H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v

H IU HNH UNIX (REDHAT LINUX) V QUN TR MT S DCH

V

PHN 1: H IU HNH UNIX (REDHAT LINUX)

BI 1. TNG QUAN
1. Lch s.
-
Unix ra di cung thi gian vi DOS;
-
T Unix, Linus ngi Phn Lan d phat trin nn H diu hanh (HH) Linux va dc vit
bng ngn ng C sau do phat trin thanh HH Redhat Linux;
-
Linux la mt HH co m ngun m va khng co bn quyn.
2. Gii thiu mt s tnh nng ca Redhat Linux.
-
La HH co m ngun m, co tinh n dnh cao, co d tin cy cao trong an toan va bo mt;
-
Ging nh dong Unix, HH Linux ch yu dc vit cho Server (may ch);
-
Gn dy, Linux phat trin tp chung vao hng d ho, vn phong, gii tri. thm nhp
vao th trng may tinh ca nhn;
-
Ging nh nhng HH khac, Linux co kh nng phat trin cac thit b phn cng, cac tin
trinh, cac ng dng chy trn no.

BI 2. QUN TR C BN.
1. Cch t chc ca HH:
- M hinh:
-
Cac thanh phn:

Hard ware: Cac thit b phn cng hot dng di dng cac tin hiu din;

Kernel: Nhn HH - Phn chng trinh giao tip trc tip vi phn cng; Hot dng
di dng tin hiu nh phn;

Shell: H v, giao din giao tip vi nhn HH va ngi dung. Co rt nhiu h v

khac nhau, cung cp rt nhiu cu lnh d dn gin cho ngi qun tr. H v mc
dnh hin nay la Bash Shell. Ngoai ra h v con cho php ngi qun tr t vit cac cu
lnh d thc hin mt s nhim v hoc chc nng nao do.

User Program: Ngi qun tr co th thc hin trc tip vi h v thng qua cac cu
lnh hoc thng qua cac chng trinh ngi dung.
2. Cch t chc d liu.
- Phn vung:

cng dc Linux s dng ki t la: hd. Tu theo v tri cm cap trn mainboard va v tri
setjum trn cng ma cng do co th gi la had, hdb hoc hdc;

mm dc Linux s dng ki t la: Id;

CD-ROM dc Linux s dng ki t la: CD-ROM.

-
T chc Iile:

Linux qun l tt c cac d liu va cac thit b di dng Iile (Iile thng thng, Iile
th mc, Iile h thng, Iile thit b.);

Cac Iile ca Linux dc t chc theo dng hinh cy phn cp:

/


home etc bin usr dev baitap

baitap1 baitap2
-
ng dn:

ng dn dy d: Lun bt du t ki t gc: '/. Vi d: /home/baitap

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Chng trinh ngi dung

H v

Nhn HH

Cac thit b phn cng


User Program
Shell
Kernel
Hard ware
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v

ng dn quan h: Bt du t v tri ngi qun tr (th mc hin ti);

Linux dung du ' d ch th mc hin ti va du ' d ch th mc cha. Vi d: /

baitap1 hoc t home dn baita1: / /baitap/baitap1
- Ch y:

Linux phn bit ch hoa va ch thng trong cu lnh va tn Iile.

Vi d: cp Cp, vanban VanBan.

Linux khng dung du chm d tach phn m rng ca Iile.

Vi d: vanban.24-2-2005.it
3. Truy nhp v thot h thng.
-
Truy nhp:

Trc tip:
logon: tn ngi dung~
password: mt khu~
Khi truy nhp xong, xut hin man hinh chun. Nu ch d d ho thi man hinh co
giao din nh Windows. Xut hin du nhc lnh nu ch d dong lnh (#: du nhc
ca ngi qun tr; $: du nhc ca ngi dung thng).
Ch y: Linux la mt HH da nhim va da ngi dung (Ti mt thi dim cho nhiu
ngi truy cp. y la mt tinh nng mnh hn so vi HH Windows)

T xa: Linux cho php ngi qun tr thao tac t mt may t xa thng qua dch v
Telnet, SSH.
S dng dch v Telnet, dung lnh:

telnet9<da ch IP ca my Linux> (Vi d: telnet 192.168.0.1)

Nhp tn ngi dung va mt khu: Logon & Password

Truy nhp: OK khi do s xut hin du nhc lnh: '$.

tin cho ngi qun tr t xa, thng thng ang kt hp hai ach v. Telnet va SSH
bng cach ang Telnet xong thi thc hin SSH vi lnh. ssh9<da ch IP ca my ch>

Ch y: Linux khng cho php ngi qun tr root, truy cp trc tip t xa thng qua
Telnet.
-
Thoat khi h thng:

Thoat khi phin lam vic, dung lnh: exit

Tt h thng, dung lnh: shutdown9-option] Vi option: now, h (tt ngay); r (khi

dng li)

Hoc s dng lnh: halt hoc init90 d tt h thng;

Dung lnh: reboot hoc init96 d khi dng li h thng.

