Bi PAR Cam

1
MC LC
Trang ph ba .............................................................................................................. i
Li cam oan.............................................................................................................. ii
Li cm n ................................................................................................................iii
MC LC ................................................................................................................. 1
DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU................................................................. 3
M U ................................................................................................................... 4
1. L do chn ti..................................................................................................... 4
2. Nhim v................................................................................................................ 5
3. i tng nghin cu ............................................................................................. 5
4. Phng php nghin cu ........................................................................................ 5
5. Lnh vc nghin cu ............................................................................................... 5
6. Lch s nghin cu ................................................................................................. 5
chng 1
TNG QUAN V TI LIU
1.1. S lc v nguyn t Bitmut ............................................................................... 6
1.1.1. V tr cu to v trng thi t nhin ca Bitmut [4, 10]............................... 6
1.1.2. Tnh cht ca Bitmut [4, 10] ...................................................................... 7
1.1.3. Kh nng to phc v mt s phng php xc nh Bitmut [10] .............. 9
1.1.3.1. Kh nng to phc ca Bitmut vi thuc th PAR .............................. 9
1.1.3.2. Kh nng to phc ca Bimut vi cc thuc th khc ....................... 10
1.1.4. Mt s ng dng ca Bitmut [10] ............................................................ 13
1.2. Thuc th Xilen da cam (XO) v ng dng [3, 9].............................................. 14
1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Xilen da cam (XO) ............................................................ 14
1.2.2. Kh nng to phc ca XO ...................................................................... 15
1.2.3. ng dng ca XO.................................................................................... 15
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chng 2
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU V K THUT THC NGHIM
2.1. Cc phng php nghin cu phc cht [6, 7, 8] ............................................... 17
2.1.1. Cc phng php trc quang xc nh thnh phn ca phc .................... 17
2.1.1.1. Phng php t s mol....................................................................... 17
2.1.1.2. Phng php ng phn t gam ........................................................ 18
2.1.1.3. Phng php hiu sut tng i ( Staric- Barbanel)......................... 19
2.1.2. Phng php Komar xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca phc ......... 21
2.2. K thut thc nghim ......................................................................................... 23
2.2.1. Dng c v thit b nghin cu ................................................................ 23
2.2.2. Ha cht .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.3. Cch tin hnh th nghim ....................................................................... 23
chng 3
KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. Nghin cu hiu ng to phc gia Bi(III) - XO................................................ 25
3.2. S ph thuc mt quang ca phc Bi(III) - XO vo thi gian ....................... 26
3.3. S ph thuc mt quang ca phc Bi(III) - XO vo pH ................................ 27
3.4. Xc nh thnh phn ca phc Bi(III)- XO ........................................................ 28
3.4.1. Phng php t s mol ............................................................................. 28
3.4.2. Phng php h ng phn t gam .......................................................... 29
3.4.3. Phng php hiu sut tng i ( Staric- Barbanel) ............................... 30
3.5. Phng trnh ng chun ca phc Bi(III)-XO................................................ 32
3.6. Xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca ca phc Bi(III)-XO ........................... 33
3.6.1. Theo phng php Komar ....................................................................... 33
3.6.2. Theo phng php thc nghim............................................................... 34
KT LUN V KIN NGH .................................................................................. 35
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 36
DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU

Danh mc cc bng biu:
Bng 3.1. S ph thuc mt quang vo bc sng.............................................. 25
Bng 3.2. S ph thuc mt quang vo thi gian. ................................................ 27
Bng 3.3. S ph thuc mt quang vo pH ......................................................... 28
Bng 3.4. S ph thuc mt quang vo nng ca XO..................................... 29
Bng 3.5. S ph thuc mt quang vo VBi(III) v VXO......................................... 30
Bng 3.6. S ph thuc mt quang vo CXO ......................................................... 31
Bng 3.7. S ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III) (phng php hiu sut tng i) 31
Bng 3.8. S ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III) (ng chun) .............................. 32
Bng 3.9. Kt qu xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca phc
Bi(III)- XO theo phng php Komar .............................................................. 34
Bng 3.10. Kt qu xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca dung dch phc Bi(III)XO theo phng php thc nghim .................................................................. 34
Danh mc cc hnh v:
Hnh 2.1. th biu din s ph thuc A vo CR/CM (CM/CR) ............................... 17
Hnh 2.2. th biu din s ph thuc mt A vo VM/(VR+VM) ........................ 18
Hnh 2.3. ng cong hiu sut tng i ............................................................... 20
Hnh 3.1. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo bc sng ...................... 26
Hnh 3.2. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo thi gian. ....................... 27
Hnh 3.3. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo pH. ................................ 28
Hnh 3.4. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo VXO/VBi ......................... 29
Hnh 3.5. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo VBi(III)/(VXO+VBi(III)) ....... 30
Hnh 3.6. th biu din s ph thuc A/CXO vo A/Agh ........................................ 31
Hnh 3.7. th biu din s ph thuc A/CBi(III) vo A/Agh ..................................... 32
Hnh 3.8. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III) ............................. 33
M U
1. L do chn ti
Bitmut l nguyn t tng i ph bin trong t nhin (chim 2.10-6 % cc
nguyn t trong v tri t). Ngy nay, Bitmut c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh
vc nh: y hc, m phm, sn xut gang thp, gm s, dng lm cht xc tc, dng
trong cc que hn,
c bit trong nhng nm u thp nin 90, cc nghin cu nh gi Bitmut c
th thay th c ch trong nhiu ng dng v tnh khng c hi ca n. y chnh l
pht hin quan trng va p ng c nhu cu ca con ngi va hn ch gy
nhim mi trng do nhng tc hi ca ch gy ra. Chnh v th m vai tr ca n ngy
cng c nng cao.
Bn cnh Bitmut l nguyn t c chu k bn r rt di. Theo phn r alpha ca
Bi209 l 1,9.1019 nm, iu ny c ngha l bitmut l mt cht phng x rt chm, vi
chu k bn r gp c hng t ln tui v tr. Do chu k bn r qu ln, Bitmut c th
coi l n nh v khng phng x. Bitmut cng l cht tng i bn v mt ha hc
nn cng ngy phm vi ng dng ca Bitmut cng c m rng. Chnh v th m
Bitmut l i tng ca nhiu cng trnh nghin cu vi nhiu lnh vc v mc ch
khc nhau. Nghin cu phc cht ca Bitmut vi thuc th hu c bng phng php
trc quang l mt trong nhng phng php cho php xc nh Bitmut vi nhy,
chnh xc v chn lc cao, thc hin c nhanh, thun li, thit b n gin v d
t ng ha. Cng vi Bitmut th Xilen da cam c nh gi l thuc th ph bin
dng xc nh kim loi. iu ng quan tm l hai cht ny c th to phc mu
bn v c ng dng dng xc nh Bitmut vi chnh xc cao.
Xut pht t thc tin trn, chng ti chn ti: Nghin cu s to phc
gia Bi(III) vi Xilen da cam (XO) bng phng php trc quang.
2. Nhim v
Trong ti ny chng ti tp trung nghin cu cc vn sau:
- Nghin cu s to phc gia Bi(III)- XO, xc nh iu kin to phc ti u cho
vic hnh thnh phc.
- Xc nh thnh phn ca phc trong h Bi(III)- XO.
- Xc nh phng trnh ng chun v h s hp th phn t gam ca phc
Bi(III)- XO.
3. i tng nghin cu: phc Bi(III)- XO
4. Phng php nghin cu
-
Nghin cu gio trnh
T nghin cu
Thc hnh th nghim
X l s liu theo phng php thng k ton hc
5. Lnh vc nghin cu: ng dng trin khai

