Mc lc

Chng 1 Gii thiu mng WiMAX....................................................................... 6 1.1 Cng ngh bng rng khng dy................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Th no l bng rng khng dy............................................................................. 6 1.1.2 Li ch ca bng rng khng dy............................................................................ 7 1.2. Gii thiu v WiMAX.................................................................................................. 7 1.2.1 nh ngha WiMAX............................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 c im ca cng ngh WiMAX.......................................................................... 9 1.2.3 Bng tn ca WiMAX...........................................................................................11 1.2.4 Gii thiu cc chun lin quan...............................................................................11 1.2.4.1 Chun 802.16-2001 ........................................................................................11 1.2.4.2 Chun 802.16a-2003 ......................................................................................12 1.2.4.3 Chun 802.16c- 2002......................................................................................14 1.2.4.4 Chun 802.16-2004 ........................................................................................14 1.2.4.5 Chun 802.16e v s m rng.........................................................................15 1.3 So snh WiMAX vi cc cng ngh khng dy khc....................................................16 1.4 M hnh trin khai .......................................................................................................17 1.4.1 Mng trc .............................................................................................................18 1.4.2 Kt ni mng khng dy doanh nghip..................................................................18 1.4.3 Bng rng theo nhu cu.........................................................................................18 1.4.4 M rng nhanh chng, tit kim............................................................................19 1.4.5 Lin thng dich v ................................................................................................19 Chng 2 Cu trc mng WiMAX........................................................................21 2.1 Lp vt l ....................................................................................................................21 2.1.1 Gii thiu..............................................................................................................21 2.1.2 Xy dng khung....................................................................................................24 2.1.3 M hnh hot ng FDD .......................................................................................25 2.1.4 M hnh hot ng TDD .......................................................................................25 2.1.5 Lp vt l hng xung (Downlink PHY) .............................................................26 2.1.6 Lp vt l hng ln (Uplink PHY).......................................................................28 2.1.7 Kim sot li.........................................................................................................30 2.1.8 Tc baud v rng bng thng.......................................................................30 2.1.9 Kim sot h thng v tuyn .................................................................................31 2.1.9.1 K thut ng b............................................................................................31 2.1.9.2 Kim sot tn s.............................................................................................31 2.1.9.3 iu khin cng sut ......................................................................................32 2.1.10 Lp con hi t truyn dn....................................................................................32 2.2 Lp MAC ....................................................................................................................33 2.2.1 Vn v cng ngh.............................................................................................33 2.2.2 Lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v........................................................................35 2.2.2.1 Lp con hi ATM...........................................................................................36 2.2.2.1.1 Dng PDU ...............................................................................................36

2.2.2.1.2 S phn lp..............................................................................................36 2.2.2.1.3 Chn mo u ti tin (PHS payload header suppression)...........................37 2.2.2.1.4 Th tc bo hiu ......................................................................................38 2.2.2.2 Lp con hi t gi ..........................................................................................38 2.2.2.2.1 Dng MAC SDU......................................................................................39 2.2.2.2.2 S phn lp..............................................................................................39 2.2.2.2.3 Chn mo u ti tin ................................................................................40 2.2.2.2.4 Qu trnh chn mo u ti tin .................................................................40 2.2.3 Lp con phn chung (common part sublayer) ........................................................41 2.2.3.1 MAC PDU......................................................................................................41 2.2.3.2 H tr lp vt l v cu trc khung .................................................................47 2.2.3.3 iu khin tuyn v tuyn (Radio link Control)..............................................48 2.2.3.4 Polling............................................................................................................50 2.2.3.5 Dch v lp lch trnh hng ln......................................................................52 2.2.3.6 Cp pht v yu cu bng thng......................................................................53 2.2.3.7 Thu nhn knh................................................................................................55 2.2.3.8 Thit lp kt ni .............................................................................................56 2.2.3.9 Quyt nh cnh tranh ....................................................................................56 2.2.3.9.1 C hi truyn dn. ...................................................................................57 2.2.3.10 Gia nhp mng v khi to ...........................................................................58 2.2.3.10.1 Qut tn s v ng b...........................................................................58 2.2.3.10.2 Tch cc thng s ca knh uplink/downlink .........................................59 2.2.3.10.3 Ranging v m phn v kh nng .........................................................59 2.2.3.10.4 SS xc thc, trao quyn v ng k ........................................................60 2.2.3.10.5 Kt ni IP ..............................................................................................60 2.2.4 Lp con bo mt....................................................................................................60 2.2.4.1 Security Association (SA)...............................................................................60 2.2.4.2 Giao thc PKM ..............................................................................................61 2.2.4.2.1. Thit lp kho trao quyn AK .................................................................63 2.2.4.2.2. Trao i kho TEK .................................................................................64 2.2.4.3 Vn s dng kha ......................................................................................66 2.2.4.3.1 Kho AK .................................................................................................66 2.2.4.3.2 Kho TEK ...............................................................................................66 2.2.4.4 Phng php bo mt .....................................................................................67 Chng 3: Vn an ninh mng WiMAX ..............................................................69 3.1 Khi nim an ninh mng. .............................................................................................69 3.1.1 Cc vn v an ninh mng ..................................................................................69 3.1.2 Cc cuc tn cng an ninh.....................................................................................69 3.2 Phn tch an ninh mng WiMAX .................................................................................72 3.2.1 Nhng im yu v mt giao thc .........................................................................72 3.2.1.1 Thiu s xc thc hai chiu.............................................................................72 3.2.1.2 Li trong qun l kha ...................................................................................72 3.2.1.3 Li trong vic bo v d liu...........................................................................73

3.2.2 So snh mt s nhc im an ninh trong mng WiFi v WiMAX ........................73 3.2.2.1 Cuc tn cng hy b xc thc (Deauthentication Attack) ..............................74 3.2.2.2 Cuc tn cng lp li (Replay attack)..............................................................77 3.2.2.3 Gi mo im truy nhp (Access Point Spoof) ................................................79 3.2.2.4 Cuc tn cng vo c ch sng mang lp vt l ..............................................80 3.2.2.5 Gi mo a ch MAC (MAC Address Spoofing) ............................................82 3.2.3 Nhng im yu mi trong mng WiMAX............................................................84 3.2.3.1 Nn tng cng ngh ca cc cuc tn cng .....................................................84 3.2.3.2 Lp MAC.......................................................................................................87 3.2.3.3 Cc cuc tn cng tim n trong mng 802.16................................................87 3.2.3.3.1 Cuc tn cng s dng thng ip RNG-RSP...........................................87 3.2.3.3.2 Cuc tn cng vo thng ip thng bo quyn khng hp l...................91 3.3 Nhng ci tin mi v an ninh trong mng WiMAX.....................................................94 3.3.1 Giao thc PKM v2.................................................................................................94 3.3.1.1 Xc thc hai chiu da trn public- key ..........................................................95 3.3.1.1.1 Thng ip yu cu trao quyn (thng ip 2)..........................................95 3.3.1.1.2 Thng ip p li trao quyn (thng ip 3) ...........................................96 3.3.1.1.3 Thng ip xc nhn trao quyn. .............................................................96 3.3.1.2 Trao quyn ln nhau da trn EAP trong PKM v2...........................................97 3.3.1.2.1 Qu trnh xc thc da trn EAP..............................................................97 3.3.1.2.2 Qu trnh trao i 3 bc gia SS v BS ...................................................98 3.3.1.3 Phn cp kha ................................................................................................99 3.3.2 S dng m hnh CCM cho 802.16 MPDUS ..........................................................99 3.3.2.1 Xy dng nonce ...........................................................................................101 Chng 4 Kt ni WiMAX vi mng di ng ....................................................102 4.1 Li gii thiu .............................................................................................................103 4.2 Mng lin kt WiMAX 3GPP ....................................................................................104 4.2.1 M hnh kt ni WiMAX trong 3GPP .................................................................104 4.2.1.1 M hnh tight-coupling.................................................................................104 5.2.1.2 M hnh mng loose-coupling ......................................................................106 4.2.1.3 Mng non-roaming WiMAX- 3GPP .............................................................107 4.2.1.4 Mng roaming WiMAX- 3GPP ....................................................................108 4.2.1.5 Mt s yu cu khi kt ni WiMAX- 3GPP ..................................................109 4.2.1.5.1 Yu cu v WiMAX AAA server v cc giao thc AAA........................109 4.2.1.5.2 Yu cu v iu khin truy nhp ............................................................110 4.2.1.5.3 Yu cu v tnh cc..............................................................................111 4.2.2 Cc phn t ca mng v cc im giao tip........................................................111 4.2.2.1 Cc phn t ca mng...................................................................................111 4.2.2.1.1 Thit b ca ngi s dng UE...............................................................111 4.2.2.1.2 3GPP AAA Proxy.................................................................................112 4.2.2.1.3 3GPP AAA Server ................................................................................113 4.2.2.1.4 HLR/HSS...............................................................................................113 4.2.2.1.5 Cng truy nhp WAG ............................................................................113

4.2.2.1.6 Cng d liu gi PDG............................................................................114 4.2.2.1.6 Cng bin Border Gateway ....................................................................115 4.2.2.2 Cc giao din mng ......................................................................................115 4.2.2.2.1 Giao din Wa.........................................................................................115 4.2.2.2.2 Giao din Wx ........................................................................................116 4.2.2.2.3 Giao din D/Gr....................................................................................116 4.2.2.2.4 Giao din Wo ........................................................................................117 4.2.2.2.5 Giao din Wf .........................................................................................117 4.2.2.2.6 Giao din Wg ........................................................................................117 4.2.2.2.7 Giao din Wn ........................................................................................118 4.2.2.2.8 Giao din Wm .......................................................................................118 4.2.2.2.9 Giao din Wp ........................................................................................118 4.2.2.2.10 Giao din Wd ......................................................................................118 4.3 Lin kt mng gia WiMAX v UMTS .....................................................................119 4.3.1 Cc mng lin quan.............................................................................................119 5.3.1.1 Cu trc mng WiMAX................................................................................119 5.3.1.2 Cu trc mng UMTS...................................................................................120 4.3.2 Kin trc lin mng WiMAX- UMTS..................................................................122 4.3.2.1 M t kin trc.............................................................................................122 4.3.2.2 Qun l IP ....................................................................................................124 4.3.4 Th tc chuyn giao ............................................................................................124 4.3.4.1 Chuyn giao t mng truy nhp WiMAX n UTRAN .................................125 4.3.4.2 Chuyn giao t UTRAN ti mng truy nhp WiMAX...................................128 4.4 Kt lun.....................................................................................................................131 Thut ng vit tt .................................................................................................132 Ti liu tham kho.................................................................................................139

Bng
Bng 1.1: c im cc chun 802.16 ...................................................................................16 Bng 1.2: c im ca mt s cng ngh khng dy............................................................17 Bng 2.1: M t cc dng thit k lp vt l...........................................................................23 Bng 2.2: di khung vt l................................................................................................24 Bng 2.3: Tc baud v rng knh .................................................................................31 Bng 2.4: Cc trng trong phn mo u chung GH.............................................................44 Bng 2.5: Cc trng trong phn mo u yu cu bng thng...............................................44 Bng 3.1: Dng thng ip RNG-RSP....................................................................................88 Bng 3.2: Cc m trong thng ip RNG-RSP .......................................................................91 Bng 3.3: Dng thng ip PKM ...........................................................................................91 Bng 3.4: M thng ip PKM ..............................................................................................92 Bng 3.5: Thuc tnh thng ip Auth Invalid........................................................................93 Bng 3.6: Gi tr m li trong thng ip xc thc .................................................................94

Hnh v
Hnh 1.1: M hnh bng rng khng dy................................................................................. 6 Hnh 1.2: M hnh mng WiMAX .......................................................................................... 8 Hnh 1.3: c im cng ngh WiMAX................................................................................. 9 Hnh 1.4: S pht trin cc chun 802.16 ...............................................................................15 Hnh 1.5 M hnh trin khai WiMAX ....................................................................................20 Hnh 2.1: Cu trc giao thc mng WiMAX ..........................................................................21 Hnh 2.2: Tng quan v chc nng lp vt l trm pht sng WiMAX ................................22 Hnh 2.3: Cu trc khung TDD ..............................................................................................25 Hnh 2.4: Cu trc khung con hng xung...........................................................................27 Hnh 2.5: Cu trc khung con hng xung FDD ..................................................................28 Hnh 2.6: Cu trc khung con hng ln................................................................................29 Hnh 2.7: S khi chc nng lp MAC..............................................................................35 Hnh 2.8: Dng PDU ca lp hi t con ATM........................................................................36 Hnh 2.9: CS PDU trong kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch ng ......................................37 Hnh 2.10: CS PDU trong kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch knh ......................................37 Hnh 2.11: Dng MAC SDU ..................................................................................................39 Hnh 2.12: MAC PDU ...........................................................................................................42 Hnh 2.13: Cu trc khung phn mo u chung ca MAC PDU............................................43 Hnh 2.14: Cu trc khung phn mo u yu cu bng thng ...............................................44 Hnh 2.15: Xy dng MAC PDU ...........................................................................................46 Hnh 2.16: M t PDU v SDU trong ngn giao thc .............................................................47 Hnh 2.17: S dng bit poll- me.............................................................................................52 Hnh 2.18: V d c hi truyn dn trong thng ip yu cu bng thng...............................58 Hnh 2.19: Giao thc PKM ....................................................................................................62 Hnh 2.20: Qu trnh m ha bo mt trong 802.16................................................................67 Hnh 3.1: Dng tn cng th ng .........................................................................................70 Hnh 3.2: Dng tn cng ch ng.........................................................................................70 Hnh 3.3: Dng tn cng man in the middle ...........................................................................71 Hnh 3.4: Tn cng bng thng ip RES-CMD.....................................................................76 Hnh 3.5: V tr c th tn cng trong cu trc khung TDD ....................................................86 Hnh 3.6: Qu trnh tn cng bng thng ip RNG-RSP .......................................................89 Hnh 3.7: Phn ti tin WMAN CCM......................................................................................99 Hnh 3.8: Xy dng block B0 trong 802.16...........................................................................101 Hnh 3.9: Xy dng block Ai trong 802.16 ...........................................................................101 Hnh 4.1: M hnh kt ni loose-coupling v tight-coupling gia WiMAX v 3GPP ............106 Hnh 4.2: Kin trc mng non- roaming WiMAX-3GPP ......................................................107 Hnh 4.3: Kin trc mng roaming WiMAX-3GPP ..............................................................108 Hnh 4.4: Kin trc mng WiMAX......................................................................................120 Hnh 4.5: Kin trc mng UMTS .........................................................................................121 Hnh 4.6: Kin trc lin mng WiMAX-UMTS ...................................................................123 Hnh 4.7: Th tc chuyn giao t WiMAX sang UMTS .......................................................125 Hnh 4.8: Th tc chuyn giao t UMTS sang WiMAX .......................................................128

Chng 1 Gii thiu mng WiMAX

1.1 Cng ngh bng rng khng dy 1.1.1 Th no l bng rng khng dy Bng rng khng dy l mt cng ngh ha hn nhng kt ni tc cao trong khng trung. N s dng sng radio truyn v nhn d liu trc tip ti v t nhng ngi dng bt c khi no h mun. Cc cng ngh nh 3G, WiFi, hay WiMAX v UWB s lm vic cng nhau p ng nhu cu duy nht ny ca khch hng. Truy nhp khng dy bng rng (BWA) l h thng im a im c to nn t cc trm pht sng c s v cc thit b ca khc hng nh hnh 1.1. Hnh ny ch ra mt trm pht sng c s c kt ni vi mng ng trc (backbone). Thay v s dng cc kt ni vt l gia cc trm c s v cc thu bao, cc trm pht sng c s s dng anten ngoi tri nhn v gi d liu, thoi tc cao ti cc thu bao. Cng ngh ny gim c nhng yu cu v c s h tng hu tuyn ng thi cung cp nhng gii php mm do v hiu qu cho nhng chng cui.

Hnh 1.1: M hnh bng rng khng dy

6

1.1.2 Li ch ca bng rng khng dy Bng rng ha hn cc dch v thoi d liu v truyn hnh tc cao. BWA c thi gian trin khai nhanh chng, tn t chi ph hn cc phng php truyn thng, khng cn phi xy dng c s h tng hu tuyn tn km. N a ra nhng kt ni nhng chng cui, m DSL hay bng rng hu tuyn khng th t ti. Thi gian trin khai nhanh hn, d dng m rng hn, mm do hn do vy n em li nhng dch v thay th cho nhng khch hng vn khng tha mn vi cc dch v bng rng hu tuyn. N vt qua s thc thi v tin cy ca cc mng hu tuyn vi ng dy thu ring. To ra mt mi trng cnh tranh cho s pht trin cc dch v v cc sn phm mi. Cc c tnh ca BWA s thu ht cc cng ty cc nh u t vo ngnh cng nghip bng rng khng dy. 1.2. Gii thiu v WiMAX 1.2.1 nh ngha WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) hay IEEE 802.16 - wireless microwave access - truy cp v tuyn sng cc ngn), tiu chun k thut ny sinh ra t dng 802.xx ngy mt pht trin ca IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN) Standard cung cp gii php kt ni bng rng ti nhng ngi dng c nh di ng do n kinh t hn c s h tng hu tuyn. IEEE 802.16 Working Group on BWA ang pht trin chun dnh cho mng WMAN vi kh nng ng dng trn phm vi ton cu t thng 7 nm 1999. Chun IEEE 802.16 lin quan n giao tip khng gian gia cc thu bao v cc trm pht sng. Chun IEEE 802.16 c cng b vo ngy 8 thng 4 nm 2002. Cc chun dnh cho mng WMAN c th kt ni cc im nng 802.11 ti Internet v a ra gii
7

php truy nhp bng rng nhng chng cui thay th cho DSL v cp. Chun WMAN s h tr cc dch v truy nhp khng dy bng rng ti cc ta nh, ch yu thng qua cc anten ngoi tri ti cc trm pht sng c s. Phm vi c th ln ti 50 km v cho php ngi s dng t c kt ni bng rng m khng cn tm nhn thng ti cc trm pht sng. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group ang pht trin cc chun truy nhp bng rng khng dy cho h thng bng tn 10- 66 GHz v di 11 GHz. Chun ny tp trung vo lp MAC v lp vt l.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh mng WiMAX

1.2.2 c im ca cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.3: c im cng ngh WiMAX * Kin trc mm do: WiMAX c mt vi kin trc nh Point to Point dnh cho backhaul, Point to Multipoint cho BS (base station) n SS (subscriber). Nu ch c mt SS trong mng WiMAX th BS s giao tip vi SS trn nn tng Point to Point. Cc trm BS trong m hnh Point to Point c th dng mt anten vi nh hng cao t c khong cch ln hn * An ninh mnh: WiMAX h tr AES (advanced Encryption Standard) v 3DES (triple Data Encryption Standard). Vi vic bo mt tuyn gia BS v SS, WiMAX cung cp s ring t v an ton giao tip khng dy bng rng. An ninh mng WiMAX cn cho php cc nh vn hnh mng chng li s nh cp cc dch v. Ngoi ra WiMAX cng cho php xy dng mng ring o (VPN), cho php bo v nhng d liu c gi i t nhng ngi s dng khc nhau trong cng mt BS.

* Cung cp QoS: WiMAX cung cp QoS trn tng kt ni p ng tt c cc dch v nhy cm vi tr nh thoi, truyn hnhv cc dch v a phng tin. * S trin khai nhanh chng: So vi s trin khai mng hu tuyn th WiMAX c th c trin khai nhanh hn rt nhiu. Ch vi mt anten v thit b ci t c cung cp ngun l WiMAX sn sng phc v cc dch v. Trong nhiu trng hp s trin khai WiMAX c th c tnh bng gi so vi hng thng i vi cc gii php khc. * Cung cp dch v nhiu mc (multi_level service): Vi vic p ng cc mc QoS khc nhau da trn tho thun v mc dch v SLA (gia nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng cui cng ca mng WiMAX. Ngoi ra WiMAX cn cho php mt nh cung cp dch v c th a ra cc SLA khc nhau ti cc thu bao khc nhau hoc thm ch ti nhng ngi s dng khc nhau trn cng mt SS. * Kh nng hot ng cng cc thit b khc( Interoperability) WiMAX l mt cng ngh pht trin sau ny nn cn phi m bo kh nng tng thch vi cc thit b trc c th c th trng chp nhn * Kh nng di ng (Portability): Ging nh h thng cellular mt WiMAX SS c bt ln t n s xc nh mnh v quyt nh cc c tnh ng truyn ti BS. Ngay khi SS c ng k trong c s d liu ca h thng, n s tho thun v c tnh ng truyn. * Kh nng di dng hon ton (Mobility): Chun IEEE 802.16 sa i c thm c tnh quan trng l h tr di ng. p ng kh nng di ng lp vt l dng OFDM v OFDMA c nng cp ng k. S ci thin ny bao gm Scaleable OFDM, MIMO (multi input- multi output) v h tr dng Idle/sleep v handoff cho php s di ng tc ln ti 160 km/h. *Phm vi ph sng rng khp: WiMAX h tr nhiu mc iu ch bao gm BPSK, QPSK, 16_QAM, 64_QAM. Khi hot ng vi b khuch i cng sut ln v mc iu ch thp BPSK, QPSK WiMAX vn c th bao ph mt vng rng vi ng truyn gia BS v SS trong mi trng LOS.

10

* Hot ng trong ng truyn NLOS: WiMAX da trn cng ngh OFDM c kh nng x l trong mi trng NLOS (non light of sight) m cc sn phm khc khng th. 1.2.3 Bng tn ca WiMAX 802.16 cho php nhiu lp vt l do n c th hot ng trong bng tn rng t 2GHz n 66 GHz . V sng in t khng th lan truyn trong phm vi rng nh vy, nn chun 802.16 chia phm vi tn s ny thnh cc bng tn khc nhau, mi bng tn dng mt lp vt l ring. C 3 dng bng tn chnh: * 10-66 GHz (licensed band): Truyn dn trong bng tn ny yu cu ng truyn LOS gia BS v SS. V thc t l trong phm vi tn s ny bc sng ngn do phi m bo cn bng s nh hng ca suy hao do c im a hnh hay do giao thoa. Tuy nhin u im ca bng tn ny l c th t c tc d liu cao. * 2-11 GHz (licensed band): Truyn dn trong bng tn ny khng yu cu ng truyn LOS, tuy nhin nu khng c ng truyn LOS th cng sut tn hiu c th rt khc nhau gia BS v SS. * 2-11 GHz (unlicensed band): y c tnh ca bng tn 2-11GHz khng cn cp php gn ging nh bng tn c cp php 2-11 Ghz. Tuy nhin v chng l bng tn khng cn cp php nn khng c s m bo rng s khng xy ra s giao thoa bi cc h thng khc hay ngi dng khc dng cng mt bng tn. 1.2.4 Gii thiu cc chun lin quan 1.2.4.1 Chun 802.16-2001 Chun WiMAX u tin l chun 802.16 - 2001 c ph chun vo thng 12 nm 2001, chun ny h tr ng dng truy nhp khng dy bng rng c nh trong m hnh im - im v im - a im. Chun s dng iu ch sng mang n trong phm vi tn s 10Ghz n 66Ghz v s dng c hai phng php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDD)

11

v ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Cc s iu ch c s dng l QPSK, 16QAM v 64 QAM. Kh nng thay i phng php iu ch v phng php sa li trc cho php mng thch nghi c vi s bt thng ca thi tit do p ng c cht lng dch v cho ngi s dng. Cc trm pht sng BS to ra cc nh x (Map) knh hng ln v knh hng xung sau s chia s n ti cc nt trong mng. Cc nh x ny bao gm s ln truyn pht, khong thi gian v phng php iu ch. Theo cch ny vn v nt n c th b loi b. Cc thu bao lc ny ch tp trung vo mt trm pht sng BS m chng khng cn phi lng nghe bt k mt nt no khc trong mng. Cng nh thut ton ny mng khng bao gi b qu ti hay hay s thu bao tng ln t ngt. Cc thu bao c th tha thun v di tn c cp pht t burst ny n burst (burst to burst) khc ng thi cung cp lch trnh truy nhp mm do. Nh ni trn cc s iu ch c s dng gm: QPSK, 16 QAM v 64QAM, tuy nhin cc thu bao khc nhau hon ton c th s dng cc s iu ch khc nhau, v cc khung khc nhau cng c th s dng s iu ch khc nhau. Cc s iu ch c la chn phi p ng c cc mc ch cui cng l m bo s kt ni n nh v cht lng ca kt ni. Mt c tnh rt quan trng ca 802.16-2001 l kh nng cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) khc nhau lp vt l. Mt m nhn dng lu lng dch v (Service Flow ID) s thc hin kim tra QoS. Cc dng lu lng dch v ny c m t bi cc thng s QoS nh thi gian tr ti a, hay lng jiter cho php. Cc lu lng dch v ny c th c to ra bi trm pht sng BS hay thu bao SS. 802.16 - 2001 ch hot ng trong mi trng tm nhn thng v vi cc thit b CPE ngoi tri. 1.2.4.2 Chun 802.16a-2003 Vo thng 1 nm 2003 IEEE cng b chun 802.16a-2003 cung cp s hot ng trong bng tn 2Ghz n 11Ghz. Trong khi 802.16 hot ng trong bng tn 10Ghz n 66Ghz phi yu cu tm nhn thng th vi bng tn 2Ghz 12

11Ghz 802.16a cho php kt ni khng cn tm nhn thng, trnh c tc ng ca cc vt cn nh cy ci nh ca. Kh nng ny m ra cho WiMAX mt phm vi ph sng rng ln ln ti 50km , cho php ngi dng kt ni bng rng m khng cn tm nhn thng ti trm pht sng BS, tc c th ln ti hng trm Mbps mi trm ng thi lun cung cp bng thng p ng tc thi hng trm cng ty vi nhng ng kt ni T1/E1 v hng ngn h gia nh vi nhng kt ni DSL ti 1 trm BS. Tuy nhin kh nng mi ny li em n cho 802.16a nhng thch thc lp vt l, l vic phi thay lp vt l sao cho p ng c s hot ng di tn 2-11 Ghz. Do vy ngoi cc phng php iu ch gii thiu trong 802.16, chun sa i ny cn a ra 3 dng lp vt l: - Single carrier - 256 point FFT OFDM - 2048 point FFT OFDMA p ng s tng thch vi cc chun hin c WiMAX mi a hai dng lp vt l single carrier v 256 point FFT OFMD vo cc sn phm, cn dng th ba s c trin khai khi th trng yu cu. Cc khung OFDM c la chn l do kh nng u vit hn so vi cng ngh CDMA v n c th hot ng trong mi trng khng cn tm nhn thng trong khi vn t c hiu sut ph ln nht. Trong trng hp CDMA, bng thng RF phi ln hn thng lng d liu nhiu chng giao thoa. Nu s dng cng ngh CDMA thc hin khng dy bng rng di tn s 11 Ghz v tc ln ti 70Mbps th bng thng yu cu phi t 200Mpbs c th hot ng khng cn tm nhn thng. Bn cnh mt vi c tnh ca lp vt l cng c nu ra nh rng knh mm do, dng burst thch ng, v h thng anten thch ng ci thin v phm vi v dung lng, s la chn tn s ng gip lm gim ti thiu giao thoa, m ha khng gian gip nng cp s thc hin trong mi trng fading nh mt khng gian dy c. Cc c tnh trn l rt cn thit cho ng dng truy nhp bng rng khng dy ngoi tri, c bit rng knh mm do l mt yu cu u tin WiMAX c th c trin khai rng ri, bi v mi nc bng tn l khc
13

nhau, kch thc knh cng khc nhau. Trong khi bng tn cp php cc nh vn hnh mng phi tr cc ph cho tng Mhz c cp nn h lun mun tn dng ht bng thng c cp. V d nh mt nh vn hnh mng thu mt bng tn 14 Mhz, h s khng mun s dng cc knh vi rng 6 Mhz v s lng ph 2 Mhz m h mun h thng ca mnh phi trin khai c cc knh vi rng l 7Mhz; 3,5Mhz hay thm ch 1,75Mhz tn dng ht di tn. V mt an ninh 802.16a-2003 a ra ci tin l yu cu lp bo mt l bt buc trong khi chun 802.16-2001 th lp bo mt ny l ty chn. 802.16a cng thm vo h tr mng li. iu ny c ngha l cc lu lng t mt thu bao SS ny ti SS khc c th c nh tuyn. y l mt s thay i trong m hnh im - a im m trc kia cc lu lng u phi qua trm pht BS. S thay i lp MAC ny cho php cc thu bao trong mng Mesh c th lp lch trnh ti nhau m khng cn thng qua trm pht BS. 1.2.4.3 Chun 802.16c- 2002 Vo thng 12 nm 2002 chun 802.16c c cng b, bn sa i mi ny xem xt li mt s vn v giao thc, thm mt s dng h thng chi tit hn cho bng tn 10-66Ghz ng thi cng sa mt s li v s mu thun ca cc bn trc . 1.2.4.4 Chun 802.16-2004 Chun 802.16 - 2004 c ph chun vo ngy 24/07/2004 v c cng b vo thng 9 nm 2004, cn c bit n vi ci tn chun 802.16-Revd. Chun 802.16-2004 chnh l s thng nht ca cc chun 802.11-2001, 802.16a2003 v 802.16c-2002 to nn mt chun mi. Ban u n c xem nh l s xem xt sa i nhng chun trc nhng nhng thay i mi ny hnh thnh nn mt chun mi ton din v c p dng cho chng nhn chun WiMAX. Chun 802.16 - 2004 a ra kh nng t ci t cc thit b trong nh, n em li s tin li ln cho ngi s dng. Cc thit b hot ng trong bng tn cp php s s dng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) cn i vi
14

bng tn khng cp php c th s dng c hai phng php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) v ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Ngoi ra lp MAC l ti u cho nhng tuyn ng truyn di v n c thit k vi khong tr ln hn v tr bin i.

