Date

Name

1990
1990

68040
POWER1

1991

R4000

1991

NVAX

1991
RSC
1992 Alpha 21064
1992 microSPARC I
1992
PA-7100
1993 PowerPC 601
1993
Pentium
1993
POWER2
1994
68060
1994 Alpha 21064A
1994
R4600
1994
PA-7200
1994 PowerPC 603
1994 PowerPC 604
1994
PA-7100LC
1995 Alpha 21164
1995 UltraSPARC
1995

SPARC64

1995 Pentium Pro

1996 Alpha 21164A
1996
K5
1996
R10000
1996
R5000

Developer
Motorola
IBM
MIPS Computer
Systems

Process

Transistors (M)

40 MHz
20-30 MHz

1.0 m

1.2
6.9

100 MHz

0.8 m

1.35

0.75 m

1.3

0.8 m
0.75 m
0.8 m
0.80 m
0.6 m
0.8 m
0.72 m
0.6 m
0.5 m
0.65 m
0.55 m
0.5 m
0.5 m
0.75 m
0.5 m
0.47 m

1.0
1.68
0.8
[32]
0.85
2.8
3.1
23
2.5
2.85
2.2
1.26
1.6
3.6
0.90
9.3
5.2

101118 MHz

0.40 m

150-200 MHz
400-500 MHz
75-100 MHz
150-250 MHz
180 - 250 MHz

0.35 m
0.35 m
0.5 m
0.35 m
0.35 m

5.5
9.7
4.3
6.7
3.7

141161 MHz

0.35 m

160-180 MHz
150 MHz
125 MHz
233-300 MHz
120-150 MHz

0.50 m
0.29 m
? nm
0.35 m
0.35 m

3.8
15
?
7.5
6.9

Sun

250-400 MHz

0.35 m

5.4

IBM
IBM, Motorola
AMD
IBM
DEC

370 MHz
233-366 MHz
166-233 MHz
262 MHz
450-600 MHz

DEC
IBM
DEC
Sun
Hewlett Packard
IBM, Motorola
Intel
IBM
Motorola
DEC
QED
Hewlett Packard
IBM, Motorola
IBM, Motorola
Hewlett Packard
DEC
Sun
HAL Computer
Systems
Intel
DEC
AMD
MTI
QED
HAL Computer
Systems
Hewlett-Packard
IBM
IBM
Intel
IBM, Motorola

1996

SPARC64 II

1996
1996
1997
1997
1997

1997
1997
1997
1998
1998

PA-8000
P2SC
RS64
Pentium II
PowerPC 620
UltraSPARC
IIs
S/390 G4
PowerPC 750
K6
RS64-II
Alpha 21264

1998

MIPS R12000

SGI

1998
1998

RM7000
SPARC64 III

QED
HAL Computer

1997

Clock

62.5-90.91
MHz
33 MHz
100-200 MHz
40-50 MHz
100 MHz
50-80 MHz
60-66 MHz
55-71.5 MHz
50 MHz
200-300 MHz
100 - 125 MHz
125 MHz
60-120 MHz
100-180 MHz
100 MHz
266-333 MHz
143167 MHz

0.5 m
0.26 m
0.35 m
350 nm
0.35 m
0.25 m, 0.18
270-400 MHz
m
250 - 300 MHz
0.25 m
250-330 MHz
0.24 m

[31]

7.8
6.35
8.8
12.5
15.2
6.9
18
17.6

Hardware
threads
per core

Systems
1998
S/390 G5
IBM
500 MHz
1998
PA-8500
Hewlett Packard
300-440 MHz
1998
POWER3
IBM
200 MHz
1999
Pentium III
Intel
450-600 MHz
1999
RS64-III
IBM
450 MHz
1999 PowerPC 7400
Motorola
350-500 MHz
1999
Athlon
AMD
500-1000 MHz
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

0.25 m
0.25 m
0.25 m
0.25 m
220 nm
200-130 nm
0.25 m

25
140
15
9.5
34
10.5
22

[edit] 2000s
In the 2000s the microprocessors clock increase reach a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Because of
this multi-core machine appears. 64-bit processors become mainstream.

