y x y x y a b (a < b cho trc) (5).
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ; x a y b f a f b a b b a a = = = .
v ( ) ( ) [ ] , ; f a f b a b nn ( ) ( ) ( ) f a f b a b b a b = .

12
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
f a a
f b b
a b f a f b b a
f a b
f b a
=

+ =

=

=

.
+) Nu
( )
( )
f a a
f b b
=

th:
Chn [ ] ( ) ( ) ; ; y b x a b f x x c = .
Chn [ ] ( ) ( ) ; ; y a x a b f x x d = .
( ) ( ) ( ) c d f x x + = .
+) Nu
( )
( )
f a b
f b a
=

th:
Chn [ ] ; ; y b x a b = ri chn [ ] ; ; y a x a b = nh trn ta c: ( ) f x a b x = + . Th
li thy ng.
Nhn xt:
+) T VD1 VD5 l cc BPT hm. Cch gii ni chung l tm cc gi tr c bit c
th tnh c trc. Sau to ra cc BT ngc nhau v hm s cn tm a ra kt
lun v hm s.
+) Vic chn cc trng hp ca bin phi c tnh k tha. Tc l ci chn sau phi
da vo ci chn trc n v th cc kh nng c th s dng kt qu va c c.
V d 6: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 ; ,
2 6
2 cos ,
f a f b a b
f x y f x y f x y x y R
| |
= =
|
\

+ + =

cho trc
.
Li gii:
Cho ;
2
y x R

= ta c: ( ) 0
2 2
f x f x a
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
.
Cho 0; x y R = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 cos f y f y a y b + = .
Cho ;
2
x y R

= ta c: ( ) 2 cos
2 2
f y f y b y c
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \
.

13
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2 2
2 cos
2 2 2
2 cos
2 2
f x f x
a b c f x f x a x
f x f x b x



| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

| | | | | |
+ + + =

| | |
\ \ \

| | | |
+ + =

| |
\ \
.
Gii h ta c: ( ) cos sin f x a x b x = + . Th li thy ng.
V d 7: Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) sin sin , 7 f x f y f x y x y x y R = + + .
Li gii: Ta thy ( ) cos f x x = l mt hm s tha mn.
Cho ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
0 0 0
0 1
f
x y f f
f
=
= = =

=

.
Nu ( ) 0 0 f = th: Cho ( ) ( ) 0; 0 0 y x R f x f x R = = = . Th li ta c:
sin sin 0 , x y x y R = v l. Vy ( ) 0 f x = khng l nghim (7).
Nu ( ) 0 1 f = th cho
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 sin cos cos x y f x f x x x f x f x x a = = + = = .
Cho
0
2
2
0
2
f
x
f

| |
=
|
\

| |
=
|
\
.
Nu 0
2
f
| |
=
|
\
th: Cho ;
2
x y R

= th vo (7) suy ra:

( ) sin 0 cos
2
f y y f y y y R
| |
+ + = =
|
\
. Th li thy ng.
Nu 0
2
f
| |
=
|
\
tng t nh trn ta c: ( ) cos f y y y R = .
Vy hm s cn tm l: ( ) cos f x x = .
V d 8: Tm , : f g R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos , 8 f x f y x y g x y x y R = + .
Li gii:
Chn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 8 0
2 2 2
x y y R f y f y f y f y a
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \
.
Chn ( ) ( ) ( ) ; 8 sin 2 .
2 2 2
x y y R f y f y y g b
| | | |
= + + =
| |
\ \
.

14
( ) ( ) ( ) sin 2 .
2 2 2
a b f y f y y g c
| | | | | |
+ + =
| | |
\ \ \
.
Theo (8): ( ) ( ) 2
2 2
f y f y g y d
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin 2 . 2 sin 2 sin
2
c d g y y g y R g x a x g x a x
| |
+ = = =
|
\
x R .
(vi
2
a g
| |
=
|
\
cho trc.)
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0; 0 cos . sin 2 ( 0 ) ,
2
a
y x R f x f x g x f x x b b f x R = = = + = .
Th li 2 hm s:
( )
( )
sin 2
2
sin
a
f x x b
g x a x

= +

(Vi a, b l hng s cho trc). Tha mn (8).

V d 9: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
1
0
f x f x x R a
f x f x x R b
f x
f x c
x x

+ = +

| |

=
|

\
.
Li gii:
Ta tnh
1 x
f
x
+ | |
|
\
n ( ) f x theo hai cch:
( )
( )
2
1 1 1
1 1 1 0
f x x
f f f x a
x x x x
+ | | | | | |
= + = + = +
| | |
\ \ \
.
2
2 2
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
x
f f
x x x x
f f
x x x
x x
x x
| | | |

| |
+ + | | + + | | | | | |
\ \
= = = + =
| | | |
+
\ \ \ \ | | | |
| |
+ +
\ \

( )
( )
2 2
2
1 1 1 1
1 1
1
1
f x x x
f
x x x
x
| |
+ | | + | | + | | | | | |
= + = = |
| | | | |
|
+
\ \ \ + \ \
\
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 1
1 0, 1
1
f x x
x x b
x
x
| |
+ + | |
|
|
|
\ +
\
.
( ) ( ) ( ) 0; 1 a b f x x x x + = .
Vi ( ) ( ) 0; 0 0 x a f = = tha mn ( ) f x x = .
Vi ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; 1 1 x a f f = = :
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 0; 1 1 1 1 x b f f = = = tha mn ( ) f x x = .