6. Lch s nghin cu
Trc y c nhiu ti nghin cu v vn ny v t c nhng kt
qu quan trng: tm ti u , h s , vi mt s kt qu khc.
ti ny chng ti cng nghin cu s to phc ca Bi(III) vi XO nhm khng
nh li nhng kt qu . Mt khc c th tm ra nhng kt qu mi ph hp hn.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V TI LIU
1.1. S lc v nguyn t Bitmut

1.1.1. V tr cu to v trng thi t nhin ca Bitmut [4, 10]
Bitmut l kim loi thuc nhm VA, chu k 6 trong bng h thng tun hon
K hiu: Bi
Z = 83
Phn loi
kim loi yu
Khi lng nguyn t
208,98040 .v.C
Bn knh nguyn t (calc.) 160 pm

Bn knh cng ho tr
146 pm
Cu hnh electron
[Xe]4 f 145 d 106 s 26 p 3
e- trn mc nng lng
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Nng lng ion ha:
Mc nng lng ion ha
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
Nng lng ion ho (eV)
8,0
16,6
25,4
45,1
55,7
So vi I1, I2, I3, th I4, I5 c gi tr rt ln nn d dng bc 3e ra khi nguyn t,

do Bitmut tn ti dng s oxi ha +3.
Trng thi t nhin: Bitmut c tng i ph bin trong thin nhin, chim 2.10-6
% trong tng s nguyn t ca v tri t. N tn ti ch yu di dng khong vt
sunfua (Bi2S3). Ngoi ra n thng nm ln trong khong vt vi cc kim loi khc.
1.1.2. Tnh cht ca Bitmut [4, 10]
- Tnh cht vt l
Bitmut gin, d chy, kt tinh mu trng nh hng v cc vt xn ng nh nhiu
mu.
Trong s cc kim loi nng, bitmut l bt thng do c tnh ca n thp hn
nhiu so vi ca cc nguyn t k cn trong bng tun hon nh Ch, Tali v Antimon.
Thng thng, n cng c coi l nguyn t c ng v n nh nng nht, nhng
hin nay ngi ta bit rng iu ny khng hon ton ng. Khng c kim loi no
l nghch t t nhin nhiu hn Bitmut. Trong s cc kim loi, n c dn nhit km,
ch hn thy ngn.
Phn t dng hi ca Bitmut gm 4 nguyn t. 20000C, trong phn t Bitmut
c cn bng:
Bi4
2Bi2
4Bi
Khi nhit ln hn 2000oC ch c phn t 1 nguyn t.

Mt s thng tin v Bi:
Tnh cht vt l
Trng thi vt cht
rn
B ngoi
trng nh hng
Cu trc tinh th
hnh hp mt thoi
Khi lng ring, cng 9.780 kg/m, 2,25

im nng chy
544,7 K (520,7 F )
im si
1.837 K (2.847 F)
Trng thi trt t t
nghch t
Th tch phn t
21,31 10-6 m/mol
Nhit bay hi
151 kJ/mol
Nhit nng chy
11,3 kJ/mol
p sut hi
100.000 Pa ti 1.835 K
Vn tc m thanh
1.790 m/s ti r.t K
m in
2,02 ( thang Pauling )
Nhit dung ring
25,52 J/(kgK)
dn in
7,752x105 /m
dn nhit
7,97 W/(mK)
- Tnh cht ha hc
Bitmut l nguyn t bn cui cng trong bng h thng tun hon.
Vi cc kim loi kim, kim th v mt s kim loi khc, Bitmut tng tc to
nn Bitmutua, b axit phn hy d dng:
Bi + Mg
Mg3Bi2
Vi cc kim loi cn li chng to nn hp kim

Bi khng tan trong HCl, nhng tan trong HNO3, H2SO4 long, b th ng trong
HNO3 c:
Bi + HNO3
Bi(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
2Bi + 6H2SO4
Bi2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Tc dng vi halogen:
2Bi + 5F2
2Bi + 3E2
2BiF5
2BiE3
Vi E: Cl, Br, I
Tc dng vi oxi: Bitmut chy vi ngn la mu xanh lam v oxit ca n to ra

khi mu vng.
4Bi + 3O2
2Bi2O3
Bi + 3HCl() + HNO3()
BiCl3 + NO + 2H2O
Tc dng vi cng thy:
1.1.3. Kh nng to phc v mt s phng php xc nh Bitmut [10]