Hnh 1.4: S pht trin cc chun 802.16 1.2.4.5 Chun 802.16e v s m rng Chun 802.16 l chun c thm vo c tnh h tr di ng v vn ang c nghin cu. Ngoi ra chun ny cn a vo h thng bo mt cao cp (AES), mt yu cu bt buc cho cc chng nhn WiMAX. Tuy nhin v chun ny vn cha c ph chun nn chng ta khng th ni g v nhng thay i mi ny cho n khi bn phc tho cui cng c ph duyt. Bn cnh chun 802.16 e th cc chun nh 802.16 f, 802.16g ang c nghin cu. Cc chun ny ch yu tp trung vo cc giao thc qun l mng.

15

Chun Thi gian cng b Di tn s Mi trng truyn Tc iu ch

802.16 12/2001 10-66Ghz LOS 32- 134,4 Mbps/ knh 28 Mhz QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM

802.16a/802.16Revd 802.16a: 1/2003 802.16Revd: 2004 < 11 Ghz NLOS, LOS

802.16e 2005 < 6 Ghz NLOS, LOS

Mc di ng rng knh Bn knh cell

C nh 20, 25, 28 Mhz 2 - 5 km

Max: 75 Mbps/ Max: 15Mbps/ knh 20 Mhz knh 5 Mhz QPSK, 16QAM, Tng t 802.16a 64QAM, Single carier OFDM 256 sub-carier OFDM 2048 subcarier C nh Mc di ng tc thp Di knh: 1,25 -20 Tngt 802.16a Mhz 6 - 9 km 2- 5 km ln nht l 50km ph thuc vo cao anten h s tng ch v cng sut pht

Bng 1.1: c im cc chun 802.16 1.3 So snh WiMAX vi cc cng ngh khng dy khc Ta bit rng hin nay mt s cng ngh truy cp Internet nh thng qua modem th t tc thp, ADSL t tc 8Mbps nhng cn c dy, cc knh thu ring th t v kh trin khai. Cc h thng hin ti ch t tc 9,6kbit/s.
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GSM, GPRS (2,5G) t tc 171,2kbit/s, EDGE 300-400kbit/s, h thng 3G t tc 2Mbit/s. Mng WiFi (LAN khng dy) ch t c khong cch ngn. Nhng WiMAX cung cp phng tin truy cp khng dy tng hp thay th ADSL, WiFi, c th t tc ln ti 70Mbit/s, bn knh ph sng 50km vi m hnh ph sng ging in thoi t bo. Bng 1.2 bn di m t mt s c im ca cc cng ngh khng dy hin nay.
Mng Tc Phm vi ph sng Ph tn s u im 3G 384 kbps 2Mbps Vi km WiFi 802.11 11 Mbps-54Mbps 100 m/LOS 30 m/NLOS WiMAX 802.16 Ln ti 70Mbps 30km -50km/LOS 2km 5km /NLOS 10- 66 Ghz/802.16 2- 11 Ghz/ 802.16a Tc cao, phm vi ph sng < 3,5 Ghz Tc cao, kh nng di ng Gi cao Di ng hon ton Mobile_Fi 802.20 16Mbps 38 km

Nhc im Kh nng di dng

Ph khng 2,4Ghz/802.11b/g dy hin c 5,2 G/ 802.11a Phm vi Tc cao, ph sng, Gi r kh nng di ng Gi cao Phm vi ngn Di chuyn C nh v di ng

Vn giao thoa Di ng hon ton

Bng 1.2: c im ca mt s cng ngh khng dy 1.4 M hnh trin khai Sau khi ra i, 802.16a nhanh chng c trin khai ti chu u, M v th hin mt s li ch c th.

17

1.4.1 Mng trc 802.16a l cng ngh khng dy l tng lm mng trc ni cc im hotspot thng mi v LAN khng dy vi Internet. Cng ngh khng dy 802.16a cho php doanh nghip trin khai hotspot 802.11 linh hot khi gp a hnh him tr, i hi thi gian ngn v nng cp linh hot theo nhu cu th trng. Chun 802.16a cho php trin khai nhng mng trc tc cao, chi ph thp. Ti chu u, ni cc nh vn hnh t chp nhn chia s cp trc vi i th cnh tranh, mng trc WiMax c t pht trin v c s dng trong 80% thp sng. Ring ti M, do c iu lut qui nh cc nh cung cp dch v th ba phi thu tuyn cp trc t nh cung cp mng trc Internet nn tc ng dng WiMax chm hn chu u. Tuy vy, t l ng dng WiMax lm mng trc cng chim n 20% v sp ti s pht trin rt nhanh v FCC ang chun b b rng buc v tuyn cp trc vi cc nh cung cp dch v th ba. i vi cc nc ang pht trin th gii php kt ni khng dy 802.16a cho php nng cp nng lc dch v nhanh chng theo nhu cu thc t m khng phi lo ngi v vn o ng, thay i kin trc h tng. 1.4.2 Kt ni mng khng dy doanh nghip Chun 802.16a c dng lm c s lin thng cc mng LAN khng dy, hotspot WiFi 802.11 hin c. Doanh nghip c th t do m rng qui m vn phng m mi trng mng cc b vn c lin lc nu c mng trung gian khng dy chun 802.16a. Nhn rng hn, doanh nghip c th trin khai mng LAN khng dy thng nht cho tt c vn phng trong phm vi mt quc gia. 1.4.3 Bng rng theo nhu cu H thng khng dy cho php trin khai hiu qu ngay c khi s dng ngn hn. Vi s h tr ca cng ngh 802.16a, h thng hotspot 802.11 vn nng lc phc v dch v kt ni tc cao ti nhng hi ch, trin lm c n

18

hng ngn khch. Nh cung cp dch v c th nng cp hoc gim bt nng lc phc v ca h thng theo nhu cu thc t, gip nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh, tng tnh cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. 1.4.4 M rng nhanh chng, tit kim H thng 802.16a cho php ph sng n nhng vng him tr, thiu cp trc y. Do tuyn cp DSL ch c th p ng trong bn knh 4,8 km tnh t trm iu phi trung tm nn cn nhiu vng a hnh him tr m nh cung cp khng th vi ti. Thng k gn y cho thy c hn 2.500 nh cung cp dch v khng dy (Wireless ISP) a phng hot ng hiu qu trn 6.000 th trng ti M. Khng ch trin khai dch v d liu tc cao, h thng cn cho php trin khai dch v thoi cho nhng ngi dng vng su vng xa. 1.4.5 Lin thng dich v Vi cng ngh IEEE 802.16e m rng t 802.16a, trong tng lai ngi dng s c h tr dch v roaming tng t in thoi di ng, t ng chuyn kt ni n nh cung cp dch v Internet khng dy a phng ngay khi ra ngoi vng ph sng ca mng gia nh, cng ty. D kin n 2006, cng ngh WiMAX s c tch hp vo my tnh xch tay, PDA nh Wi-Fi hin nay v tng bc hnh thnh nn nhng vng dch v khng dy bng rng mang tn "MetroZones".

19

Hnh 1.5 M hnh trin khai WiMAX

20

Chng 2 Cu trc mng WiMAX

Chun IEEE 802.16a c xy dng di dng giao thc ngn xp vi nhiu giao din c nh ngha. Lp MAC bao gm ba lp con: Lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v (Service Specific Convergence Sublayer), lp con MAC phn chung (MAC Common Part Sublayer) v lp con bo mt (Privacy Sublayer). Gia PHY v MAC l mt lp con hi t truyn dn TC (Transmission Convergence Sublayer). V tr tng i ca cc lp con MAC v lp PHY c trnh by trong hnh 2.1. Lp cao hn Lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v (Service Specific Convergence Sublayer) Lp con MAC phn chung (MAC Common Part Sublayer) Lp con bo mt (Privacy Sublayer) Lp con hi t truyn TC (Transmission Convergence Sublayer) PHY QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM OFDM MAC

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc giao thc mng WiMAX 2.1 Lp vt l 2.1.1 Gii thiu Chun IEEE 802.16 l chun h tr nhiu giao tip mi trng vt l khc nhau. Chun c pht trin t phin bn nm 2001 v n nay vn c nghin cu. Trc kia 802.16 ch s dng dng iu ch sng mang n nhng n nay
21

 h tr cng ngh truy nhp da trn ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao m rng (SOFDMA). Ban u ch s dng bng tn 10 - 66 GHz n nay chun cho php hot ng c hai bng tn 2 -11 Ghz v 10 -66 Ghz.

Hnh 2.2: Tng quan v chc nng lp vt l trm pht sng WiMAX 10- 66Ghz : Trong bng tn 10-66 Ghz lp vt l ca 802.16 phi h tr mi trng truyn sng trong tm nhn thng do vy dng iu ch sng mang n c la chn. Giao tip khng trung ny c gi l WirelessMAN- SC. Nhiu thch thc trong vn thit k vn tn ti tuy nhin do kin trc s dng y l im - a im nn v c bn cc trm pht sng BS s s truyn pht tn hiu TDM, trong cc trm thu bao s c nh ra cc khe thi gian lin tip nhau. hng ln uplink s dng cng ngh truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. V sau bn thit k s dng dng burst c la chn bi v n cho php c hai dng ghp knh theo thi gian v ghp knh theo tn s. S dng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian cc knh hng ln uplink v knh hng xung downlink u c th s dng cng mt knh truyn dn nhng khng c pht cng mt lc, cn s dng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s hai knh hng ln uplink v knh hng xung downlink s dng hai knh khc nhau i khi c th truyn pht cng lc. Dng burst cho php c TDD v FDD c x l tng t nhau, tuy nhin cc thu bao ch s dng FDD bn song cng. Hai dng TDD v

22

FDD c th thay th nhau v u s dng dng burst vi s m ha v iu ch l ty chn, c gn ng trn tng burst 2 - 11Ghz : Trong di tn 2 -11 Ghz IEEE 802.16 s dng c bng tn cp php v khng cn cp php trong mi trng truyn dn khng yu cu tm nhn thng. Cc bn phc tho hin ti a ra 3 dng lp vt l khc nhau, mi dng u c th tng thch vi nhau. WirelessMAN- SCa: dng ny s dng iu ch sng mang n WirelessMAN - OFDM: dng ny s dng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao vi 256 im bin i FFT. y l giao tip bt buc trong bng tn khng cn cp php.
WirelessMAN - OFDMA: dng ny s dng truy nhp phn chia

theo tn s trc giao vi 2048 im bin i FFT. Do yu cu v truyn sng dng vt l ny s h tr h thng anten tin tin. Dng thit k WirelessMAN- SC WirelessMAN-SCa Wireless MANOFDM WirelesMAN OFDMA ng dng 10 -66 Ghz 2-11 Ghz, bng tn cp php. 2-11Ghz, bng tn cp php. 2 -11 Ghz, bng tn cp php. Ghp knh TDD, FDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD TDD, FDD Sng mang n. Sng mang n, m rng cho NLOS. OFDM dng trong NLOS. OFDM c chia ra thnh cc nhm con cho php a truy nhp trong mt bng tn. C th l sng mang n SC, OFDM hay OFDMA. Bao gm c vic la chn tn s ng.

WirelessHUMAN

2-11 Ghz bng TDD tn khng cn cp php.

Bng 2.1: M t cc dng thit k lp vt l

23

Lp vt l c thit k cho s hot ng trong bng tn 10 -66 Ghz c thit k vi s mm do cho php cc nh cung cp dch v c kh nng trin khai h thng mt cch ti u trong vic lp cc cell, tnh chi ph, kh nng ca sng radio, cc dch v hay dung lng ca h thng. cho php s dng ph hiu qu, c hai phng php ghp knh TDD v FDD u c s dng. Bn cnh c hai phng php ny u s dng cc burst truyn dn, mi burst c burst profile cha cc thng s truyn dn nh s iu ch, s m ha, v chng c th c iu chnh trn mi thu bao da trn tng khung mt. 2.1.2 Xy dng khung Lp vt l s dng cc khung nh bng 2.2 Trong mi khung l cc khung con hng ln v khung con hng xung. Cc khung con hng xung bt u vi cc thng tin cn thit cho vic iu khin v ng b khung. Trong trng hp TDD cc khung con hng xung s pht trc tip sau l cc khung con hng ln. Trong trng hp FDD s truyn pht d liu hng ln xy ng thi vi hng xung. Mi thu bao SS s c gng nhn ht cc burst hng xung ngoi tr nhng burst m burst profile khng c thc hin bi SS v nhng burst c tn hiu khng mnh so vi cc burst profile hin ti ca thu bao SS . Cc SS trong m hnh bn song cng s khng cn thit phi nghe cc phn ca knh hng xung. M di khung 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04- 0x0F di khung 0,5 1 2 Cha s dng ms ms ms n v

Bng 2.2: di khung vt l

24

2.1.3 M hnh hot ng FDD Trong m hnh hot ng FDD cc knh hng ln v hng xung s dng tn s khc nhau. Cc tuyn hng xung c th s dng nhiu loi iu ch khc nhau v cho php truyn pht ngay lp tc nu h tr song cng. 2.1.4 M hnh hot ng TDD Trong trng hp TDD s truyn pht d liu hng ln v hng xung s dng cng tn s nhng nhng thi im khc nhau. Mt khung TDD c mt khong thi gian c nh, v cha mt khung con hng ln v mt khung con hng xung. Cc khung TDD c ch ra hng ln v hng xung l rt khc nhau tng ng vi dung lng ca tuyn.

Hnh 2.3: Cu trc khung TDD TTG TTG l mt khong gia burst hng xung v burst hng ln theo sau. Khong ny m ra mt khong thi gian trm pht sng BS c th chuyn t trng thi pht tin sang trng thi nhn tin v cho php thu bao SS chuyn t trng thi nhn tin sang trng thi truyn tin. Trong khong thi gian ny, trm pht sng BS v thu bao SS khng c pht bt c d liu g c iu ch tuy nhin n cho php b pht sng ca BS c th pht i nhng xung dc xung,

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cc anten pht /thu khi ng, b thu tn hiu ca BS tch cc. Sau khong thi gian ny b thu ca trm pht sng BS s tm kim cc tn hiu u tin ca burst uplink. RTG RTG l mt khong gia burst hng ln v cc burst hng xung theo sau. Khong ny cho php trm pht sng BS chuyn trng thi t nhn d liu sang pht d liu, trong khong thi gian ny BS khng pht d liu iu ch, tuy nhin cho php BS pht i tn hiu dc ln, anten thu/pht tn hiu khi ng, b thu tn hiu ca thu bao SS c tch cc. Sau khong thi gian ny thu bao SS s tm nhng tn hiu ca d liu iu ch QPSK trong burst hng xung. Khong thi gian ny l bi s ca khong thi gian ca mt khe vt l PS (physical slot) bt u tnh t bin gii ca khe vt l ny. Khe vt l c dng cho mc ch nh ra bng thng v nhn dng s chuyn tip lp vt l. Khe vt l PS thng c xc nh bng cc k hiu 4QAM. 2.1.5 Lp vt l hng xung (Downlink PHY) Bng thng sn c trn cc knh hng xung c tnh bng khe thi gian vt l PS, cn bng thng hng ln tnh bng mt minislot, trong chiu di mt minislot c tnh bng 2m PS (m = 0..7). S lng khe vt l trong mi khung to nn tc k hiu (symbol rate). Tc k hiu trong mi khung thng c la chn l s nguyn ln PS. V d vi tc k hiu l 20 MBd, th s c 5000 PS trong mt khung 1ms. Khung con hng xung (Downlink subframe) Cu trc ca khung con hng xung s dng TDD c minh ha theo hnh 2.4. Khung con hng xung bt u vi phn mo u ng b khung c s dng ng b v cn bng khung. Tip theo sau l phn iu khin khung cha DL-MAP v UL-MAP, sau l phn mang d liu TDD c t chc thnh dng burst, trong mi burst c mt burst profile khc nhau, gip to ra mc khc nhau trong truyn dn.

26

Burst profile cha cc thng s c t cc c tnh truyn dn hng ln v hng xung. Mi profile cha cc thng s nh loi iu ch, sa li trc, chiu di phn mo u ng b, khong bo v Thng thng cc burst u tin c truyn i thng s dng phng php iu ch n gin nht, thng l QPSK sau l 16 QAM v tip theo l 64_QAM. Mi thu bao SS nhn v gii m cc thng tin iu khin trn knh hng xung sau tm kim phn mo u lp MAC.

Hnh 2.4: Cu trc khung con hng xung Trong trng hp FDD cu trc knh hng xung c minh ha nh hnh 2.5 Cng ging nh TDD cc khung con hng xung cng bt u bng phn mo u ng b, theo sau l phn iu khin khung v phn d liu TDM, c t chc thnh dng burst. Cc khung con hng xung s tip tc vi phn TDMA c s dng truyn d liu ti bt k mt thu bao bn song cng no c lp lch trnh truyn pht d liu trc khung m chng nhn c. iu ny cho php cc thu bao c nhn c th gii m cc phn khung c th trong khung hng xung m khng cn phi gii m ton b khung con hng xung. Trong phn TDMA mi burst s bt u vi phn mo u burst TDMA hng xung (downlink

27

TDMA Burst Preamble) dng ng b li. Cc burst trong phn TDMA khng cn tun theo th t iu ch t thp n cao. Phn iu khin khung FDD cha c hai nh x burst TDM v TDMA.
PhnTDM Preamble Broadcast control DIUC=0 TDM DIUC a TDM DIUC b TDM DIUC c

PhnTDMA

Preamble

Preamble

Preamble

TDMA DIUC d

TDMA DIUC e

TDMA DIUC f

Preamble

TDMA DIUC g

DLMAP

ULMAP

TDM:TimeDivisionMultiplex DIUC:DownlinkIntervalUsagecode Preamble:Phnungbkhung

Hnh 2.5: Cu trc khung con hng xung FDD Trong khung con hng xung TDD vn cha cc d liu truyn ti cc thu bao SS, v cc SS s truyn tin trong mt khung khc sau khung m chng nhn c. Vic ny ging vi cu trc khung con hng xung FDD khng h tr bn song cng, khi cc thu bao SS c lp lch trnh pht d liu trc khi chng nhn c khung. 2.1.6 Lp vt l hng ln (Uplink PHY) Khung con hng ln (uplink subframe) Cu trc khung con hng ln c s dng bi thu bao SS truyn tin ti BS c ch ra hnh 2.6. y c 3 loi burst c truyn i trong mt khung con hng ln: Burst c pht i vi mc ch cnh tranh dnh cho ranging khi u.

Preamble

28

 Burst c pht i vi mc ch cnh tranh c xc nh bi khong yu cu (Request Interval) dnh cho vic p li poll multicast hay broadcast. Burst c pht i trong cc khong khc nhau c xc nh bi Data Grant IE dng nh ra bng thng cho tng SS. Cc burst ny c th tn ti trong bt c khung no, xut hin bt k thi im no v s lng khng hn ch (ch b hn ch bi s khe vt l PS) trong mt khung. Bng thng c ch ra cho ranging khi u v c hi cnh tranh yu cu (Request contention opportunies) c th c nhm li vi nhau v lun c dng cng vi burst profile hng ln c ch ra trong UIUC (ranging khi u c UIUC =2, khong yu cu c UIUC =1). SSTG (SS transition gap) c dng tch bit s truyn pht ca cc SS khc nhau trong cng mt khung con hng ln. Khong trng ny c dng xung dc xung v c theo sau bi mt phn mo u cho php BS ng b vi SS mi. Phn mo u v khong trng ny c qung b theo nh k trong thng ip UCD.
Khong chuyntip SS Khong chuyntip Tx/Rx

Initial maintenaChicnh Chiduy nce tranhyu trkhiu opportunit cu (UIUC=2) ies (UIUC=1) (UIUC=2)

Khongd liuSS1 (UIUC=i)

...

Khongd liuSSN (UIUC=j)

Bursttruynhp

Xungt

Bursttruynhp

Yucu bngthng

Xung t

Yucu bngthng

Hnh 2.6: Cu trc khung con hng ln

29

Mt s nt c trng khc ca lp vt l chun IEEE 802.16a m do phng php iu ch mang li l cng sut pht ln trong mt vng rng, rng cc knh c tnh mm do, mt mt thch ng v tc , t hiu chnh li, ph thuc vo cc h thng anten cao cp ci thin vng ph sng v dung lng h thng, phng php la chn tn s DFS s lm cho nhiu gim ti mc nh nht c th, phng php m ha theo cc khong thi gian tng cng s thc hin trong mi trng pha inh v vt qua c tnh a dng v khng gian. 2.1.7 Kim sot li Chun IEEE802.16 s dng hai phng php kim sot li lp vt l: Sa li trc (FEC) v yu cu truyn li t ng (ARQ). Sa li trc l phng php rt ph bin cc giao tip v tuyn. Chun IEEE 802.16 s dng Reed Solomon GF (256) FEC, tuy nhin cho php la chn m Block Turbo tng phm vi ph sng ca BS hoc tng thng lng. Yu cu truyn pht li t ng l mt c tnh lp vt l c s dng x l nhng li xy ra trong qu trnh lan truyn bt thng. ARQ bao gm c s truyn pht li tng bt d liu b mt trong qu trnh truyn dn ban u. Vic truyn li ring tng bt cho php lp vt l c th t sa li trc khi gi d liu ln cc lp cao hn. y l mt c tnh ch c lp vt l ca 802.16a khng c trong chun 802.16. 2.1.8 Tc baud v rng bng thng Mt lng ln bng thng lun c sn di tn 10- 66 GHZ cho h thng im a im. Mc d nhng yu cu quy tc rt khc nhau nhng vng a l nhng vn c nhng tiu chun chung cho rng knh RF nh bng 2.3. iu ny l cn thit m bo xy dng mt chun c tnh tng thch cho cc sn phm.

30

Kch thc knh (MHz) 20 25 28

Tc k hiu (Mbaud)

Tc bit (Mbit/s) QPSK

Tc bt (Mbit/s)

Tc bit (Mbit/s)

rng khung c c (ms) 1 1 1

S lng PS /khung

16- QAM 64- QAM 64 80 89.6 96 120 134.4

16 20 22.4

32 40 44.8

4000 5000 5600

Bng 2.3: Tc baud v rng knh Trong bng 2.3 tc baud c chn l s nguyn ln khe vt l PS trn mi khung. Khong thi gian ca khung c chn da trn c s cn bng gia hiu sut truyn ti v tr. 2.1.9 Kim sot h thng v tuyn 2.1.9.1 K thut ng b B gii iu ch hng xung cung cp mt ng h tham chiu c ly t ng h k hiu hng xung. Tham chiu ny c s dng bi cc trm thu bao t c s nh thi khi ng h hng xung b kha tham chiu chnh xc ti BS. Vic ng b cc khe thi gian hng ln mt cch chnh xc c thc hin thng qua th tc chnh ranging c xc nh lp MAC m bo rng vic truyn dn bi nhiu ngi dng khng b giao thoa vi nhau. Do lp vt l phi cung cp s nh thi chnh xc t BS v mm do trong vic chnh nh thi pha SS theo cc c tnh ca b pht. 2.1.9.2 Kim sot tn s Kim sot tn s l mt thnh phn ca lp PHY. Li tn s rt khc nhau theo tng thi k v nhit trong n v sng v tuyn, c bit l tn s cao. gim phc tp trong cc thnh phn tn s SS tn s sng mang hng

31

ln v hng xung s tham chiu ln nhau. Tuy nhin vic chnh tn s v cng sut cng tn ti trong qu trnh ranging. Sau khi tn s ban u c iu chnh cc bin php chnh lch tn s theo chu k pha BS s c thc hin lp vt l v gi ti SS thng qua thng ip lp MAC nu cn thit. 2.1.9.3 iu khin cng sut Cng vi vic kim sot tn s, thut ton iu khin cng sut cng c h tr tuyn ln vi c hai kh nng l iu chnh ban u v iu chnh theo chu k vi mc tiu khng mt d liu. BS c kh nng o chnh xc cng sut ca tn hiu n nhn c. Gi tr ny c so snh vi mc cng sut chun. Nu c li, nhng li ny s c gi li SS trong mt thng ip iu chnh ti t lp MAC. Thut ton iu chnh cng sut s c thit k h tr s suy hao cng sut do khong cch, do s thay i cng sut mc cao nht l 10dB/s vi su thp nht l 40 dB. Vic thc hin thut ton ny mt cch chnh xc s c a ra bi cc nh cung cp c th. Phm vi iu khin cng sut tng bao gm c phn c nh v phn c iu khin t ng bng thng tin phn hi. Thut ton ny cng tnh n c s nh hng ln nhau ca b khuch i cng sut vi cc dng burst profile khc nhau. 2.1.10 Lp con hi t truyn dn Gia PHY v MAC l mt lp con hi t truyn TC (transmission convergence). Lp ny thc hin s bin i cc PDU (protocol data units) MAC di c th thay i vo trong cc block FEC di c nh (cng thm c th l mt block c rt ngn vo on cui) ca mi burst. Lp TC c mt PDU c kch thc khp vi block FEC hin thi b y. N bt u vi mt con tr ch ra v tr u mc PDU MAC tip theo bt u bn trong block FEC. Khun dng PDU TC cho php ng b ha li PDU MAC tip sau trong trng hp block FEC trc c nhng li khng th phc hi c. Khng c lp TC, mt SS hay BS nhn s mt ton b phn cn li ca mt "burst" khi mt li khng th sa cha xut hin.