Date

Name

Developer

Clock
1.33-1.73 GHz
550 MHz-1.3
GHz
600 MHz-750
MHz

Transistors (M)

Cores per die /

Dies per module

180 nm

37.5

1/1

180 nm

25

1/1

180 nm

44

1/2

42

1/1

47
7.2

1/1
1 / 12, 20
1/1

174

2 / 1, 4

29
25

1/1
1/1

33

1/1

190
410
52
77
106
276
114
115
243
66
300
165
151
291

1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
2 / 1, 2, 4
1/1
1/2
2/1
2/1
8/1
3/1
2/1
2 / 1, 2

241

1+8 / 1

Process

2000

Athlon XP

AMD

2000

Duron

AMD

2000

RS64-IV

IBM

2000

Pentium 4

Intel

1.3-2 GHz

2000
2000
2001

SPARC64 IV
z900
MIPS R14000

Fujitsu
IBM
SGI

450810 MHz
918 MHz
500-600 MHz

2001

POWER4

IBM

1.1-1.4 GHz

2001
2001

UltraSPARC III
Itanium

Sun
Intel

750-1200 MHz
733-800 MHz

2001

PowerPC 7450

Motorola

733-800 MHz

2002
2002
2003
2003
2003
2004
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006

SPARC64 V
Itanium 2
PowerPC 970
Pentium M
Opteron
POWER5
Opteron "Athens"
Pentium D
Athlon 64 X2
UltraSPARC IV
UltraSPARC T1
Xenon
Core Duo
Core 2

1.1-1.35 GHz
0.9-1 GHz
1.6-2.0 GHz
0.9-1.7 GHz
1.4-2.4 GHz
1.65-1.9 GHz
1.6-3.0 GHz
2.8-3.2 GHz
2-2.4 GHz
1.05-1.35 GHz
1-1.4 GHz
3.2 GHz
1.1-2.33 GHz
1.06-2.67 GHz

2006

Cell/B.E.

Fujitsu
Intel
IBM
Intel
AMD
IBM
AMD
Intel
AMD
Sun
Sun
IBM
Intel
Intel
IBM, Sony,
Toshiba

180-130
nm
130 nm
180 nm
130 nm
180-130
nm
130 nm
180 nm
180-130
nm
130 nm
180 nm
130-90 nm
130-90 nm
130 nm
130-90 nm
90 nm
90 nm
90 nm
130 nm
90 nm
90-45 nm
90-65 nm
65-45 nm

3.2-4.6 GHz

90-45 nm

2006 Itanium "Montecito"

2007
POWER6
2007
SPARC64 VI
2007
UltraSPARC T2
Opteron
2007
"Barcelona"
2008
Phenom
2008
z10
2008
PowerXCell 8i
2008
SPARC64 VII
2008
Atom
2008
Core i7
2008 Opteron "Shanghai"
2009
Phenom II
2009
SPARC64 VIIIfx
2009 Opteron "Istanbul"

Intel
IBM
Fujitsu
Sun

1.4-1.6 GHz
3.5-4.7 GHz
2.15-2.4 GHz
1-1.4 GHz

90 nm
65 nm
90 nm
65 nm

1720
790
543
503

2/1
2/1
2/1
8/1

AMD

1.8-3.2 GHz

65 nm

463

4/1

AMD
IBM
IBM
Fujitsu
Intel
Intel
AMD
AMD
Fujitsu
AMD

1.8-2.6 GHz
4.4 GHz
2.8-4.0 GHz
2.4-2.88 GHz
0.8-1.6 GHz
2.66-3.2 GHz
2.3-2.9 GHz
2.5-3.2 GHz
2.0 GHz
2.2-2.8 GHz

65 nm
65 nm
65 nm
65 nm
65-45 nm
45-32 nm
45 nm
45 nm
45 nm
45 nm

450
993
250
600
47
730
751
758
760
904

2, 3, 4 / 1
4/7
1+8 / 1
4/1
1/1
2, 4, 6 / 1
4/1
2, 3, 4, 6 / 1
8/1
6/1

[edit] 2010s

Date
2010
2010

Name

Developer

2010
2010

POWER7
Itanium "Tukwila"
Opteron "Magnycours"
Xeon "NehalemEX"
z196
SPARC T3

2010

SPARC64 VII+

Fujitsu

2010

Intel "Westmere"

Intel

2010
2010

Process Transistors (M)

Cores per die /

Dies per
module

Hardware
threads
per core

IBM
Intel

3-4.14 GHz
2 GHz

45 nm
65 nm

1200
2000

4, 6, 8 / 1, 4
2, 4 / 1

4
2

AMD

1.7-2.4 GHz

45 nm

1810

4, 6 / 2

45 nm

2300

4, 6, 8 / 1

45 nm
45 nm

1400
2000

4/6
16 / 1

1
8

45 nm

4/1

32 nm

1170

4-6 / 1

32 nm
40 nm

995
[34]
380

2, 4 / 1
1, 2 / 1

(1,) 2
1

32 nm

2600

4, 6, 8, 10 / 1

1-2

Intel
IBM
Sun

2011 Intel "Sandy Bridge"

2011
AMD Fusion

Intel
AMD

2011

Intel

Xeon E7

Clock

1.73-2.66
GHz
5.2 GHz
1.6 GHz
2.66-3.0
GHz
1.86-3.33
GHz
1.6-3.4 GHz
1.0-1.6 GHz
1.73-2.67
GHz

[33]