4. Mt s lnh c bn.
-
ls : Xem ni dung th mc.
-
ls a : Hin tt c cac Iile (c Iile nh).
-
ls l : Xem ni dung va thuc tinh ca th mc.
-
cd : Chuyn th mc
Cu phap: cd9<dch> Vi d: cd /baitap/baitap1 hoc: cd9./../baitap/baitap1
-
pwd : Xem v tri hin ti.
-
mkdir : Toth mc
Cu phap: mkdir9<tn th mc> Vi d:
mkdir9TM: To th mc TM nm trong th mc hin thi;
mkdir9/home/TM2: To th mc TM2 nm trong th mc home.
- rm : Xoa
Cu phap: rm9<file>
Cu phap: rm9-option]9<file> option: -r (xoa th mc); -I (xoa khng cn hi).
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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
Vi d: rm9-rf9/home/TM2 (xoa khng cn xac nhn th mc TM2 trong
home).
- cp : Copy
Cu phap: cp9<flie ngun>9<file dch>
Vi d: cp9/etc/file19/home/file (copy Iile Iile1 t /etc sang /home/Iile)
-
mv : Dch chuyn
Cu phap: mv9<file ngun>9<file dch>
- clear : Xoa man hinh.
-
ps : Xem cac ng dng, tin trinh dang chy.
-
startx : Bt ch d d ho.
5. Mt s lnh vi file.
-
cat : Xem ni dung Iile va to Iile
To Iile bng cat ta dung lnh nh sau: cat>9<tn file> (du '~: dnh hng)
sau do vao ni dung cho Iile (nh son tho trong Dos) va dung t hp phim
CtrlD d thoat.
-
Chu : Nu tn Iile d tn ti thi Iile c b xoa va dc thay bng ni dung mi.
-
more, less : Xem tng trang man hinh.
-
vi : Trinh son tho vim to Iile

y la trinh son tho ni ting nht ca Linux;

vi co hai ch d lam vic: command mode (lnh) va Insert mode (son tho,chen).
a.
Ch d lnh: Cho php ngi dung s dng cac lnh va ch d mc dnh khi mi khi
dng vi hoc sau khi nhn phim Esc. Mt s lnh c bn:

:q : thoat khi vi
:w : ghi

:wq : ghi va thoat tng dng vi lnh:

:x : ghi va thoat.

dd : Xoa mt dong ti v tri con tr.

D : Xoa t v tri con tr dn cui dong.

yy : Copy dong cha con tr.

p : Dan (paste) ni dung d copy vao v tri con tr.

:n~ : a con tr ti dong th n.

/text~ : Tim kim.

gg : a con tr v du Iile.

G : a con tr v cui Iile.

b.
Ch d chn: Cho php ngi dung nhp vao ni dung nh son tho trong Dos.
chuyn v ch d command mode nhn phim ~i hoc ~Insert trn ban phim.
- Ch y:

Lnh: vi9<tn file> nu tn Iile d tn ti thi Iile s dc m ra va cho php xem, sa.

Trinh son tho vi co rt nhiu tu chn, nhiu lnh, d bit chi tit v lnh vi hoc
cac lnh khac ta dung lnh:
man9<tn lnh>
6. Chng trnh MC (Midnight Commander).
-
MC tng t nh NC trn Windows.
-
khi dng, dung lnh: mc
7. Qun l tin trnh.
-
Tin trinh la cac chng trinh hoc cac ng dng ca ngi dung hoc h thng.
-
Ti mt thi dim co th co nhiu tin trinh dng thi chy. HH qun l tin trinh thng
qua tn tin trinh (Process Name) va m tin trinh (pid).
-
xem nhng tin trinh nao dang chy ta dung lnh:
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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v

ps : Ch xem dc tin trinh do chinh ngi dung khi dng).

ps a : Hin tt c cac tin trinh do ngi dung khi dng.

ps eI : Hin tt c cac tin trinh ca h thng khi dng.

Vi d: Tin trinh init la mt tin trinh h thng co Process id la 1.

-
Ngt tin trinh, dung lnh: kill hoc pkill. Dung lnh nh sau:

Dung lnh: ps d bit tn va pid ca tin trinh;

Dung mt trong cac lnh:

kill9<pid>
pkill9<process name>
kill9-99<pid> d p ngt nu co chng trinh ca ngi dung khac.
- Ch y:

Cac tin trinh co th chy thng thng hoc ngm (demon).