32

Ni tm li vi cc nt c trng ca lp vt l n s c mt s li ch nh sau: Vi phng php iu ch 256 point FFT OFDM, n s to ra nhng s h tr cho vic xy dng cc a ch mng a ng trong mi trng LOS vng Outdoor v NLOS. Vi kh nng thch ng iu ch v phng php m ha c kh nng t hiu chnh li trong mt cm RF, m bo mnh cho cc knh RF trong khi vn m bo s bt / giy cho mi mt khi cc thu bao l ln nht. Vi vic h tr truy nhp TDD v FDD, th vic thay i a ch trn ton din rng c quy nh mt ni no hoc tt c nhng ni cho php. Vi mm do v kch thc ca knh, n cung cp tnh mm do cn thit cho s hot ng mt s bng tn khc nhau vi s thay i knh theo nhu cu trn ton th gii. Vi s h tr ca h thng anten smart, s lm tng kh nng trit nhiu nh vy h thng s ln ln v gi thnh s gim xung. Tt c cc c trng trn u l nhng yu cu thit yu c s cho k thut FBWA outdoor hot ng. Tnh mm do ca kch c knh cng l mt iu bt buc nu n mun c thc thi trn phm vi ton th gii. Khi m trong di ph cho php s hot ng trong h thng phi tr gi cc cho tng MHz, th l vn cp thit cho vic trin khai h thng s dng tt c cc phn ca di ph v cung cp tnh mm do trong mng t ong cellular. 2.2 Lp MAC 2.2.1 Vn v cng ngh Giao thc lp MAC ca IEEE 802.16 c thit k cho cc ng dng truy nhp bng rng khng dy. N p ng tc d liu cao trn c hai tuyn uplink v downlink. Thut ton truy nhp v cp pht bng thng phi p ng

33

hng trm thit b u cui trn mi knh trong mi thit b c th c dng chung bi nhiu ngi dng. Do vy cc dch v phc v mi ngi dng ny l khc nhau, gm c thoi v d liu c ghp knh theo thi gian, cc kt ni IP hay VoIP. p ng cc dch v khc nhau ny lp MAC phi p ng c hai dng lu lng dng lin tc (continuous) hay dng xung (bursty). Ngoi ra nhng dch v ny phi p ng c QoS trn tng lu lng. Lp MAC 802.16 cho php mt phm vi ng dng rng ri t cc loi dch v tng t ti cc dng dch v chuyn giao bt ng b (ATM) cng nh cc dng mi nh tc khung c m bo (GFR guaranteed frame rate). Giao thc lp MAC cng h tr cc yu cu khc nhau ca mng backhaul nh chuyn giao bt ng b (ATM) hay cc giao thc da trn gi d liu. Lp con hi t c s dng nh x cc dng lu lng t lp truyn ti ti lp MAC, y l mt lp dch v mm do mang bt c loi lu lng no. Thng qua cc c tnh nh chn phn u ti tin, ng gi, phn on lp hi t v lp MAC c th lm vic cng nhau to mt c ch truyn ti hiu sut hn. Vn hiu sut truyn ti cng c a ra gia lp MAC v lp PHY. V d nh s m ha v iu ch c ch ra burst profile c th iu chnh tng ng vi mi dng burst v mi thu bao. Lp MAC c th s dng burst profile t hiu sut bng thng cao nht vi iu kin tuyn truyn dn tt. C ch yu cu/ cp pht (request/ grant) gip cho mng c th m rng quy m, t hiu sut cao hn. H thng truy nhp 802.16 s khng gim hiu sut khi n phc v nhiu kt ni trn mi thit b u cui, p ng nhiu mc QoS trn mi thit b u cui v phc v s lng ngi dng ln nht. Trong khi vic cp pht bng thng m rng v c ch QoS c chun ha th chi tit ca vic lp lch trnh v c ch qun l dnh ring cha c chun ha cung cp cho cc nh u t c hi to s khc bit trong thit b ca mnh. Cng vi nhng nhim v c bn nh nh bng thng, truyn ti d liu lp MAC cn c lp con bo mt cung cp s xc thc mng truy nhp v thit lp kt ni trnh vic trm dch v, cung cp s trao i kha v bo mt d liu
34

c nhn. p ng nhiu dng lp vt l khc nhau v cc yu cu dch v khc nhau bng tn 2-11 GHz lp MAC ca 802.16a phi c nng cp cung cp yu cu lp t ng (automatic repeat request ARQ) v h tr mng li ch khng ch l kin trc mng im - a im. Lp MAC gm c ba lp con: lp hi t chuyn bit dch v giao tip vi cc lp bn trn, nm trn lp MAC con phn chung thc hin chc nng quan trng ca lp MAC. Lp bn di l lp con bo mt.
Lpngdng

SSCS

Phnlpgi hngxung

Tphpcc gihngln

Qunlcu hnh

Hthngqun trmng

CPS HngidatrnQoS KintrcServiceFlow

iukhin qunlkt ni

Qunl linkt

ARQ

Blplch trnh

Bo mt

Lplch burst hng xung

QunlMAC

Xlburst hngln

PHY

Lpvtl

Hnh 2.7: S khi chc nng lp MAC 2.2.2 Lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v Lp con hi t chuyn bit cc dch v nm trn lp MAC phn chung. Thng qua SAP lp MAC phn chung s cung cp cc dch v cho lp hi t phn chung. Chun IEEE 802.16 xc nh hai lp con hi t chuyn bit cc dch v nh x cc dch v ti v t cc kt ni lp MAC. Lp hi t phn chung thc hin cc chc nng c th sau:

35

Nhn cc PDU t cc lp cao hn. Thc hin phn loi cc PDU ca cc lp trn. X l cc PDU da trn s phn loi. a cc CS PDU n cc MAC SAP tng ng.

Nhn cc CS PDU t cc thc th ngang hng. 2.2.2.1 Lp con hi ATM Lp con hi t ATM s dng cho cc dch v ATM, nhn cc cell ATM t cc lp ATM thc hin phn lp , chn mo u ti tin, v a cc CS PDU n cc MAC SAP tng ng. 2.2.2.1.1 Dng PDU
Mo u ATM CS PDU Ti tin ATM CS PDU

Hnh 2.8: Dng PDU ca lp hi t con ATM PDU ca lp hi t con ATM c hai phn: phn mo u PDU v phn tI tin PDU nh hnh 2.8. 2.2.2.1.2 S phn lp Mt kt ni ATM c xc nh bi hai gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) v nhn dng knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifer) trong m hnh chuyn mch theo ng hay chuyn mch theo knh. Trong m hnh chuyn mch theo ng tt c cc VCI trong mt VPI s t ng c nh x n li ra ca VPI. Trong m hnh chuyn mch theo knh cc gi tr VPI/VCI s c nh x n cc VPI/VCI tng ng. Khi thc hin chn phn mo u ti tin th s phn bit hai loi m hnh ny ring. M hnh chuyn mch VP Trong m hnh ny trng VPI dnh 12 bt cho giao tip mng - mng (NNI) v 8 bit cho giao tip ngi dng - mng (UNI) c nh x ti CID 16 bit.

36

M hnh chuyn mch VC Trong m hnh ny trng VPI v VCI c tng s 28 bit cho NNI v 24 bit cho UNI, cng c nh x ti CID. Tuy nhin phm vi ca VPI/ VCI l 228 cho NNI v 224 UNI khng c h tr cng mt lc. 2.2.2.1.3 Chn mo u ti tin (PHS payload header suppression) Chn phn mo u ti tin, bn sao ca phn mo u ti tin s c loi b bn gi v c khi phc ti bn nhn. Khi khng c chn mo u ti tin th khng mt phn no ca phn mo u c loi b k c HEC (Header Error Check). Kh nng ny cung cp s ton vn phn mo u cell. Vic c p dng PHS trong kt ni ATM hay khng c ch ra trong thng ip DSA-REQ qu trnh to kt ni, ng thi m hnh VPI hay VCI cng s c ch ra trong thng ip ny. PHS ca kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch ng:
Mo u ATM CS Ti tin cell ATM (48 bit)

PTI (3 bit)

CLP cha s dng (1 bit) (4 bit)

VCI (16 bit)

Hnh 2.9: CS PDU trong kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch ng PTI: payload type indicator CLP: cell loss priority PHS ca kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch knh:
Mo u ATM CS Ti tin cell ATM (48 bit)

PTI (3 bit)

CLP cha s (1 bit) dng (4 bit)

Hnh 2.10: CS PDU trong kt ni ATM da trn chuyn mch knh

37

2.2.2.1.4 Th tc bo hiu Giao din ATM h tr 3 loi kt ni: Knh o chuyn mch SVC ( switched virtual circuit) Knh o c nh PVC (permanent virtual circuit ) Knh o c nh mm soft PVC (soft permanent virtual circuit) T c nh m ch rng knh c thit lp cho mc ch qun l. Mc d c PVC v Soft PVC u c thit lp qun l nhng PCV dng cho qu trnh x l d phng cn soft PVC c s dng bo hiu. Mng ATM s dng bo hiu knh chung (CCS common channel signaling) trong thng ip bo hiu c truyn trn nhng kt ni c lp vi kt ni ca ngi s dng. Mt knh bo hiu s mang tn hiu bo hiu ca mt s ngi dng nht nh. Knh o chuyn mch chu trch nhim khi to th tc bo hiu bng vic pht i mt thng ip bo hiu tng ng v thc hin vic nh x cc thng ip bo hiu ATM ti MAC CPS. Knh o c nh mm (soft PVC) c s dng trong h thng qun tr mng. Knh ny c nhim c thit lp v gii phng kt ni khi cuc lin lc kt thc hay trong trng hp chuyn h thng hay tuyn lin kt b li. Bn cnh cng c nhim v chuyn thng ip bo hiu ti MAC CPS. 2.2.2.2 Lp con hi t gi Lp con hi t gi nm trn lp MAC CPS, dng cho cc dch v gi nh IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, mng LAN o (VLAN). Nhim v chnh ca lp con ny l phn loi n v d liu dch v (SDU) ti cc kt ni MAC tha ng, duy tr v cho php cc thng s QoS v cho php cp pht bng thng. Vic nh x c rt nhiu dng khc nhau ty thuc vo cc loi dch v. Ngoi cc chc nng c bn ny lp con hi t c th thc hin cc chc nng tinh vi hn nh chn phn mo u ti tin v ti to nng cp hiu sut tuyn truyn dn. Chc nng c th nh sau:

38

 Phn lp cc PDU giao thc lp cao hn ti nhng kt ni tng ng. Chn phn mo u ti tin. a cc CS PDU ti cc MAC SAP lin kt vi cc dng dch v chuyn sang cc MAC SAP ngang hng. Nhn cc CS PDU t cc MAC SAP ngang hng. Xy dng li bt k mt thng tin no ca phn mo u ti tin. CS bn gi s chu trch nhim a MAC SDU ti cc MAC SAP. Lp MAC s a MAC SDU ti MAC SDU ngang hng theo ph hp vi QoS, phn on, ghp ni v cc chc nng khc lin quan n cc c tnh ca dng dch v. Bn nhn s chuyn cc MAC SDU ti cc lp giao thc cao hn. 2.2.2.2.1 Dng MAC SDU Cc PDU lp cao hn c bc trong dng MAC SDU nh hnh 2.11

Hnh 2.11: Dng MAC SDU Trong SDU c trng PHSI 8 bit l trng ch dn chn mo u ti tin. Nu gi tr trng ny bng 0 th khng c PHS trong SDU. 2.2.2.2.2 S phn lp Phn lp l mt qu trnh m MAC SDU c nh x ti cc kt ni truyn dn c th gia cc MAC ngang hng. Vic nh x cc MAC SDU ti mt kt ni to s lin kt vi cc c tnh ca dng dch v ca kt ni . c th thc hin phn lp tng gi tin cn c cc thng tin nh th t u tin phn lp,

39

tham chiu ti CID hay loi gi tin ca cc giao thc c th (v d nh gi tin IP). Nu khng c cc thng tin phn lp ny gi tin s c n nhng kt ni mc nh hoc b loi b. Vic phn lp c th c thm vo thng qua s qun l mng hoc thng qua s hot ng ng (nh bo hiu ng) hay giao thc SNMP. 2.2.2.2.3 Chn mo u ti tin Chn mo u ti tin l bn sao ca thng tin mo u ca lp cao hn s c hy b bn gi v c khi phc li bn thu. Mi SDU s c PHSI( payload header suppression identify) ch ra trng chn mo u ti tin PHSF ( payload header suppression field). PHS c mt trng l PHSV (payload header suppression valid) xc nhn phn ti tin trc khi chn. PHS cng c trng PHSM cho php la chn nhng byte s khng cn chn. PHSM c s dng khi gi nhng byte thay i nh s chui IP trong khi cc byte khc khng thay i. Bn gi s dng cc thng tin phn lp nh x cc gi tin trong cc dng dch v. Vic nh x cc gi tin lin quan n quy tc PHS. Bn nhn s dng CID v PHSI khi phc PHSF. Mi PHSF c gn ti mt PHSI, v s khng thay i. thay i gi tr PHSF trn dng dch v phi c cc quy tc PHS mi c a ra. Ch c cc lp trn mi c th to ra cc quy tc PHS mi. 2.2.2.2.4 Qu trnh chn mo u ti tin Khi SS nhn c mt gi tin t lp hi t gi, n s so snh cc byte trong mo u gi tin vi cc byte trong PHSF nu ph hp SS s chn cc byte trong PHSF hng ln ngoi tr byte c che bi PHSM. Sau SS gn PHSI vo u PDU v gi ton b MAC SDU ti MAC SAP truyn ln hng ln. Khi mt gi tin c nhn bi BS , BS s kim tra phn mo u chung.BS gi PDU ti MAC SAP ca CID . Lp hi t gi s dng CID v PHSI tm ra PHSM, PHSF, PHSS. Sau BS tp hp cc gi tin v x l nh mt gi tin bnh thng.
40

2.2.3 Lp con phn chung (common part sublayer) Ni chung lp MAC c thit k h tr kin trc im - a im vi mt BS trung tm c th x l nhiu sector c lp cng mt lc. Trn cc tuyn hng xung d liu ti SS c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. Cc tuyn hng ln s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA). Lp MAC 802.16 l lp nh hng kt ni. Tt c cc dch v khng kt ni s c nh x ti mt kt ni. Kh nng ny cung cp mt c ch p ng bng thng theo yu cu gn QoS v cc thng s lu lng, qu trnh truyn ti v nh tuyn d liu ti cc lp con hi t tng ng. Cc kt ni s c ch ra bi CID 16 bit v c th yu cu bng thng lin tc hay bng thng theo yu cu. Mi SS c 48 bt a ch MAC dng nhn dng thit b. Trn li vo mng SS c gn 3 kt ni qun l theo mi hng. 3 kt ni ny phn nh cc yu cu QoS khc nhau bi cc mc qun l khc nhau. Kt ni u tin l kt ni c bn c dng chuyn cc thng ip lp MAC vi thi gian ngn, hay cc thng ip iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC), qung b d liu ban u, yu cu bng thng, ranging khi u. Kt ni th hai l kt ni chnh (primary) c s dng chuyn cc thng ip vi thi gian di hn v c th c tr, thng l cc thng ip xc thc hay thit lp kt ni Cui cng l thng ip qun l th cp c dng chuyn cc thng ip qun l theo chun nh Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Trival File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) v Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Ngoi nhng kt ni qun l ny cn c kt ni truyn ti mang lu lng ngi dng Ngoi ra MAC cn d tr cc kt ni b sung cho nhng mc ch khc nh s truy nhp lc khi u trn c s cnh tranh, s truyn qung b (broadcast) cho ng xung cng nh cho bo hiu kim tra tun t (polling). 2.2.3.1 MAC PDU M t MAC PDU

41

MAC PDU l mt n v d liu trao i gia lp MAC ca BS v SS. MAC PDU gm c mt mo u MAC c chiu di c nh, v phn ti tin c chiu di bin i, phn CRC ty chn.

Hnh 2.12: MAC PDU C hai dng phn mo u, c phn bit bi trng HT. Mt l phn mo u chung (generic header) v phn mo u yu cu bng thng (bandwidth request header). Phn mo u yu cu bng thng ny khng c phn ti tin i km. MAC PDU cha thng ip qun l lp MAC hoc d liu lp con hi t. C 3 loi mo u con lp MAC (subheader): Phn mo u con qun l cp php c SS dng chuyn i cc nhu cu qun l bng thng ti BS. Phn mo u con phn on cha cc thng tin ch ra s hin din v nh hng trong phn ti tin ca bt k on SDU no. Phn mo u con ng gi dng ch ra s ng gi ca cc SDU trong mt PDU.

42

HT=0 msb EC(1)

Rsv(1) CI(1)

Hnh 2.13: Cu trc khung phn mo u chung ca MAC PDU Phn mo u con phn on v cp php bng thng c chn trong PDU ngay sau phn mo u chung v c ch ra bi trng Type. Phn mo u con ng gi c chn trc mi SDU cng c ch ra bi trng Type. Tn CI Chiu di ( bit) 1 CRC Indicator 1: trong PDU c CRC 0: Khng c CRC Connection Identifier: Nhn dng kt ni Encryption Control 1: ti tin c bo mt 0: ti tin khng c bo mt Encryption Key Sequence: dng ch ra s ca kha bo mt lu lng v vector khi u c dng bo mt ti tin. Trng ny ch c ngha khi trng iu khin m ha bo mt c gi tr bng 1 Header Check Sequence Dng pht hin li trong header, c to ra bi a thc sinh: g(D)= D8- D2- D-1 Header Type ( s c thit lp = 0) M t

CID EC

16 1

EKS

HCS

HT

Rsv(1)

43

LEN

11

Type

Length Chiu di c tnh theo bytes MAC PDU gm c MAC header Trng ny ch ra loi ti tin xut hin trong phn mo u con

Bng 2.4: Cc trng trong phn mo u chung GH

HT=1 (1) msb

Hnh 2.14: Cu trc khung phn mo u yu cu bng thng Tn BR Chiu di ( bt) 16 Yu cu bng thng. S lng byte SS yu cu cho hng ln. Yu cu bng thng cho mt CID. Yu cu ny khng bao gm phn mo u lp vt l Nhn dng kt ni Lun c thit lp bng 0 Chui kim tra mo u Loi header = 1 ch ra loi mo u yu cu bng thng M t

CID EC HCS HT Type

EC=0 (1)

16 1 8 1 6

Bng 2.5: Cc trng trong phn mo u yu cu bng thng

44

Xy dng MAC PDU: Chun IEEE 802.16 li dng vic kt hp qu trnh phn on v ng gi vi qu trnh cp pht bng thng to ra s mm do v hiu qu cao nht. Chun IEEE 802.16 cho php s phn on v ng gi xy ra cng lc nng cao hiu sut s dng bng thng: Ghp ni: l qu trnh ghp ni nhiu MAC PDU trong mt ln truyn dn. Qu trnh ny c thc hin c hng ln v hng xung. Phn on: l qu trnh phn chia mt MAC SDU vo nhiu MAC PDU. Kh nng ny h tr cc dch v m MAC SDU c kch thc rt ln nh cc ng dng truyn hnh. S phn on c th c thc hin c hai hng ln v hng xung. ng gi: l qu trnh ng gi nhiu MAC SDU vo mt MAC PDU. Qu trnh ny cng c thc hin c hng ln v hng xung.

45

Hnh 2.15: Xy dng MAC PDU

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Truyn dn MAC PDU: Lp MAC ca chun IEEE 802.16 h tr cc giao thc lp cao hn nh ATM IP. Trn li vo cc MAC SDU t cc lp con hi t tng ng s c to dng theo dng ca MAC PDU tc l c th c phn on hay ng gi trc khi c chuyn ln cc cc kt ni tng ng ph hp vi giao thc lp MAC. Sau khi c chuyn ln cc tuyn truyn dn MAC PDU s c khi phc li thnh cc SDU gc, do vy vic iu chnh dng khung c thc hin bi lp MAC l trong sut i vi bn nhn d liu.

Hnh 2.16: M t PDU v SDU trong ngn giao thc 2.2.3.2 H tr lp vt l v cu trc khung MAC IEEE 802.16 h tr c TDD ln FDD. Trong FDD, cc ng xung "continuous" (lin tc) v "burst" (khng lin tc) u c h tr. Cc ng xung continuous c tnh n cc k thut nng cao hiu sut nh interleaving (chn). Cc ng xung burst (hoc FDD hoc TDD) cho php s dng nhiu k thut nng cao kh nng v dung lng hn nh burst-profiling thch ng mc thu bao v cc h thng ngten ci tin.

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Dng lin tc: cc knh hng ln v hng xung s dng tn s khc nhau do vy chng c th truyn tin v nhn tin cng lc. Ngoi ra vic truyn pht c hai hng khng c nh di ca mt khung. Trong loi h thng ny cc knh hng xung s truyn tin lin tc v cc thu bao cng phi lun lun lng nghe n. Do l lng c gi theo cch qung b s dng TDM trong cc knh hng xung. Cc knh hng ln s dng TDMA. Dng burst: cc knh hng ln v hng xung c th s dng tn s ring v d liu hng xung truyn pht trong cc burst. di khung l c nh cho c hng ln v hng xung. Tuy nhin chng c th s dng cc loi iu ch khc nhau v cng cho php s dng m hnh song cng ln bn song cng. MAC xy dng khung con (subframe) ca hng xung bt u vi mt on iu khin khung c cha cc thng ip DL-MAP v UL-MAP. Chng ch ra nhng chuyn tip PHY trn hng xung cng nh s cp pht bng thng v cc burst-profile hng ln. DL-MAP lun c th ng dng cho khung hin thi v lun c di ti thiu l hai block FEC. S chuyn tip PHY u tin c biu th trong block FEC u tin, cho php thi gian x l thch ng. Trong c hai h thng TDD v FDD, UL-MAP cung cp cc nh v bt u khng mun hn khung hng xung tip theo. Tuy vy, UL-MAP c th nh v s khi u khung hin thi, min l nhng thi gian x l v nhng tr ton phn (round-trip delay) phi c gim st. 2.2.3.3 iu khin tuyn v tuyn (Radio link Control) Cng ngh nng cp lp vt l yu cu s iu khin tuyn v tuyn cao cp tng ng c bit l kh nng chuyn i t dng burst profile ny sang dng burst profile khc. RLC phi kim sot nhng kh nng ny nh chc nng truyn thng ca RLC trong qu trnh iu khin cng sut v ranging. RLC bt u vi vic qung b BS burst profile theo chu k la chn tuyn ln v tuyn xung. c bit dng burst profile s dng trn mi knh

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c la chn da trn mt s nhn t nh ma hay kh nng ca thit b. Dng burst profile hng xung c DIUC Downlink Interval Usage Code cn hng ln c UIUC (Uplink Interval Usage Code). Trong qu trnh khi to SS thc hin khi to mc cng sut v ranging bng mt yu cu RNG- REQ (ranging request message). S iu chnh thi im pht ca SS cng nh cng sut s c p li trong thng ip RNG-RSP. Trong qu trnh ranging v chnh cng sut BS c th pht thng ip RNG-RSP t nguyn ra lnh cho SS iu chnh cng sut v nh thi ca n Trong qu trnh ranging khi u SS s yu cu c phc v trong tuyn xung thng qua burst profile c bit vi vic pht i s la chn DIUC ca n ti BS. S la chn ny da trn cht lng tn hiu hng xung n nhn c, v c thc hin trc hay trong qu trnh ranging khi u. BS c th cho php hoc loi b s la chn ny trong thng ip tr li qu trnh ranging. Tng t nh vy BS s gim st qu trnh cht lng tn hiu hng ln n nhn c t SS. BS ra lnh cho SS s dng cc dng burst profile hng ln c th bng cch gp burst profile UIUC trong thng ip UL- MAP. Sau qu trnh quyt nh burst profile hng ln v hng xung gia BS v SS c th, RLC s tip tc gim st iu khin burst profile. Trong iu kin khc nghit nh ma lm m tn hiu n c th bt SS a ra yu cu burst profile mnh hn, trong iu kin mi trng tt n c th cho php SS hot ng vi nhiu dng burst profile mnh hn. RLC tip tc to s thch nghi gia burst profile tuyn ln v tuyn xung ca SS t c s cn bng gia hiu sut v mnh ca burst profile. V BS lin tc gim st iu khin tn hiu hng ln nn vic thay i burst profile cho SS rt n gin, BS ch cn ch ra dng burst profile trong UIUC khi no cp php bng thng cho SS. Vic ny loi b nhu cu bo xc nhn ACK v SS lun lun nhn c c UIUC v cp php do vy khng c s khng ph hp gia BS v SS. Trong tuyn hng xung, SS s l bn gim st cht lng tn hiu nhn c v cng nh vy dng burst profile c th thay i, tuy nhin BS s iu khin s thay i ny. C hai phng php cho SS yu cu s thay i burst profile tuyn xung
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ty thuc vo vic SS hot ng m hnh cp php trn mi kt ni hay cp php cho mi SS. phng php th nht BS s nh ra khong cch duy tr gia trm v SS, SS c th s dng thng ip RNG - REQ yu cu thay i dng burst profile hng xung. Phng php c u tin hn l SS pht i yu cu thay i burst profile hng xung DBPC-REQ (downlink burst profile request). BS c th t chi hoc ng thay i. Nhc im l giao thc ny c th b li bt (khng th khi phc c nn phi rt cn thn trong qu trnh xy dng khung) 2.2.3.4 Polling Polling l mt qu trnh c BS s dng nh ra c hi yu cu bng thng cho SS. Khi BS mun thng bo cho SS v mt kh nng yu cu bng thng, n s s dng thnh phn thng tin ca thng ip UL-MAP (UL-MAP IE). UL-MAP IE s cp y bng thng cho SS hoc SS c php yu cu bng thng trong mt khong thi gian ch ra. C hi yu cu bng thng c th c thc hin theo dng unicast, multicast hay broadcast. Polling c thc hin trn kt ni c bn. Unicast Khi mt SS c kim sot ring, s khng c mt thng ip ring no c gi ti n thc hin qu trnh polling. Vic ch ra bng thng cho SS s c thc hin trong UL-MAP. Nu SS khng cn bng thng n s nhi y cc bt 1 trong phn thng tin ca UL-MAP (0xFF). Cc SS hot ng trong m hnh cp pht bng thng cho tng SS (GPSS) s c mt kt ni cp pht bng thng t nguyn s khng cn thc hin qu trnh polling tr khi chng thit lp bt PollMe trong phn mo u ca gi tin thuc kt ni UGS. Multicast v broadcast Nu c nhiu SS cng thiu bng thng, cc SS ny s c kim sot trong cc thng ip Polling multicast hay broadcast. Vic cp php bng thng s c ch ra trong cc kt ni broadcast hay multicast.

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Khi qu trnh polling c ch ra ti cc thng ip qung b hay multicast, mt SS thuc nhm nhn c thng ip ny c th yu cu bng thng trong khong thi gian c ch ra trong kt ni , yu cu ny s c gi i trong UL-MAP bi phn thng tin yu cu (request IE). gim kh nng xung t vi cc thng ip polling multicast v broadcast cc yu cu ca SS s s dng c ch cnh tranh la chn mt khe truyn pht i yu cu bng thng khi u. Nhng thng ip yu cu khng yu cu bng thng s khng c pht i trong khong thi gian yu cu bng thng multicast v broadcast ny. SS c th cho rng vic pht i thng ip ca n c th khng thnh cng nu khng c s cp php no m n nhn c sau khong thi gian timeout, n s lin tc pht i yu cu nu khong thi gian m BS nh ra cha kt thc. Bit Poll-Me SS s dng kt ni cp pht bng thng t nguyn s thit lp bt Poll-Me (trong phn mo u qun l cp php) ca gi tin MAC thuc kt ni cp php t nguyn (UGS). Thng thng cc SS s khng yu cu bng thng nhng khi mun c to c hi yu cu bng thng SS s phi thit lp bt Poll-Me. Tuy nhin vic yu cu bng thng cng c th xy ra trong trng hp m cc kt ni UGS khng p ng cc thng s QoS nht nh. Mt BS pht hin ra yu cu ny s p ng ngay. gim kh nng b l bt poll- Me SS s thit lp tt c cc bt trong phn mo u qun l cp php thuc MAC UGS.