1.1.3.1. Kh nng to phc ca Bitmut vi thuc th PAR
Theo cc ti liu m chng ti thng k, cc thng s v phc Bi(III)- PAR
c trnh by trong bng sau:
10
Ion
pHtu
max(nm)
Bi3+
3,0 4,0
6,0 6,5
2,8 4,0
6,0 6,7
0,0 3,5
3,5 5,0
2,8 4,0
5,8 6,7
530
540
520
540
515
520
520
535
.104
1,54 0,04
2,98 0,10
0,78 0,10
2,84 0,02
1,07
1,35 0,04
2,85 0,02
lg
Bi:R
18,2
17,2
17,47 0,37
36,81 0,19
1:1
1:2
1:1
1:2
1:1
1:1
1:1
1:2
Cc tham s nh lng v phc n ligan Bi(III)- PAR trong cc cng trnh l

khng ging nhau, c bit l cc gi tr max , hoc cha y v gi tr hng s
bn.
1.1.3.2. Kh nng to phc ca Bimut vi cc thuc th khc
Bitmut c kh nng to phc mu vi nhiu thuc th khc nhau.
Theo ng Xun Th, Lisicki N.M v cc cng s, Bimut c kh nng to phc mu da
cam vi iotdua max = 460 nm ,trong mi trng H2SO4 0,5M.
Zhang .G vi cc cng s s dng phn ng mu vi iotdua v phn ng to
phc lin hp gia ion Bi3+ - I- vi cc phm nhum cha Nit hay Bi3+ - I- Rodamine- 6G hay khi c mt cht hot ng b mt nh gomarabic. Phc to thnh
c h s hp th phn t gam = 6,9.105 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 560 nm hoc ru
polivinylic, phc to thnh c h s hp th phn t
= 6,9.105 l.mol-1.cm-1
max = 564 nm.

Bitmut cn c kh nng to phc vi Tribrommochloro phosphonazo (TBCPA)
pH = 2,4 trong mi trng KNO3 v HNO3, phc to thnh c h s hp th phn t
= 1,05.105 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 640 nm
11
Theo Lisicki N.M. v cc cng s, Bimut to phc vi thioure trong mi trng

axit phc mu vng c t l 1 : 3 max = 460 nm, vic xc nh Bimut bng thioure
khng b cn tr khi c mt Pb n 1%, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, As, v Sn n 0,1%.
Bitmut to c nhiu phc vng cng vi cc thuc th hu c, nht l kh nng
to phc trong mi trng axit mnh cho php xc nh chn lc Bitmut khi c mt cc
cation khc bng phng php trc quang, chic trc quang hay chun trc quang.
C th chia cc thuc th hu c to phn ng mu vi Bitmut thnh 3 loi:
* Kh nng to phc vi nhm hp cht mu azo
Subrahmnyam, Eshwar, nghin cu kh nng to phc gia Bi(III) vi 1- (2pyridylazo)- 2 Napthol (PAN) theo t l 1 : 1 trong mi trng HNO3 pH = 3,2 3,6 c
h s hp th phn t
= 1,37.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 560 nm.
Subrahmnyam v cc cng s, nghin cu kh nng chic phc PAN- Bi(III)SCN bng dung mi metyl isobutyl xeton trong mi trng HNO3 0,02M phc cho
mu bn trong 15 gi, h s hp th phn t
= 1,88.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 560 nm.
C th xc nh c t lng ln cc ion cn, nhng khng xc nh c khi c mt

CuSO4, CoSO4 hay EDTA. Ngoi ra phc PAN-Bi(III)- SCN cn c th chit bng
dung mi tributyl photphat (TBP) trong mi trng axit.
L Th Thanh Tho nghin cu kh nng chic phc PAR- Bi(III)- SCN trong
dung mi ru n-butylic bo ha nc trong mi trng HNO3 (pH = 2,8 3,2) phc
bn trong khong 3 gi vi h s hp th phn t
= 3,38.104 l.mol-1.cm-1
max = 520 nm.

Ngoi ra Bitmut cn to kh nhiu phc bn vi cc hp cht mu azo trong vng
axit mnh c phc mu , tm hoc xanh nh phc vi 4- (4- nitrophenylazo)- 1, 2dioxibenzen (DHNAB) c mu hoc 4- (4- sulfophenylazo)- 1, 2- dioxibenzen
(DHSAB) c mu vng trong HNO3 0,1 M. Tron (APANS) cng cho phc mu
vng pH = 2 3,
12
Mt khc , theo Salim R. v cc cng s Bitmut cng c kh nng to phc vi

mt s nhm mu azo trong mi trng axit yu, trung hay kim nh: to phc mu
vi 2- (5- bromo- 2- pyridylazo)- 5- dimetylaminophenol (5- Br- PADAD) trong dung
dch m axetat pH= 4,16 c
= 4,9.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 583 nm. Phc ny b
nh hng khi c mt ion C2O42- cn cc cation kim loi thng gp t gy nh hng

ti vic xc nh Bitmut. Hoc c th to phc mu pH = 7 vi 2- (5- cacboxyl- 1,
3, 4- triazoylazo)- 5- dimetylaminophenol (CTZAPN) c h s hp th phn t
= 5,13.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 540 nm.

* Kh nng to phc vi nhm hp cht triphenyl metan
Bitmut to phc mu vng vi 3, 3-dibromsunfogalein pH = 2 3, to phc
mu vng xanh vi metylen (3, 3- bis-(N, N- dicacboxymety aminometyl)timosunfophtalein, phc mu vng da cam vi pyragalol , phc mu vng vi
pyrocatein tm trong HNO3 pH = 1 3, phc mu hng vi oxihidroquinonsunfophtalein pH = 2,4 3,0
Kh nng to phc ca Bitmut vi cc hp cht phtalein cng c nghin
cu. Bitmut to phc mu xanh vi Gallein (4, 5- dioifluoretxein) hay mu vng vi
2, 7- dioxifluoretxein trong mi trng axit c pH = 1 4.
* Kh nng to phc vi nhm cc thuc th cha 1, 2 hoc 3 vng benzen
Bitmut to vi Indoferon, vi Dibromphenol indophenolcomplexan (DBPIP), vi
Biclophenol indo-o-cresolcoplexan (DCPIC), hay Diclophenol indophenol complexan
(DCPIP) cc phc mu tm pH = 3,3.
Bitmut to phc vi metyl thymol xanh (MTB) ti max = 548 nm, cho php nh
lng Bitmut trong cc mu dc phm vi gii hn pht hin 1,15 mg/l bng phng
php trc quang dng chy.
c bit theo Zhu Z.C, Wang Y.C, Huang J.H , Bitmut to phc vi Nitrozo- R v
tm tinh th (CV) di dng CV3RCV3BiR2 pH = 9,8, duy tr bng m amoni-
13
ammoniac c gia nhit trong 30 pht nhit 90 950C. Phc c h s hp th

phn t ln ti
= 3.109 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 600 nm.
1.1.4. Mt s ng dng ca Bitmut [10]