Thng thng nu tin trinh cha ma kt thuc trc thi tin trinh con s ly tin trinh h
thng init lam tin trinh cha.

BI 3. LM VIC VI THIT B
Trc khi lam vic vi thit b, ngi dung phi gn kt thit b do vi Iile h thng
ca Linux qua lnh mount.
1. Mount da mm.
-
Trc khi s dng da mm ta cn gn kt qua cu lnh:
mount9/dev/fd09/mnt/floppy hoc lnh rut gn:
mount9/mnt/floppy hoc mount9/dev/fd0
-
Kt thuc lnh mount thao tac vi da mm s dc thc hin vi th mc: /mnt/Iloppy
-
Kim tra xem da mm co th mc (d liu) gi khng:
ls9/mnt/floppy
cd9/mnt/floppy (chuyn)
-
Trc khi b da mm ra khi ta cn thao gn kt bng lnh:
unmount9/dev/fd09/mnt/floppy
2. Mount CD-ROM.
-
Trc khi s dng ta cn gn kt CD-ROM vao h thng bng lnh:
mount9/dev/cdrom9/mnt/cdrom Lnh rut gn:
mount9/dev/cdrom hoc mount9/mnt/cdrom
-
Kt thuc lnh mount thao tac vi th mc (xem, copy): /mnt/cdrom
-
Thao gn kt dung lnh:
unmount9/dev/cdrom9/mnt/cdrom
-
Dung lnh:
eject : y da CD-ROM ra va la unmount.
eject9-t : y da CD-ROM vao.
-
Chu : thao gn kt thi ngi dung khng dc dng trong th mc ca thit b da
mm hoc da CD-ROM

BI 4. QUN TR NGI DNG
1. Gii thiu.
-
Linux qun l cac ngi dung trong h thng thng qua cac thng tin khon mc (acount)
ca ngi dung do.
-
Acount: name (dung d login vao h thng).
user id
group
home directory
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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
password
Cac chinh sach vi tai nguyn va h thng
.
-
HH Linux con dc gi la HH da ngi dung: ti mt thi dim co nhiu ngi dng
thi truy cp vao h thng (trc tip hoc t xa).
-
C s d liu ca ngi dung dc lu trong Iile: /etc/passwd. File passwd dc t chc
theo nhiu dong; Mi dong cho mt ngi dung (user), cac thng tin dc lu theo cu phap:
name~:password~:user id~:group id~:comment~:home directory~:shell~

name~ & user id~: La duy nht di vi mi user.

password~: Nu dc danh du 'X thi user do d dc dt Password va dc lu

trong Iile: /etc/shadow di dng m hoa.

group id~: Ch s nhom ngi dung.

Comment~: La chu thich (co th co hoc khng).

home directory~: Th mc ch ca user, user co toan quyn trong th mc nay.

shell~: H v (H v mc dnh hin nay la bash shell).

2. To User.
-
to user ta co th thc hin bng cach thay di ni dung Iile /etc/passwd hoc thng
qua cac cu lnh hoc qua giao din qun tr (ch yu s dng dong lnh).
-
to user ta s dng cp lnh:
adduser hoc useradd passwd (t mt khu va dng k).
-
Cu phap: adduser9<tn ngi dng> Tip sau do la: passwd9<tn ngi dng>
Vi d: adduser9CVK3L tip sau la passwd9CVK3L
-
Chu : Vi cach to nh trn, h thng s t dng to th mc ch co tn trung tn user va
nm trong th mc /home; T dng gan user id (500); T dng gan cho shell mc dnh la
bash shell; T dng to ra mt nhom co tn trung tn user.
-
Lnh to user: adduser co rt nhiu tham s cho php ta thay di cac thuc tinh mc dnh
ca user. C th xem chi tit trong lnh: man9adduser

Vi d: -c: da thm chu thich; -d: Chn th mc ch, khng chn th mc mc dnh; -
g: Chn nhom ch.

#adduser9-g group19-d9/tmp9CVK3L (User CVK3L thuc nhom group1 va thuc

th mc ch la /tmp)
-
Lnh xoa user: #userdel. Cu phap: #userdel9<tn user>
-
Mt s lnh lin quan khac:

who : Xem ai dang truy cp trong h thng.

who am i : Xem user hin ti.

id : Xem cac thng tin v user hin ti.

3. To nhm.
-
C s d liu ca nhom dc lu trong Iile: /etc/group
-
to khon mc nhom ta s dng lnh: groupadd9<tn nhm>

Vi d: groupadd CV (to nhom CV)

adduser9g9CV9CVK3L (to ngi dung CVK3L truc nhom CV).