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Hnh 2.17: S dng bit poll- me 2.2.3.5 Dch v lp lch trnh hng ln Mi kt ni hng ln u c nh x ti dch v lp lch trnh. Mi dch v lp lch trnh ny u c lin kt vi mt lot cc quy tc nh s chu trch nhim ca BS nh ra dung lng tuyn ln, cc giao thc yu cu cp php gia SS v BS. Cc chi tit c th v cc dch v lp lch trnh c s dng cho kt ni hng ln s c m phn trong thi im thit lp kt ni. Dch v cp php t nguyn c s dng chnh cho cc dch v thi gian thc, ng b vi cc dng d liu c di c nh trong khong thi gian nh k, nh ATM tc bt c nh, T1/E1 trn ATM hay VoIP. Trong cc dch v ny BS a ra cc nhng cp php cho nhng d liu c chiu di c nh c to ra theo chu k. Kh nng ny c m phn trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni, khng cho php SS gi cc yu cu xin bng thng. Dch v kim sot vng thi gian thc (real-time polling service) c a ra h tr cc dng dch v thi gian thc vi kch thc gi khc nhau theo chu k v d nh hnh nh MPEG. Dch v ny to ra nhng c hi yu cu cc ng dng thi gian thc, chu k hay n hng, n cn cho php SS ch ra kch
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thc cp php n cn. Dch v ny yu cu nhiu phn mo u hn dch v cp php bng thng t nguyn nhng cho php nhiu kch thc bng thng khc nhau, ti u ha hiu sut s dng bng thng. Cc dch v kim sot khng yu cu thi gian thc (The Non-RealTime Polling Service (nrtPS) h tr cc dng dch v khng cn thi gian thc yu cu kch thc loi burst cp php d liu khc nhau, v d nh yu cu bng thng cao hn cho FTP. Dch v ny a ra s kim sot vng ti thi im yu cu, n m bo rng cc dng lu lng nhn c c hi yu cu thm ch trong thi gian mng b tc nghn. BS s kim sot CID nrtPS tng giy mt hoc t hn. Dch v ny thc hin trn nhng kt ni c tr ln v t nhy cm vi tr jiter, ph hp vi cc ng dng nh truy nhp internet vi tc m bo ti thiu v dng cho nhng kt ni ATM GFR. Dch v n lc tt nht (Best Effort Service) l nhng dch v khng lin quan n thng lng, s m bo tr nht nh. Cc kt s dng c hi yu cu bng thng da trn s cnh tranh. Dchv n lc tt nht l dch v s dng bng thng hiu qu nht v n khng dnh ring bng thng cho cc thu bao hin khng cn n. 2.2.3.6 Cp pht v yu cu bng thng Yu cu a ra mt c ch cho php SS ch ra cho cc BS rng chng cn thm bng thng hng ln. Yu cu ny c th c to ra c lp hay l; thng ip Piggybacked Request Bi v cc burst profile c th thay i ng, tt c cc yu cu xin bng thng s c to nn bi s lng byte cn thit c mang trong phn header hay trong phn ti tin nhngkhng c trong phn mo u lp vt l. Yu cu bng thng ch c truyn i trong khong thi gian sau: + Request IE + Bt k Data Grant Burst Type IE Yu cu bng thng c th l xin thm bng thng hay gim bt bng thng. Khi BS nhn c yu cu xin thm bng thng. N s thm mt lng

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bng thng nht nh cho kt ni ang cn. Khi BS nhn c yu cu ct bt bng thng n s thay th lng bng thng hin ti bng lng bng thng cn thit. Trong phn mo u yu cu bng thng s c mt trng type ch ra loi yu cu bng thng. Tuy nhin yu cu bng thng Piggybacked khng c trng ny nn yu cu bng thng Pggybacked lun dng xin thm bng thng. Bn cht t sa li ca giao thc yu cu /cp php yu cu cc SS phi s dng yu cu gim bt bng thng theo chu k. Khong chu k ny l mt chc nng ca dch v QoS ca cc dch v v cht lng tuyn truyn dn. Yu cu bng thng s c truyn trong cc Request IE qung b hay multicast. Lp MAC chun 802.16 cung cp hai phn lp SS, phn bit vi nhau bi kh nng cp php bng thng cho tng kt ni (grant per connection GPC) hay cho ton b SS (grant per SS GPSS). C hai yu cu bng thng phn lp SS trn tng kt ni cho php thut ton lp lch trnh hng ln quan tm tha ng n QoS khi nh ra bng thng. Vi s cp php trn tng kt ni ca lp SS, bng thng c cp cho tng kt ni ring ca SS v SS ch c s dng cho kt ni . RLC v cc giao thc qun l khc s s dng bng thng dnh ring cho kt ni qun l. Vi vic cp php cho tng SS, cc SS khc nhau c th s dng bng thng thng nht chung trong mi s cp php. Cc GPSS SS cn phi thng minh hn trong vic x l QoS, n phi bit s l bng thng trn tng kt ni. V d nu trng thI QoS ca nt kt ni no thay i tnh t ln xin cp php cui cng n s s dng nhiu bng thng cho nhng d liu yu cu QoS cao hn bng cch ly thm bng thng ca nhng kt ni c QoS thp hn. Cp php bng thng cho tng SS (GPSS) ch s dng cho lp vt l 10- 66 GHz. Vi c hai phng php cp bng thng ny lp MAC u s dng giao thc self-correcting ch khng dng giao thc bo nhn ACK, nn ch cn s dng bng thng t hn. Hn na giao thc bo nhn ACK cn quan tm n thi gian, tr. Tuy nhin phng php self- correcting c nhc im l c th xy ra trng hp bng thng s khng c cp theo yu cu khi c mt s li sau:

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+ BS khng nhn c yu cu do li lp vt l khng th sa c hoc do xung t trong qu trnh cnh tranh. + SS khng thy c cp php do li vt l khng pht hin ra. + BS khng c bng thng sn sng. t c hiu sut bng thng cao nht, BS khng ch c th cp bng thng cho SS m cng c th thu hi bng thng m SS khng s dng. SS s lun thng tin cho BS tng s bng thng hin ang s dng cho mi kt ni, nh BS s c th cp php li bng thng cho SS nu SS khng tn dng ht bng thng hin c. i vi cc tuyn E1/T1 SS khng cn yu cu bng thng, bng thng s c cp cho SS mt cch t nguyn. 2.2.3.7 Thu nhn knh Giao thc MAC bao gm mt th tc khi to c thit k loi tr nhu cu cu hnh th cng. Vo lc ci t, mt SS bt u qut danh sch tn s ca n tm ra mt knh hot ng. N c th c chng trnh ho ng k vi mt BS xc nh, tham chiu n mt broadcast ID BS (c kh nng chng trnh ho). c tnh ny gip ch cho vic trin khai ni m SS c th "nghe" (nhn bit) mt BS th cp do s gim m c chn lc hoc khi SS bt c mt sidelobe ca mt ngten BS gn ngay cnh. Sau khi quyt nh trn knh no, SS c gng th ng b ho s truyn ng xung do pht hin ra cc on u khung theo chu k (periodic frame preambles). Mt khi lp vt l c ng b ho, SS s tm kim nhng thng bo UDC v DCD qung b nh k cho php SS nhn bit s iu ch v cc k hoch FEC s dng trn sng mang. Sau khi ng k SS s c mt a ch IP thng qua DHCP v thit lp thi gian trong ngy thng qua Internet Time Protocol. DHCP server cng s cung cp a ch ca TFTP server nh SS c th yu cu cu hnh file. Cc file ny cung cp giao din chun a ra thng tin cu hnh c trng ca nh sn xut.

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2.2.3.8 Thit lp kt ni Chun 802.16 s dng cc dng dch v xc nh s truyn ti theo mt hng duy nht ca cc gi tin trn tuyn ln hoc tuyn xung. Cc dng dch v ny c m t bi mt tp cc thng s QoS nh tr, jiter. Mi dng dch v c kch hot s c nh x ti mt kt ni lp MAC vi mt CID duy nht Nhn tng th, vic ci t cc lung dch v trong IEEE 802.16 c khi to bi BS trong thi gian khi to CPE. Tuy vy cc lung dch v c th cng c thit lp ng bi BS hoc CPE. in hnh CPE ch khi to cc lung dch v nu c mt kt ni c bo hiu ng nh mt SVC (switched virtual connection) t mt mng ATM. S thit lp cc lung dch v c thc hin thng qua mt giao thc three-way handshaking" (bt tay ba bc) m ti yu cu thit lp lung dch v c p ng v s p li c xc nhn. Ni chung cc dng dch v ny lu tr trc v vic thit lp dch v ny c khi u bi s khi u ca BS hoc SS. Tuy nhin cc dng dch v c th c thit lp ng bi BS hoc SS. SS s ch khi u cc dng dch v ny khi c nhng kt ni ng nh kt ni o chuyn mch SVC ( swichted virtual connection) t mng ATM. Vic thit lp cc dng dch v c thit lp thng qua qu trnh bt tay 3 bc gm c yu cu thit lp dng dch v, thng ip p li v thng ip xc nhn s p li. 2.2.3.9 Quyt nh cnh tranh BS iu khin vic cn chnh cc knh hng ln thng qua UL-MAP v qut nh vic canh tranh da trn minislot (1 minislot = 2PS). Xung t xy ra trong qu trnh duy tr khi u v khong yu cu c xc nh bi cc IE tng ng. S xut hin xung t trong khong yu cu ph thuc vo CID trong IE tng ng. Phn ny s m t s truyn dn hng ln v nhng quyt nh cnh tranh. Mi SS c nhiu dng dch v mi dng dch v c mt CID ring. Vic cnh tranh s quyt nh trn CID hay trn cc thng s v QoS.

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Quyt nh cnh tranh da trn mt ca s li (backoff window) khi u v mt ca s li vi kch thc ln nht c kim sot bi BS. Gi tr c th c ch ra trong trong thng ip UCD v c hai gi tr mc cng sut. V d nu trong ca s c gi tr l 4 th SS s c truyn tin trong mt ca s thuc khong 0 15, gi tr bng 10 SS truyn tin trong phm vi ca s l t 0- 1023. Khi SS c tin mun gi i v mun tham gia vo qu trnh cnh tranh n s thit lp mt ca s li trong yu cu khi u hay trong khong thi gian ranging ban u. SS la chn mt s ngu nhin trong ca s li ca n. Gi tr ngu nhin ny ch ra s lng c hi truyn dn cnh tranh m SS s phi nhng b trc khi c php truyn tin. Vic truyn tin ca SS c quyt nh bi Request IE, trong mi IE c nhiu c hi truyn dn c ch ra. V d trong yu cu bng thng gi tr ca s ca SS l 11 nm trong phm vi 0- 15 SS s phi nhng 10 c hi truyn tin cho cc thu bao khc. Nu trong Request IE u tin ch ra 6 c hi, SS khng c php s dng v n phi i thm 5 c hi khc na khng c s dng. Nu trong Request IE th hai ch ra 2 c hi SS vn khng c s dng. Trong Request IE th 3 ch ra 8 c hi SS s ch 3 c hi i qua v bt u truyn tin trong c hi th 4. SS s coi c hi cnh tranh b mt nu n khng nhn c s cp php d liu trong khong thi gian nht nh. Lc ny SS s tng gi tr ca s li ln nhng gi tr ca s mi phi lun nh hn ca s ln nht v li to ra mt gi tr ngu nhin ri thc hin li qu trnh cnh tranh t u. Trong khi yu cu bng thng nu SS nhn c Request IE n hng bt k thi im no trong khi ang nhng b cc c hi cnh tranh, n s dng vic cnh tranh v s dng ngay c hi ny. 2.2.3.9.1 C hi truyn dn. C hi truyn dn c xc nh bi bt k mt minislot no trong SS c bt u truyn tin. S lng c hi truyn tin lin quan n Request IE v

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ph thuc vo khong thi gian nh ra cho yu cu hay cho qu trnh ranging ban u. V d trong yu cu bng thng da trn cnh tranh khung vt l c di l 1ms, 4 k hiu cho mt PS v 2 PS to thnh mt minislot. Phn mo u hng ln l 16 k hiu (2 minislot), khong chuyn tip l 24 k hiu (3 minislot) khi c hi truyn dn l 8 minislot. Nu Request IE ca BS c 24 minislot s c 3 c hi truyn dn rong mt IE nh hnh 2.17

Hnh 2.18: V d c hi truyn dn trong thng ip yu cu bng thng 2.2.3.10 Gia nhp mng v khi to Trc khi tm hiu v cc vn an ninh trong mng chng ta cn bit v qu trnh gia nhp mng hay s khi to ban u bit v cc bc xin gia nhp mng ca cc thu bao m cc giao thc an ninh chnh s c s dng. c th truy nhp mng cc thu bao SS phi thc hin ln lt cc bc sau: 2.2.3.10.1 Qut tn s v ng b SS phi tm nhng tn hiu c gi xung t BS v c gng ng b vi n. Nu nhng knh hng xung trc vn tn ti SS c th s dng li nhng thng s hot ng ca knh . Tri li SS phi tm nhng knh hng xung khc v phi ng b c vi knh tch ra c phn mo u ca khung theo chu k.

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2.2.3.10.2 Tch cc thng s ca knh uplink/downlink Sau khi ng b c thit lp lp vt l, SS tip tc tm nhng thng ip mang nhng k hiu knh downlink (DCD) v uplink (UCD) c BS qung b theo chu k. Thng ip DCD, UCD mang nhng thng tin lin quan n c tnh lp vt l ca c hai knh downlink v uplink. Ngoi ra nhng thng ip ny cn cho php SS bit c v cc s iu ch sng mang, sa li trc (FEC) m BS s dng. Tu thuc vo lp vt l s dng BS s pht theo nh k cc thng ip UL-MAP v DL-MAP xc nh thi im bt u ca xung tn hiu. Thng qua nhng thng ip ny BS c th ch ra s truy nhp ti nhng knh tng ng. 2.2.3.10.3 Ranging v m phn v kh nng Trong giai on ny, BS thc hin ranging l mt qu trnh chnh thi im truyn dn ca SS bt u khe thi gian cnh tranh truy nhp. Qu trnh ny l mt phn ca lp khung (framing) v truy nhp mi trng.(Ranging c thc hin mt knh ring gi l ranging interval, c xem l truy nhp da trn cnh tranh). y SS s gi mt gi tin ranging reques (RNG-REQ) trong khe thi gian cnh tranh ranging ban u. Nu thng ip ny c gi ti BS mt cch chnh xc, BS s p li bng mt gi tin ranging response (RNG-RSP) cha cc thng tin v nh thi v iu khin cng sut cho SS. N cho php SS iu chnh nh thi v iu chnh cng sut ca tn hiu nhn c t BS. Bn cnh thng ip ny cng cho SS bit v ID kt ni (CID) do BS la chn. Ngoi ranging khi u cn c ranging theo chu k, qu trnh ny cho php SS gi thng ip ranging ti BS yu cu chnh li v mc cng sut, nh thi v chnh lch tn s. Sau khi qu trnh ranging hon thnh, SS s thng bo cho BS v kh nng lp vt l ca n, gm c s iu ch v m ho m SS s dng v nu SS dng FDD th n h tr bn song cng hay song cng. BS c th chp nhn cc thng s ny hoc loi b nhng kh nng ny ca SS.
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2.2.3.10.4 SS xc thc, trao quyn v ng k Trong giai on ny SS phi xc thc vi BS v c t c s trao quyn t BS. Mi SS c gn mt chng nhn s X.509, c gn vo thit b phn cng trong qu trnh sn xut. Sau khi xc thc v trao quyn hon thnh, SS tip tc giai on ng k. SS gi thng ip ng k ti BS, BS p li cng vi ID kt ni qun l th cp v phin bn IP ang dng cho kt ni qun l th cp (secondary management connection). 2.2.3.10.5 Kt ni IP giai on cui ca qu trnh ng k, SS s c mt a ch IP thng qua giao thc DHCP, nh n c th c c nhng thng tin thi im hin ti v c c cc thng s khc t BS. 2.2.4 Lp con bo mt Privacy Sublayer gm hai giao thc chnh: + Encapsulation protocol: Giao thc ny xc nh mt tp cc s bo mt h tr vic mt m cc gi d liu gia BS v SS. Tp ny gm cc thng tin lin quan n cc thut ton m ho d liu v xc thc, v cc quy tc cho php p dng cc thut ton khc trn phn ti tin MAC PDU. + Key management protocol: Giao thc ny cho php qun l v phn phi d liu to kho t BS ti SS. Chun 802.16 dng giao thc privacy key management (PKM). 2.2.4.1 Security Association (SA) SA th hin mi quan h gia bn gi v bn nhn trao i thng s an ninh cho cc dng lu lng. D liu SA gm: ID nhn dng SA (SAID) di 16 bit Mt mt m bo v d liu c trao i trn cc kt ni. Chun c dng l DES- CBC. Hai kho TEK m ho d liu.
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 Hai bt nhn dng kho, mi bt cho mt kho TEK Thi gian sng ca TEK. Gi tr mc nh l na ngy, gi tr nh nht l 30 pht, gi tr ln nht l 7 ngy. Vector khi u 64 bit cho mi TEK. Trng ch th loi SA ang s dng. Lp MAC 802.16 privacy sublayer s dng 3 loi SA: Primary SA: Mi SS s thit lp duy nht mt primary SA vi BS. Primary SA c thit lp trong qu trnh khi u ca SS trong kt ni qun l th cp. Static SA: Static SA c to ra bi BS. N c dng cho nhng mc ch trong BS, thng thng n c dng cho nhng ng dng unicast. Dynamic SA: Dynamic SA c to ra v c hu b tng ng vi mt dng tin mi c to ra hay kt thc . C static SA v dynamic SA u c th c s dng chung gia cc SS trong cc ng dng multicast. Cc dng tin hng ln lun s dng primary SA m ho v mi SS s c mt primary SA duy nht. Tuy nhin cc dng tin hng xung t BS dng primary SA khi l ng dng unicast, cn trong ng dng multicast BS s dng static SA hay dynamic SA. Trong nhiu s BS cng c th s dng static SA hay dynamic SA cho ng dng unicast. 2.2.4.2 Giao thc PKM 802.16 MAC security sublayer dng PKM thc hin kho v qun l SA gia BS v SS. Giao thc PKM mn mt phn ln cc chng ch ca DOCSIS c pht trin bi cable Laboratories (Cable Lab). SS dng giao thc PKM t c c vic trao quyn v to kho lu lng (TEK) t BS. Ngoi ra SS cng dng PKM thc hin vic trao quyn li theo nh k v lm mi kho. PKM dng chng nhn s X.509 v hai kho 3-DES m bo vic trao i kho gia BS v SS theo m hnh client/server. y SS l client yu cu vt cht kho trong khi BS l server p li yu cu ny v m bo rng mi SS ch nhn c mt vt cht to kho m chng c trao quyn. Giao thc PKM ban

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u s thit lp mt authorization key (AK) l mt kho i xng b mt gia BS v SS. AK s c s dng trong nhng qu trnh trao i traffic encryption keys (TEK). Vic s dng AK v s mt m i xng lm gim phn mo u. BS xc thc SS trong qu trnh khi u trao quyn. Mi chng nhn SS cha kho chung RSA (trong mt na ring c gn trong thit b phn cng, a ch MAC, s serial, ID ca nh sn xut. Trong qu trnh trao quyn SS s gi mt bn sao chng nhn thit b ny ti BS. BS s phi xc nhn cc thng tin ca SS. Nu tho mn BS s p li SS vi mt kho AK c m ho bng public key ca SS. V ch c SS mi c kho ring tng ng nn ch c SS mi c th gii m c thng ip ny.

Hnh 2.19: Giao thc PKM

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2.2.4.2.1. Thit lp kho trao quyn AK y l qu trnh SS t c s trao quyn v kho AK t BS. Qu trnh ny bt du bng vic SS cung cp nhng thng tin nhn dng ca n cho BS trong sut qu trnh xc thc. Cc thng ip gi i gm c: Thng ip 1: SS BS: Cert (manufacturer (SS)) Thng ip 2: SS BS: Cert (SS) | capabilities | SAID Thng ip 3: BS SS: RSA-Encrypt (pubkey(SS),AK) | AK lifetime | Seq No(4 bit) | SAID Thng ip 1: (thng ip v cc thng tin xc thc). y SS l client s khi ng qu trnh yu cu trao quyn bng cch gi mt thng ip cha thng tin xc thc ti BS. Thng ip ny l tu chn v c th b BS t chi (bi v trong thng ip tip theo c xem l thng ip trao quyn cng cha cc thng tin ging nh vy). Tuy nhin thng ip ban u ny cho php BS bit trc v SS v cc kh nng ca SS. C th bn tin th nht ny cha cc thng tin sau: a ch MAC ca SS RSA public key ca SS chng nhn X.509 ca SS ( do nh sn xut a ra) danh sch nhng thut ton bo mt m SS c th s dng nhn dng primary SA ca SS (SAID) chng nhn X509 CA dnh cho nh sn xut cc thit b SS Thng ip 2: (thng ip yu cu trao quyn ) Ngay sau cc thng tin xc thc c gi i, SS s gi mt thng ip yu cu trao quyn, thc cht thng ip ny yu cu kho AK , SAID ca static SA m SS c s dng. Thng ip ny gm cc thng tin sau: s serial ca thit b SS v ID ca nh sn xut
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 a ch MAC ca nh sn xut RSA public key ca SS chng nhn X.509 ca SS danh sch cc thut ton bo mt m SS c th s dng SAID ca primary SA ca SS y SAID l bng vi CID (connetion ID) m SS ly c t BS trong qu trnh gia nhp mng v khi to. Thng ip 3: (thng ip tr li ca BS) Sau khi nhn c cc thng ip trao quyn t SS, BS s kim tra li nhng chng nhn ca SS v kim tra cc thut ton bo mt m SS s dng. Nu tt c u tt v BS c th cung cp mt trong nhng kh nng bo mt ca SS, BS s gi thng ip cho php trao quyn, cha cc thng tin sau: mt kho AK duy nht, c m ho bng RSA public key ca SS. Kha ny di 160 bt mt chui 4 bit l kho c dng phn bit gia cc AK k tip nhau thi gian sng ca AK. Thi gian sng ca AK l t 1 n 70 ngy mc nh l 7 ngy. SAID v cc c im ca primary SA Mt SS c trao quyn s lun lm mi kho AK v mc ch an ninh. thc hin vic ny SS gi i mt thng ip xin trao quyn (thng ip th 2), y vic xin trao quyn li khng cn bt u bng vic gi i thng ip 1 v BS bit v SS v bit rng SS t nht c mt kho AK. 2.2.4.2.2. Trao i kho TEK Sau khi c trao quyn, SS s tip tc qu trnh ly TEK t BS. Ta bit rng khi trao quyn cho SS, BS gi i mt thng ip cha SAID v cc c im ca kho chnh cng vi static SA SS c c cc thng tin v kho. Do SS thc hin qu trnh ny bng vic bt u thc hin my trng thi TEK cho mi SAID c xc nh trong thng ip phn hi ca BS.
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Mi my trng thi TEK hot ng trong SS chu trch nhim cho vic qun l vt cht to kho vi SAID tng ng, bao gm vic lm mi vt cht kho cho mi SAID. Cc thng ip trao i trong qu trnh ny nh sau: Thng ip 1: BS SS: Seq No | SAID | HMAC (1) Thng ip 2: SS BS: Seq No | SAID | HMAC (2) Thng ip 3: BS SS: SeqNO | SAID | old TEK | new TEK | HMAC (3) Thng ip 1: y l thng ip do BS gi i, tuy nhin thng ip ny l tu chn. N c s dng khi BS mun ly li kho SA hoc mun to ra mt SA mi. Bng vic tnh ton gi tr HMAC (1) BS cho php SS pht hin k gi mo. Thng ip 2: SS s dng thng ip ny yu cu cc thng s SA. SS phi ly c SAID t giao thc trao quyn hoc t HMAC(1) thng ip 1 do BS gi i. SS to ra cc thng ip ny ring cho tng SA. N s tnh ton gi tr HMAC (2) cho php BS pht hin k gi mo. Thng ip 2 gm cc thng tin sau: s serial ca thit b v ID ca nh sn xut a ch MAC ca SS RSA public key ca SS SAID ca SA ang yu cu vt cht to kho HMAC Thng ip 3: tr li SS, BS s phi kim tra HMAC pht hin s gi mo. Nu khng c du hiu gi mo, BS s gi mt thng ip p li c cha vt cht to kho c kch hot cho SA ang yu cu. Mt vn quan trng l ti bt k thi im no BS cng lun c hai vt cht to kho cho mi SAID. Thi gian sng ca hai kho ny c mt phn trng lp nhau. Thng ip ny cha cc thng tin sau: kho TEK c m ho bi 3-DES vector khi to CBC s th t ca kha TEK
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 thi gian sng cho mi vt cht to kho HMAC y mi TEK c bo mt bng KEK (key encryption key) c gi ti SS trong thng ip th 3 trong qu trnh trao quyn. Thi gian sng ca vt liu to kha rt quan trng v n cho php SS tnh ton c thi im BS s chm dt TEK ny gip SS a ra c nhng yu cu v vt liu to kha mi trc khi BS chm dt kho TEK m n ang s dng. 2.2.4.3 Vn s dng kha 2.2.4.3.1 Kho AK cung cp kt ni khng b gin on BS s phi cung cp hai kho AK ng thi cho mi SS, v hai kho ny c mt phn thi gian sng trng lp nhau. Khi BS nhn c thng ip xin trao quyn li BS s p li bng mt thng ip c cha AK mi ng thi BS cng to ra mt AK th 3 d phng cho ln trao quyn li tip theo. Khi AK c vn cn hiu lc nn AK th hai ny s c thi gian sng bng thi gian sng ca n cng vi thi gian sng cn li ca AK th nht bi v AK th hai s ch c dng sau khi AK th nht ht hiu lc. 2.2.4.3.2 Kho TEK Tng t nh kho AK, BS v SS cng dng chung hai kho TEK c kch hot ti mi mt thi im. Tuy nhin khng ging AK c dng bo v cc thng ip mang kho TEK, TEK c s dng bo v cc dng d liu c hai hng downlink v uplink. Do vic chuyn tip cc kho s phc tp hn. Xem xt kha cnh chuyn tip kho c mt vi quy tc nh sau. BS s chuyn tip kho TEK khc nhau tu vo vic kho TEK c s dng cho hng ln hay hng xung: i vi mi SAID c dng cho vic m ho, ti thi im chm dt kho TEK c BS s ngay lp tc chuyn sang dng kho TEK mi.

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 Vic chuyn tip kho c xem l hon thnh khi kho TEK c ht hiu lc. Mt vn y l BS s s dng kho TEK mi ngay khi kho c chm dt m khng quan tm n liu SS c nhn c kho mi hay khng. i vi knh hng xung, BS s m ho dng thng tin bng kho TEK c hn trong hai ci c kch hot. V BS bit chc chn rng kho c vn cn tc dng. gii m knh hng ln BS c th s dng mt trong hai ci kch hot TEK c hoc TEK mi v BS khng m bo rng SS s s dng ci no trong hai ci m n ang c. 2.2.4.4 Phng php bo mt M ha bo mt trong lp bo mt con s dng m hnh DES-CBC. Qu trnh m ha bo mt ch thc hin phn ti tin ca trong MAC PDU m khng m ha bo mt GMH MAC PDU hay phn CRC. S m ha bo mt c th hin trong hnh 2.22.