Oxyclorua bitmut c s dng nhiu trong m phm. Subnitrat Bitmut v
subcacbonat bitmut c s dng trong y hc. Subsalicylat Bitmut (Pepto-Bismol)
c dng lm thuc chng bnh tiu chy.
Mt s ng dng khc l: Nam chm vnh cu mnh c th c lm ra t hp
kim bismanol (MnBi). Nhiu hp kim ca Bitmut c im nng chy thp v c
dng rng ri pht hin chy v h ngn chn ca cc thit b an ton chy n.
Bitmut c dng sn xut thp d un, dng lm cht xc tc trong sn xut si
acrylic. N cng dc dng trong cp nhit in (Bitmut c m in cao nht), vt
chuyn ch cc nhin liu U235 hay U233 cho cc l phn ng ht nhn.
Bitmut cng c dng trong cc que hn. Mt thc t l Bitmut v nhiu hp
kim ca n gin n ra khi chng ng c li lm cho chng tr thnh l tng cho
mc ch ny.
Subnitrat Bitmut l thnh phn ca men gm, n to ra mu sc ng nh ca sn
phm cui cng.
Bitmut i khi c dng trong sn xut cc vin n. u th ca n so vi ch l
n khng c, v th n l hp php ti Anh sn bn cc loi chim vng m ly.
Nhng nm u thp nin 1990, cc nghin cu bt u nh gi Bitmut l s
thay th khng c hi cho ch trong nhiu ng dng: dng trong cc thit b ch bin
thc phm, mt thnh phn trong ng , thnh phn trong thp d ct cho cc chi tit
c chnh xc cao ca my mc, mt thnh phn ca du hay m bi trn. vt liu
nng thay ch trong cc ch li ca li nh c.
14
1.2. Thuc th Xilen da cam (XO) v ng dng [3, 9]

1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Xilen da cam (XO)
Xilen da cam (XO) c tng hp u tin vo nm 1956, c cng thc nguyn l
C31H32O13N2S, khi lng phn t l 672,67 vC, nng chy 1950C. Cng thc cu
to l:
HOOC
CH 2
N
HOOC
CH 2
CH 2
COOH
CH 2
COOH
N
CH 2
CH 2
HO
H 3C
CH 3
SO 3H
3,3-bis-[N,N-bis-(cacboxymetyl)amonimetyl]orthorezolsunfophtalein
Thng dng XO ng mui Natri: C31H28O13N2SNa4, khi lng phn t l

760,59 vC. XO kt tinh l cht c mu nu sm, tan trong nc d ht m, khng
tan trong ru etylic.
XO l mt axit su ln axit H6In (pK1= 1,15; pK2= 2,58; pK3= 3,23; pK4= 6,4;
pK5= 10,46; pK6= 12,8)
Trong dung dch nc mu XO thay i:
C 10-3:dung dch c mu
C <10-3: dung dch c mu hng
pH = 1 5: dung dch c mu vng
pH > 7: dung dch c mu tm
15
Nng cng cao, pH cng ln th cng mu cng ln. S thay i mu sc

ca XO c gii thch do s tch H+ cc v tr khc nhau.
1.2.2. Kh nng to phc ca XO
XO c kh nng to phc vi nhiu kim loi, c chia lm 3 nhm:
Nhm 1: Kim loi b thy phn pH = 1 6, to phc pH = 4 6 nh: Au, Ag,
Be, A, Se, Ga, In, Th(IV), Zr(IV), Hg, Sn(II,IV), Nb(III), Fe(III), phn ng xy ra
chm khi nung n 600C n 800C tc phn ng tng.
Nhm 2: Kim loi phn ng vi XO pH = 0 6 nhng thy phn pH > 6
gm: Cu(II), Mg, Zn, Hg(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Ni(II),
Nhm 3: Kim loi phn ng vi XO pH > 6: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra,
Kim loi
pH
Mi rng
S chuyn mu
Th4+
1,7 3,5
HNO3
- vng
Fe3+
1,0 1,5
HNO3
Tm xanh
Zr4+
1,7 3,5
HNO3
- vng
In3+
3,0 3,5
m axetat
- vng
Hg2+, Tl3+
4,0 5,0
m axetat
- vng
Pb2+
5,0 6,0
m axetat
- vng
Cd2+, Fe2+
5,0 6,0
m axetat
Hng - vng
Zn2+
5,0 6,0
m axetat
- vng
1.2.3. ng dng ca XO
XO l thuc th truyn thng c s dng rng ri xc nh cc kim loi
xc nh nhanh km trong dc phm Karel.S and Ivan.J, dng XO v
xetylpiridinclorua. Da trn phn ng mu ca Zn2+ vi XO, dng xetylpiridinclorua
lm cation kim loi hot ng b xc nh c t l ion kim loi: thuc th, cht
hot ng b mt l 1: 2 : 4 pH = 5,0 6,0, hnh thnh phc bc 3, bc sng hp th
16
cc i max = 580 nm. Phn ng xy ra nhanh nhit phng. Hng s to phc

K = 1,05.1010, khong tun theo nh lut Beer l 1- 20mg Zn2+/25ml vi h s hp th
phn t gam 1,1.104 l.mol-1.cm-1, phng php c p dng nh lng Zn2+ c
ng ph hp, lch chun tng i tt (<2%).
XO l mt trong nhng cht ch th mu kim loi y ha hn n c nhiu
tc gi s dng trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu thc nghim. Tuy nhin bn
trong nc c hn, s phn hy ca n lm mt dn hoc mt hn tnh cht to hp
cht mu vi kim loi, u ny c th quan st r trong cc phn ng mu.
17
Chng 2
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
V K THUT THC NGHIM
2.1. Cc phng php nghin cu phc cht [6, 7, 8]
2.1.1. Cc phng php trc quang xc nh thnh phn ca phc
2.1.1.1. Phng php t s mol
- Nguyn tc: bn cht ca phng php l thit lp s ph thuc A vo nng
ca mt thnh phn no trong khi nng thnh phn kia c nh.
- Cch tin hnh:
Vi phn ng to phc:
m M
n+
nR
m -
+ Chun b dy dung dch mu sao cho nng CM = const (hoc CR = const),