-
Lnh xoa nhom: #groupdel. Cu phap: #groupdel9<tn group>
4. Tm kim file.
- Cu phap: find9<v tr tm kim>9name9<tn file>
-
Vi d: Iind /-name viduvi (khi nay viduvi nm trong Iile /root.
-
Ngt qua trinh tim kim: nhn t hp phim Ctrl+C hoc lnh kill
5. File lin kt.
-
Cac chng trinh hoc d liu ca user thng thng dc dt trong th mc: /usr/local/
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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
etc
-
Cu lnh: ls s /usr/local/etc/viduvi /vidu.link (Lin kt Iile 'gc viduvi va Iile 'nh
vidu.link).
-
which tn lnh~: Tim dng dn???
6. Chuyn ngi dng (mn quyn ca user khc).
-
Cu lnh: su
-
Cu phap: su9<tn user> sau do nhp password ca user cn truy nhp.
-
Thoat khi su, s dng lnh: exit
-
-Dung lnh su khng co tham s: v root; Tng dng lnh: su9root
-
Trng hp khi dang root, mun chuyn ngi dung thi khng cn password.
- Ch y:

Linux cai dt ch d d ho kho va khi truy cp t xa khng th s dng ch d d

ho.

Vic thao tac qun tr ngi dung va nhom ngi dung co th thc hin trn giao din
d ho.
/sbin/iIconIig : la Iile gi?

BI 5. AN TON FILE TRONG UNIX (LINUX)
1. Gii thiu.
-
C ch an toan Iile trong Linux dc thc hin trn 3 quyn c bn:

r : c ni dung.

w : Ghi (quyn thay di ni dung).

x : Quyn chy chng trinh di vi Iile hoc quyn truy cp di vi th mc.

-
Cac quyn dc thc hin trn 3 di tng c bn:

u : Ngi ch Iile.

g : Nhom ch Iile.

o : Nhng ngi khac.

-
xem cac quyn dc gan cho Iile, ta s dng lnh: ls -l
2. Xem cc quyn truy nhp (ls --l).
-
Nhom cac quyn gm 9 ki t, chia lam 3 phn: rw-,r--,-w-
u g o
3. Thay di quyn.
-
Cu lnh: chmod
-
Co 2 cach thay di quyn:
a.
Thay di theo biu tng:
- Cu phap: chmod9<di tng><ton t><cc quyn>9<tn file>
- Trong do:

i tng la: u, g, o.

Toan t la: , -, ( co th gan cac quyn).

Cac quyn: r, w, x
-
Vi d: chmod9u+x,g-r.o-rx9vidu.txt
b.
Gan theo gia tr tuyt di:
-
rwx tng dng 3 bit: 000; 100; 010; 001; 111 .
-
HH s dng 3 bit d xac dnh cac quyn: rwx
Vi d: r-- 100 4
-w- 010 2
--x 001 1
rwx 111 7
Bn cht HH lam vic theo cach nay.
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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
-
Cu lnh dt quyn: chmod9<n1,n2,n3>9<tn file>
Vi: n1 la tng cac quyn cho u
n2 la tng cac quyn cho g
n3 la ttng cac quyn cho o
-
Vi d: chmod 427 abc.txt thi Iile abc.txt s co cac quyn tng ng vi gia tr dc gan.
4. Thay di ngi ch file.
-
Lnh s dng: chown
-
Cu phap cu lnh: chown9<ngi ch file>9<tn file>
-
Chi tit xem hng dn: man9chown
-
Ch y: Ch co ngi qun tr mi co quyn thay di.
5. Thay di nhm ch file.
-
Lnh s dng: chgrp
-
Cu phap cu lnh: chgrp9<nhm>9<file>
-
Chi tit xem hng dn: man9chgrp
-
Ch y: Ch co ngi qun tr mi co quyn thay di.

BI 6. CI T H THNG
1. Chun b.

Phn cng:
-
a phn cac may tinh ca nhn hin nay du co th cai dt.
-
Vi d ho thi tu theo thit b phn cng va phin bn ca HH.
-
Cu hinh thng thng:

CPU : 400MHz

HDD : 2Gb di vi cac Version c va 5Gb di vi cac Version mi hin nay.

RAM : 128Mb

Phn mm: Fedora, RedHat, Manbreak.

-
i vi RedHat Linux, phin bn chy n dnh nht la: 7.2 va phin bn mi hin nay la
Fedora.
-
Tu theo Version ma b da cai dt co th co 1 hoc nhiu da CD-ROM.
2. Thao tc.
Chu :
-
Linux co th cai dt chung vi HH Windows trn cung mt may. Ta phi cai Windows
trc va cai Linux sau: Win9x Win2k WinXP/Linux.
-
Bt buc phi cai Linux va Windows trn cac phn vung khac nhau.
-
Phn vung ca Windows thi Linux co th nhin thy. Nhng phn vung ca Linux thi
Windows khng th nhin thy.