Hnh 2.20: Qu trnh m ha bo mt trong 802.16

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Nu m nhn dng thut ton trong d liu ca SA c m l 0x01 th cc d liu trn kt ni lin quan n SA s s dng m hnh CBC (cipher block chaining) cng vi chun DES m ha bo mt phn ti tin MPDU. CBC IV s c tnh ton nh sau: CBC s bt u bng cch XOR gi tr IV trong thng tin to kha TEK vi ni dung ca trng ng b PHY ca DLMAP mi nht. Trn hng ln CBC s bt u bng cch XOR gi tr IV trong thng tin to kha TEK v ni dung trng ng b PHY ca DL - MAP c nh hng n s truyn dn tuyn ln. Qu trnh x l cc block cui tha s c s dng m ha cc block cui nu block ny c s bt t hn 64. V d nu block cui c n bt trong n < 64 th t by gi cc block cipher trc s c m ha ln th hai s dng m hnh ECB, v n bt ln nht sau khi m ha s c XOR vi n bt ca block cui v to ra mt block cipher ngn hn (ch c n bit). bn thu c th gii m c block cipher ngn hn ny bn thu s gii m cc block c m ha theo m hnh ECB sau thc hin php XOR vi n bt ng k nht vi n bit ca block cipher cui s thu c block cng khai cui. Trng hp c bit khi phn ti tin ca MAC PDU t hn 64 bt th IV s c m ha theo DES v n bt ln nht ca bn tin mt ny s c XOR vi s lng bt ca phn ti tin to ra mt bn tin mt ngn hn.

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Chng 3: Vn an ninh mng WiMAX

3.1 Khi nim an ninh mng. 3.1.1 Cc vn v an ninh mng Xc thc (Authentication): l kh nng ca cc bn tham gia giao tip bao gm cc nh khai thc mng v ngi s dng chng thc ln nhau. Trao quyn (Authorization): l kh nng ca mt bn (v d nh cung cp mng) quyt nh xem liu mt ngi s dng no c c cho php truy nhp vo mt mng c th no hay cc dch v mng hoc cc thng tin ca mng hay khng. Trao quyn c xem nh l iu khin truy nhp mng. Tnh ton vn (Integrity):lin quan n vic bo v thng tin khi nhng thay i khng c php. S b mt (Confidentiality hay Privacy ): S b mt thng tin l gi cho cc thng tin c nhn c b mt ch c nhng ngi dng c trao quyn mi c th hiu c. S b mt t c bng phng php bo mt S sn sng (Availability ): Cc nh khai thc mng cn ngn cn nhng ngi dng him c khi nhng cuc truy nhp gi mo mng lun sn sng phc v nhng ngi dng hp php. Khng th ph nhn (Nonrepudiation): l kh nng ca mng cung cp nhng chng thc khng th ph nhn chng minh vic truyn tin v truy nhp mng c thc hin bi mt ngi dng no . 3.1.2 Cc cuc tn cng an ninh Cc cuc tn cng an ninh c hai loi: tn cng th ng (pasive attacks) v tn cng ch ng (active attacks). tn cng th ng: l nhng cuc tn cng khng c gng gy thit hi cho nhng h thng b tn cng. Nhng cuc tn cng ny ch l vic nghe

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trm (eavesdrops) hay gim st v phn tch lu lng mng. Bn cht ca nhng cuc tn cng kiu ny kh pht hin.

Hnh 3.1: Dng tn cng th ng tn cng ch ng: l nhng cuc tn cng lin quan n vic chnh sa thng tin, gy gin on vic trao i thng tin v to dng nhng thng ip gi.

Hnh 3.2: Dng tn cng ch ng Cc cuc tn cng kiu ny gm c:

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+Cuc tn cng gy t chi dch v (Denial of service): Mt cuc tn cng t chi dch v s tm cch ngn cn mt dch v no c php phc v mt hay nhiu ngi dng v gy ra vic gin on ng k ti cc dch v. V d mt k tn cng c th khi ng mt s lng ln cc kt ni v gy ra s qu ti lm cho vic cung cp cc dch v l khng th hoc kh khn hn, v nh vy nhng ngi s dng hp php s b t chi truy nhp mng. +S gi mo Masquerade: Mt k tn cng trc ht s c gng nm bt c nhng thng tin nhn dng ngi dng hp php. Sau chng s gi mo ngi dng d c trao quyn ny truy nhp vo mng nm bt thng tin v cc ti nguyn khc. +Cuc tn cng ca k th ba (Man in the middle): V tr ca k tn cng nm gia nhng bn tham gia lin lc, chng s nm bt thng tin, iu khin cc thng ip gia cc bn tham gia lin lc. V d k tn cng c th lm tr, iu chnh hoc gi mo thng ip. K tn cng cng c th phn pht thng ip ti nhng v tr khc trc khi chuyn chng n cc bn tham gia lin lc. c im ca nhng cuc tn cng kiu ny l trc khi cuc tn cng b pht hin nhng bn tham gia lin lc hp php vn tin rng h ang trao i thng tin trc tip vi nhau.

Hnh 3.3: Dng tn cng man in the middle + Cuc tn cng ly li (repaly): K tn cng nm c v ghi li phin lin lc hp php, sau k tn cng s to ra (gi li) mt cuc trao i thng tin khc vi nhng thng tin ly c lc trc. S dng nhng cuc tn cng replay k tn cng c th cn tr nhng ngi dng c trao quyn truy nhp
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vo mng hay trao i thng tin thm ch ngay c khi nhng thng tin lin lc ny c bo mt v c khi k tn cng khng bit v v kho an ninh cn thit gii m nhng thng tin nm c. V d k tn cng c th bt li mt phin lin lc trng sao chp li phin lin lc trc . 3.2 Phn tch an ninh mng WiMAX 3.2.1 Nhng im yu v mt giao thc L hng an ninh xy ra c lp vt l v lp MAC ca mng 802.16. V an ninh mng nm lp MAC nn mng khng c s bo v chng li cc cuc tn cng mc vt l. Mt dng tn cng in hnh l Water Tortune. y l dngtn cng m k tn cng gi i mt chui cc khung lm gim nng lng ca bn thu. Mt dng tn cng khc l dng tn cng gy tc nghn ph v tuyn. S dng cuc tn cng ny s gy ra s t chi dch v i vi cc bn tham gia mng. Tuy nhin cc cuc tn cng ny d dng b pht hin bng cc thit b gim st ph. 3.2.1.1 Thiu s xc thc hai chiu. Mt im yu r rng trong vic thit k an ninh cho mng 802.16 l thiu chng nhn BS. V trong qu trnh trao quyn xc thc khng c s xc thc ca BS vi SS nn SS khng th bit c n ang giao tip vi mt BS tht hay mt BS gi mo. Do vy cch khc phc duy nht l a ra mt s xc thc khc trong c s xc thc hai chiu gia BS v SS. S xc thc hai chiu l mt yu cu cho bt k mt mng khng dy no. 3.2.1.2 Li trong qun l kha Ta bit rng kha TEK c 2 bt nhn dng kha nh vy vi 2 bt ny c th to ra 4 kha khng trng nhau. Nh vy s bt nhn dng kha l qu t, n khng th bo v chng li cc cuc tn cng lp li.

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3.2.1.3 Li trong vic bo v d liu Chun 802.16 s dng DES trong m hnh CBC. CBC yu cu vector khi u IV phi l ngu nhin m bo an ton cho m hnh. Vector khi u trong mng 802.16 c to ra bng cch XOR vector khi u SA vi ni dung trng ng b lp vt l ly t phn GMH gn nht. Trong khi vector khi u SA l khng i v c cng khai trong TEK ca n v trng ng b vt l cng bit trc do gi tr vector MPDU l bit trc. Vy mng 802.16 khng cung cp s xc thc d liu. 3.2.2 So snh mt s nhc im an ninh trong mng WiFi v WiMAX Chun IEEE 802.11 l mt trong nhng mng khng dy ang rt ph bin hin nay, v vy chun ny thu ht nhiu s quan tm tm ra nhng im yu ca n. Khng may mn khi 802.11 c chng minh c mt s im yu ng k. Nhng l hng an ninh c a ra bi cc chuyn gia, cc hacker, cracker, v thm ch t nhng ngi s dng. Mt s loi c bit n nh nhng im yu trong trin khai mng, bo mt yu, hay cc cuc tn cng gy t chi dch v. y chng ta s tm hiu mt s im yu ca 802.11 c cng b v tm hiu xem liu nhng im yu ny c cn tn ti trong 802.16 hay khng. Nhng im yu ca 802.11 c chia thnh hai dng chnh: im yu nhn dng v im yu iu khin truy nhp mi trng. im yu nhn dng: xy ra trong qu trnh iu khin xc thc b li v cc thng ip mang tin tc. Chun 802.11 khng c c ch xc thc bn gi mnh trong lp MAC, do cc trm nhn c thng ip khng th xc nh ai gi thng ip ny, v nu thng ip khng b sa i v c gi bi mt a ch c xem l hp php th trm thu s nhn n v coi nh mt thng ip gc. Kt qu l cc thng ip iu khin lp MAC khc c th b s dng bi nhng k tn cng khai thc nhng im yu khc. im yu iu khin truy nhp mi trng: xy ra mi trng truyn dn. dng ny c hai loi tn cng. Trong cuc tn cng u tin, c ch lng

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nghe sng mang lp vt l b tn cng bng cch k tn cng gi i cc gi tin ngn lin tip nhau v sau tt c cc nt s tin rng mi trng b s dng bi mt nt khc. Tt c cc nt khc s lng nghe mi trng v i cho n lt mnh, nhng s khng bao gi n lt n v k tn cng lin tc truyn tin. Trong cuc tn cng th hai, vic thc hin s kh hn rt nhiu. K tn cng s gi rt t cc gi tin tri ngc vi cuc tn cng trc nhng k tn cng s dng mt trng chiu di gi trong gi tin, v bng cch ny hn c th t c khong thi gian truyn tin di hn. Trong khi k tn cng truyn tin, cc nt b tn cng thm ch s khng s dng c ch lng nghe mi trng xem mi trng c bn hay khng. Cc nt b tn cng s tnh theo tng mili giy cho n khi qu trnh truyn tin ca k tn cng kt thc nhng s l mt khong thi gian rt di. 3.2.2.1 Cuc tn cng hy b xc thc (Deauthentication Attack) 802.11 Cc cuc tn cng trong qu trnh hy b xc thc c thc hin gn nh hon ho do c tha hng im yu nhn dng. Trong mng 802.11, khi mt nt mi mun gia nhp mng, n cn thc hin qu trnh xc thc v qu trnh lin kt sau s c cho php truy nhp mng. C hai loi xc thc trong 802.11: Open, trong c ch ny bt k mt nt no cng c th gia nhp mng v Shared Key, c ch ny nt no mun gia nhp mng phi bit c mt khu ca mng. Sau qu trnh xc thc, cc nt s chuyn sang qu trnh lin kt v sau n c th trao i d liu v qung b trn ton mng. Trong qu trnh xc thc v lin kt ch c rt t cc khung d liu, qun l v iu khin c php pht i. Mt trong nhng thng ip l thng ip cho php cc nt c th hy b s xc thc t mt nt khc. Thng ip ny c s dng khi mt nt mun chuyn sang mt mng khng dy khc. V d nh trong cng mt vng tn ti nhiu mng khng dy khc nhau th thng ip ny s c s dng. Khi mt nt nhn c thng ip ny, n s loi b bn thn n ra khi mng v tr v trng thi c bn.

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Trong cuc tn cng vo qu trnh hy b xc thc ny, k tn cng s dng mt nt tm ra a ch ca im truy nhp (AP) ang iu khin mng. iu ny c ngha rng AP l mt phn ca mng kt ni mng hu tuyn vi mng LAN v tuyn. Khng kh khn g trong qu trnh tm ra a ch ca AP v AP khng s dng mt phng php bo mt no. Mt vi AP khng qung b a ch ca n trong mng, nhng a ch ca n c th tm thy nu lng nghe tt c cc lu lng gia AP vi cc nt khc. Thng thng a ch ca AP ch dng cho php thu bao tm ra t mt mng no m n mun hy b s xc thc khi mng v a ch ca AP ny khng cn s dng trong qu trnh xc thc do vy AP khng phi lo lng v s xut hin n ca n. Khi k tn cng nhn c a ch ca AP, hn s s dng a ch qung b mc nh v gi thng ip hy b xc thc ti tt c cc nt n c th. Nhng nt ny nhn c thng ip ngay lp tc s ngng giao tip vi mng. Bc tip theo l tt c cc nt b hy b xc thc s c gng kt ni li, trao quyn li v lin kt li vi AP. Vic pht li thng ip hy b xc thc ny s khin mng ngng hot ng hon ton. Theo cch nh vy, cc thng ip khc c s dng trong 802.11 c th b li dng gy ra cc vn tng t. V d nh thng ip hy b lin kt. Tuy nhin kiu tn cng ny khng hiu qu i vi k tn cng v hn phi gi mo nhiu thng ip. Mt thc t l c nhiu thng ip khc c th s dng thc hin cc cuc tn cng kiu ny v nhng cuc tn cng u c gi chung l cuc tn cng hy b xc thc. C 3 im khin cho cc cuc tn cng kiu ny c th thc hin c l: th nht cc thng ip hy b xc thc khng c chng thc, ngoi tr kim tra v mt logic a ch ngun ca thng ip. Th hai l khng c s bo mt no bo v cc thng tin c dng trong thng ip, v vy k tn cng c th d dng tm thy cc thng tin. Th ba cc nt nhn c cc thng ip gi ny s chp nhn n m khng ch n thi gian n c gi i. 802.16 Ging nh 802.11 trong 802.16 cc thng ip lp MAC c s dng theo cch tng t. Trc tin mt thng ip Reset Command (RES-CMD) c
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trm pht sng BS gi i ti mt thu bao SS c th sau xc lp li bn thn n. Khi SS nhn c thng ip ny n s khi to li a ch MAC ca n v c gng lp li qu trnh truy nhp h thng ban u. BS cng c th gi De/Reregister Command (DREGCMD) ti SS SS thay i trng thi truy nhp. Thng ip ny c gi i khin SS di b knh truyn dn. Tri ngc vi IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16 c s bo v bn trong chng li s lm dng nhng lnh ny. C ch bo v u tin c s dng l Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) m xc thc a nng c tnh ton s dng thng ip gc v kha b mt dng chung. Trong 802.16 gi tr 160 bit Hash c thm vo thng ip gc.

Hnh 3.4: Tn cng bng thng ip RES-CMD Khi bn thu nhn c thng ip s tnh ton li Hash s dng thng ip nhn c v kha bo mt chng bit. Sau bn thu s so snh Hash nhn

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c vi Hash tnh c, nu chng ging nhau th c ngha l hai bn u c chung mt kha b mt. T trc n nay 802.16 c xem nh khng th xy ra cc cuc tn cng hy b xc thc v kha dng chung gia BS v SS c xem l b mt. Khi chng ta xem xt 802.11 th thy iu ny l khng th thc hin c v nhng l hng an ninh trong thut ton WEP. Khi l hng ny c cng b c ch xc thc c xem nh khng cn hiu qu. S khc bit ca 802.16 l chun mt m c s dng mnh hn WEP. 802.16 c hai s la chn l Triple- DES vi kha 128 bt hay RSA vi kha 1024 bt. Vn th hai l thut ton Hash key l phng php bo mt mng m. iu ny c ngha l k tn cng s khng th to ra Hash ng. 3.2.2.2 Cuc tn cng lp li (Replay attack) 802.11 Khi chng ta s dng thut ng tn cng lp li, chng ta ng mt cuc tn cng m k tn cng ch cn nm bt c mt s thng tin hp php v s dng li n, v thng tin y m ch mt thng ip. K tn cng khng cn phi thay i thng ip ch cn pht li thng ip y vo khong thi gian tha ng. Trong mng 802.11 cc cuc tn cng lp li hu ht u to ra s t chi dch v. Bi v cc nt nhn c thng ip v coi l hp php, cho rng bng thng c s dng ht v s tnh ton thi gian gii m thng ip sau n li tch cc li. im yu ca 802.11 khin n nhy cm vi cc cuc tn cng kiu ny v n thiu s nh du th t thng ip, bn cnh cng khng c mt phng php no pht hin v loi b cc cuc tn cng kiu ny. 802.16 Trong 802.16 k tn cng nm bt ton b thng ip (bao gm c HMAC) v pht li thng ip m khng c mt s sa i no. Trong khi HMAC ch m bo rng khng c s thay i no trong thng ip ch khng cung cp cho chng ta bt k thng tin no khc. Ch c bn gi v ni dung

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thng ip l c xc thc. Nu k tn cng pht li thng ip hn nm c, thng ip s c xc thc ng cch nu nh kha bo mt vn cn hiu lc. Trong 802.16 k tn cng phi cn c trm pht sng BS v thu bao SS thc hin mt cuc tn cng replay thnh cng. Nu mng lm vic trong m hnh FDD, BS v SS truyn tn hiu trong nhng tn s khc nhau, do vy mun to ra cc cuc tn cng trong h thng FDD k tn cng phi nhn thng tin v pht li thng tin trn cng tn s. HMAC c a ra ch m bo rng thng ip c gi i khng b thay i, nn kh nng thng ip b s dng li l hon ton c th, nu trong thng ip khng c cc tin tc nh nhn thi gian, s serial. K tn cng c th s dng Reset Command (RES-CMD) to ra cc cuc tn cng lp li. N c xem nh mt thng ip hon ho cho k tn cng v khng cha nhn thi gian, s serial. Tuy nhin k tn cng s khng thnh cng v 802.16 yu cu HMAC phi c tnh ton s dng thng ip v phn mo u lp MAC. HMAC cn c gi nguyn trong cc cuc tn cng replay. Trong phn mo u lp MAC cha CID ca SS, CID ny c th c thit lp li. Sau khi thit lp li SS s c mt CID mi c cung cp bi BS. CID mi ny c 16 bt tc l mt BS c th to ra 65536 s la chn CID khc nhau, v nh vy kh nng s dng li CID l rt kh. Thm ch nu iu ny c th xy ra th SS s dn xp mt tp cc kha mi xc thc thng ip, do vy s khng c kt qu khi k tn cng c gng thc hin mt cuc tn cng replay s dng RES-CMD. Vic s dng DREGCMD cng gp phi nhng l do tng t. Trong khi k tn cng khng thnh cng trong cuc tn cng replay th hon ton c th thc hin cuc tn cng lp thng ip (repeat message), 802.16 khng c mt c ch no bo v mnh khi cc cuc tn cng kiu ny. Vn t ra y l cc cuc tn cng ny gy thit hi g cho mng ch khng phi l liu n c thnh cng hay khng. Trong trng hp th nht cc thng ip ca k tn cng xut hin nh mt ngun nhiu. N gy tc ng n hiu sut ca mng, tuy nhin vi s thay i ca phng php sa li trc v iu ch gip gim thit hi ti mng.
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Trong trng hp th hai vn s ln hn. K tn cng s gi nhng gi tin ti BS gi mo mt SS c th no . Vic ny khin BS gi gi tin RESCMD ti SS, sau SS s ngng ton b qu trnh qung b ca mnh, n s thit lp li v tr v trng thi khi u. trng thi ny BS s gi RES-CMD ti SS nu SS khng p li BS hoc BS pht hin ra c s bt bnh thng v truyn dn trong tuyn ln t SS. Tuy nhin chun khng ch ra c th chnh xc nhng g s c ch nh tip theo s bt thng ny. Mt lot cc iu kin c th trong RES-CMD s c quyt nh bi nh sn xut. 3.2.2.3 Gi mo im truy nhp (Access Point Spoof) 802.11 Gi mo im truy nhp chnh l mt dng tn cng man- in- the- middle. Cuc tn cng kiu man- in - the - middle l dng tn cng m k tn cng gia hai nt thao tng ton b cc lu lng gia hai bn. Dng tn cng ny rt nguy him v k tn cng c th nm tt c cc thng tin lu hnh trn mng. Vic thc hin kiu tn cng ny rt kh trong mng hu tuyn v n yu cu vic truy nhp tht s vo mi trng truyn dn. Tuy nhin trong mng khng dy mi vic tr nn d dng hn. K tn cng ch cn thit lp mt AP c kh nng thu ht hn so vi AP hp php. AP gi mo ny c th c to ra bng cch sao chp ton b cu hnh ca mt AP hp php nh SSID, a ch MAC v.v Bc tip theo l lm cho nn nhn kt ni vi AP gi mo ny. Cch th nht l i cho n khi cc nt t kt ni vi n, cch th hai l gy ra t chi dch v ti tt c cc AP hp php ngi dng s kt ni li. Trong mng 802.11 vic la chn cc AP da vo cng tn hiu nhn c. Ch c mt vic k tn cng c th thc hin l m bo cho AP ca n c cng tn hiu mnh hn ti cc nn nhn. t c iu ny c th t v tr AP ca n gn vi nn nhn hn AP hp php, hoc s dng mt cng ngh khc nh anten nh hng hay b khuch i RF. Sau khi nn nhn kt ni vi AP gi mo ny, ngi s lm vic nh th ang kt ni vi mt AP hp php v nh vy mi tin tc s c

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truyn thng qua AP gi mo ny. K tn cng sau s s dng mi tin ch to ra mt web server nm bt mt khu khi nn nhn c gng ng k vo mt trang gi mo ny. Sau k tn cng s c tt c nhng g cn thit gia nhp mt mng hp php. Cc cuc tn cng ny tn ti trong mng 802.11 v mng khng yu cu s xc thc hai chiu gia AP v cc nt. Chng nhn y nhim AP thng c qung b trong mng. iu ny khin cho k tn cng d dng nghe trm mng trong mt thi im v c c tt c cc thng tin cn thit. WEP c s dng cc nt t xc thc chng vi AP nhng WEP cn nhiu im yu. K tn cng nghe ton b lu lng v t gii m nm c mt khu. 802.16 Cng ging nh mng 802.11 vic gi mo BS vn tn ti. IEEE s dng giao thc PKM vi mt vi thng ip c trao i gia BS v SS nhn dng ln nhau. Qu trnh xc thc SS c thc hin nh sau: SS gi thng ip ti BS cha chng nhn s X509 c xc nh bi nh sn xut. SS gi trng ip th hai m khng cn ch i s phn hi t BS. Thng ip th hai ny cng cha chng nhn s X509 v kha chung ca SS, kh nng an ninh v SAID ca SS. Chng nhn s c s dng BS bit kha chung ca SS to mt thng ip phn hi. Nu BS cho php SS c trao quyn n s p li bng mt thng ip th ba khi to SA gia BS v SS. Nhng BS li khng thc hin xc thc vi SS, v vy vic gi mo BS hon ton c th. 3.2.2.4 Cuc tn cng vo c ch sng mang lp vt l 802.11 Gy nhiu tn s l l hng an ninh tn ti bt c mng khng dy no. Tuy nhin mc nguy him rt khc nhau ty thuc vo giao din lp vt l. Mt s thng s s quyt nh khong chp nhn ca mng nh cng sut pht, nhy ca thit b thu, tn s RF, bng tn v nh hng ca anten. Mng 802.11 s dng c ch truy nhp mi trng CSMA, c thc hin lp MAC. C ch ny dng m bo khng xy ra xung t d liu trn ng truyn.

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Nu mt nt mun truyn tin, trc tin n phi lng nghe sng mang bit rng khng c mt nt no trn mng ang truyn tin. Nu khng thy tn hiu sng mang n mi c th truyn tin. C mt vi cch thc hin cc giao thc sng mang lp vt l. Cch n gin nht l lm cho tt c cc nt trong mng tin rng c mt nt khc ang truyn dn ti thi im hin ti. t c iu ny ch cn to ra mt nt tri php truyn tin lin tc. Cch th hai l s dng b pht sng RF 802.16 Chun IEEE 802.16 s dng lp MAC khng cnh tranh, ch khng s dng lng nghe sng mang lp vt l iu khin s cho php truyn tin. Thc t c mt vi khe cnh tranh truyn dn tn ti trong mi khung, vic pht hin xung t c thc hin ch khng phi s trnh xung t. Bt k mt yu cu m SS to ra trong khe cnh tranh s khng cn xc nhn v nu c xung t th yu cu s c truyn li trong mt khe thi gian ngu nhin khc. Tuy nhin t nhng bi hc rt ra t 802.11, k tn cng s phi thc hin mt c ch m bo s cn bng v hiu sut s dng v ph truyn dn. Tt c cc trm thu bao SS phi nhn c UL-MAP bit v lch trnh thi gian truyn dn, s iu ch. Do k tn cng mun tn cng vo mt SS c th s phi c c cc thng tin cn thit to ra mt s truyn dn nguy him m s xung t vi tuyn uplink hp php. tn cng vo mt SS c th, k tn cng phi tn cng vi cng sut ti thiu bi v anh ta c th rt gn vi tn hiu RF ca SS hp php. Trong trng hp ny k tn cng s phi ng b vi mng v tri qua qu trnh initial ranging t c s tinh chnh v nh thi v tn s truyn tin. Vic ny rt cn thit k tn cng c th thc s cnh tranh vi s truyn dn ca nn nhn trong bng tn nh trc. Nu khng thc hin ng b vi s truyn dn hp php, k tn cng s ch cnh tranh vi thu bao hp php nh mt ngun nhiu ch khng phi l mt tn hiu hp php v IEEE 802.16 c mt vi c ch x l vi ngun nhiu trn knh truyn dn.

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Mt k tn cng khi ng b vi mng v c c UL-MAP anh ta s phi la chn ch ca mnh. Bi v nhiu tuyn truyn dn c nh ra bi 1 CID, k tn cng s nhn c mt tp cc kt ni ch khng phi mt kt ni ca mt SS c th v nh vy k tn cng s khng bit chnh xc SS no n s tc ng n nn mc ch y s l mt tp cc kt ni. Bc cui cng rt n gin l truyn tin mt thi im nh trc v s iu ch bit trc. Thng ip c gi i c th l thng ip gi mo, replayed hay c hai. Tn hiu ca k tn cng s xung t vi s truyn dn hp php, v n s khng c loi b nh mt ngun nhiu, s truyn dn nguy him ny s cnh tranh nh mt tn hiu thng minh. Ty thuc vo mi quan h gia cng sut truyn dn ca hai tn hiu, tn hiu c BS gii m s l tn hiu yu hn, hay tn hiu m khng th hiu c (unintelligible), hoc BS s cho SS thit lp li do qu trnh truyn dn m tn hiu b mo. Cuc tn cng kiu ny rt c ch cho k tn cng. Bi v s tn cng y rt nhanh gn v khng th nhn ra s khc bit so vi cc thu bao hp php, n rt kh b pht hin. Trong qu trnh tn cng SS c th b loi ra khi mng, hn na trong qu trnh tn cng BS c th s cung cp nhng thng tin phn hi ti k tn cng thng qua UL-MAP. BS s c thng tin ti SS b tn cng v s cn thit chn s iu ch v sa li trc mnh hn, k tn cng s s dng nhng thng tin ny iu chnh cng sut thp nht anh ta khng b loi b. 3.2.2.5 Gi mo a ch MAC (MAC Address Spoofing) 802.11 Trong mng 802.11 lc a ch MAC AP l mt cch ngn cn ngi dng bt hp php truy nhp mng. Bi l vic gi mo a ch MAC l rt d i vi k tn cng. Trong khi cc gi tr m ha phn cng l khng thay i, hoc c cng b trong nhng chng trnh c s ca cc phn cng c th sa i. Hin nay c rt nhiu chng trnh cho OS khc nhau c th sa i a ch MAC c thc hin cc b thch ng mng. Cc th tc ny rt d dng v
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c th c thc hin trong vi pht. Thm ch sau khi vic gi mo a ch MAC tr nn ph bin IEEE 802.11 vn s dng s trao quyn ny v 48 bt a ch MAC l di cho nhng cuc tn cng brute force. Nhng cc chng trnh mi cho php k tn cng khc phc kh khn ny. K tn cng lc ny khng cn tm ra a ch MAC bi v a ch MAC s c qung b trn ton mng khi c a vo chun. Vy l ch c mt vi gi tin cn thit s c nm gi c th ly c a ch MAC v s c nhn dng nh mt ngi dng hp php. 802.16 Trong mng 802.16 chun yu cu tt c cc b thch ng ca mng phi c 48 bt a ch MAC c chn ti phn c s. Gi tr ny c s dng trong sut qu trnh initial ranging v xc thc cho BS v SS nhn dng ln nhau. Cc nh ch to cho rng a ch MAC ca 802.16 l khng th gi mo. Nh ni trn RNG-REQ m SS gi ti BS s c a ch MAC v trong thng ip RNG-RSP (Ranging Response) ca BS cng cha a ch MAC. V vy k nghe ln s phi nm bt c tuyn ln hoc xung c c a ch MAC ca mt SS c trao quyn. S khc bit gia cc thit b ca 802.11 l kin trc khc nhau v vn gi mo a ch MAC vn l mt cu hi. Hin nay cc sn phm WiMAX vn ang c ph chun, v ang tn ti c lp nn vic sa i a ch MAC s yu cu thay i chng trnh c s. y khng phi l mt nhim v d dng, tr khi nh sn xut cung cp kh nng ty chn. Trong tng lai khi cc sn phm ca WiMAX khng tn ti c lp m c tch hp vi cc cng ngh khc th vic gi mo a ch MAC s cn nhiu vn cn nghin cu.