15
Vy ( ) f x x x R = . Th li thy ng .
V d 10: Tm { } : \ 0 f R R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1
. , 0
x , 0
f a
f f f x y b
x y x y
x y f x y xy f f y x y xy x y c
=

| | | | | |
=

| | |
+
\
\ \

+ + = +

tha mn
.
Li gii:
Cho ( )
*
, x y R b = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 0 *
2
f f f x f x x
x x
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \

Cho ( )
*
, x y R c = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 '
2 2 2 2 0 * x f x x f x f x x f x x = = .
Th (*) vo (*

) suy ra: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
"
* f x x f x = .
Gi s:
*
1,
o o
x x R sao cho: f(x
o
) = 0. Thay 1 ;
o o
x x y x = = vo (*

) ta c: f(1) = 0
tri vi gi thit f(1) = 1. Vy ( ) 0 1; 0 f x x x .
V ( ) 1 1 0 f = nn t (*

) suy ra ( )
1
0 f x x
x
= . Th li thy ng.
V d 11: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
4
1 1
2 ,
1
0
f a
f x y f x f y xy x y R b
f x
f x c
x x

+ = + +

| |

=
|

\
.
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) 0, 0 0 x y b f = = =
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0, 2 2 2 1 x y t b f t f t t = = = .
Cho ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1
, 2 *
2 2 2
x y b f f
t t t t
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \

T ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
2 1 1
;
2
2
f t f t
c f f
t t t
t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
. Th vo (*) ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 4 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
f t f t
t t
t
= .
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 0 f t t t + = . T ( ) ( )
2
0 0 f f t t t R = = . Th li thy ng.
V d 12: Cho hm s ( ) ( ) : 0; 0; f + + tha mn:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 0; 12
f x
f y f y f f x x y
y
| |
= +
|
\
.

16
Li gii: Cho:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 x y f f f f f f = = = = v ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 1 1 f f f f = .
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1; 0; 1
f
f y
x y f y f y f f y f y f y a
y y
| |
|
| |
\
= + = = =
|
\
.
Mt
khc: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
f
f y y
f f y f y f y f f y f y f y f y y f y f
y y
y
| | | |
| |
| |
|
| | | |
\
|
| = = = =
| |
|
| \ \
| |
|
\
\

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
y f y f f f y
y y
| |
=
|
\
.
V ( ) ( )
0 f f y nn ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1 y f y f f y f b
y y y
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0; a b f y y
y
+ = + . Th li thy ng.
V d 13: Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0
2
: ,
f a
a R f a y f x f a x f y f x y x y R b

+ = +

.
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( )
1
0,
2
x y b f a = = = .
Cho 0; y x R = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 . f x f x f a f f a x f x f a x c = + = .
Cho ; y a x x R = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
f a f x f a x d = + .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2
2
1 2
2
f x
c d f x
f x

+ =

.
Nu
o
x R sao cho: ( )
1
2
o
f x = th:
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2 . 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
b c
o o o o o
o
x x x x x
f x f f f a f
| | | | | | | | | |
= = + = =
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \
V l.
Vy ( )
1
2
f x x R = . Th li thy ng.

17
V d 14: (VMO.1995)
Tm : f R R tha mn: ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 , 14 f x y x y f x f y x y R = + .
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
0 0
0 0 0
0 1
f
x y f f
f
=
= = =

=

.
Nu ( ) 0 0 f = : Cho
0 y
x R
=

ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
0 f x x f t t t = =
Cho x y R = ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
0 2 0 f x x f x f x f x x f x x = + = = .
Th li thy ng.
Nu ( ) 0 1 f = : Cho
0 y
x R
=

ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 0 f x x f t t t = + = + .
Cho 0; x y R = ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 f y y f y f y f y y = + = +
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1 2 1
1
f y y
y y y
f y y
= +
= + + = +

=

.
Gi s
o
y R sao cho: ( ) 1
o o
f y y = . Chn
o
x y y = = ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1 2
1
o o
o o o o
o o
f y y
y y f y f y
f y y
=
= +

= +

.
Nu ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 0 0 1 (
o o o o o
f y y y y y f = = = = v loi) .
Nu ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 0
o o o o o
f y y y y y f = + = + = = .
Tha mn: ( ) 1
o o
f y y = + . Vy ( ) 1 f y y y R = + . Th li thy ng.
V d 15: (VMO.2005)
Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 15 f f x y f x f y f x f y xy x y R = + .
Li gii:
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 x y f f f = = = . t ( ) ( )
2
0 f a f a a = = .
Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
* x y R f x x f a f x x a = = + = + .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
f x f x
f x f x
f x f x
=
=

=

.
Nu
*
o
x R sao cho ( ) ( )
o o
f x f x = :
+ Chn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0;
o o o o
x y x f f x a f x a f x a = = = + .