Cac bc cai dt RedHat Linux:

-
Bc 1: Boot t CD-ROM (disk1), xut hin thng bao bt du vao qua trinh cai dt.

Nhn Enter d cai dt mc dnh ch d d ho (co th dung chut va ban phim), cai
dt ch d d ho tc d chm.

Nu bt du vao qua trinh cai dt g: text va Enter ngha la chn cai dt ch d dong
lnh. Tc d cai dt nhanh, nhng khng s dng dc chut.
-
Bc 2: Cac bc cai dt s dc thc thi theo mt kch bn va ta thc hin theo hng
dn trn man hinh:

Bc 2.1: Vao cac tham s ngn ng, ban phim, chut.

Bc 2.2: Phn vung: co 2 loi la primary (phn vung chinh) va extended (phn vung m
rng). Ti phn vung chn d cai dt HH nn to thanh 3 phn vung: /boot: phn vung
boot (dt dung lng 100Mb, chn la Primary); : phn vung gc (dt dung lng
Page 7/16
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
tng dng vi dung lng cn cai dt HH, chn kiu Iile la ext2 hoc ext3); swap:
phn vung h tr RAM (khuyn cao nn dt dung lng bng RAMx2, chn kiu Iile la
ext2 hoc ext3).

Bc 2.3: Chn cach cai dt: PC, Laptop, Server, Workstasion, Custom (phi chn cc
ng dng cn ci dt).

Bc 2.4: t hostname (tn may)/IP address (dt da ch IP).

-
Bc 3: Hoan thanh cai dt, khi dng h thng: cp ngun/logon/password
3. Cc mc khi dng.
-
Linux co 7 mc khi dng dc ki hiu t 0 dn 6 va mc khi dng mc dnh dc dt
trong Iile: /etc/init.d hoc /etc/inittab. Cac mc khi dng c th ca Linux nh sau:

Mc 0 (level 0): Tt may (lnh tt may: init 0 halt.

Mc 1 (level 1): Ch d bo tri (lnh init 1).

Mc 2 (level 2): Ch d da ngi dung nhng khng h tr mng.

Mc 3 (level 3): Ch d da ngi dung dy d, h tr mng, khng h tr d ho. y

la ch d hay dc s dng nht, mi thao tac vi may dc thng qua cac lnh.

Mc 4 (level 4):

Mc 5 (level 5): Khi dng ch d d ho.

Mc 6 (level 6): Khi dng li may (lnh init 6).

-
thay di mc khi dng mc dnh trong h thng, ta sa trn dong: ID number~ init
deIault sau do khi dng li h thng.
-
ly li Password ca Linux ta thc hin nh sau: Ti man hinh trc khi dng nhp
(logon) nhn a/nhp 1 hoc signal/dt li password ca root/ dt mc khi dng la 3 hoc
5.
4. t cc nh khi dng.
-
Cac nh khi dng (chiu dn mt HH nao do) s dc lu trong Iile: /etc/grub.conf
hoc /etc/lilo.conf
-
dt nh khi dng mc dnh ta thay di tham s mc dnh (0, 1, 2) va thay di thi gian
di trong tham s time out.

BI 7. CU HINH MNG
1. Xem mt s thng tin mng.
-
Xem tn may, lnh dung : hostname
-
Xem da ch IP, lnh dung : ifconfig
-
Xem ht tt c giao din mng : ifconfig -a
-
Card mng ca Linux dc ki hiu la : eth0, eth1, eth2.
-
Giao din mng cc b ca Linux co IP la: 127.0.0.1
2. t da ch IP.

Sa trong mt phin lam vic:

-
Dung lnh: ifconfig9<thit b>9<IP address>9netmask9<subnetmask>9up
-
Vi d: iIconIig eth0 200.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up iIconIig eth0 200.1.1.1 24 up
-
Trong cach dt nay, khi khi dng li h thng thi IP va dt s khng tn ti.

t c dnh:
-
Cach 1: Chy lnh: setup/Aetwork Configuration/Ahp vo da ch IP.
-
Cach 2: Sa trong Iile cu hinh: /etc/sysconfig/network-scrifts
Trong Iile: ifcfg-eth0 s dng lnh: vi iIcIg-eth0 va sa theo cac tham s:

device : Thit b (eth0, eth1, eth2..)

onboot : yes/no.

bootproto : static hoc dhep (cac tham s sau khi qu tr).