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3.2.3 Nhng im yu mi trong mng WiMAX 3.2.3.1 Nn tng cng ngh ca cc cuc tn cng tn cng vo mng 802.16 k tn cng phi truy nhp vo s trao i thng tin gia hai bn c ngha l s phi tim vo v pht thng ip cn thit thc hin cuc tn cng. Vn u tin l phi to ra mt thng ip. Vn tip theo l tm c ng thi im tim thng ip vo mng. Trong chng ny chng ta s xem xt cc cuc tn cng d n mc no v liu n c phi l vn cn quan tm trong mng hay khng. To thng ip v tim vo mng: Hu ht cc cuc tn cng din ra trong mng 802.11 s dng thng ip ty chn t c mc ch. Tt nhin trong nhng ngy u ca mng 802.11 khng c cc chng trnh gip k tn cng to ra thng ip nh vy. Vic ny mt nhiu thi gian th nghim. Chun 802.16 l mt chun mi vn cha c thc hin, n ch c thit k v th nghim trn giy. Hin nay vn khng c mt thit b no sn c trn th trng v c s dng v vy cc cracker hay cc chuyn gia an ninh c th tao ra thng ip ty tim vo mng. Tt nhin vic ny c th din ra trong cc phng th nghim sn xut nhng cho n nay chng ta khng h bit v vn ny. Trong mng 802.11 ngi ta to ra cc khung qun l bng cc cng g ri v lu tr trong b m ca card mng. Bng cch ny thng ip ty chn s c tim vo mng ngay trc thi im truyn pht v thng ip s c gi i m khng qua qu trnh kim tra li ca phn cng. Trong mng 802.16 cc im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Acces Point) c dng giao tip gia hai giao thc lp vt l khc nhau v n s xc nh nhng thng ip no c php truyn qua. Do vy khng th bit trc c rng n c b la cho thng ip ty ny i qua hay khng.

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Nu cc nh sn xut to ra cc sn phm v cho php ngi s dng c kh nng truy nhp kiu g ri (debug type access) ti phn cng th k tn cng s c c hi thc hin vic ny. Thi im tim thng ip (Timing to inject the messsage) Gi s k tn cng to c mt thng ip ty , bc tip theo l phi tim c vo mng. Vn y khng ch l tim vo mng m phi lm th no nn nhn bit c thng ip v x l n nh mt thng ip tht (thng ip hp php). Vn ny dng nh s kh hn v khng c nhiu thng ip qun l gi mo. Th hai l vn thi im tim thng ip. K tn cng phi tm ra nhng thi im h trong mt lch trnh v tim thng ip ng lc. Ngoi vn chng ta phi ngh v s ng b v r rng l nu k tn cng mun gi thng ip t SS ti BS th s tr lan truyn c th bit c thng qua qu trnh ranging khi u. Nhng nu k tn cng mun gi thng ip nh mt BS anh ta s phi bit c tr lan truyn l bao nhiu.V nu nn nhn nhn c thng ip ny trong mt thi im sai th s khng nhn thng ip v loi b n. Ta bit rng 802.16 s dng hai m hnh vt l l FDD v TDD. y chng ta s xem st v thi im c th tim thng ip vo mng theo hai m hnh ny s xy ra nh th no? FDD Trong FDD cc knh hng ln v knh hng xung lm vic tn s khc nhau v knh hng xung c pht i trong cc dng burst ri rc. V tuyn ln v tuyn xung c lp trnh h tr bn song cng nn c thi im knh hng ln v knh hng xung khng c s dng, v y chnh l thi im k tn cng tim thng ip ca anh ta vo mng. hng ln tt c s truyn pht u c lp lch trnh. Tuy nhin hng xung BS ch ch ra s chuyn i dng iu ch v sa li trc cho SS m khng ch ra thi im c th m mt lu lng t SS s c gi i.

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Tt c cc SS trong mng lun phi lng nghe cc tuyn hng xung tm kim thng ip c gi cho chng. Do vy k tn cng c th tm ra thi im khi BS khng gi bt k gi tin no v anh ta c th gi thng ip ty ca mnh. Mt vn ny sinh l k tn cng c th gi thng ip cng thi im vi BS v do s c xung t xy ra. Nu lng ti ca mng t, anh ta s gy ra t xung t cho n khi thnh cng. Nhng nu mng qu ti BS s khng cn khong trng no gia cc gi tin hng xung th rt kh k tn cng t c mc ch. TDD Trong h thng TDD c mt cht s khc bit, khng c bt k mt khong trng no hng xung, ton b cc khung con hng xung u c in y bi s truyn pht ca BS. Bt k khung lp MAC no ngn hn s c nhi thm cc khung trng (null) t chiu di cn thit. Sau cc tuyn xung l cc khung con hng ln, gia chng ch c mt khong trng l Tx/Rx Time Delay. Trn tuyn hng ln c th c cc khe trng. Khi s truyn cc khe trng xy ra BS gi thng ip null mc cng sut thp hn v SS khng c php pht tin. cui khung hng ln c mt khong trng khc trc khi n khung tip theo l Rx/Tx Time Delay.

Hnh 3.5: V tr c th tn cng trong cu trc khung TDD

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3.2.3.2 Lp MAC Trong phn trc chng ta ch ni v vn thi im nhng cn mt vn khc l trng thi lp MAC ca bn nhn. Lp MAC ca 802.16 c xem nh mt my trng thi hot ng da trn s chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. iu ny c ngha rng mt lp MAC c th loi b mt thng ip xc nh l tt (c gi mo tt) nu n khng trng thi ng nhn thng ip y. V d nh trong qu trnh khi u SS gi i mt yu cu trao quyn (Auth Request) ti BS. Sau khi BS kim tra anh ta s p li. Nu SS hp php s c tham gia mng, sau BS gi li mt thng ip p li trao quyn (Authorization Reply) cha kha trao quyn cng vi cc thng tin khc tip tc xc thc. Nu BS quyt nh loi b n s gi thng ip hy b trao quyn (Auth Reject). Khi SS vn trng thi ny, v sau mt thi gian s c gng trao quyn li. Ngi ta thng tin rng vic loi b trao quyn l mt cng c tn cng. Bi v thng ip loi b trao quyn khng cha s th t hay nhn thi gian hay s HMAC c th chng minh l ca BS. K tn cng c th gi rt nhiu thng ip ti cc SS trong mng. Tuy nhin y khng phi l vn quan tm chnh v lp MAC ch trong trng thi ny vi khong thi gian rt ngn sau khi gi thng ip trao quyn do vy nu thng ip ca k tn cng n khng ng thi im n s b loi b ngay. 3.2.3.3 Cc cuc tn cng tim n trong mng 802.16 3.2.3.3.1 Cuc tn cng s dng thng ip RNG-RSP u tin khi SS mun gia nhp mng n phi gi mt thng ip yu cu Ranging (RNG-REQ). Thng ip ny thng bo cho BS v s hin din ca SS v yu cu cc thng s nh thi im truyn pht, cng sut, tn s v cc thng tin trong burst profile, thng ip ny c SS gi i theo chu k. BS p li bng mt thng ip RNG-RSP. Trong cc phin bn c ca 802.16 SS gi thng ip ny theo chu k. Nu SS khng hon thnh qu trnh ranging theo chu

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k n s b loi khi mng v phi thc hin qu trnh gia nhp mng ban u. Tuy nhin phin bn 802.16a khng yu cu SS phi gi thng ip ny theo nh k, thay vo SS c th nhn bt c thng ip no t pha BS v s dng n iu chnh ranging. V BS gi thng ip RNG-RSP thng bo cho SS v s thay i cc knh hng ln, hng xung, mc cng sut pht v cng c th s dng thng dip ny hy b s truyn dn ca SS v bt SS khi u li. Loi thng ip qun l M nhn dng knh Ni dung thng ip hng ln ( 8 bit) 5= RNG-RSP ID ca knh hng ln Ni dung c ch ra m BS nhn c RNG- bng 3.2 REQ

Bng 3.1: Dng thng ip RNG-RSP L do chnh khin thng ip ny tr thnh im yu l v n khng h c bo mt. V khi SS nhn c thng ip ny n s hot ng theo s ch dn trong thng ip. C mt s cch s dngthng ip ny trong qu trnh tn cng nh sau: Cch 1:k tn cng s dng thng ip ny vi trng trng thi ranging bng 2 (Ranging Status) tc l hy b s truyn dn hin ti ca SS. Cch 2: dch nn nhn ln mt knh khc. Nu k tn cng s dng mt BS gi mo mt knh ring th SS s b buc phi giao tip vi BS gi mo ny. Nu khng c mt BS no trn knh ch ra SS s li tr li knh ban u.

88

GITHNGIPRNGREQ VIM=2 Snsnghotng

Duytrbng thnghng ln

Timeout3

Timeout4

RSGRSP

ResetT4 Mrangingc vtquphm vi?

tmranging vokheranging

XaT3

Gidliuhng ln

ResetT4
Y

Mtrngthi ranging?
Thnh cng

Tchi

Li:khitoli MAC

Li:KhitoliMAC

iuchnhthng strongRNG RSP

GiRNG REQsau khichnh sa

TNCNGTHNH CNG
N

iuchnhthnh cng?
Y Tiptc

Gi RNGREQ

Mranging?

ResetT3(nu khnghot ng)

Snsnghotng

Hnh 3.6: Qu trnh tn cng bng thng ip RNG-RSP

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Loi Tn iu chnh nh thi (Timing Adjust) (1 byte)

Chiu di (byte) Gi tr iu chnh lch nh thi (gm 32 bit). Ch ra thi im SS gi tin gi tin n c BS ng thi im iu chnh lch cng sut pht (gm 8 bit, n v s dng l 0,25 dB ). Ch ra s thay i v cng sut pht sao cho SS c th truyn ti BS vi mc cng sut ph hp iu chnh lch tn s (gm 32 bit, n v tnh bng Hz). Ch ra s thay i tn s ph hp vi BS hn. S thay i ny ch xy ra trong mt knh. Dng ch ra liu cc thng ip hng ln c c BS chp nhn hay khng. 1=tip tc, 2= hy b, 3= thnh cng, 4= ranging li Tn s trung tm, ca knh mi m SS s dng khi u li. n v tnh bng kHz. M nhn dng knh hng ln m SS s s dng khi u li

iu chnh mc cng sut Power Level Adjust

iu chnh lch tn s (Offset Frequency Adjust)

Trng thi ranging (Ranging Status)

Downlink frequency override Uplink channel ID override

90

Downlink Operational Burst Profile SS MAC Adress

7 8

1 6

Basic CID Primary Management CID PHY Specific Values

11 12-16

Thng s ny c s dng p li thng ip RNGREQ. a ch MAC ca SS gm 48 bit CID c bn c gn bi BS trong qu trnh truy nhp ban u. CID qun l chnh c gn bi BS trong qu trnh truy nhp ban u c thm vo cung cp h tr OFDMA v AAS

Bng 3.2: Cc m trong thng ip RNG-RSP 3.2.3.3.2 Cuc tn cng vo thng ip thng bo quyn khng hp l Ta bit rng my trng thi trao quyn l mt phn ca giao thc PKM. Nh thng l n s dng hai thng ip qun l PKM-REQ v PKM- RSP. SS gi PKM- REQ ti BS. BS p li bng PKM-RSP. Loi thng ip qun l 9= PKM- RSP 10= PKM- REQ M thng ip ( 8 bit) Nhn dng loi thng ip PKM S serial ca thng ip Khc nhau ty thng ip Nhn dng PKM Thuc tnh PKM

Bng 3.3: Dng thng ip PKM M thng ip l mt trng 8 bit ch ra chnh xc loi thng ip PKM. Nu thng ip c m khng hp l th s b loi b.

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M 0-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 - 255

Loi thng ip PKM Cha s dng Security Association Add Auth Request Auth Reply Auth Reject Key Request Key Reply Key Reject Auth Invalid TEK In valid Authentication Info Cha s dng

Bng 3.4: M thng ip PKM Phn nhn dng PKM l mt trng 8 bit c dng nh s serial. Mi ln PKM- REQ gi bi SS phn nhn dng PKM-REQ s tng ln mt gi tr. Khi BS p li bng thng ip PKM -RSP s gm mt phn nhn dng tng ng vi thng ip n nhn c. Nu SS nhn c bt k thng ip no c phn nhn khc yu cu c gi i SS s t chi. Trng thuc tnh PKM rt khc nhau ty theo loi thng ip PKM. Trng ny thng cha thng tin v m sa li, thi gian sng ca kha, chui hin th. Theo bng trn ta thy c 4 thng ip c th c s dng tn cng l: Auth Reject Key Reject Auth Invalid TEK Invalid

92

y l nhng thng ip c kh nng ph nhn qu trnh trao quyn ca SS. S dng nhng thng ip ny s to ra nhng cuc tn cng ging dng Deauthentication. Tuy nhin trong cc thng ip trn c 3 thng ip Auth Reject, Key Reject v TEK Invalid khng c s dng. V nhng thng ip ny yu cu s HMAC xc thc thng ip. Nh ta bit rt kh to ra mt HMAC chnh xc. Ch c mt cch l ph v s bo mt. Hn na nhng thng ip ny ch c th nhn c trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. Thng ip cui cng cn li l thng ip Auth Invalid. Thng ip ny khng yu cu xc thc bng HMAC, khng bao gm nhn dng PKM. N cng khng cn mt trng thi no c xem l hp php. Thng ip ny l mt thng ip khng trng thi, SS c th nhn n ti mi thi im. Nhng l do ny khin k tn cng c th s dng n d dng hn. Thuc tnh M li (Error Code) Chui hin th (Display String) (ty chn) Chc nng Ch ra l do cho s trao quyn bt hp php Chui hin th m t iu kin li

Bng 3.5: Thuc tnh thng ip Auth Invalid Mt khc trong phn m li c gi tr bng 0 khng a ra mt l do no v s khng hp l ca thng ip s to iu kin tn cng. M li 0 1 2 3 Thng ip Dnh cho tt c Auth Reject, Auth Invalid Auth Reject, Key Reject Auth Invalid M t Khng ra thng tin g SS khng c trao quyn SAID khng c trao quyn Khng t nguyn

93

4 5 6

Auth Invalid, TEK Invalid Auth Invalid Auth Reject

S th t ca kha khng hp l Li trong xc thc thng ip Li trao quyn c hu

Bng 3.6: Gi tr m li trong thng ip xc thc Khi SS nhn c thng ip Auth Invalid s chuyn t trng thi c trao quyn sang trng thi i trao quyn li. Nh vy SS s i cho n khi n nhn c tin phn hi t BS. Nu thi gian i trao quyn li chm dt trc khi SS nhn c tin t BS, SS s gi 1 thng ip xin trao quyn li (Reauth Request) c gng gia nhp mng. V trong khi ang i trao quyn li SS c th s nhn c thng ip loi b trao quyn li (Reauth Reject). y l trng hp li trao quyn c hu. Ri vo trng hp ny SS s tr v trng thi yn lng, khng gi bt k mt tin no v lun sn sng p li bt k mt thng ip qun l no c gi t BS. Vi c ch nh trn k tn cng c th to ra mt my trng thi trao quyn nguy him. 3.3 Nhng ci tin mi v an ninh trong mng WiMAX 3.3.1 Giao thc PKM v2 Phin bn PKM v1 hon ton tng t nh lp con bo mt tuy nhin n h tr phng php bo mt mi nh 3 DES-ECB v AES-ECB bo v b mt vt cht kha v dng AES-CCM cho MPDU. Bn cnh s dng HMACSHA-1 bo v ton vn thng ip. Phin bn PKM v2 c nhiu thuc tnh hn bao gm xc thc hai chiu s dng hai giao thc xc thc da trn RSA v da trn EAP, ngoi ra cn c thut ton ton vn thng ip v giao thc qun l kha. PKM v2 l mt phn ca ch tiu k thut h tr kh nng di dng cho chun 802.16. Khi SS di ng n s cn c xc thc trc vi BS m n nh tham gia lin kt gim kh nng ngt qung dch v.

94

Xc thc v iu khin truy nhp trong PKM v2 PKMv2 s sa cha hu nh ton b cc im yu ca giao thc PKMv1. c bit l kh nng m ha bo mt MPDU bng AES-CCM. CCM gm counter mode m ha thng ip v dng CBC-MAC bo v ton vn thng ip. Giao thc xc thc v thit lp kha c mt vi thay i gip bo v chng li cc cuc tn cng khc nhau. Trc tin l qu trnh khi u da trn RSA cho php xc thc v trao quyn. Bn cnh c giao thc xc thc da trn EAP cho nhng ngi s dng c s h tng xc thc ph tr (back end) nh AAA hay RADIUS. Qu trnh trao i kha xc thc cng cha nonce chng minh v s tn ti ca thng ip, gip bo v khi cc cuc tn cng lp li. Sau l s phn cp kha gip gim chi ph trong qu trnh xc thc v trao quyn ban u. Cui cng l kh nng lu tr dng cho qu trnh chuyn giao nhanh (fast handoff). 3.3.1.1 Xc thc hai chiu da trn public- key Xc thc v trao quyn da trn public key gm 3 thng ip trong c mt thng ip ty chn t SS gi n BS. Thng ip 1: SS BS: Cert (Manufacturer(SS)) Thng ip 2: SS BS: SS-Random | Cert(SS) | Capabilities |SAID Thng ip 3: BS SS: SS-Random | BS-Random | RSA- Encryption (PubKey(SS), pre- AK | Lifetime | SeqNo | SAIDList | Cert(BS) | Sig (BS) 3.3.1.1.1 Thng ip yu cu trao quyn (thng ip 2) SS bt u qu trnh trao quyn ln nhau da trn RSA bng cch gi i thng ip xin trao quyn. Thng ip ny cha mt s ngu nhin SS-

95

RANDOM 64 bt, chng nhn s X509 ca SS, danh sch thut ton bo mt (thut ton ton vn v m ha bo mt) m SS c th s dng. 3.3.1.1.2 Thng ip p li trao quyn (thng ip 3) BS gi thng ip p li trao quyn ti SS. Trong thng ip ny BS ch ra s ngu nhin 64 bt m n nhn c, s ngu nhin 64 bt ca n (BS_RANDOM), PAK 256 bt bo mt bng RSA ( bo mt bng kha cng khai ca MS), thuc tnh ca PAK ( thi gian sng, s th t, mt hoc nhiu SAID), BS s gp c chng nhn s ca n v k nhn ton b thng ip. SS c th nhanh chng chng nhn rng BS l hp php khi n c s k nhn thng ip. Tuy nhin gia on ny qu trnh trao quyn khng m bo rng truy nhp mng an ton l sn c cho SS. Sau khi chng minh v ch k ca BS n s kim tra s sng bng cch kim tra SS_RANDOM m n gi i v SS_RANDOM m n nhn c trong thng ip. Sau n s rt ra cc thng tin PAK, thuc tnh PAK v cui cng l SAID. Ch rng ch c nhng SS c trao quyn mi c th rt ra c PAK v nh SS chng minh c v s s hu PAK. SAID l ty chn trong thng ip ny nu sau qu trnh ny xy ra qu trnh xc thc da trn EAP. 3.3.1.1.3 Thng ip xc nhn trao quyn. BS khng th chng minh s sng ca thng ip v cng khng quyt nh c liu mt SS hp php c thc s ang yu cu truy nhp mng thay khng. Thng ip xc nhn trao quyn cung cp s m bo ny. Trong thng ip ny SS gi i c s n nhn c trong thng ip p li trao quyn t BS ( BS_RANDOM) v a ch MAC v phng php kim tra thng ip xc nhn. Thut ton ton vn c dng l OMAC vi AES v kha OMAC c ly ra t PAK. Kt thc qu trnh trao quyn RSA BS s c xc thc ti SS v SS c xc thc vi BS.

96

3.3.1.2 Trao quyn ln nhau da trn EAP trong PKM v2 Trao quyn ln nhau da trn EAP trong PKM v2 t n c th h tr xc thc hai chiu (xc thc khng trc tip) thng qua s chng minh v s s hu kha nu mt AS ph tr lin quan. Tuy nhin s kt hp trao quyn RSA v sau l xc thc EAP c th c s dng cho truy nhp mng WMAN. Trong trng hp ny trao quyn RSA c xem nh l cung cp s xc thc ln nhau gia cc thit b, tri li EAP c dng xc thc ngi s dng. Xc thc da trn EAP trong PKM v2 tng t nh trong chun 802.11i STA. Trong MS xc thc vi AS thng qua mt b xc thc (authenticator). BS trong mng 802.16 c th xem nh mt authenticator mc d trong mt vi kin trc chc nng ca BS v b xc thc l tch bit nhau. 3.3.1.2.1 Qu trnh xc thc da trn EAP B xc thc BS s khi u qu trnh xc thc EAP. (Ch trong giao thc da trn RSA SS l bn yu cu xc thc. BS gi thng ipyu cu EAP ti SS. y mt yu cu nhn dng EAP c bc trong PDU qun l lp MAC ( v d nh knh qun l th cp mang thng ip EAP) SS p li yu cu ny bng mt thng ip p li EAP. B xc thc v MS tip tc trao i cc thng ip cho n khi server xc thc quyt nh rng qu trnh trao i ny b hy b hay thnh cng. S lng chnh xc cc thng ip ty thuc vo phng php c s dng. Mt thng bo EAP thnh cng hay EAP b li s chm dt qu trnh xc thc EAP. Nu EAP c thc hin sau qu trnh trao quyn RSA thng ip EAP s c bo v s dng kha ton vn EAP l EIK (EAP integrity key) coi nh l kt qu thnh cng ca qu trnh trao quyn RSA. Thng ip EAP cha s th t ca AK (AK v EIK c ly t qu trnh trao quyn RSA) bo v chng

97

li cuc tn cng lp li v OMAC c tnh ton bng EIK dng bo v ton vn thng ip. 3.3.1.2.2 Qu trnh trao i 3 bc gia SS v BS SS v BS ly c PMK t kha AAA (kt qu ca qu trnh EAP bng cch ly ra 20 byte theo th t thp nht ca kha AAA. Qu trnh trao i 3 bc c dng vi mc ch l chng minh s s hu gia SS v BS. Mc ch cui cng ca qu trnh trao quyn l thit lp kha TEK v KEK SS c th truy nhp vo cc dch v ca mng. Qu trnh trao i 3 bc nh sau: BS bt u qu trnh bng cch gi i thng ip yu cu kha thit lp EAP ti SS. Thng ip ny cha nonce 64 bt, AKID ca AK v cui cng l kim tra ton vn thng ip. S kim tra ny c tnh ton s dng kha ton vn ly t PKM. Nonce dng chng minh s tn ti ca hai bn ng thi dng bo v chng li cc cuc tn cng lp li. SS p li bng thng ip tr li. SS to ra 64 bit nonce c gi l Random_SS cha c Random_BS trong thng ip trc. Ngoi ra n cng ch ra AKID ging vi thng ip n nhn c v cui cng l trng kim tra (checksum) s dng thut ton OMAC hoc HMAC. Thng ip cui cng l thng ip loi b thit lp EAP hoc cng nhn kha thit lp ty thuc vo liu BS c th chng minh s tn ti v ton vn ca thng ip th 2 nhn c hay khng. Thng ip ny cha Randon BS, Random SS, AKID, cc thuc tnh ca SA v c trng kim tra ton vn. Cc thuc tnh ca SA gm c TEK, cc kha GKEK, GTEK c bo mt bng AES. Sau khi nhn c thng ip th 3 SS xc nhn rng BS thc t ang tn ti v qu trnh trao i 3 bc ny khng phi l s lp li ca mt qu trnh trc gia BS v SS. SS s tip tc rt ra cc kha c gp trong thng ip v s dng knh ny truyn d liu.

98

3.3.1.3 Phn cp kha Mc ch ca qu trnh phn cp kha l lm gim chi ph cho qu trnh xc thc ca cc kt ni. Ni mt cch khc qu trnh ny cho php to ra nhng kha TEK mi m khng cn phi thit lp li qu trnh xc thc v trao quyn. Chun 802.16 mi s dng kt qu ca qu trnh xc thc RSA v trao quyn EAP thit lp ra kha AK. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l BS cung cp cho SS mt hoc nhiu TEK SS c th truy nhp vo cc dch v mng an ton. Phn cp kha bt u t kha AK v xy dng ln cc kha KEK v TEK m khng cn trao quyn li. Thit lp kha AK v phn phi trong qu trnh RSA Trong sut qu trnh trao quyn RSA BS a mt kha pre-PAK 256 bit ti SS c m ha bo mt bng kha cng khai ca SS. Kha pre-PAK ny c hai mc ch chnh: trc tin n phn phi kha ton vn thng ip chng nhn thng ip xc nhn trao quyn trong qu trnh RSA v to ra kha PAK 160 bit. Qu trnh trao quyn EAP s to ra kha AAA 512 bit m t kha ny SS v BS to ra kha PMK 160 bit. 3.3.2 S dng m hnh CCM cho 802.16 MPDUS i vi cc ng truyn d liu multicast hay unicast, 802.16 s dng AES-CCM. M hnh CCM ca 802.16 s dng AES CTR -128 cho m ha thng ip v dng s th t gi tin PN (packet number) 4 byte bo v cc cuc tn cng lp li v ICV 8 byte bo v ton vn thng ip s dng AES- CBCMAC.

Hnh 3.7: Phn ti tin WMAN CCM

99

Trong CCM s dng cng mt kha cho qu trnh bo mt cng nh bo v ton vn ng thi cng s dng cng mt kha cho c hng ln v hng xung. Cc thng s s dng trong 802.16 gm: 802.16 s dng 2 byte gi cc s byte trong phn ti tin do thng s L trong NIST CCM l 2. Tip theo nonce l di ca 13 byte WMAN MPDU c bo v s dng ICV 8 byte do M = 8. Gi tr ca M quyt nh mt phn ca c. 802.16 khng s dng AAD do Adata = 0 CCM yu cu cc thng tin ca ca block B0 tnh ton CBC- MAC v block counter Ai cho qu trnh m ha CTR. Byte u tin trong block ny l c. Gi tr cc c trong B0 c s dng tnh ton CBCMAC l 0x19 (xem hnh 4.5) v gi tr c tng ng trong block counter Ai l 0x01( xem hnh4.6)

M: chiu di ca MIC l(m): chiu di ca thng ip; 0<= l(m) < 28L L: s lng byte trong trng chiu di; 2- 8

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Hnh 3.8: Xy dng block B0 trong 802.16

Hnh 3.9: Xy dng block Ai trong 802.16 3.3.2.1 Xy dng nonce Xy dng CCM trong 802.16 yu cu nonce 13 byte. Mt counter ln hn s cho php qu trnh lin lc tip tc m khng cn phi to li kha tuy nhin s lm phn mo u ca MPDU ln hn. Mt PN nh hn s khin qu trnh lin lc phi thng xuyn to li kha. ti u cho mi phn mo u MPDU 802.16 s dng 5 byte u tin ca GMH v 4 byte 0 lp y 9 byte, s dng PN 4 byte xy dng nonce. PN 4 byte cho php truyn 232 MPDU m khng yu cu to li kha. V 802.16 khng c AAD nn mt kha TEK s c s dng cho c hng ln v hng xung do vy PN s c chia cho hng ln v hng xung bng cch XOR Pn vi 0x80000000 kt ni hng ln. Cc PN vi gi tr bt MSB bng 1

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c s dng bo v MPDU gi i t SS v cc PN vi bit MSB bng 0 c dng bo v MPDU gi i t BS.