18
+ Chn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0;
o o o o
y x x f f x a f x a f x b = = = + .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0
o o o o
a b a f x f x f x f x a c + + + = .
V ( ) ( )
o o
f x f x = nn ( )
( )
( ) ( )
*
2
2 2 2 2 2
0 0
0
o o o
f x a f x x a a x a x = = + = + = tri vi
gi thit
*
o
x R .
Vy ( ) ( ) f x f x x R = . Ta thy (c) khng ph thuc vo x
o
nn ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0 a f x f x f x f x a c + + = . Thay ( ) ( ) f x f x = suy ra:
( ) ( )
( )
0
1 0
1
a
a f x
f x
=
+ =

=

.
+ Nu
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
*
2
2
0
f x x
a f x x
f x x
=
= =

=

.
Gi s tn ti
*
o
x R ( )
o o
f x x = . Khi (b) suy ra:
( ) 0
o o o o o
x f x a x a x x = = + = tri gi thit
*
o
x R .
Vy ( ) f x x x R = . Th li thy ng
+ Nu ( ) 1 f x x R = . Th li ta c ( ) 15 2 , xy x y R = . V l.
Vy hm s cn tm l: ( ) f x x = .
Nhn xt: C mt suy lun hay nhm ln c s dng cc VD:
VD13 ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2
1 4
2
f x
f x
f x
| |
=
|

| =
|

=
|

\
; VD14 ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
1
1
f y y
f y y
f y y
| | = +
= + |

|
=

\
;
VD15 ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
f x x
f x x
f x x
| | =
= |

|
=

\
, l hiu sai:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2
1 4
2
f x x R
f x
f x x R

;
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
1
1
f y y x R
f y y
f y y x R
= +
= +

=

;
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
f x x x R
f x x
f x x x R
=
=

=

.

19
Thc t thng l nh vy nhng v mt logic th khng ng. ( ) ( )
2 1
4
f x = th ( ) f x c th
l hm khc na nh ( )
( )
( )
1
0
2
1
0
2
x
f x
x

<

. Nh vy ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2
1 4
2
f x
f x
f x

ch
ng vi mi x c th ch khng th kt lun ch c hai hm s ( )
1

2
f x x R = hoc
( )
1

2
f x x R = .
gii quyt vn ny ta thng th ( )
1

2
f x x R = hoc ( )
1

2
f x x R = vo
bi tm hm s khng tha mn (trong VD13 th ( )
1
2
f x = khng tha mn) sau lp
lun ph nh l ( )
1
:
2
o o
x f x = dn n v l!
V d 16: Tm : (0,1) f tha mn: f(xyz) = xf(x) + yf(y) +zf(z) , , (0,1) x y z .
Li gii:
Chn x = y = z: f(x
3
) = 3xf(x).
Thay x, y, z bi x
2
: f(x
6
) = 3 x
2
f(x
2
).
Mt khc: f(x
6
) = f(x. x
2
.x
3
) = xf(x) + x
2
f(x
2
) + x
3
f(x
3
).
3 x
2
f(x
2
) = xf(x) + x
2
f(x
2
) + 3x
4
f(x) 2 x
2
f(x
2
) = xf(x) + 3x
4
f(x)
3
2
3 1
( ) ( ),
2
x
f x f x x
+
=
Thay x bi x
3
ta c :
9
6 3
9
2 2
3 9
2
3 1
( ) ( ),
2
3 1
3 ( ) 3 ( ),
2
3 1 3 1
3 ( ) 3 ( ),
2 2
( ) 0, 0
x
f x f x x
x
x f x xf x x
x x
x f x xf x x
f x x
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
=

Vy f(x) = 0 vi mi x (0; 1).
BI TP
1) Tm : f N R tha mn: ( ) ( )
5
0 0; 1
2
f f = ;
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , f x f y f x y f x y x y N x y = + + .
2) Tm : f N R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 , , f m n f n m f n m n N n m + + = .

20
3) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) , f x f y y f x x y R = .
4) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 , f x f y y f x x y R + = + .
5) Tm ( ) ( ) : 0; 0; f + + tha mn:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0;
ax 0;
y
f x M x y y x f y x
+
( = + +

.
6) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 , f xy f x y f x y xy x x y R + + + = + + .
7) Tm [ ) [ ) : 1; 1; f + + tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ) , 1;
f xy f x f y
x y
f f x x
=

.
8) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , f xy f x f y f x y x y R = + + .
9) Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , f x f z f y f t f xy zt f xt zy x y z t R + + = + + .
10) Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
, f x y x f y y f x x y R = .
11) Tm [ ) : 0; f N + tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1; 2 2 , ,
2
f f m n f m n f m f n m n N m n = + + = + .
12) Tm : f Z R tha mn:
( ) ( )
( ) , ; 3
3 2
f x f y x y
f x y Z x y
+ + | |
= +
|
\
.
13) Tm : f N N tha mn: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 f n f f n n n N = .
14) Tm : f Z Z tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 ; 2 , f a Z f m n f m n f m f n m n Z = + + = + .
15) Tm : f R R tha mn:
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3 1 , f x y f x y f x y x y R + = + + + + .
16) Tm : f R R tha mn: ( ) ( )
2 4
1 2 x f x f x x x x R + = .
Phng php 4: S dng tnh cht nghim ca mt a thc.
V d 1: Tm P(x) vi h s thc, tha mn ng thc:

Li gii:
2 2
(1) ( 2)( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) ( ), x x x P x x x x P x x + + + = +
Chn: 2 ( 2) 0 x P = =

1 ( 1) 0
0 (0) 0
1 (1) 0
x P
x P
x P
= =
= =
= =

Vy: P(x) = x(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)G(x).
3 2 3 2
( 3 3 2) ( 1) ( 3 3 2) ( ), (1) x x x P x x x x P x x + + + = +