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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
IP address : .~
nestmask : .~
getway :
-
cu hinh mi co hiu lc ta phi khi dng li h thng hoc khi dng ring dch v
mng thng qua cu lnh: /etc/rc.d/init.d/network9start[stop[restart

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H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v

PHN 2: QUN TR MT S DCH V TRN UNIX (LINUX)

QUN TR CC DCH V TRN UNIX (LINUX)

I. TNG QUAN.
Trn mng Internet noi ring va mng may tinh noi chung thi tn ti rt nhiu cac dch v.
Cac dch v nay giup cho mng may tinh ngay cang phat trin va m rng.
Mt s dch v:
R
WEB : Qung ba thng tin;
R
Email : Th din t (dy la dch v co s ngi s dng nhiu nht);
R
FTP : Dch v truyn Iile;
R
Telnet : Dch v truy cp t xa (dy la mt dch v ph bin);
R
ssh : Dch v truy cp t xa tng t nh Telnet nhng co tinh bo mt do Password
dc m hoa khi truy nhp;
R
Netmeeting : Hi tho mng (chat, void, video, FTP, share program);
R
DNS (Domain Name System): Dch v phn gii tn min (chuyn di da ch IP thanh
tn);
R
DHCP (Dynamic Host ConIiguration Protocol): Dch v cung cp da ch IP dng.
(DNS va DHCP la hai dch v ca Nha cung cp dch v c s h tng)

II. NGUYN TC HOT NG CA CC DCH V.
Mt dch v lun gm hai thanh phn c bn:
-
Server: Ni cung cp dch v;
-
Client: Ni khai thac (yu cu dch v).
Vic s dng Client la tng di dn gin vi tt c cac dch v.
Vn d qun tr Server la rt phc tp, tu theo diu kin va kh nng ta co th can thip
vao cac mc d khac nhau.
Cac dch v trong h thng Linux dc qun tr bi ca s setup/server system. Cac dch v
dc danh du s t dng khi dng trong qua trinh khi dng h diu hanh (HH).
Cu lnh qun tr cac dch v:
services tn dch v~ option~ (option: start, restart, stop, reload).
Vi d: # sevices sshd start/stop/restart
Dch v khi dng con tu thuc mc d khi dng ca h thng Unix (0~6).
xem trng thai ca cac dch v ng vi mi mc khi dng ta s dng lnh: #chkconIig
--list
tn dch v~
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ssh oII on on oII oII On oII

III. MT S DCH V
1 Dch v Telnet.

y la dch v thuc tng 4 (Application) ca m hinh TCP/IP va chy mc dnh trn cng
23.

Trn HH Unix noi chung va trn HH Linux noi ring thi phn mm Telnet Server d
dc tich hp sn trong b cai HH. Trong qua trinh cai dt HH, phn mm Telnet
Server co th dc cai dt hoc cha cai dt. Trong qua trinh s dng co th cai dt mi
phn mm Telnet Server hoc g b Telnet Server ra khi h thng.

Goi phn mm Telnet Server dc lu tr di dng goi '*.rpm (Redhat Package

Manager).
1.1 Kim tra 1elnet Server d ci dt hay cha?
Page 10/16
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
-
Phn mm Telnet Client gn nh dc tich hp sn trong tt c cac HH. Do vy ta ch
quan tm dn phn mm Telnet Server.
-
kim tra Telnet Server d dc cai dt hay cha ta dung lnh:
#rpm -q telnet-server
(rpm q tn goi ng dng~)
-
Nu thy xut hin thng bao tn ng dng Telnet Server va phin bn di kem thi phn
mm d dc cai.
-
Trng hp Telnet Server d dc cai ta co th g b bng cu lnh:
#rpm e telnet-server version~
1.2 Ci dt 1elnet Service
-
cai dt goi Telnet Server ta cn goi cai dt: telnet-server.i38.rpm goi nay co trong b
da cai ca HH.
-
cai t da cai HH ta cn thc hin theo cac bc sau:
# mount /dev/cdrom mnt/cdrom
# cd /mnt/cdrom
# cd redhat/RPMS/
# ls telnet-server*: bit chinh xac tn (Version) ca Telnet Server.
# rpm -i tn goi Telnet Server~
Cach cai goi ng ang RPM.
# rpm i dng dn va tn goi cn cai dt~
# rpm /mnt/cdrom/deIault/redhat/RPMS/telnet-server*i368.rpm
-
Sau khi cai xong ta kim tra xem Telnet Server d dc cai dt trong h thng hay cha?
Nu d cai dt, ta kim tra trong trinh qun l h thng xem d co Telnet Server hay cha
(dung lnh: #setup services system).
1.3 S dng 1elnet Server
-
khi dng Telnet Server ta danh du vao dch v Telnet Server trong trinh qun l cac
dch v ca h thng sau do dung lnh:
#services xinetd restart
(Telnet la mt dch v trong nhom cac dch v xinetd)
-
Kim tra cc b xem dch v Telnet d dc chy tt hay cha thng qua cu lnh: #telnet
localhost (telnet 127.0.0.1)
-
Sau do s dng ngi dung (user) ca h thng. Nu thanh cng thi dch v Telnet d hot
dng tt.
-
Ta con co th kim tra cc b bng lnh ping (ping 127.0.0.1):
Kim tra thng mng: OK-Mng thng;
Trng hp khng thng mng:
Kim tra IP (dung lnh: #iIconIig): xem co s tranh chp IP add vi may nao khac
khng.
Kim tra Iirewall (dung lnh: #setup Iirewall conIiguration chn disable (ch can
thip vao Iirewall trong trng hp xac dnh nguyn nhn khng s dng dc dch
v la do Iirewall).