Chng 4 Kt ni WiMAX vi mng di ng

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4.1 Li gii thiu Mt trong nhng ng c thc y mng th h mi l kh nng truy nhp khng dy rng khp, cung cp s chuyn giao t ng cho bt k thit b no ang di chuyn gia cc mng khc nhau vi cng ngh truy cp khc nhau. Trong chng ny s a ra kin trc lin kt mng WiMAX UMTS da trn chun 3GPP v a ra s chuyn giao lin mng khng hn ch s cho php duy tr cc dch v vi tr chuyn giao v mt gi tin thp nht. Cc cng ngh hin ti rt khc nhau v bng thng, cng ngh truy nhp mi trng, c ch an ninh v.v. Mt trong nhng s pht trin y ha hn l kt hp cc cng ngh khng dy hin ti khc nhau cho php truy nhp ti cc dch v trong khi di chuyn bt k ni no, bt k lc no. Mt thit b di ng vi nhiu giao tip mng khng dy c th chuyn kt ni ti nhng im truy nhp s dng cng ngh khc nhau. UMTS cung cp s di ng cao vi phm vi ph sng rng v cho php tc d liu t thp n trung bnh. Tuy nhin tc d liu ca UMTS khng p ng tha mn cc dch v d liu nhy cm v cc cc ph dch v cao. Xu hng nghin cu gn y l hng ti tch hp UMTS v WLAN t tn dng tc cao v chi ph thp ca WLAN. Gn y WiMAX c xem nh chun WMAN, cung cp ch tiu k thut cho mng truy nhp khng dy t c nh n di ng, ng thi khng ch c xem l gii quyt cc vn v nhng chng cui m n cn h tr cc khch hng di ng trn phm vi ph sng ca mng cellular. Trong phn ny tp trung nghin cu vo mng WiMAX hot ng trong bng tn 2,5 GHz n 3,5 GHz . y l di tn c xem l h tr kh nng di ng ln nht vi tc ln ti 100km/h. Cho n hin nay vn tn ti nhiu tranh ci v s cnh tranh gia WiMAX v UMTS nhng chng ta tin rng hai cng ngh ny hon ton c th kt hp vi nhau to ln mt mng lin kt thng nht. Mt mng lin kt WiMAX UMTS s l mt mng tn dng c nhiu nht nhng u im ca hai cng ngh ny ng thi gip loi b nhng hn ch

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khi hai cng ngh tn ti c lp. Cng ngh WiMAX s b cho UMTS v phm vi ph sng v cht lng dch v. S lin kt gia h thng 3GPP v WiMAX vn ang c nghin cu trong din n WiMAX v ti thi im ny vn cha tn ti mt mng lin kt thc t. V vy nghin cu y da trn m hnh lin kt WLAN c a ra bi 3GPP. Vi kin thc ca ti s khng a ra mt kin trc lin mng tham kho chun hay nhng nh ngha chnh xc gia UMTS v WiMAX, y l ng c thc y trong vic thit k mt kin trc kh thi s cho php kh nng di ng, s duy tr dch v trong qu trnh chuyn giao gia hai cng ngh ang ni ny. Trc tin chng ta s nghin cu nhng m hnh cng nh iu kin thc hin WiMAX trong mng di ng 3GPP. Sau a ra mt m hnh tham kho khi kt ni WiMAX vi UMTS. 4.2 Mng lin kt WiMAX 3GPP Nhu cu kt hp vi mng hin ti Gim chi ph trin khai bng rng. Bo v vn u t ca cc nh khai khc mng. Cung cp cc dch v tch hp ng nht. Qun l v duy tr mng n gin. Mc ch ca vic kt hp BWA vi mng hin ti: Nn tng AAA hp nht Qun l ngi s dng thng nht. Thc hin lin mng khng gii hn. Trin khai cc mng mi da trn cc mng hin c. 4.2.1 M hnh kt ni WiMAX trong 3GPP 4.2.1.1 M hnh tight-coupling Tight-coupling l mt s kt ni hai mng mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN) v mng li. Ni cch khc m hnh ny khin hai cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau cng lm vic trong mt mng li duy nht.
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c im ca mng lin kt theo m hnh tight-coupling gia 3GPP v WiMAX: Mng WiMAX kt ni vi mng li 3GPP theo cng cch ca thnh phn mng truy nhp v tuyn 3GPP. Cc cng WiMAX cn phi xut hin trong mng li ca 3GPP nh mt thnh phn RNC. Cc nt di ng phi s dng cc giao thc ca 3G trn cc card hay switch theo chun 802.16 t lp vt l ny n lp vt l khc l cn thit. Tt c cc lu lng WiMAX c a vo mng li s dng giao thc ca 3G. 3G v WiMAX cng chung c s h tng v xc thc, bo hiu, truyn tin, v tnh cc. Thc hin giao tip 3G c th em li mt s l hng v mt an ninh. Vic a lu lng WiMAX trc tip n mng li 3G lm o ln kin trc cc thnh phn mng li do SGSN/GGSN phi c xy dng li c th thc hin c cc c tnh lu lng khc v lng ti tin tng ln.

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Hnh 4.1: M hnh kt ni loose-coupling v tight-coupling gia WiMAX v 3GPP 4.2.1.2 M hnh mng loose-coupling M hnh loose-coupling l m hnh a ra mt giao tip chung cho php trao i thng tin gia cc mng. Hai cng ngh truy nhp khng c g chung nhng cc mng li c kt ni vi nhau. Thnh phn chnh cho php qun l di ng trong kin trc ny l Mobile IP. Mng lin kt WiMAX v 3GPP theo m hnh loose- coupling. c im: Truy nhp ti 3GPP AAA thng qua Internet hoc kt ni vi PDG thng qua mt router bin. PGD nh tuyn trc tip lu lng t WiMAX ti

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Internet thng qua giao din Wi m khng cn s tc ng t cc thnh phn nh SGSN hay GGSN. C th h tr cc c ch v giao thc xc thc tnh cc hay di ng c lp trong mi mng truy nhp. H tr y t mt mng truy nhp ny ti mng khc da trn c ch chuyn giao c lp. u im: Cho php kin trc lu lng v s trin khai c lp nhau em li li ch cho ngi dng ch cn mt thit b c th truy nhp ti nhiu mng khc nhau. Nhc im: WiMAX khng th s dng chung cc dch v 3GPP PS. 4.2.1.3 Mng non-roaming WiMAX- 3GPP

Intranet/Internet
3GPPHomeNetwork HSS HLR CGw/CCF

SS

Wx

D/Gr Wf

Mngtruynhp WiMAX (chockhngc mngtrunggian)

Wa

3GPP AAA
Wg Wo

OCS
Wi

WAG
Wn

PDG
Wp

Hnh 4.2: Kin trc mng non- roaming WiMAX-3GPP

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4.2.1.4 Mng roaming WiMAX- 3GPP

Wa

SS

Mngtruynhp WiMAX (chockhng cmngtrunggian)

3GPP AAAProxy Border GW(opt) Packet DataGW

Wp Wi

Wf

CGw/ CCF

Wn

Mng3GPP khch

Wd Wx

Intranet/Internet

3GPP AAA
Wm Wo

HSS HLR

D/Gr Wf

Packet CGw/ OCS DataGW CCF Mng3GPPch

Wi

Hnh 4.3: Kin trc mng roaming WiMAX-3GPP Trong m hnh c chuyn vng: Mng home chu trch nhim iu khin truy nhp. Cc bn tnh cc c to ra thng qua mng khch v mng home 3GPP. Cc giao tip Wx Wo l nhng im hot ng trong mng. Giao tip mng home 3GPP v mng 3GPP khc thng qua im tham chiu Wd. 3GPP AAA proxy s chuyn tip cc tn hiu bo hiu v cc thng tin tnh cc t Server 3GPP AAA s dng giao tip Wd. N cng c th to pht i nhng bn tnh cc thng qua mng khch khi yu cu. Giao tip gia mng 3GPP ti mng truy nhp WiMAX thng qua im tham chiu Wa.

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4.2.1.5 Mt s yu cu khi kt ni WiMAX- 3GPP 4.2.1.5.1 Yu cu v WiMAX AAA server v cc giao thc AAA Qu trnh truy nhp, xc thc, trao quyn s cung cp s truy nhp vo mng WiMAX v kt ni vi mt mng IP nh Internet s c trao quyn thng qua h thng 3GPP. Truy nhp ti mng IP bn ngoi s cho php cc SS thit lp kt ni vi mng IP bn ngoi nh mng ca cc nh iu hnh, mng intranet hay internet t mt mng IP ph hp. Trong m hnh loosely coupling vic truy nhp vo mt mng IP bn ngoi c lp hon ton vi mng truy nhp WiMAX AAA tuy nhin vic truy nhp vo mt mng IP bn ngoi t h thng lin kt 3GPP WiMAX ch c thc hin khi vic xc thc v trao quyn WiMAX hon thnh. Cng d liu gi h tr truy nhp ti mng IP bn ngoi, bao gm cc dch v da trn 3GPP PS. Trong m hnh loosely- coupling th mng truy nhp hon ton c th kt ni vi mng Internet hay Intranet. Lc ny mng truy nhp WiMAX s gm cc trm BS cc thu bao ng thi c c AAA v c th thm cc thit b khc nh router. Cc SS s gm tt c cc thit b dnh cho ngi s dng cui cng nh in thoi my tnh cc b thch ng giao tip v tuyn v.v Mng lin kt 3GPP v WiMAX s phi tp trung vo cc giao din gia cc thnh phn 3GPP v giao tip gia 3GPP vi mng WiMAX. Mi hot ng bn ngoi WiMAX ch xem xt quyt nh nh hng ca kin trc v nhng yu cu cho WiMAX. Mng lin kt 3G v WiMAX s phi c lp vi cng ngh v tuyn ca WiMAX. Yu cu v giao thc AAA: Giao thc AAA chung s c s dng cho qu trnh xc trao quyn v qu trnh thanh ton trong kin trc mng lin kt 3GPP v WiMAX.

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 Cc giao thc s dng cho mc ch thanh ton trong kin trc mng lin kt WiMAX v 3GPP s ging nh kin trc tnh cc ca 3GPP v d nh giao thc AAA c s dng bi kin trc tnh cc IMS. Nu s lin kt vi cc giao thc AAA hp php l cn thit th n s thc hin im cui v im kt thc mng 3GPP. Trong trng hp c chuyn vng th s thc hin thng qua mng khch. 4.2.1.5.2 Yu cu v iu khin truy nhp Thit lp kt ni WiMAX cho cc thu bao 3GPP s khng nh hng n kh nng to ra kt ni PS hay CS cho cng mt thu bao. Phng php phn phi kha ti mng WiMAX phi c h tr. Trao quyn s xy ra sau qu trnh xc thc thnh cng. C ch trao quyn s phi thng tin cho WiMAX ngay lp tc nhng thay i trong qu trnh cung cp dch v. C nhng chnh sch iu khin cho nhng dch v c cp cho ngi s dng. Mng phi c kh nng ch ra cho ngi dng cc iu kin c th s dng mt dch v c trao quyn. Kt qu ca qu trnh trao quyn phi c ch ra cho mng WiMAX WiMAX c th a ra nhng hnh ng tng ng. Trong trng hp c chuyn vng gia cc mng th mt s yu cu sau s cn thit: Gii php dng trong trng hp chuyn vng ny s gm cc phng thc m bo thc hin phn phi cc thng tin la chn dch v t thu bao SS ti server 3GPP AA trong mng home. Trong trng hp ny ngi s dng s la chn truy nhp trc tip ti Internet s dng mng IP, khng c thng tin la chn dch v no c a ti mng PLMN. Trong cc trng hp khc, cc dch v s c la chn bi ngi s dng, cc thng tin la chn dch v ny s cha nhng ch dn ca mng W-APN c yu cu. Server 3GPP AAA trong mng home s chng nhn v
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ngi dng ch ra cc d liu ly c t HSS. Server 3GPP AAA s la chn W-APN da trn yu cu. Cc dch v c yu cu s ch ra bi yu cu thit lp ng hm t SS ti PDG. PDG s tm kim s xc thc v trao quyn t Proxy 3GPP AAA hay Server trong cng mt mng. Kt qu ca quyt nh trao quyn ny s c a ti mng khch. Tt c cc quyt nh trao quyn c thc hin trong mng Home. Trong trng hp yu cu truy nhp dch v c a ra trong mng khch Proxy 3GPP AAA s quyt nh da trn cc chnh sch ring. 4.2.1.5.3 Yu cu v tnh cc Nhng yu cu v chc nng sau s c cp: Mng truy nhp WiMAX v vic s dng mng truy cp WiMAX ti h thng 3GPP tng ng. Mng 3GPP c th iu khin phin truy nhp mng WiMAX cho mc ch tnh cc online. Cho php nh khai thc mng duy tr ti khon tr trc cho WiMAX, PS CS v IMS ca ngi dng. H thng 3GPP c th x l cc thng tin v truy nhp mng WiMAX v chuyn i n sang cc dng thng tin c s dng trong 3GPP (CDR) 4.2.2 Cc phn t ca mng v cc im giao tip 4.2.2.1 Cc phn t ca mng 4.2.2.1.1 Thit b ca ngi s dng UE. Theo kh nng WiMAX UE c phn loi thnh 3 lp: Lp A: Trong lp ny WiMAX UE c c hai giao tip v tuyn 3G v WiMAX. WiMAX UE c th gn vi c hai mng WiMAX v 3GPP cng mt thi im. ng thi n cng h tr ngay lp tc s truy nhp ti c hai WiMAX v mng cellular 3GPP bi c hai giao tip ang kch hot.

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Lp B: Trong lp ny WiMAX UE c c hai giao tip 3GPP v WiMAX, nhng n khng h tr s truy nhp vo hai mng WiMAX v 3GPP cng mt lc v n ch hot ng trn mt giao tip ti mt thi im. Lp C: Trong lp ny WiMAX UE ch c duy nht mt giao tip v tuyn WiMAX. N ch c th gn kt vi mt mng WiMAX v truy nhp vo mng WiMAX. 4.2.2.1.2 3GPP AAA Proxy 3GPP AAA Proxy nm trong mng khch. N gm cc chc nng sau: Chuyn cc thng tin gia WiMAX v 3GPP AAA Sever a ra cc quyt nh ly t tha thun gia nh vn hnh mng 3GPP v nh vn hnh mng WiMAX v gia cc mng nh vn hnh mng 3GPP. Thng bo v cc thng tin tnh cc/ ti khon cho VPLMN CCF/CGw cho ngi dng thc hin chuyn vng. Kt thc cc dch v. ( O&M khi u v kt thc t mt mng khch) Chuyn i giao thc nu giao thc ni t mng truy nhp n 3GPP AAA Proxy v t 3GPP AAA Proxy n 3GPP AAA Server khng ging nhau. Khi s dng m hnh tightly- coupling Cc thng tin trao quyn nhn c lin quan ti thu bao yu cu tn im truy nhp trong mng home hay mng khch. 3GPP AAA Proxy c th nm mt nt mng vt l, n cng c th nm trong 3GPP AAA Server hay bt k mt nt vt l no.

Mng3GPP khch
Mngtruynhp WiMAX (chockhngc mngtrunggian) Wr/Wb Wr/Wb

Mng3GPP ch 3GPP AAA

3GPP AAAProxy

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4.2.2.1.3 3GPP AAA Server 3GPP AAA Server nm trong mng 3GPP. Chc nng nh sau: Thu nhn cc thng tin xc thc v cc d liu ca thu bao (bao gm thng tin trao quyn cho thu bao) t HLR/HSS ca mng home. Xc thc cc thu bao da trn cc thng tin xc thc ly c t HLR/ HSS. Trao i cc thng tin trao quyn ti mng truy nhp trng qua AAA Proxy. ng k a ch hay tn ca n vi HLR/HSS cho mi ln xc thc v trao quyn ti mt thu bao. Khi to v khi phc cc th tc khi 3GPP AAA server xa cc thng tin v thu bao. Cng c th hot ng nh mt AAA proxy. Duy tr cc trng thi gn kt mng truy nhp. 4.2.2.1.4 HLR/HSS HLR/HSS nm mng home ca thu bao v thc th cha cc d liu v hp ng v s xc thc thu bao. HSS cng cung cp s truy nhp ti cc thu bao m c trng thi gn kt vi cc mng khc 4.2.2.1.5 Cng truy nhp WAG Cng truy nhp l cng m thng qua n d liu t mng truy nhp hay ti mng truy nhp s c nh tuyn thng qua PLMN cung cp cc dch v da trn 3G PS. Cc cng truy nhp ny s nm trong VPLMN trong trng hp c chuyn vng v nm trong HPLMN trong trng hp khng c chuyn vng. Chc nng nh sau: Cho php VPLMN to ra cc thng tin tnh cc ti ngi dng thng qua mng truy nhp trong trng hp c chuyn vng.

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 Thc hin nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua PDG. Lc cc gi tin da trn cc thng tin mo u. Cc gi tin ny s c chuyn i nu: + chng l mt phn ca ng hm ang tn ti. + chng l cc thng ip t SS gm: cc thng ip yu cu dch v hay thit lp ng hm. V WAG khng c mi quan h ng tin cy vi cc thit b ngi dng, n khng th dng tt c cc thng ip. Tuy nhin cc thng ip t nhng a ch IP khng r rng s b loi b. Cc loi thng ip khc s do phn iu khin vn hnh mng m nhim. Nu dch v c cung cp qua PDG trong mng HPLMN th WAG s : m bo tt c cc gi tin t SS s c a n HPLMN. m bo rng cc gi tin t mt SS c trao quyn ch c a n nhng PDG tng ng trong mng HPLMN v cc gi tin t nhng ngun khc khng phi t PDG s khng c a n SS. Nu dch v c cung cp thng qua PDG trong mng VPLMN th WAG s: m bo tt c cc gi tin t SS s c a n VPLMN. m bo rng cc gi tin t mt SS c trao quyn ch c a n nhng PDG tng ng trong mng VPLMN v cc gi tin t nhng ngun khc khng phi t PDG s khng c a n SS. 4.2.2.1.6 Cng d liu gi PDG Cc dch v da trn 3GPP PS s c truy nhp thng qua cng d liu gi. Cc dch v da trn 3GPP PS s c th c truy nhp thng qua PDG thuc mng home hay thuc mng khch. Qu trnh trao quyn v la chn cc dch v s quyt nh cc dch v ny c trao quyn bi mng home hay mng khch. Vic phn tch a ch IP ca PDG s cho bit cc thng tin ny. PDG cha cc thng tin nh tuyn lin mng WiMAX v 3G: Thc hin chuyn i a ch v nh x.

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 Chp nhn hoc loi b cc im truy nhp theo quyt nh ca 3GPP AAA Server. Tip tc chuyn nhng yu cu thit lp ng hm ti PDG khc nu iu ny c ch ra bi 3GPP AAA Server.

MngWiMAX (chockhngc Wn mngtrunggian

Mng3GPPch Border Gateway PacketData Gateway

Wi

MngWiMAX (chockhngc Wn mngtrunggian)

Mng3GPP khch Border Gateway

Mng3GPP ch PacketData Gateway

Wi

4.2.2.1.6 Cng bin Border Gateway Border Gateway l mt cng ty chn, thng qua border gateway d liu gia WiMAX v PDG c th c nh tuyn

MngWiMAX (chockhngc mngtrunggian)

Wn

Border GW(opt)

Packet DataGW Wi

4.2.2.2 Cc giao din mng 4.2.2.2.1 Giao din Wa im giao din Wa kt ni mng truy nhp WiMAX, c th thng qua mt mng trung gian ti mng 3GPP. Mc ch chnh ca cc giao thc i qua giao din ny l chuyn cc thng tin xc thc trao quyn v tnh cc lin qua n cc thng tin b mt. Cc nt bn ngoi mng 3GPP s chm dt v y quyn cho cc giao din ny bo hiu v khng h tr giao thc 3GPP AAA s yu cu s chuyn i bo hiu gia giao thc AAA hp php v giao thc 3GPP AAA.

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Giao din ny s h tr giao thc xc thc EAP. Chc nng: Chc nng chnh ca giao din ny l chuyn cc khung AAA: Mang cc d liu cho qu trnh bo hiu gia SS ca WiMAX v mng 3G Mang cc d liu bo hiu cho qu trnh trao quyn gia SS ca WiMAX v 3GPP. Mang cc thng tin tnh cc trn mi thu bao. Cho php nhn dng cc nh vn hnh mng khi c s chuyn vng xy ra. Mang cc thng tin v kha cho mc ch ton vn d liu v m ha bo mt. gim ti thiu nhng yu cu trn mng truy nhp WiMAX v bo v s b mt trng thi tnh cc ca thu bao (offline hay online). 4.2.2.2.2 Giao din Wx Giao din ny nm gia 3GPP AAA Server v HSS. Mc ch c bn ca nhng giao thc i qua giao din ny v lin lc gia phn c s h tng ca WiMAX AAA v HSS. Chc nng chnh ca giao din ny l cho php: Khi phc vector xc thc v d xc thc USIM t HSS. Khi phc d liu lin quan n qu trnh truy nhp WiMAX t HSS. ng k 3GPP AAA Server ca mng WiMAX c trao quyn trong HSS. Ch ra s thay i ca d liu ca cc thu bao trong HSS. Lm trong sut cc th tc gia 3GPP AAA server v HSS. Khi phc cc a ch lin qua n tnh cc online v offline t HSS. 4.2.2.2.3 Giao din D/Gr Giao din ny nm gia 3GPP AAA Server v HLR Mc ch chnh ca cc giao thc qua giao din ny l lin lc gia WiMAX AAA v HLR da trn MAP.
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Chc nng ca im giao tip ny l cho php khi phc vector xc thc (v d nh xc thc USIM t HLR). 4.2.2.2.4 Giao din Wo Giao din Wo c s dng bi 3GPP AAA Server giao tip vi h thng tnh cc online. Giao din ny s cho cc giao thc lin quan n tnh cc online v thc hin qu trnh kim sot th tnh cc online ca thu bao. Giao din ny tng t nh giao din Ro c s dng trong 3GPP OCS. 4.2.2.2.5 Giao din Wf Giao din Wf nm gia 3GPP AAA Server v 3GPP CGF/CCF. Mc ch chnh ca giao din ny l chuyn cc thng tin lin quan n tnh cc ti cc cng tnh cc ca nh khai thc mng 3GPP, thu thp thng tin tnh cc trong mng khch hay mng home m thu bao ang c tr. Nhng thng tin c chuyn n cng tnh cc ny c s dng cho: To ra nhng thng tin tnh cc ofline cho thu bao bi cc nh khai thc mng home. Tnh ton cc ti khon lin mng cho tt c ngi s dng c chuyn vng. Cc ti khon lin mng ny c s dng thanh ton gia nh vn hnh mng khch v mng home hay gia cc mng home hay mng khch vi WiMAX Chc nng ca giao din ny l truyn cc thng tin lin quan n tnh cc cho mi ngi dng mng WiMAX. 4.2.2.2.6 Giao din Wg Giao din ny c s dng trong trong m hnh c chuyn vng. y chnh l giao tip AAA gia 3GPP AAA Server/ Proxy v WAG. N c s dng cung cp thng tin cn thit cho WAG thc hin cho php gia nhp mng bi cc ngi dng c trao quyn.

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4.2.2.2.7 Giao din Wn y l giao din gia mng truy nhp WiMAX v WAG. Giao din y s bt cc dng lu lng trn cc SS khi u ng hm thng qua WAG. iu ny c th thc hin bng mt s cch khc nhau. Tuy nhin c mt phng php ring thc hin giao din ny l tha thun ni b gia WiMAX AN v PLMN. 4.2.2.2.8 Giao din Wm Giao din ny ni gia 3GPP AAA Server v PDG. Chc nng ca giao din ny: 3GPP AAA Server khi phc thuc tnh ng hm v cc thng s cu hnh IP cho cc thu bao thng qua PDG. Mang cc thng ip cho vic xc thc dch v gia thu bao v 3GPP AAA Server. Mang cc thng ip trao quyn dch v gia PDG v 3GPP AAA Server. Mang d liu cho mc ch thit lp ng hm, xc thc v m ha d liu ngm. 4.2.2.2.9 Giao din Wp Giao din ny c s dng gia WAG v PDG. 4.2.2.2.10 Giao din Wd Giao din ny kt ni 3GPP AAA Proxy thng qua mt mng trung gian ti 3GPP AAA Server. Mc ch chnh ca giao thc qua giao din ny l truyn cc thng tin v xc thc v trao quyn m bo an ton. Chc nng chnh l truyn cc thng ip AAA bao gm: - Mang cc d liu dng cho bo hiu xc thc gia 3GPP AAA Proxy v 3GPP AAA Server. - Mang d liu dng cho bo hiu trao quyn gia 3GPP AAA Proxy v 3GPP AAA Server.

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- Mang cc thng tin v tnh cc cho ngi s dng. - Mang cc d liu v kha cho mc ch ton vn v m ha bo mt d liu. - Cho php nhn dng cc nh vn hnh mng khc nhau khi s chuyn vng xy ra. 4.3 Lin kt mng gia WiMAX v UMTS 4.3.1 Cc mng lin quan Mc ch ca s lin kt hai cng ngh truy nhp l a ra cc dch v rng khp ti ngi s dng di ng. c rt nhiu nghin cu tp trung vo vn lin kt mng gia WLAN v mng cellular. Trong cc ti liu mng khng ng nht, chng ta c th thy cc kin ngh v vic s dng thit b u cui vi kh nng giao tip kp, s cho php ngi s dng chuyn kt ni t mt mng truy nhp v tuyn ny sang mng khc m khng mt tin. tng c a ra l bt c hai giao tip v tuyn khc nhau cng hot ng trong mt thit b. Tuy nhin thc t l c nhiu giao tip tch cc s lm tng s tiu th ngun nng lng ca thit b, do lm gim thi gian hot ng ca thit b v gy ra cc vn v nhiu v cc hiu ng vt l khc. Trong phn ny chng ta ch xem xt trng hp cc thit b ch c mt giao tip v tuyn c tch cc ti mt thi im. Mng lin kt UMTS -WLAN hin ti ang c nghin cu trong 3GPP. Cho n by gi WLAN vn l mc ch chnh ca qu trnh m rng mng truy nhp 3GPP. Qu trnh chuyn giao trong mt h thng khng nm trong nhng nghin cu gn y. Trong khi cng ngh Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) bao gm qu trnh chuyn giao trong sut gia 2G v mng khng dy cng cng hoc mng ring trong bng tn khng cn cp php nh WiFi, Bluetooth gn y c quan tm nh 3GPP. 5.3.1.1 Cu trc mng WiMAX Kin trc mng Wi MAX c th c m t nh hnh 5.4 C 4 thnh phn chnh trong kin trc ny l PSS, RAS ACR v mng li ca WiMAX. PSS giao

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tip vi RAS s dng cng ngh truy nhp WiMAX. PSS cng cung cp chc nng ca qu trnh x l MAC, Mobile IP, xc thc, ti truyn tin v chuyn giao. RAS cung cp giao tip v tuyn cho PSS v quan tm n vic qun l ti nguyn v tuyn, h tr QoS v iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao. ACR ng vai tr ct yu trong dch v da trn IP bao gm nh tuyn gi tin IP, an ninh, QoS v iu khin chuyn giao, v tc nhn ngoi (Forgein Agent) trong mobile IP. ARC cng tng tc vi AA Server cho qu trnh xc thc v tnh cc ngi s dng. c th cung cp s di ng cho PSS, ACR s cung cp s chuyn giao gia RAS trong khi mobile IP cung cp chuyn giao gia cc ACR.