21
Thay P(x) vo (1) ta c:
2 2
( 2)( 1)( 1)( 2) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) ( 1)( 1)( 2) ( ), x x x x x x x G x x x x x x x x G x x + + + + = + + +

t
2
( )
( ) (x 0, 1, -2)
1
G x
R x
x x
=
+ +


( ) ( 1) (x 0, 1, -2)
( )
R x R x
R x C
=
=

Vy
2
( ) ( 1) ( 1)( 1)( 2) P x C x x x x x x = + + + +
Th li thy P(x) tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Ch : Nu ta xt P(x) = (x
3
+ 1)(x 1) th P(x + 1) = (x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 2)x.
Do (x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 2)xP(x) = (x
2
1)(x
2
x + 1)P(x + 1). T ta c bi ton sau:
V d 2: Tm a thc P(x) vi h s thc, tha mn ng thc:
(x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 2)xP(x) = (x
2
1)(x
2
x + 1)P(x + 1) vi mi x.
Gii quyt v d ny hon ton khng c g khc so vi v d 1.
Tng t nh trn nu ta xt: P(x) = (x
2
+ 1)(x
2
3x + 2) th ta s c bi ton sau:
V d 3: Tm a thc P(x) vi h s thc tha mn ng thc:
2 2 2 2
(4 4 2)(4 2 ) ( ) ( 1)( 3 2) (2 1), x x x x P x x x x P x x + + = + + +
Cc bn c th theo phng php ny m t sng tc ra cc ton cho ring mnh.
Phng php 5: S dng phng php sai phn gii phng trnh hm.
1. nh ngha sai phn:
Xt hm x(n) = x
n
:
Sai phn cp 1 ca hm x
n
l:

1 n n n
x x x
+
=
Sai phn cp 2 ca hm x
n
l:

2
1 2 1
2
n n n n n n
x x x x x x
+ + +
= = +
Sai phn cp k ca hm x
n
l:

0
( 1)
k
k i i
n k n k i
i
x C x
+
=
=

2. Cc tnh cht ca sai phn:
+) Sai phn cc cp u c biu th qua cc gi tr hm s.
+) Sai phn c tnh tuyn tnh: ( )
k k k
af bg a f b g + = +
+) Nu x
n
a thc bc m th
k
n
x :
L a thc bc m k nu m > k.
L hng s nu m = k.
L 0 nu m < k.
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 ( 1) ( 1) ( ),
( 1) ( )
,
1 1
( 1) ( )
,
( 1) ( 1) 1 1
x x G x x x G x x
G x G x
x
x x x x
G x G x
x
x x x x
+ + = +

=
+ + +

=
+ + + +

22
3. Ni dung ca phng php ny l chuyn bi ton phng trnh hm sang bi ton dy
s v dng cc kin thc dy s tm ra cc hm s cn tm.
V d 1: Tm f: N R tho mn : f(1) = 1 v
2f(n).f(n+k) = 2f(k-n) + 3f(n).f(k) k, nN, k n.
Li gii:
Cho n = k = 0 ta c: (f(0))
2
+ 2f(0) = 0
(0) 0
(0) 2
f
f
=

.
+ Nu f(0) = 0 th chn n = 0, k N ta c: f(k) = 0 tri gi thit f(1) = 1.
+ Nu f(0) = - 2 th chn n = 1, k N
*
ta c: 2.f(k+1) - 3.f(k) - 2.f(k-1) = 0.
t u
k
= f(k) ta c dy s:
0 1
*
1 1
2; 1
2 3 2 0
k k k
u u
u u u k
+
= =

.
T y tm c u
k
= f(k) =
1
2.( )
2
k
k N . Th li thy ng.
V d 2 (D tuyn IMO 1992): Cho a, b> 0. Tm f: [0; +) [0; +) tho mn :
f(f(x))+a.f(x) = b.(a+b).x x [0; +) (2)
Li gii:
C nh x [0; +) v t u
0
= x, u
1
= f(x), u
n+1
= f(u
n
). T (2) ta c :
u
n+2
+ a.u
n+1
- b.(a + b).u
n
= 0. Gii dy s trn ta c: u
n
= c
1
.b
n
+ c
2
.(-a -b)
n
(*).
V u
n
0 nN nn ta c:
1 2
0 .( ) .( 1)
( )
n n n
n
u b
c c
a b a b
= +
+ +
. Mt khc: 0 1
b
a b
< <
+
nn
lim( ) 0
n
n
b
a b
+
=
+
. Do , nu c
2
> 0 th khi n l v n ln th 0
( )
n
n
u
a b
<
+
v l !; cn nu
c
2
< 0 th khi n chn v n ln th 0
( )
n
n
u
a b
<
+
v l !. Vy c
2
= 0. Thay vo (*) ta c
u
n
= c
1
.b
n
. T u
0
= x suy ra c
1
= x v f(x) = bx. Do f(x) = bx x[0;+). Th li thy ng.
V d 3: Tm tt c cc hm : f tha mn:
f(f(x)) = 3f(x) 2x , x
Li gii :
Thay x bi f(x) ta c:
f(f(f(x))) = 3f(f(x)) 2f(x) , x
..
2 1
(... ( )) 3 (... ( )) 2 (... ( ))
n n n
f f x f f x f f x
+ +
=


Hay
2 1
( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ), 0
n n n
f x f x f x n
+ +
=
t ( ), 0
n n
x f x n =

ta c phng trnh sai phn:
2 1
3 2
n n n
x x x
+ +
=
Phng trnh c trng l:
2
3 2 0 1 2 + = = =