CR (hoc CM) khc nhau v tng dn iu kin ti u.
+ o mt quang A ca cc dung dch, ri biu din s ph thuc
A = f(CR/CM) hoc A = f(CM/CR)
A
Phc bn
Phc khng bn
CR/CM (CM/CR)
Hnh 2.1. th biu din s ph thuc A vo CR/CM (CM/CR)

Ta c: x = CR/CM = n/m hay x = CM/CR= m/n
18
2.1.1.2. Phng php ng phn t gam

- Nguyn tc: phng php da trn vic xc nh t s cc nng ng phn t
ca cc cht tc dng tng ng vi hiu sut cc i ca phc to thnh.
- Cch tin hnh:
+ Pha cc dung dch M v R c nng ban u nh nhau.
+ Trn hai cht theo t l th tch khc nhau sao cho tng th tch l khng
i (VM+VR= const), do CM+CR = const iu kin ti u.
+ Tin hnh o mt quang cc dung dch. Sau xy dng th biu din
s ph thuc:
A = f(VM/(VR+VM)) hoc A = f(CM/(CM+CR))
A = f(VM/VR) hoc A = f(CM/CR)
A
Phc bn
Phc km bn
VM/(VM+VR)
Hnh 2.2. th biu din s ph thuc mt A vo VM/(VR+VM)
19
2.1.1.3. Phng php hiu sut tng i ( Staric- Barbanel)

- Nguyn tc: Phng php ny da trn phng trnh tng i s cc h s t
lng ca phn ng, phng trnh ny c trng cho thnh phn ca hn hp cn bng
trong im c hiu sut tng i cc i (t s cc i ca cc nng sn phm phn
ng v nng ban u bin thin trong mt s cht tc dng).
Dng phng php ny c th xc nh c thnh phn ca phc to c theo
bt k t l no. i vi phn ng to phc:
mMn+ + nRm-
MmRn
Khi CM = const, CR bin thin th phng trnh Barbanel c dng:

CK =
CM
n 1
=
m
m + n 1
- Cch tin hnh:

+ Chun b hai dy dung dch
Dy 1: CM = const,CR thay i
Dy 2: CR = const, CM thay i
+ o mt quang ca cc dung dch chun b v xc nh lch mt
quang ra khi cng tnh (nu bc sng chn khng c cu t no ca h ngoi
phc hp th nh sng th A =Ahh)
+ Tm Agh: gi tr cc i A tng ng vi cc gi tr gii hn ca nng ca
phc to c)
C Kgh =
CM
C
hayC Kgh = R
m
n
+ Xy dng cc ng cong biu din mi quan h gia:

CK
C
A
v K ( hoc
v
C gh
CR
CR
A
1
) CM = const m =
A
Agh
1A gh
CK
C
A
A
v K (hoc
v
) CR = const
C gh
Agh
CM
CM
20
+ Sau khi xc nh honh tng ng vi cc cc i trn ng cong tng

i vi 2 dy thc nghim ta tnh cc h s m, n nh sau:
CK
A
n 1
A
hoc
=
( CM = const v
= max)
Agh m + n 1
CR
CR
CK
A
m 1
A
hoc
=
( CR = const v
= max)
C gh
Agh m + n 1
CM
CK A
(
)
CR CR
M3R2
MR2
M2R2
MR3
M2R3
MR
M2R
0
0,5
1,0
CK A
(
)
Cgh Agh
Hnh 2.3. ng cong hiu sut tng i

Lu :
- Khi xc nh thnh phn ca phc MmR ta ch xy dng ng cong thc
nghim hiu sut tng i biu din s ph thuc
n=
A
A
vo
CM = const, lc
Agh
CR
1
A
(
= max)
A
CR
1A gh
21
- Khi xc nh thnh phn phc MmR th tng t ta dng ng cong hiu sut
tng i biu din s ph thuc gia
Lc m =
A
A
v
CR = const.
Agh
CM
1
A
(
= max)
A
CM
1A gh
- Khi khng c cc i trn ng cong hiu sut tng i vi bt k dy th

nghim no th h s t lng ca cu t c nng bin thin bng 1(trong th l
MmR v MR), cn h s t lng ca cu t th hai c xc nh nh trn.
- Nu ng cong hiu sut tng i l mt ng thng th m = n = 1.
2.1.2. Phng php Komar xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca phc
- Nguyn tc:
+Da trn vic gii cc phng trnh vi 2 bin i vi hai hay nhiu hn cc
th nghim.
+ Da trn kin thc ca cc dng phn ng hay thnh phn ca phc c
xc nh bng con ng c lp.
+ p dng nghin cu phn ng c dng:
Mn+ + nHR
MRn + nH+ (1)
Chun b mt dy dung dch c : [H + ] = const = h ;
C HR
=n
CM
o mt quang A ca cc dung dch nhn c cc bc sng chn (iu

kin ti u).
p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng cho phn ng to phc (1):
M
n+
+ qH R
M R
(n -q )
qH
Nng ban u:
qC
Nng cn bng:
C-x
q(C-x)
22
k cb
[MR ][H ]
=
[M ][HR]
q
+ q
n+
xi hq
(C x )[q(C x)]q
q
h
x
=
q +1
q (C x )
p dng th nghim th i: xi = k cb (C i xi ) q +1 (2)

h
Theo nh lut hp th nh sng v nh lut cng tnh, ta c:
Ai = l HR [HR] + l MR [MR] = HR (C i xi )ql + MR xi l
xi =
Ai ql HR C i
(3)
l ( MR q HR )
T (1) v (3):
q
Ai ql HR C i
q C i l MR Ai
= k cb
l ( MR q HR )
h MR q H R
q +1
(4)
Tng t vi th nghim th j:
A j ql HR Cj
l ( MR
q
q C j l MR A j
= k cb
q HR )
h MR q H R
q +1
(5)
Ly (4) chia cho (5) ta c:

C l Ai
Ai ql HR C i
= i MR
A j ql HR C j C j l MR A j
( q +1)
(6)
A ql HR C i
i
A ql C
HR
j
j
q +1 Ci l MR Ai
=
C j l MR A j
A ql HR C i
t B = i
A j ql HR C j
B=
C i l HR Ai
Cj
l HR A j
n
1
q +1
Chn Ci =nCj C k =
MR =
n( Ai BA j )
lC i (n B)
Ci
n
(7)
23
Gi tr MR tnh c l gi tr trung bnh t mt cp th nghim vi nng Ci v

Cj ca ion kim loi thay i
T (7) ta tnh c MR . Thay MR vo (3) tm c xi, thay xi vo (2) tm oc
kcb, t xc nh hng s bn ca phc to thnh: =
K
Kq
2.2. K thut thc nghim

2.2.1. Dng c v thit b nghin cu
- My quang ph k Spectrophocometer CL4250, Motcic- c
- Cuvet 1cm1cm
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc n 0,1 mg
- Cc loi bnh nh mc, bnh tam gic, pipet, .
2.2.2. Ha cht:
- HNO3 65%
- Dung dch NH3 long
- NaOH
- KNO3 iu chnh lc ion = 0,1.
- Bi(NO3)3
- XO
2.2.3. Cch tin hnh th nghim
Pha ch dung dch gc XO (10-3M)
Dung dch XO c pha t dng mui loi PA Trung Quc. Cn chnh xc mt
lng thuc th XO (C31H28O13N2SNa4, M = 760,59 vC) trn cn phn tch, sau
ha tan bng nc ct, nh mc n vch, lc k. Kim tra phn hy trong nc
bng cch o mt quang. Cc dung dch dng nghin cu hng ngy c pha
ch t dung dch gc ny.
24
Pha ch dung dch gc Bi(III)(10-3M)

Cn chnh xc mt lng mui Bi(NO3)3 trn cn phn tch ha tan trong dung
dch HNO3 0,01 M v nh mc bng nc ct n vch. Nng ca dung dch c
kim tra theo phng php chun th tch bng EDTA pH = 1 3 vi cht ch th
l XO. Cc dung dch long hn ca Fe3+ dng nghin cu hng ngy c pha ch
t dung dch gc ny.
Pha ch dung dch phc Bi(III)- XO
Ht mt lng chnh xc th tch dung dch XO vo bnh nh mc, thm mt th
tch xc nh KNO3 gi lc ion c nh, thm tip mt lng chnh xc HNO3 n
nh pH, tip theo thm mt th tch chnh xc Bi(III), inh mc bng HNO3 long.
Dung dch phc c em o mt quang vi dung dch so snh l nc ct.
Phng php nghin cu
- Nghin cu s hnh thnh phc Bi(III)- XO.
- Sau khi chun b xong cc dung dch nghin cu, tin hnh xc nh cc iu
kin ti u: max, khong pH ti u, thi gian ti u,
- Cc th nghim tip theo c tin hnh trong cc iu kin ti u kho st.
- Cc kt qu thc nghim nh: h s hp th phn t gam , u c x l
bng thng k ton hc. Tnh ton x l s liu, th c biu din trn phn mm
Excel.
25
Chng 3:
KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. Nghin cu hiu ng to phc gia Bi(III)- XO
Chun b cc dung dch phc Bi(III)-XO vi nng Bi(III) l 2.10-4 M, nng
XO l 4.10-5 M. iu chnh pH = 1; Dung dch XO c cng nng v iu kin nh
trn.
Tin hnh o mt quang ca 2 dung dch trn cc bc sng khc nhau, ta
thu c kt qu thu c bng 3.1 v hnh 3.1
Bng 3.1. S ph thuc mt quang vo bc sng
phc
Aphc
XO
AXO
400
0,650
400
0,580
425
0,694
420
0,640
450
0,750
425
0,654
500
0,955
430
0,656
525
1,210
435
0,678
530
1,280
440
0,646
535
1,320
445
0,604
540
1,350
450
0,594
545
1,300
475
0,422
550
1,280
500
0,262
600
0,178
525
0,168
26
1 .5
(1)
1 .0
0 .5
(2)
0 .0
375
425
475
525
575
625
(n m )
Hnh 3.1. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo bc sng

(1) dung dch phcBi(III)- XO; (2) dung dch XO.
T th ta thy bc sng cc i ca XO l 435 nm vi A = 0,678, phc
Bi(III)- XO c bc sng cc i l 540 nm vi A = 1,35, phc c mt quang tng
ln v chuyn v bc sng di hn chng t c s to phc Bi(III)- XO. T hiu s
max = 540 - 435 = 105nm cho thy XO l thuc th tt cho php phn tch trc quang
xc nh Bi(III).
Cc th nghim tip theo chng ti chn max = 540 nm
3.2. S ph thuc mt quang ca phc Bi(III)- XO vo thi gian
Chun b dung dch phc Bi(III)- XO vi nng Bi(III) l 2.10-4 M;
XO l 4.10-5 M.
Tin hnh o mt quang ca dung dch phc = 540 nm, pH = 1 cc
khong thi gian khc nhau bt u t dung dch phc va c pha. Kt qu c
biu din bng 3.2 v hnh v 3.2.
27
Bng 3.2. S ph thuc mt quang vo thi gian.

t(pht)
10
20
30
110
310
350
0,735
0,821 1,130 1,130 1,140 1,140 1,130 1,120 1,108
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
-1 0
10
30
50
t (p h t)
70
90
Hnh 3.2. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo thi gian.

Qua hnh 3.2, chng ti nhn thy s to thnh phc tng i n nh trong thi
gian 5 pht v bn trong thi gian 310 pht sau khi pha ch. Do chng ti chn thi
gian ti u l 10 pht sau khi pha.
3.3. S ph thuc mt quang ca phc Bi(III)- XO vo pH
Chun b dung dch phc Bi(III)- XO vi nng Bi(III) l 2.10-4 M v nng
ca XO l 4.10-5 M.
Tin hnh o mt quang ca cc dung dch phc cc gi tr pH khc nhau
u kin ti u trn. Kt qu c trnh by bng 3.3 v biu din hnh v 3.3.
28
Qua th chng ti nhn thy phc to thnh tng i n nh trong khong

pH = 0,8 1,2. Chn pHt = 1.
Bng 3.3. S ph thuc mt quang vo pH
pH
0,2
0,5
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
0,305
0,434
0,800
0,840
0,810
0,712
0,603
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
0 .0
0 .4
0 .8
1 .2
1 .6
2 .0
pH
Hnh 3.3. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo pH.