Hnh 4.4: Kin trc mng WiMAX 5.3.1.2 Cu trc mng UMTS UMTS cung cp dch v d liu gi cho cc ng dng d liu v dch v chuyn mch knh cho cc ng dng thoi. Mng GPRS ban u c thit k cho mng GSM, c tch hp trong UMTS cung cp dch v d liu gi. Trong UMTS mng ca cc RNC v cc nt Bs to thnh mng truy nhp RAN ( cn c gi l UTRAN)
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Mng ca mt RNC v cc nt B gi l RNS. Mi nt B hnh thnh ln mt nhm cc trm base station v mt nhm cc nt B c kt ni vi mt mng n RNC. Mng li gi (CN) gm SGSN v GGSN. Trong mng RAN, RNC nhn gi tin hng xung t SGSN v chuyn sang cc khung radio trc khi chuyn ti nt B. hng ln RNC nhn cc khung radio t nt B v chuyn thnh gi tin IP trc khi chuyn chng ti SGSN. RNC qun l ngun radio ca nt B v thit lp Radio Access Bearer (RABs). Mng li s c kt ni vi Internet thng qua GGSN. SGSN qun l trng thi di ng ca cc nt di ng, thit lp phin d liu v kim sot RAB c thit lp thng qua RNC. Gi tin IP c truyn thng qua GTP tunnel gia GGSN v SGSN v gia SGSN v RNC. GTP tunnel s dng giao thc UDP do IP c s dng cho vic truyn gi tin trong GPRS.
Uu lu

Node B RNC USIM Cu ME UE Node B RNC Node B UTRAN RNS Node B

lub

lu-CS MSC/ VLR lu-PS HLR SGSN lu-BC CN GGSN PS ext GMSC CS ext

RNS
lur

Hnh 4.5: Kin trc mng UMTS

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4.3.2 Kin trc lin mng WiMAX- UMTS 4.3.2.1 M t kin trc Trc ht s m t s khc bit gi mng lin kt UMTS-WLAN v UMTS-WiMAX. Mng WLAN trong cc vng hot-spot hnh thnh ln cc microcells trong cc UMTS macrocell. S di ng gia UMTS v WLAN c th dn ti s chuyn giao trng lp hon ton. Nh vy thi gian c yu cu cho vic chuyn t UMTS sang WLAN c th c tr ln. Hn na khi thit b di ng c kt ni vi WLAN n c th duy tr PDP context (Packet Data Protocol) ca UMTS ngay lp tc nh n c th kt ni li ngay vi UMTS m khng cn kch hot li PDP context. Tri ngc li s di ng gia UMTS v WiMAX c xem l c mt phn chuyn giao trng lp v phm vi ca WiMAX l tng ng phm vi ph sng ca UMTS. Tip theo, qu trnh chuyn giao s c thc hin nhanh chng duy tr kt ni c th khi tc di ng cao. cho php s di ng gia hai mng truy nhp UMTS v WiMAX, s a ra gii php vi mt s iu kin sau: nhng thay i v c s h tng tn ti trong mng l nh nht, thi gian thc thi l ngn. Bng vic s dng IP nh mt giao thc lin kt ph bin, cc thit b di ng c th ni vi nhiu mng m khng b gii hn bi cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau. iu ny t c bng cch s dng c ch Mobile IP n trong cc cng ngh lp di khc nhau. Kin trc lin mng gia UMTS v WiMAX nh hnh 5.6 da trn kin trc lin mng ca chun 3GPP.

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Hnh 4.6: Kin trc lin mng WiMAX-UMTS Cc thu bao di ng l cc nt di ng c th giao tip vi c hai mng UMTS v WiMAX. Tuy nhin cc nt ny ch ni vi mt mng truy nhp ti mt thi im. Do qu trnh chuyn giao gia UMTS WiMAX s l chuyn giao cng. Mng truy nhp WiMAX cung cp cc dch v truy nhp cho cc MS. S di ng bn trong mng WiMAX c qun l bi WiMAX Home Agent (HA) c t gia cng ASN v WAG. WiMAX HA khng nht thit phi c gp trong mng li 3GPP cho php n c lp vi h thng 3GPP. Foreign Agents (FA) c t trong cng ASN v c xem nh l local FA trong kin trc lin mng. WiMAX AN c kt ni vi UMTS thng qua WAG ti 3GPP AAA server dng trong qu trnh xc thc WiMAX. WAG l cng m thng qua n d liu chuyn t/ ti mng WiMAX AN c nh tuyn cung cp cc dch v 3GPP cho MS. Chc nng ca WAG bao gm bt buc nh tuyn gi tin thng qua PDG, thc thi cc thng tin v ti khon v lc gi tin. Chc nng chnh ca PDG l

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nh tuyn gi tin nhn c t/gi i t PDN ti/t MS v thc hin chc nng ca FA. S di ng trong mng UMTS c qun l bi nhng c ch di ng ca chnh n v chc nng ca FA s c thc hin trong GGSN. cho php chuyn giao dc gia hai cng ngh HA s c t trong PDN v qun l FAs ca c hai mng WiMAX v UMTS. 4.3.2.2 Qun l IP Trong mng WiMAX mi ln thit b di ng thay i cng ASN n s t c mt a ch local IP mi thng qua DHCP server. ASN GW c th bit a ch IP mi ny m cng c th hi DHCP server v a ch HA ca WiMAX v n ng vai tr nh mt DHCP chuyn tip. ASN GW sau s thng tin cho BS ang phc v v a ch IP mi ca MS v gi ng k Mobile IP cho WiMAX HA. Mt ng hm IP c th c s dng truyn gi tin IP gia WiMAX HA v FA. Mi ln thit b chuyn kt ni ti mng UMTS n s khi u th tc kch hot PDP context. a ch t xa c cung cp bi HA hoc mt thc th bn ngoi trong PDN s c gi nguyn v s c thng bo cho GGSN thng qua PDP context kch hot. a ch IP t xa l mt a ch home ton cu c s dng thng bo v a ch bn ngoi v cc nt tng ng. N c th l a ch IP tnh hoc ng ly c t HA hay mt mng bn ngoi khc khi thit b di ng ln u tin kt ni vi mng, c khm ph v c ng k vi HA. PDG/GGSN s chu trch nhim chuyn tip a ch IP t xa ca MS ti MS. 4.3.4 Th tc chuyn giao gim khong thi gian ngt qung khi chuyn giao, chng ta s ch ra th tc chuyn giao. Trc khi di b mng ang phc v cc thit b bt u chun b mt im gn kt mi trong mng ang hng ti. gim s mt mt tin trong qu trnh chuyn giao, FA c s thng bo cho HA v s di chuyn ca

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MS HA c th to mt b m d liu v chuyn chng ti MS ngay khi HA nhn c MIP mi t MS. 4.3.4.1 Chuyn giao t mng truy nhp WiMAX n UTRAN Trc khi qu trnh chuyn giao bt u, thit b di ng c ni vi dch v 3GPP thng qua mng truy nhp WiMAX. Khi MS vo vng chuyn giao, MS s o cht lng tn hiu t cc cell UMTS k cn. Nu iu kin cho php chuyn giao dc, quyt inh chuyn giao dc s c a ra. Mng UTRAN ang hng ti s c thng bo v s chuyn giao sp xy ra t mng WiMAX thng qua thng ip yu cu HO c chuyn thng qua mng li. MS s thc hin th tc gn kt GPRS vi UTRAN. iu kin qun l di ng s c thc hin MS v SGSN. Vic ng k MIP gia HA v GGSN/FA mi s c cp nht sau khi PDP context c kch hot gia GGSN v MS. Chi tit ca th tc chuyn giao ny c m t hnh 5.7

Hnh 4.7: Th tc chuyn giao t WiMAX sang UMTS

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1. Trm BS gi thng ip qung co v topo mng theo chu k thng bo cho MS ca cc trm BS k cn trong WiMAX v nt Bs. Mt phng php khc, l MS qut cc knh khc nhau tm ra topo ca ngi hm xm, tuy nhin y khng phi l gii php tt. Trong phn nghin cu ny chng ta coi nh tn ti s tha thun gia cc nh vn hnh mng WiMAX v UMTS. Do cc Nt B ca UMTS c th chuyn cc thng tin cho MS ca cell WiMAX k cn. 2. Da trn s qung co v topo mng, MS s thc hin ng b v o tn hiu. Bin php chuyn trng thi trong mt h thng c th da trn s suy gim tn hiu o c hoc da trn s cn thit chuyn i gia hai cng ngh truy nhp h tr yu cu QoS cao hn, v chi ph thp hn. V WiMAX hot ng trong m hnh TDD, trong sut khong thi gian mt khung hng xung, ch c mt vi k hiu OFDM c thng bo ti thit b di ng. V vy thi gian duy tr c th c s dng o tn hiu cc cell ca hng xm. Ch rng o c cn thn trn cc cell UMTS cc thng tin nh m scrambling, tn s sng mang s c gp trong thng ip qung co mng. 3. Sau bc o c tn hiu MS s gi bo co v cc thng s ny cho BS. Bn thng bo ny s cha mc cht lng tn hiu ca cc cell UMTS ng c. 4. Trm BS WiMAX s khi u th tc chuyn giao bng cch cng b v UMTS ch thng qua yu cu chuyn giao (HO). PDG s thc hin yu cu DNS bit v a ch ca GGSN s phc v APN ca MS hin ti. Khi PDG la chn c mt GGSN trong mt lot cc danh sch GGSN t qu trnh yu cu DNS v gi yu cu HO ti ci c chn. Nu PDG khng nhn bt k s p li no t GGSN trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, n s la chn mt GGSN khc trong dch sch tm thy v gi li thng ip yu cu HO. 5. GGSN sau s gi thng ip yu cu HO ti SGSN s phc v cc nt B c ch ra. c th khi phc li a ch ca SGSN ang phc v mt nt B no , chng ta cho rng server DNS hay Home Location Register (HLR) lu tr nhng thng tin nh tuyn ny.
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6. Mng RAN ch s thit lp cc ngun thng tin bao gm ngun radio cho MS. Bc ny nhm mc ch kim tra xem nt B UMTS ng c c th chp nhn s chuyn giao ca MS vi mc QoS a ra hay khng. 7. Nt B m cho php s chuyn giao ca MS s gi thng ip h tr HO ti ASN GW c chc nng quyt nh chuyn giao. 8. Sau khi nhn c thng ip h tr chuyn giao, ASN GW la chn cell UMTS tt nht v gi li cu lnh HO cho MS. Thng ip ny bao gm s gii thiu v nt B mi v cc thng tin yu cu thit lp mt kt ni mi. Ti qu trnh trao i ny c th s phi yu cu mt s lng ln thng tin v s thm tr vo qu trnh chuyn giao, do vy ngi ta thng thch s dng c ch cu hnh trc. iu ny c ngha l mt s lng tham chiu tng ng vi mt tp cc thng s UTRAN c xc nh trc s c thm vo cu lnh chuyn giao. MS s ly nhng thng tin cu hnh v tuyn trc. Trong sut khong thi gian kt ni tm thi, MS c th cu hnh li kt ni cho ph hp. 9. Ngay sau ASN GW gi thng ip khng nh s thnh cng ca qu trnh chuyn giao, bao gm nhn dng nt B mi ti PDG/FA. Ngun v tuyn c cp pht trong mng WiMAX s c gii phng. 10. Sau khi nhn c thng ip xc nhn s chuyn giao. PDG/FA s gi thng ip cp nht ti HA thng bo v s di chuyn ca MS. HA s dng vic gi gi tin cho MS thng qua PDG/FA ny v s dng b m cha tin cho n khi n nhn c mt MIP mi t mng ch UMTS. 11. MS thc hin th tc gn kt vi mng UTRAN. Th tc gn kt s bao gm vic truy nhp vo SGSN, xc thc vi AAA Server v cp nht v v tr. 12. Sau khi thc hin gn kt GPRS thnh cng, MS s bt u kch hot PDG context thng qua MS s thng bo v a ch IP t xa (a ch home ton cu ca n) ti GGSN. 13. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp gia GGSN/FA mi v MS, GGSN/FA mi ny s thc hin ng k MIP vi HA bao gm a ch IP t xa ca MS v a ch ca chnh GGSN/FA . D liu s c chuyn ti MS thng qua mt nt B v th tc chuyn giao hon thnh.

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4.3.4.2 Chuyn giao t UTRAN ti mng truy nhp WiMAX Trc khi qu trnh chuyn giao bt u, MS nm trong mng UMTS. Khi MS di chuyn sang vng chung gia hai mng, n c th o v cht lng tn hiu t cc trm BS xung quanh. Khi mng quyt nh chuyn giao sang mngWiMAX, MS s thit lp kt ni vi mng truy nhp WiMAX, thc hin xc thc v cp nht vic ng k MIP v.v. S chuyn giao t cell UMTS ti cell WiMAX c m t nh hnh 5.8

Hnh 4.8: Th tc chuyn giao t UMTS sang WiMAX 1.UTRAN s chu trch nhim pht hin nhu cu chuyn giao v qu trnh o c cc thng s trong h thng lc ban u bng cch gi i cc thng ip kim sot s o c ny ti MS. Thng ip ny cha cc thng tin v ngi hng xm WiMAX, cc dng m hnh c nn, v.v 2. Trong khi MS s dng dng m hnh FDD, thc hin c vic o t cc thng s cc cell WiMAX, n phi s dng m hnh nn. Ch rng

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vic o t ti cell WiMAX c thc hin phn mo u ca mi khung WiMAX. 3. Sau khong thi gian o t, MS gi thng bo v kt qu c c ti mng. Bo co ny chc cc thng s ch ra mc tn hiu ca cc trm pht sng WiMAX k cn. 4. RNC s bt u th tc chuyn giao bng cch thng bo cho trm BS ch v v tr ca thit b s thc hin chuyn giao. Thng ip yu cu HO gm c APN ca MS, nhn dng BS ng c, mc yu cu QoS ca ng dng hin ti v.v s c gi n GGSN. GGSN s thc hin yu cu DNS bit v a ch ca PDG ang phc v APN hin ti ca MS. GGSN la chn mt PDG trong danh sch c c v gi ti n thng ip yu cu HO. Nu GGSN khng nhn c bt k thng ip no p li t PDG sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, n s gi thng ip yu cu HO ti PDG khc trong danh sch. Thng ip yu cu HO s c chuyn ti trm BS c kh nng da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn PDG. Mc ch ca bc ny l kim tra liu trm BS ch c th chp nhn s chuyn giao vi mc QoS nh yu cu hay khng. 5. Trm BS ca WiMAX cung cp s chuyn giao s chuyn HO h tr RNC. 6. RNC s la chn trm BS WiMAX ch tt nht trong s cc trm BS c h tr v gi cu lnh HO ti MS. Thng ip ny bao gm tt c cc thng tin yu cu cho vic thit lp kt ni la chn mt BS WiMAX ch. 7. Ngay sau RNC gi thng ip xc nhn HO. Thit b di ng s khng kt ni vi UMTS m bt u kt ni vi BS WiMAX. 8. Sau khi nhn c thng ip xc nhn chuyn giao, GGSN/FA gi thng ip cp nht MIP ti HA thng bo v s di chuyn ca MS. HA sau s dng vic gi cc gi tin ti MS thng qua GGSN/FA v dng b m li vo cha cc gi tin cho n khi n nhn c MIP mi t mng WiMAX. 9. Da trn cc thng tin trong thng ip yu cu HO, trm BS ca WiMAX s cung cp c hi ranging khi u m khng c cnh tranh ti MS bng cch thay th Fast Ranging Information Element trong UL-MAP. Thng tin ny s hu ch cho vic thit lp kt ni RAN ca MS. Nu khng MS s phi
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thc hin th tc ranging ban u theo cch thng thng nh vy s mt nhiu thi gian. 10. MS bt u vic thit lp kt ni bng cch trao i Ranging Request (RNGREQ)/Ranging Response (RNG-RSP) vi trm BS WiMAX ch. 11. Trong mng truy nhp WiMAX, MS s thc hin yu cu DHCP c c a ch IP mi. Trong hon cnh ny, chng ta m t th tc cp pht a ch da trn c ch IPv4. Nu s dng IPv6, vic cp a ch s c thc hin bi c ch Stateless Address Autoconfiguration m khng c s hin din ca DHPC server. Thng qua th tc ny, ASN GW cng bit c a ch ca WiMAX HA m ang phc v cho qu trnh ng k MIP trong bc tip theo. 12. MS thc hin vic ng k MIP lin kt a ch ni b ca n vi phn qun l a ch. 13. MS thc hin phn gii DNS i vi a ch ca PDG. MS s dng APN ch ra dch v mng mun truy nhp. Yu cu DNS s c chuyn ti ASN GW m ang thc hin chuyn yu cu ny ti DNS Server. MS s la chn PDG ph hp trong s danh sch PDG c a ra trong thng ip p li DNS. Ch rng vic la chn PDG y rt khc so vi vic la chn PDG bi GGSN trong bc yu cu hay h tr HO. 14. MS s thit lp ng hm u cui vi PDG chn s dng giao thc IKEv2. Thng qua qu trnh ny, MS s bo cho PDG v a ch IP t xa hay a ch cc b. Mi ln thay i mng ASN, thu bao s c mt a ch IP cc b mi v do mt ng hm mi s c to nn. Lin quan n s di ng gia cc mng WiMAX, thi gian yu cu cho vic thit lp mt ng hm IPsec mi khi thay i ASN c th rt lu v s di chuyn khng hn ch l khng t c. tng tc cho vic cp ng hm IPsec, c th s dng c ch MOBIKE. 15. PDG thc hin ng k vi HA ngay khi n c thng bo v a ch IP t xa ca MS. Cc gi tin s c chuyn ti MS thng qua WiMAX AN. Th tc chuyn giao hon thnh.

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4.4 Kt lun Trong phn ny va gii thiu kin trc mng lin kt gia UMTS v WiMAX da trn chun 3GPP v a ra cc th tc chuyn giao ha hn nhng c im nh t l mt tin thp, thi gian gin on ngn trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao. S di ng gia hai mng truy nhp t c bng c ch Mobile IP lp mng. S mt gi tin trong chuyn giao gim v FA c thng bo cho HA v s di chuyn ca MS v HA s lu d liu tm thi. Kin trc lin mng ny khng yu cu s thay i no v c s h tng, y l mt u im ln nht. S chuyn giao c a ra cn trao i thng ip gia PDG v GGSN, c xem nh ang phc v APN vi s gip ca DNS server. Trong trng hp MS kt ni vi nhiu APN th tc chuyn giao s phc tp hn v s c nghin cu sau.

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Thut ng vit tt 3G AAA ACK ACR ADSL AES AK AP APN ARQ ASK ATM BER BPSK BS BSS BT BTS BWA CBC 3rd Genneration (of Mobile networks) Authentication Authority and Accounting Acknowledgement Access Control Router Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line Advanced Encryption Standard Authorization Key Access Point Access Point Name Automatic Repeat Request Amplitude Shift Keying Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bit Error Rate Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Basic Service Set Bandwidth-Time product Base Transmit Station Broadband Wireless Access Cipher block Chaining Mng di ng th h th 3 Nhn thc, cp quyn v tnh cc Xc nhn Router iu khin truy nhp ng dy thu bao s khng i xng Chun m ha d liu cao cp Kha trao quyn im truy nhp Tn im truy nhp T ng lp li yu cu Kho dch chuyn bin Phng thc truyn dn ng b T s li bt Kho dch pha nh phn Trm gc B dch v c s Tch thi gian- rng bng tn Trm pht sng gc Truy nhp bng rng khng dy Mt phng php m ha bo mt

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CCK CCS CDMA CFB CID CN CPE

Complementary Code Keying Common Channel Signaling Code Division Multiple Access Cipher Feedback

Kho m b xung Bo hiu knh chung a truy nhp phn chia theo m Mt phng php m ha bo mt Nhn dng kt ni Mng li Thit b ngi dng Chuyn mch knh a truy nhp cm ng sng mang CSMA trnh xung t Mt dng nhn thi gian Xo pht La chn tn s ng Giao thc cu hnh Host ng H thng tn min

Connection Identify Core Network Customer Premise Equipment CS Channel Switched CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CA CSMA with Collision Avoidance CTR Couter CTS Clear To Send DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DNS Domain Name System DOCSIS Data over Cable Service Interface Specification DSL Digital Subcriber Line ECB Electronic Codebook EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution

ng dy thu bao s Mt phng php m ha bo mt Tc d liu tng cng cho pht trin GSM

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ESS ETSI FBWA FDD FEC FSK GFR GGSN GMH GPC GPRS GPSS GSM HA HEC Hiper LAN HLR HMAC HO HPLMN

Extended Service Set European Telecom Standard Institute Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Frequency Division Duplex Forward Error Correction Frequency Shift Keying Guaranteed Frame Rate Gateway GPRS Support Node Generic MAC Header Grant per Connection General Packet Radio Service Grant per Subcriber Station Global System for Mobile Communications Home Agent Header Error Check High Performance LAN Home Location Register Hashed Message Authentication Code Handoff Home Public Land Mobile Network

B dch v m rng Vin tiu chun Vin thng chu u Truy nhp bng rng khng dy c nh Song cng phn chia theo tn s Sa li trc Kho dch chuyn tn s Tc khung c m bo Nt h tr cng GPRS Phn mo u chung lp MAC Cp pht cho mi kt ni Dch v v tuyn gi chung Cp pht cho mi thu bao H thng thng tin ton cu cho in thoi di ng Tc nhn ch Kim tra li mo u LAN cht lng cao B ng k v tr thng ch M xc thc thng ip Hashed Chuyn giao Mng di ng mt t cng cng ch

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IEEE IFS IMS IP ISM ISO LAN LLC LOS

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers InterFrame Space IP Multimedia Subsystem Internet Protocol Industry Science Medicine International Organization for Standardization Local Area Network Logical Link Control (layer) Line-Of-Sight

MAC MAN MIC MIMO MPDU MSDU NIC NLOS NNI nrtPS OFB OFDM

Medium Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Message Integrity Code Multiple-Input, MultipleOutput MAC Protocol Data Unit MAC Service Data Unit Network Interface Card Non-Line-Of-Sight Network- network Interface non-real time Polling Service Output Feedback Orthogonal Frequency

Hip hi cc k s in v in t Khong cch gia cc khung Phn h a phng tin IP Giao thc Internet Bng tn cng nghip, k thut v y t T chc quc t chuyn v cc tiu chun Mng cc b Lp iu khin kin kt vt l Phng thc truyn v tuyn cn phi tho mn tm nhn thng iu khin truy nhp mi trng Mng khu vc th M ton vn thng ip Nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra Khi d liu giao thc MAC Khi d liu dch v MAC Card giao tip mng Khng tm nhn thng Giao din mng- mng Dch v kim sot khng cn thi gian thc Mt phng php m ha bo mt Ghp phn chia tn s trc

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OFDMA OSI PAN PDA PDG PDN PDU PHS PHY PKM PMP PS PS PSK PSS PSTN PTP PVC QAM QoS QPSK RADIUS

Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Open Systems Interconnection Personal Area Network Personal Digital Assistance

giao a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao Quan h gia cc h thng m Mng c nhn Thit b h tr c nhn k thut s Packet Data Gateway Cng d liu gi Packet Data Network Mng d liu gi Protocol Data Unit n v d liu giao thc Payload Header Suppression Chn mo u ti tin Physical Lp vt l Privacy Key Management Qun l kha bo mt Point-to-multipoint im - a im Packet Switched Chuyn mch gi Physical Slot Khe vt l Phase Shift Keying Kho dch chuyn pha Portable Subcriber Station Trm thu bao di ng Public Switched Telephone Mng in thoi chuyn Network mch cng cng Point-to-point im-im Permanent Virtual Circuit Knh o c hu Quadrature Amplitude Phng php iu ch bin Modulation cu phng Quality of Service Cht lng dch v Quadrature Phase Shift Kho dch chuyn pha cu Keying phng Remote Authentication Dial- L giao thc xc thc dng in user service trong dch v truy nhp

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RAN RAS RLC RNC RNS rtPS RTS SA SAP SDU SGSN SNMP SNR SOFDM

Radio Access Network Radio Access System Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Network Subsystem real-time Polling Service Request To Send Security Association Service Access Point Service Data Unit Serving GPRS Support Node Simple Network Management Protocol Signal to Noise Ratio Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Soft Permanent Virtual Circuit Subcriber Station Switched Virtual Circuit Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Duplex Time Division Duplexing

internet bng phng php quay s Mng truy nhp v tuyn H thng truy nhp v tuyn iu khin lin kt v tuyn B iu khin mng v tuyn Phn h mng v tuyn Dch v kim sot thi gian thc Yu cu gi Lin kt an ninh im truy nhp dch v n v d liu dch v Nt h tr phc v GPRS Giao thc qun l mng n gin T s tn hiu / tp m Ghp phn chia tn s trc giao m rng Knh o c hu mm Trm thu bao Knh o chuyn mch Giao thc iu khin truyn dn Song cng phn chia theo thi gian Song cng phn chia theo thi gian

SPVC SS SVC TCP TDD TDD

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TDES TDM TDMA TEK TFTP UE UMTS UNI UTRAN UWB VPLMN WAG WEP WiMAX WLAN WMAN

Triple Data Encryption Standard Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple Access Traffic Encryption Key Trivial File Transfer Protocol User Equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunication System User-Network Interface UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Ultra Wireless Broadband Visited Public Land Mobile Network WiMAX Access Gateway Wire Encryption Protocol Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

Chun m ha d liu 3 ln S truyn dn knh phn chia theo thi gian a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Kha bo mt d liu Giao thc chuyn giao file thng thng Thit b ngi dng H thng vin thng di ng ton cu Giao din gia ngi s dng v mng Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS Siu bng thng Mng di ng mt t cng cng khch Cng truy nhp WiMAX Giao thc m ha bo mt hu tuyn Truy nhp sng ngn tng tc ton cu Mng v tuyn cc b Mng v tuyn khu vc th

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Ti liu tham kho [1] D. Johnston and J. Walker, Overview of 802.16 Security, IEEE Privacy & Security Magazine, pp. 4048, May 2004. [2] E. Agis, H. Mitchel, S. Ovadia, S. Asisi, S. Bakshi, P. Iyer, M. Kibria, C. Rogers, and J. Tsai, Global, Interoperable BroadbandWireless Networks: ExtendingWiMax Technology to Mobility, Intel Technology Journal, vol. 8, pp. 173187, Aug. 2004. [3] IEEE, IEEE Standard 802.16-2000 Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Part 16, IEEE Press, New York, 2001 [4] Intel White Paper, IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX, Broadband Access For Everyone,2003 [5] Muhammad Jaseemuddin. An Architecture for Integrating UMTS and 802.11 WLAN Networks, 8th IEEE ISCC,p.716, 2003. [6] www.developer/intel.org [7] Thomas Hardjono and Lakshminaths R. Dondeti security in Wireless LANs and MANs [8] Masters thesis: Denial of service vulnerrabilities in IEEE 802.16 wireless network, Derrick D.Boom, 10/2004. [9] IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, 06/2001 [10] IEEE Standards 802.16a 2003 [11] IEEE Standards 802.16 REVd - 2004 [12] IEEE : http://www.ieee.org/16/ [13] WIMAX FORUM, 2002. An Introduction to the World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum. http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads.asp.
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[14] WIMAX FORUM, 2003. WiMAX Overview. http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads.asp [15] 3GPP,3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking; System description, TS 23.234 v6.4.0 March 2005. [16]A Tightly-coupled Integration Scheme between WiBro and cdma2000 mobile networks_Hongsung Chang1, Yong Chang1, and Jinsung Cho2 [17] BWA : combined with 3G by ZTE Corporation, PR China [18] Understanding WiFi and WiMAX as Metro- Access Solution. White paper of Intel. [19] Seminar Topic: The IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access; Physical Layer (PHY), Medium Access Control Layer (MAC), Radio Resource Management (RRM).

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