23
Vy
1 2
2
n
n
x c c = +
Ta c:
0 1 2
1 1 2
2 ( )
x c c x
x c c f x
= + =

= + =

T ta c
1 2
2 ( ), ( ) c x f x c f x x = =
Vy
2
( ) f x x c = + hoc
1
( ) 2 f x x c =
Phng php 6: Phng php s dng nh x.
V d 1: Tm f: N
*
N
*
tho mn:
f(f(n)+m) = n+f(m+2007) m, nN
*
(1).
Li gii:
Trc ht ta chng minh f l n nh.
Tht vy: f(n
1
) = f(n
2
) f(f(n
1
)+1) = f(f(n
2
)+1) n
1
+ f(1+2007) = n
2
+ f(1+2007)
n
1
= n
2
. Vy f l n nh.
Mt khc t (1) suy ra: m, n N
*
, f(f(n) + f(1)) = n + f(f(1) + 2007) f(f(n)+f(1)) = n + 1
+ f(2007+2007) = f(f(n+1)+2007). V f l n nh nn ta c: f(n) + f(1) = f(n+1) + 2007
f(n+1) - f(n) = f(1) - 2007. t f(1) - 2007 = a. Khi ta c f(n) = n.a + 2007. Thay li (10) ta
c a
2
n = n nN
*
a
2
= 1 a = 1 f(n) = n+2007.
V d 2: Tm f: R R tho mn: f(xf(x)+f(y)) = (f(x))
2
+y x, yR (2).
Li gii:
D rng chng minh f l n nh.
Mt khc, c nh x th tR tn ti y = t - (f(x))
2
f(xf(x) + f(y)) = t. Vy f l ton nh,
do f l song nh. Suy ra tn ti duy nht aR sao cho f(a) = 0.
Cho x = y = a ta c f(0) = a.
Cho x = 0, y = a ta c f(0) = a
2
+ a. Vy a = a
2
+ a hay a = 0 f(0) = 0.
Cho x = 0, yR ta c f(f(y)) = y (a).
Cho y = 0, xR ta c f(x.f(x)) = (f(x))
2
f(f(x).f(f(x))) = (f(f(x)))
2
. Theo (a) ta c
f(f(x).x)) = x
2
(f(x))
2
= x
2
f(x) = x hoc f(x) = -x.
Gi s tn ti a, bR
*
f(a) = a, f(b) = -b. Khi thay x = a, y = b th t (2) suy ra: f(a
2
- b)
= a
2
+ b. M (a
2
+ b)
2
(a
2
- b)
2
vi a, b R
*
tri vi khng nh (f(x))
2
= x
2
. Vy c hai hm
s l f(x) = x, xR hoc f(x) = -x xR. Th li thy ng.
Phng php 7: phng php im bt ng.
1. c trng ca hm:
Nh ta bit, phng trnh hm l mt phng trnh thng thng m nghim ca
n l hm. gii quyt tt vn ny, cn phn bit tnh cht hm vi c trng hm.
Nhng tnh cht quan trc c t i s sang hm s, c gi l nhng c trng hm.
+) Hm tuyn tnh f(x) = ax , khi f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y). Vy c trng hm tuyn tnh l:
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y.

24
+) Hm bc nht f(x) = ax + b, khi f(x) + f(y) = 2 ( )
2
x y
f
+
. Vy c trng hm y l
( ) ( )
, ,
2 2
x y f x f y
f x y
+ + | |
=
|
\

n y th ta c th nu ra cu hi l: Nhng hm no c tnh cht
( ) ( ) ( ), , f x y f x f y x y + = + . Gii quyt vn chnh l dn n phng trnh hm.
Vy phng trnh hm l phng trnh sinh bi c trng hm cho trc.
+) Hm ly tha ( ) , 0
k
f x x x = >

c trng l f(xy) = f(x)f(y).
+) Hm m ( ) ( 0, 1)
x
f x a a a = >

c trng hm l f(x + y) = f(x)f(y), , x y
+) Hm Lgarit ( ) log (a>0,a 1)
a
f x x =

c trng hm l f(xy) = f(x) + f(y).
+) f(x) = cosx c c trng hm l f(x + y) + f(x y) = 2f(x)f(y).
Hon ton tng t ta c th tm c cc c trng hm ca cc hm s f(x) =sinx,
f(x) = tanx v vi cc hm Hypebolic:
+) Sin hypebolic
2
x x
e e
shx

=
+) cos hypebolic
2
x x
e e
chx

+
=
+) tan hypebolic
x x
x x
shx e e
thx
chx e e

= =
+

+) cot hypebolic
x x
x x
chx e e
cothx
shx e e

+
= =

+) shx c TX l tp gi tr l
chx c TX l tp gi tr l [1, ) +
thx c TX l tp gi tr l (-1,1)
cothx c TX l \ {0} tp gi tr l ( , 1) (1, ) +
Ngoi ra bn c c th xem thm cc cng thc lin h gia cc hm hypebolic, th ca
cc hm hypebolic.
2. im bt ng:
Trong s hc, gii tch, cc khi nim v im bt ng, im c nh rt quan trng
v n c trnh by rt cht ch thng qua mt h thng l thuyt. y, ti ch nu ng
dng ca n qua mt s bi ton v phng trnh hm.
V d 1: Xc nh cc hm f(x) sao cho: f(x+1) = f(x) + 2 . x
Li gii:
Ta suy ngh nh sau: T gi thit ta suy ra c = c + 2 do c =
V vy ta coi 2 nh l f(1) ta c f(x + 1) = f(x) + f(1) (*)
Nh vy ta chuyn php cng ra php cng. Da vo c trng hm, ta phi tm a:
f(x) = ax kh s 2. Ta c (*) ( 1) 2 a x ax + = + 2 a =
Vy ta lm nh sau: t f(x) = 2x + g(x). Thay vo (*) ta c:

25
2(x + 1) + g(x + 1) = 2x + g(x) + 2, x
iu ny tng ng vi g(x + 1) = g(x), x Vy g(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.
p s f(x) = 2x + g(x) vi g(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.
Nhn xt: Qua v d 1, ta c th tng qut v d ny, l tm hm f(x) tha mn:
f(x + a) = f(x) + b, x , a, b ty .
V d 2: Tm hm f(x) sao cho: f(x + 1) = - f(x) + 2, x (2).
Li gii:
ta cng a n c = -c + 2 do c = 1.
vy t f(x) = 1 + g(x), thay vo (2) ta c phng trnh: g(x + 1) = - g(x), x
Do ta c:
[ ]
1
( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
x (3). 2
( 2) ( )
( 2) ( )
g x g x g x g x g x
g x g x
g x g x

+ = = +


+ =

+ =

Ta chng minh mi nghim ca (3) c dng:
[ ]
1
( ) ( ) ( 1) , x
2
g x h x h x = + h(x) l
hm tun hon vi chu k 2.
Nhn xt: Qua v d ny, ta c th tng qut thnh: f(x + a) = - f(x) + b, x , a, b ty .
V d 3: Tm hm f(x) tha mn: f(x + 1) = 3f(x) + 2, x (3).
Gii:
Ta i tm c sao cho c = 3c + 2 d thy c = -1. t f(x) = -1 + g(x). Lc (3) c dng:
g(x + 1) = 3g(x) x
Coi 3 nh g(1) ta c: g(x + 1) = g(1).g(x) x (*).
T c trng hm, chuyn php cng v php nhn, ta thy phi s dng hm m:
1
3 3
x x
a a a
+
= =
Vy ta t: ( ) 3 ( )
x
g x h x = thay vo (*) ta c: h(x + 1) = h(x) x
.

Vy h(x) l hm tun hon chu k 1.
Kt lun: ( ) 1 3 ( )
x
f x h x = + vi h(x) l hm tun hon chu k 1.
Nhn xt: v d 3 ny, phng trnh tng qut ca loi ny l: f(x + a) = bf(x) + c x ;
a, b, c ty .
+) Vi 0< b 1: chuyn v hm tun hon.
+) Vi 0< b 1: chuyn v hm phn tun hon.
V d 4: Tm hm f(x) tha mn f(2x + 1) = 3f(x) 2 x (4)
Gii:
Ta c: c = 3c 2 suy ra c = 1. t f(x) = 1 + g(x). Khi (4) c dng:
g(2x + 1) = 3g(x) x (*)
Khi biu thc bn trong c nghim th ta phi x l cch khc.
T 2x + 1 = x suy ra x = 1. Vy t x = -1 + t ta c 2x + 1 = -1 + 2t. Khi (*) c dng:
g(-1 + 2t) = 3g(-1 + t ) t .
t h(t) = g(-1 + 2t), ta c h(2t) = 3h(t) (**). Xt 2 0 t t t = = ,
2
(2 ) 3. log 3
m m
t t m = =
Xt ba kh nng sau:

26
+) Nu t = 0 ta c h(0) = 0.
+) Nu t> 0 t
2
log 3
( ) ( ) h t t t = thay vo (3) ta c: (2 ) ( ), 0 t t t = > . n y ta a v v
d hm tun hon nhn tnh.
+) Nu t < 0 t
2
log 3
( ) | | ( ) h t t t = thay vo (3) ta c
(2 ) ( ), 0
(4 ) ( ), 0
t t t
t t t


= <

= <

[ ]
1
( ) ( ) (2 ) , 0
. 2
(4 ) ( ), 0
t t t t
t t t

= <

= <

Nhn xt: Bi ton tng qut ca dng ny nh sau: ( ) ( ) 0, 1 f x f ax b + = + . Khi
t phng trnh x x + = ta chuyn im bt ng v 0, th ta c hm tun hon nhn
tnh.
+) Nu a = 0 bi ton bnh thng.
+) Nu a = 1 chng hn xt bi ton sau: Tm f(x) sao cho f(2x + 1) = f(x) 2, x -1 (1).
Xt: 2x + 1 = x x 1 = nn t x = -1 + t thay vo (1) ta c: f(-1 + 2t) = f(-1 + t) + 2,
0 t . t g(t) = f( - 1 + t) ta c: g(2t) = g(t) + 2 0 t (2). T tch chuyn thnh tng
nn l hm logarit.
Ta c log (2 ) log 2
a a
t t =
1
2
a = . Vy t
1
2
( ) log ( ) g t t h t = + . Thay vo (2) ta c
(2 ) ( ), 0 h t h t t = . n y bi ton tr nn n gin.
Phng php 8: phng php s dng h m.
Ta quy c ghi m = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
k
ngha l trong h m c s k th m bng b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
.
V d 1 (Trch IMO nm 1988):
Tm f: N
*
N
*
tho mn: f(1) = 1, f(3) = 3, f(2n) = f(n),
f(4n+1) = 2f(2n+1) - f(n); f(4n+3) = 3f(2n+1) - 2f(n) nN
*
(12).
Li gii:
Tnh mt s gi tr ca hm s v chuyn sang c s 2 ta c th d on c:
nN
*
, n = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
th f(n) = (b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
(*). Ta s chng minh (*) bng quy np.
+ Vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4 d kim tra (*) l ng.
+ Gi s (*) ng cho k < n, ta s chng minh (*) ng cho n (vi n 4). Tht vy, ta xt cc
kh nng sau:
Nu n chn, n = 2m. Gi s m = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
, khi n = 2m = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
0)
2