3.4. Xc nh thnh phn ca phc Bi(III)- XO
3.4.1. Phng php t s mol
Chun b dy dung dch phc Bi(III)- XO vi nng Bi(III) 2.10-5 M, thay i
nng XO vi dung dch ban u c nng l 10-3 M. o mt quang iu kin
ti u kho st. Kt qu nghin cu s ph thuc mt quang vo t s CXO/CBi(III)
c trnh by bng 3.4 v hnh v 3.4.
T th ta nhn thy Bi(III) : XO = 1 : 1.
29
Bng 3.4. S ph thuc mt quang vo nng ca XO

STT
VBi(III)(ml)
0,5
VXO(ml)
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1.0
VBi(III)/VXO(ml)
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
0,112 0,213 0,302 0.398 0,401 0,407 0,411 0,419 0,427
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 .0
0 .0
0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
V X O /V B i( III)
Hnh 3.4. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo VXO/VBi
3.4.2. Phng php h ng phn t gam
Pha dy dung dch Bi(III) v XO c nng mol nh nhau l 10-3 M. Trn hai
dung dch theo t l khc nhau, nhng tng nng khng i
Tin hnh o mt quang ca cc dung dch trong iu kin ti u kho
st. Kt qu c trnh by bng 3.5 v biu din hnh v 3.5
Da vo th ta thy t l Bi(III) : XO = 1 : 1
30
Bng 3.5. S ph thuc mt quang vo VBi(III) v VXO

VBi(III)(ml)
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
VXO(ml)
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,544 0,650 0,734 0,783 0,830 0,698 0,564 0,368
0,221
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
0 .0 0
0 .2 5
0 .5 0
0 .7 5
1 .0 0
V B i ( I I I ) /( V B i ( I I I ) + V X O )
Hnh 3.5. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang
vo VBi(III)/(VXO+VBi(III))
3.4.3. Phng php hiu sut tng i ( Staric- Barbanel)
Hai phng php trn ch cho bit t l to phc. xc nh gi tr tuyt i ca
m v n, chng ti s dng phng php hiu sut tng i.
Chun b hai dy dung dch:
- Dy 1: c CBi(III) = 2.10-5 M = const, CXO thay i.Tin hnh o mt quang
cc iu kin ti u kho st. Kt qu c trnh by bng 3.6 v biu din hnh
v 3.6
31
Bng 3.6. S ph thuc mt quang vo CXO

A
0,098
0,127
0,235
0,291
0,341
0,381
0,6
0,8
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
A/Agh
0,257
0,333
0,616
0,764
0,895
1,000
A/CXO.10-5
0,163
0,159
0,147
0,146
0,142
0,136
CXO.105
0 .1 7
0 .1 5
A /C
XO
0 .1 6
0 .1 4
0 .1 3
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
A /A g h
Hnh 3.6. th biu din s ph thuc A/CXO vo A/Agh

T hnh v 3.6 ta thy th l mt ng thng nn n = 1
- Dy 2: c CXO = 4.10-5 M, thay i nng CBi(III), o mt quang cc iu
kin ti u kho st. Kt qu c trnh by bng 3.7 v hnh v 3.7.
Bng 3.7. S ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III)
A
0,241
0,289
0,471
0,501
0,542
0,623
0,6
0,8
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
A/Agh
0,387
0,464
0,756
0,804
0,869
1,000
A/CBi(III).10-5
0,402
0,361
0,294
0,250
0,226
0,223
CBi(III).105
32
0 .5
A /C
B i(III )
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
A /A g h
Hnh 3.7. th biu din s ph thuc A/CBi(III) vo A/Agh
T th biu din s ph thuc A/CBi(III) vo A/Agh l mt ng thng nn
m = 1.
Kt qu nghin cu theo phng php hiu sut tng i cho bit t l to phc
gia Bi(III) : XO = 1 : 1 v l phc n nhn.
3.5. Phng trnh ng chun ca phc Bi(III)- XO
nghin cu khong iu kin tun theo nh lut Beer, chng ti xy dng
phng trnh ng chun. Trong cc dung dch nghin cu lun c CBi(III) = CXO, o
mt quang trong cc iu kin ti u chn. Kt qu s ph thuc mt quang
vo CBi(III) c trnh by bng 3.8 v hnh v 3.8.
Bng 3.8. S ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III)
CBi(III).10-5
A
CBi(III).10-5
A
0,2
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
0,067
0,110
0,220
0,455
0,618
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
0,862
1,061
1,170
1,241
1,360
33
1 .2
0 .8
0 .4
0 .0
0 .0
1 .0
2 .0
3 .0
C B i ( I II ) .
4 .0
5 .0
6 .0
105
Hnh 3.8. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang vo CBi(III)

Qua th ta thy khong nng tun theo nh lut Beer: 0,5.10-5 5.10-5M.
Sau khi x l thng k on tuyn tnh hnh 3.5, ta thu c phng trnh ng
chun l: A = (0,2168 0,0067).105 C
Trong C: nng mol/l ca Bi(III)
A: mt quang o c.
3.6. Xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca ca phc Bi(III)-XO
3.6.1. Theo phng php Komar
xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca phc Bi(III)- XO theo phng php
Komar chng ti tin hnh 5 th nghim, mi th nghim ng vi CXO = CBi(III), o mt
quang trong cc iu kin ti u chn. Vi eXO l 19650. Kt qu c trnh by
bng 3.6
X l thng k ta tnh c h s hp th phn t gam l
= (0,223 0,011) .105.l.cm-1mol-1
34
Bng 3.9. Kt qu xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca phc

Bi(III)- XO theo phng php Komar
STT
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
Cp 4
Cp 5
CBi(III).10-5
Ai
1,5
0,329
1,0
0,219
2,0
0,443
1,5
0,329
2,0
0,443
1,0
0,219
2,5
0,546
1,5
0,329
2,5
0,546
1,0
0,219
B=
Ai ql XO C i
Ai ql XO C j
n=
Ci
Cj
n( Ai BA j )
lC i (n B)
1,225
1,500
0,221
1,155
1,333
0,236
1,414
2,000
0,228
1,291
1,667
0,215
1,581
2,50
0,217
.105
0.223
3.6.2. Theo phng php thc nghim

