Quantum i (=y(e 1s:N.N, Bogoliubov and D. V. Shirkov, Quantum Fields First English Edition, 1982 Originally published in 1980 as Kaantoame noaa by Izdatel'stov “Nauka,” Moscow Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data | Bogoliubov, N. N. (Nikolai Nikolaevich), 1909— Quantum fields. Translation of: Kvantovye polia. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Quantum field theory. I. Shirkov, D. V. a Vasil’evich) II. Title. | 1C174.45.B5813 1982 530.1'43. ; 82-4 ISBN 0-8053-0983-7 ae Le Copyright © 1983 by ct 'y Benjamin/Cummings Publis! Published simultaneously in cme ee All ight reser e eee i No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval syst scented in any form orby any means, eletroni, mechanieal photocopying cordins. oF ~ without the prior written permission of the publisher, the Benjamia/Cummings Publishing Comp: 7 any, Inc., Advi ssachueete Gag, ine» Advanced Book Program/World Science Division. Reading Printed in the United States of America ‘ABCDEFGHII~HA~898765432 CONTENTS Preface . SS Preface to the English-language Edition ..........--+++++++20005 Chapter 0. Some Basie Concepts and Notation ............. 060+ 1. Particles and fields ...... ppencdonase 1.1 Particles and their main properties .. 1.2 Conservation laws . : 1.3 Particle-field correspondence ........ ++ 1.4 The representation of the Lorentz group Chapter I. Free Classical Fields . 2. Dynamical field invariants . 2.1 The Lagrangian ... 2.2 Dynamical invariants. Energy-momentum . 2.3 Noether’s theorem ... = 2.4 Angular momentum and spin .. 2.5 The current vector and the charge . . The simplest fields .... 3.1 The scalar field 7 3.2 Momentum representation . 3.3 The vector field ...... 3.4 The local reference frame 4. The electromagnetic field ... — 4.1, Potential of the electromagnetic field . 4.2 Gauge invariance and the Lorentz condition 4.3 The generalized Lagrangian i 4.4 The diagonal gauge ..... 4.5 Transition to the local reference frame . The Dirac field 5.1 The Dirac equation and Dirac matrices . 5.2 Lagrangian formalism .........-..+ 5.3 Momentum representation ..... 5.4 Decomposition into spin states 5.5 Dynamical invariants o wvi Contents Chapter II. Quantization of Free Fields . 6. Quantization of fields ...... 6.1 The essence of the field quantization procedure . = 53 = 6.2 Interpretation of the occupation-number representation from a corpuscular point of view 6.3 Canonical quantization .. 6.4 The Schrodinger and Heisenberg representations 6.5 The relativistic scheme of quantized fields 7. Commutation relations 7.1 The physical meaning of the frequency components 7.2 The vacuum amplitude and the Fock representation . 7.3 Types of commutation relations .. 7.4 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein quantization 7.5 Connection between spin and statistics . 8. Fields of integral spin . 8.1 The scalar field . . 7 8.2 The form of dynamical variables in terms of normal products .............. . 8.3 The complex vector field 8.4 The electromagnetic field—difficulties of quantization . 8.5 The electromagnetic field—its quantization according to Gupta and Bleuler ... O Spor fields 9.1 Quantization of the Dirac field . 9.2 The spinor field with zero mass . 9.3. Charge conjugation 9.4 The CPT theorem . Chapter III. Interacting Fields 10. The interaction of fields . 10.1 Interaction between particles 10.2 Interaction Lagrangians -.- 10.3 The electromagnetic field as a gauge field . 11. Non-Abelian gauge fields ............. 11.1 The Yang-Mills fields . . 11.2 Gauge interaction of fields 11.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 11.4 The massive Yang-Mills field . . 12. Quantum systems with interaction 12.1 Formulation of the problem . 12.2 An illustration ........ 12.3 The Hamiltonian approach 2 - 102 . 104 - 106 . 106 . 109 . 110 . 114 _ es 2 . 19 _ 55 58 60 62 64 64 cB 77 79 81 84 84 86 ed 94 97 97 Contents vii 12.4 Diagonalization of model Hamiltonians ........... . 123 12.5 Interaction effects. . 127 13, The heavy-nucleon model . . 128 13.1 Formulation of the model . . 128 13.2 The solution in the one-nucleon sector . = 129 13.3 Properties of the single-nucleon solution . . 133 13.4 Transition to the local limit .......... . 135 Chapter IV. The Scattering Matrix . 137 14. The scattering matrix ...... . 137 14.1 Pertubation theory ....... . 137 14.2 The interaction representation . . 139 14.3 The scattering matrix .... . 141 14.4 Time-ordered products . . . 144 14.5 The time-ordered exponential . 145 15. General properties of the S-matrix . . 146 15.1 The scattering matrix as a functional . 146 15.2 Relativistic covariance and unitarity . . 149 15.3 The condition of causality ..... . 150 15.4 The differential condition of causality . . 152 16. The axiomatic S-matrix ... 2154 16.1 Expansion in powers of the interaction . 154 16.2 Conditions for S,, . 155 16.3 Determination of the explicit form of S) and . 156 16.4 The general form of S(g) .. . 157 17. Wick’s theorems .........--. . 159 17.1 Reduction to the normal form 159 17.2. Wick’s first theorem ....... 160 17.3 Time-ordered pairing . 162 17.4 Wick’s second theorem 165 17.5. Wick’s third theorem .. 165 Chapter V. The Feynman Rules and Diagrams . 167 18, Green’s functions for free fields . . 167 18.1 Green’s function for a scalar field 167 18,2 The causal Green function ... a 18.3 Singularities on the light cone 19. Feynman diagrams 19.1 The coefficient functions 19.2 The graphical representation of S, 19.3 Spinor electrodynamics ...... 19.4 The Yang-Mills field . 174 174 175 176 180