f(n) = f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
0)
2
) = f(2m) = f(m) = f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
) = (b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
= (0b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
(*)
ng.
Nu n l v n = 4m + 1. Gi s m = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
, khi n = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
01)
2

f(n) = f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
01)
2
) = f(4m+1) = 2.f(2m+1) - f(m) = 2.f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
1)
2
) - f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
) =
(10)
2
.(1b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
- ( b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
= (1b
1
b
2
...b
i
0)
2
- ( b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
= (10b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
(*) ng.

27
Nu n l v n = 4m + 3. Gi s m = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
, khi n = (b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
11)
2

f(n) = f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
11)
2
) = f(4m+3) = 3f(2m+1) - 2f(m) = 3f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
1)
2
) - 2f((b
i
b
i-1
...b
1
)
2
) =
(11)
2
.(1b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
- (10)
2
.(b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
= (11b
1
b
2
...b
i
)
2
(*) ng.
Vy (*) ng v hm f c xc nh nh (*).
V d 2 (Trch thi ca Trung Quc):
Tm hm s f: N
*
N
*
tha mn:
1) f(1) =1;
2) f(2n) < 6f(n);
3) 3f(n)f(2n+1) = f(2n)(3f(n)+1) nN
*
.
Li gii:
V f(n)N
*
nn (3f(n), 3f(n)+1) = 1. T 3) suy ra 3f(n) | f(2n). Kt hp vi 2) suy ra
f(2n) = 3f(n) v f(2n+1) = 3f(n)+1 nN
*
.
Th mt s gi tr ta thy f(n) c xc nh nh sau:
Vi n = (b
1
b
2
b
i
)
2
th f(n) = (b
1
b
2
b
i
)
3
nN
*
(*). Ta chng minh (*) bng quy np.
+ Vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4 th hin nhin (*) ng.
+ Gi s (*) ng cho k < n (vi n 4). Ta chng minh (*) ng cho n.
Nu n chn: n = 2m. Gi s m = (c
1
c
2
c
j
)
2
th n = 2m = (c
1
c
2
c
j
0)
2
. Khi :
f(n) = f(2m) = 3f(m) = 3.f((c
1
c
2
c
j
)
2
) = (10)
3
.(c
1
c
2
c
j
)
3
= (c
1
c
2
c
j
0)
3
(*) ng cho n
chn.
Nu n l: n = 2m + 1 n = (c
1
c
2
c
j
1)
2.
Khi :
f(n) = f(2m+1) = 3f(m) + 1 = 3f((c
1
c
2
c
j
)
2
) + 1 = (10)
3
.(c
1
c
2
c
j
)
3
+ 1
3
= (c
1
c
2
c
j
1)
3
(*)
ng cho n l.
Vy (*) ng cho mi nN
*
v f(n) c xc nh nh (*).
Phng php 9: phng php s dng o hm.
V d 1: Tm f: R R tho mn: | f(x)- f(y)|
2
| x- y|
3
x, yR (14).
Li gii: C nh y, vi xR, x y t (14) ta c:
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
f x f y f x f y
x y x y
x y x y



. V lim0 lim
x y x y
x y

= = 0 nn suy ra
( ) ( )
lim 0
x y
f x f y
x y

f(y) = 0 f(y) = c yR (vi c l hng s). Th li thy ng.

V d 2: Tm f: R R c o hm trn R v tho mn:
f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + 2xy x, yR (15)
Li gii:
+ Cho x = y = 0 ta c f(0) = 0.

28
+ Vi y 0, c nh x ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (0)
2
0
f x y f x f y xy f y f
x
y y y
+ +
= = +