S dng kt qu ca bng 3.8 ta tnh h s hp th phn t gam theo cng thc
A = .l.C =
A
(l = 1cm) . Kt qu thng k c ghi bng 3.10
C
Bng 3.10. Kt qu xc nh h s hp th phn t gam ca

dung dch phc Bi(III)- XO theo phng php thc nghim
CBi(III).105
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
0,110
0,220
0,455
0,681
0,862
1,061
.10-5
0,220
0,220
0,220
0,228
0,227
0,216
35
X l thng k ta tnh c = (0,222 0,005) .105.l.cm-1mol-1
KT LUN V KIN NGH

Sau thi gian nghin cu ti nghin cu s to phc ca Bi(III) v Xilen
da cam bng phng php trc quang chng ti thu c mt s kt qu sau:
1. Xc nh c cc iu kin ti u ca phc:
- Bc sng hp th cc i max = 540 nm
- Thi gian to phc ti u: phc hnh thnh sau 5 pht v n nh trong 310
pht sau khi pha ch.
- Khong pH ti u: 0,8 1,2
2. Bng cc phng php xc nh khc nhau chng ti xc nh c thnh
phn ca phc Bi(III) : XO = 1 : 1 v l phc n nhn.
3. xy dng phng trnh ng chun ca phc c dng:
A = (0,2168 0,0067).105 C
Khong nng Bi(III) tun theo nh lut Beer l: (0,5 5).10-5 M. V h s
hp th phn t gam ca phc: l = (0,223 0,011) .105.l.cm-1mol-1
xut v kin ngh
Do thi gian c hn nn kha lun ny chng ti ch tm hiu mt s vn c
bn nh: xc nh cc iu kin ti u, t l to phc, phng trnh ng chun, h s
phn t gam, m cha xc nh hng s bn, c ch to phc, cng nh dung mi
chic v cc ng dng ca phc, ... Nu nh c iu kin v thi gian th chng ti s
tip tc nghin cu m rng v chuyn xu hn.
36
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Tinh Dung (2007), Ha hc phn tch phn II- Cc phn ng ion trong
dung dch nc, NXB GD.
2. L Ch Kin, Ho hc phc cht, NXB HQG H Ni.
3. Trn th Hng L (2006), nghin cu s to phc a phi t gia Ho(III) vi

Xilen da cam v SCN- bng phng php trc quang, Kha lun tt nghip,
HSP Hu.
4. Nguyn nh Luyn, Phan Trung Cang, V Tin Dng (2008), Nghin cu s
dng thuc th Xilen da cam (XO) xc nh st trong ging nc thnh ph
Hu, Tp ch khoa hc v gio dc, trng ai hc S Phm Hu,
(S 02(01)), tr. 5-9.
5. Hong Nhm (2006), Ha hc v c- Tp II, NXB GD.
6. H Vit Qu (1994), X l s liu thc nghim bng phng php ton hc
thng k, HSP Qui Nhn.
7. H Vit Qu (2000), Phn tch l ha, NXB GD
8. H Vit Qu, Nguyn Tinh Dung (1991), Cc phng php phn tch l ha,
HSP H Ni.
9. H Vit Qu (1999), Cc phng php phn tch quang hc trong ha hc,
NXB HQG H ni.
10. ng Kim Ti (2006), Nghin cu s to phc trong h Nd- XO- CH3COOH
bng phng php trc quang, Lun vn thc s, HSP Hu.
11. L Th Thanh Tho (2002): Nghin cu s to phc n v a ligan ca Bi(III)
vi PAR v KSCN bng phng php trc quang v chic trc quang. Lun vn
thc s khoa ha hc, H Ni.

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DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU

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Nghin cu gio trnh

Thc hnh th nghim

X l s liu theo phng php thng k ton hc

5. Lnh vc nghin cu: ng dng trin khai

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1.1. S lc v nguyn t Bitmut

Khi lng nguyn t

Bn knh nguyn t (calc.) 160 pm

[Xe]4 f 145 d 106 s 26 p 3

e- trn mc nng lng

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5

Nng lng ion ha:

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Mc nng lng ion ha

Nng lng ion ho (eV)

So vi I1, I2, I3, th I4, I5 c gi tr rt ln nn d dng bc 3e ra khi nguyn t,

Khi nhit ln hn 2000oC ch c phn t 1 nguyn t.

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Khi lng ring, cng 9.780 kg/m, 2,25

Trng thi trt t t

21,31 10-6 m/mol

Nhit nng chy

1.790 m/s ti r.t K

2,02 ( thang Pauling )

Nhit dung ring

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Vi cc kim loi cn li chng to nn hp kim

Bi2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Tc dng vi oxi: Bitmut chy vi ngn la mu xanh lam v oxit ca n to ra

Tc dng vi cng thy:

1.1.3. Kh nng to phc v mt s phng php xc nh Bitmut [10]

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Cc tham s nh lng v phc n ligan Bi(III)- PAR trong cc cng trnh l

max = 564 nm.

= 1,05.105 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 640 nm

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Theo Lisicki N.M. v cc cng s, Bimut to phc vi thioure trong mi trng

= 1,37.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 560 nm.

= 1,88.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 560 nm.

C th xc nh c t lng ln cc ion cn, nhng khng xc nh c khi c mt

max = 520 nm.

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Mt khc , theo Salim R. v cc cng s Bitmut cng c kh nng to phc vi

= 4,9.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 583 nm. Phc ny b

nh hng khi c mt ion C2O42- cn cc cation kim loi thng gp t gy nh hng

= 5,13.104 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 540 nm.

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ammoniac c gia nhit trong 30 pht nhit 90 950C. Phc c h s hp th

= 3.109 l.mol-1.cm-1 max = 600 nm.

1.1.4. Mt s ng dng ca Bitmut [10]

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1.2. Thuc th Xilen da cam (XO) v ng dng [3, 9]

Thng dng XO ng mui Natri: C31H28O13N2SNa4, khi lng phn t l

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Nng cng cao, pH cng ln th cng mu cng ln. S thay i mu sc

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cc i max = 580 nm. Phn ng xy ra nhanh nhit phng. Hng s to phc