(*). V f(x)
c o hm trn R nn t (*), cho y 0, suy ra f(x) = f(0) + 2x = 2x + c f(x) = x
2
+cx+b
xR; b, c l cc hng s thc. Th li thy ng.
Phng php 10: phng php t hm ph.
Mc ch chnh ca vic t hm ph l lm gim phc tp ca phng trnh
hm ban u v chuyn i tnh cht hm s nhm c li hn trong gii ton.
V d 1: Tm f: R R tho mn: f(x) 2007x v f(x+y) f(x)+f(y) x, yR (1).
Li gii:
D thy f(x) = 2007x l mt hm s tho mn (1). t g(x) = f(x) - 2007x v thay vo (1) ta
c: g(x) 0 (a) v g(x+y) g(x) + g(y) (b) x, yR.
+ Cho x = y = 0, t (b) ta c g(0) 0, kt hp vi (a) suy ra g(0) = 0.
+ Cho x = -y, xR, t (a) v (b) ta c g(x) 0, g(-x) 0, 0 g(x) + g(-x); suy ra :
g(x) = g(-x) = 0 h(x) = 2007x, xR. Th li thy ng.
V d 2: Tm f: R R lin tc trn R tho mn:
f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x)f(y) x, y R (2).
Li gii:
Xt phng trnh: = 2 +
2
c nghim = -1 khc 0.
t g(x) = f(x) - (-1) = f(x) + 1. Th vo (18) ta c:
g(x+y) = g(x).g(y) x, yR (*).
Cho x = y =
2
t
ta c g(t) 0 tR.
Cho x = y = 0 ta c: g(0) = 0 hoc g(0) = 1.
+ Nu g(0) = 0 th (*) suy ra g(x) = 0 xR f(x) = -1 xR. Th li thy ng.
+ Nu g(0) = 1: Gi s tn ti a g(a) = 0 th (*) suy ra g(x) = 0 xR. Tri vi gi thit
g(0) = 1. Vy g(x) > 0 xR. t h(x) = lng(x) ta c :
h(x+y) = h(x) + h(y) (**). T f(x) lin tc trn R suy ra h(x) lin tc trn R. Theo phng
trnh hm Csi ta c h(x) = cx (vi c l hng s) f(x) = e
cx
- 1 xR. Khi c = 0 th
f(x) = -1. Vy trong mi trng hp f(x) = e
cx
- 1 xR th li thy ng.
Phng php 11: S dng tnh lin tc ca hm s.
S dng tnh lin tc ca hm s c 3 con ng chnh: Xy dng bin t N n
R, chng minh hm s l hng s, s dng phng trnh hm Csi.
V d 1 (xy dng bin t N n R):
Tm hm : f R R tha mn:
1) f(x) lin tc trn R;
2) f(1) = 2;

29
3) f(xy) = f(x)f(y) - f(x+y) +1 x,yR.
Li gii:
Cho x = y = 0 ta c: f(0) = 1.
Cho x = 1, yR ta c: f(y+1) = f(y) +1 (a).
T f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2 v (a) quy np ta suy ra f(n) = n+1 nN.
Vi nN, (a) f(-n) = f(-n+1) - 1 = f(-n+2) - 2 == f(0) -n = -n + 1.
Vy f(z) = z +1 zZ.
Vi nN
*
, 2 = f(1) =
1 1 1
( . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 f n f n f f n
n n n
= + + (b). Mt khc t (a) ta c:
1 1 1 1
( ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 2 ) ... ( ) f n f n f n n f
n n n n
+ = + + = + + = = + . Th vo (b) ta c:
1 1
( ) 1 f
n n
= + .
Vi
*
, , ,
m
q q m n
n
= ta c:
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
m
f q f f m f m f f m
n n n n
= = = + + =
=
1 1
( 1)( 1) ( ) 1 m f m
n n
+ + + + (c). T (a) ta d dng chng minh c:
1 1
( ) ( ) f m m f
n n
+ = + . Th vo (c) ta c f(q) = q +1 qQ.
Vi rR, tn ti dy {r
n
} vi r
n
Q tha mn lim
n
r r = . Khi , do f lin tc nn ta c:
f(r) = f(limr
n
) = limf(r
n
) = lim(r
n
+1) = limr
n
+ 1 = r + 1. Vy f(x) = x + 1 xR. Th li thy
ng.
V d 2 (chng minh hm s l hng s):
Tm hm f: [0;
1
2
] [0;
1
2
] tha mn:
1) f(x) lin tc trn [0;
1
2
]
2)
2
1 1
( ) ( ) 0;
4 2
f x f x x
(
= +
(

.
Li gii:
Vi a[0;
1
2
], xt dy s:
0
2
1
1
4
n n
x a
x x n
+
=

= +

.
D chng minh {x
n
} khng m (a).
2
0 1 0
1 1 1
2 4 2
x x x +
. Quy np suy ra x
n

1
2
(b).

30
2
1 1
1
( ) 0
2
n n n n n
x x x x x n
+ +
= (c).
T (a), (b), (c) suy ra x
n
[0;
1
2
] v {x
n
} c gii hn hu hn l
n
1
l imx
2
= .
Vy vi mi a[0;
1
2
], f(a) = f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) == limf(x
n
) = f(limx
n
) = f(
1
2
) = c (c l hng s).
Th li thy ng.
V d 3 (s dng phng trnh hm csi - VMO nm 2006(bng B)):
Tm f: R R lin tc trn R tho mn: f(x-y).f(y-z).f(z-x)+8 = 0 x, y, zR (3).
Li gii:
Cho x = t, z = -t, y = 0, x R ta c: f(t).f(t).f(-2t) = -8
2
8
( 2 ) 0
( ( ))
f t
f t

= < f(t) < 0

tR. t g(x) =
( )
ln( ) ( )
2
( )
2.
f x
f x
g x
e =

. Th vo (3) ta c:
-8.e
g(x-y)+g(y-z)+g(z-x)
= -8 g(x-y) + g(y-z) + g(z-x) = 0 (*).
+ Cho x = y = z = 0, t (*) ta c g(0) = 0 (a).
+ Cho y = z = 0, xR, t (a) ta c g(x) = g(-x) (b).
T (*) v (b) suy ra g(x-y) + g(y-z) = -g(z-x) = -g(x-z) = g(x-y+y-z) g(t+t) = g(t) + g(t)
t, tR (**). V f lin tc trn R nn g(x) cng lin tc trn R. T (**), theo phng trnh
hm Csi ta c g(x) = ax f(x) = -2.e
ax
= -2.b
x
(Vi b = e
a
> 0). Th li thy ng.
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