2. Dch v ssh (Secure Shell)
2.1 ng dng ssh:
-
Cho php ngi dung qun tr t xa kt hp vi mt s dch v an toan.
-
ng dng ca ssh Server: dc cai thng qua goi 'rpm trong da cai dt HH.
2.2 Kim tra xem ssh d dc ci dt hay cha:
-
Dung lnh: $setup/services system/sshd
-
Chu y: Tn thut ng ca dch v khng hoan toan ging vi tn dch v di vi mi phin
Page 11/16
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
bn.
-
g b ssh ra khi h thng ta s dng lnh:
$rpm e ssh*
2.3 Ci dt ssh t CD-ROM:
- $mnt/cdrom
- $rpm i /mnt/cdrom/redhat/RPMS/ssh-server*.rpm
-
Kim tra xem ssh d dc cai dt hay cha dung lnh:
$rpm q sshserver~
2.4 S dng ssh:
-
anh du sshd trong setup/services system sau do chy lnh:
$services xinetd restart
-
Kim tra ssh cc b d lam vic tt cha:
$ssh rootlocalhost hoc
$ssh user1localhost
Yes/No: Yes
Password user.
-
Nu kt ni thanh cng thi ssh d chy tt.
Chu y.
-
xem list cac dch v trong nhom 'xinetd ta dung lnh:
$chkconIig --list
-
xem dch v ssh va mt s dch v khac trong h thng chy trn cng nao, ta xem trong
Iile: /etc/service

3. Dch v FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
3.1 Cii thiu:
-
y la dch v truyn Iile rt mnh va ni ting (Netmeeting/Web /Mail/Sharing).
-
FTP thc hin mc dnh qua cng (port): 20 & 21.
-
Phn mm FTP Server:

c h tr c HH Windows va Linux. cai dt FTP Server trn Linux ta co th

download goi phn mm trn mng hoc s dng ngay goi FTP Server trong b da cai
dt HH.

Goi FTP Server trong b da cai dt Redhat:

redhat/RPMS/Itp-server*i386.rpm
3.2 Kim tra F1P Server d dc ci dt hay cha:
-
Kim tra FTP Server d cai dt hay cha, s dng lnh:
#rpm q Itp-server hoc
#setup/system service/Itp - * dc cai (*: tw, wud).
3.3 Ci dt F1P Server t da CD-ROM:

thc hin cai dt FTP Server t da CD-ROM ta thc hin theo cac bc nh sau:
Bc 1: a da CD-ROM vao CD-ROM;
Bc 2: #mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
#mount /mnt/cdrom (lnh rut gn).
Bc 3. #cd /mnt/cdrom/redhat/RPMS/
-
S dng lnh: #ls Itp-server* d kim tra xem da dang s dng co goi FTP-Server hay
khng. Nu khng co, ta di da khac va thc hin nh trn. Nu co chuyn sang bc k
tip.
Bc 4. #rpm ivh Itp-server*.rpm (lnh cai dt goi phn mm)
3.4 S dng F1P Server
-
Sau khi cai xong thi kim tra FTP d dc cai tt hay cha.
-
Khi dng:
Page 12/16
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
#setup /system services danh du '` vao Itp d dch v FTP Server t dng khi dng khi
khi dng h thng.
-
FTP khi dng ngay ta dung lnh: #service xinetd restart
-
G b FTP Server, dung lnh: #rpm e Itp-server
3.5 F1P Client.
-
Co rt nhiu phn mm FTP Client, thng thng HH Windowns va Linux h tr mc
dnh FTP Client. Tuy nhin d thc hin trao di Iile dc dn gin ta thng s dng FTP
Client chuyn dng.
-
Mt s FTP Client chuyn dng nh: gItp, tprItp, IE, Netscape, WinNC
-
Dung FTP bng dong lnh (ti ca s Linux hoc cmd ca Windows):
Kt ni: #Itp IP address server~ (VD: Itp 172.168.0.100)
Sau do nhp tn ca user login/password cn truy nhp.
-
H thng Linux h tr mc dnh ngi dung: root
-
Ly Iile v: get Iile ngun~ Iile dich~ (download d liu t server v).
-
Gi Iile ln: put Iile ngun~ Iile dich~ (upload d liu ln server).
-
Chu y. trao di nhiu Iile cung mt luc ta dung lnh: mget hoc mput.
-
Thoat khi phin lam vic dung lnh: bye
-
FTP Client chuyn dng:
Netscape, gItp trn Linux
Netscape, IE, WinNC trn Windows
-
Kt ni (FTP Client?):
Itp://username~IPaddress~
Co th s dng dong lnh qua lnh: Run sau do nhp vao dong lnh trn.
Vi d: Itp://user1172.168.1.100 sau do nhp mt khu ca user.
-
Sau khi kt ni thanh cng, ta thc hin cac thao tac: xem, xoa, sa, download, upload nh
thng thng.
-
Kt ni(FTP Server?): Vao ca s cu hinh, nhp cac thng tin:
IP address: da ch IP ca server~: port 23
User name (login): Tn ngi dung.
Password: Mt khu.
Connect
9
Sau khi kt ni thanh cng s xut hin 2 hp thoi: 1 cha d liu trn may t xa, 1
cha d liu trn may cc b d download hoc upload. Ta co th thao tac gia 2 hp
thoi (2 ca s) bng ko th.

4. Dch v DNS (Domain Name System).
4.1 Cii thiu:
-
Trong thc t cac may tinh trao di vi nhau trn mng thng qua giao thc TCP/IP. Giao
thc TCP/IP quy dnh mi may tinh trn mng phi co mt da ch IP duy nht;
-
Qua trinh trao di gia cac may dc th hin thng qua da ch IP (ging nhau v NetID,
khac nhau v HostID);
-
Vic s dng da ch IP la rt kho nh vi ngi s dng. Vi vy, h thng phn gii tn
min DNS cho php ngi s dng dung da ch theo tn thay cho da ch IP kho nh.
4.2 Cch t chc:
-
H thng DNS t chc theo dng hinh cy phn cp va c s d liu phn tan.
-
Cp cao nht la gc, k hiu: '



com

edu.vn
Page 13/16
Gc
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v


gov

vnn.vn


edu

com.vn


vn

Ipt.vn


us

gov.vn
. .
-
T chc DNS Quc t la INTERNIC, Vit Nam la VNNIC.
4.3 Quy trnh truy vn tn min:
-
May ch DNS s lu CSDL di dng cac bn ghi (record) thng gm 2 trng (Iield) c
bn: Domain Name and IPaddress (Tn min va a ch IP).
-
Vi d may trm Client.com cn truy vn tn min la: Itp.vn

Bc 1: Client gi yu cu ln may ch cc b (DNS local Server); Client com

Bc 2: May ch DNS cc b DNS local (.com), khng bit Itp.vn nn no s gi yu

cu truy vn ln may ch gc ' INTERNIC;

Bc 3: May ch INTERNIC tr li v cho may ch '.com (DNS Local Server) v da

ch IP ca may ch DNS ca .vn;

Bc 4: May ch '.com chuyn nhu cu truy vn ln may ch '.vn;

Bc 5: May ch '.vn gi may ch '.com da ch IP ca Ipt;

Bc 6: May ch '.com tr li Client (da ch IP ca Ipt.vn).

-
Tu theo tng trng hp c th ma s bc co th thay di.
-
Trong thc t, d tng hiu xut ca dch v DNS ngi ta dung thm b nh tm thi.
4.4 Ci dt DAS Server:
-
Cai dt DNS server nh cai dt cac dch v thng thng khac.
-
Trong trng hp khi cai dt HH, DNS cha dc cai dt ta co th cai thm bng chng
trinh: rpm q (xem); -e (xoa di); -i (cai dt).
4.5 Cu hnh:
-
Chu y: Ta cn khai bao tn min do Server qun l d cu hinh Server va khai bao phn
gii xui (Forward) va phn gii ngc (Reversed).
-
Trn may trm: Ta phi khai bao da ch ca DNS server.
-
Trn Linux: #setup/Network conIiguration hoc:
-
M Iile: /etc/resol.conI va son theo ni dung sau:
nameserverIP address DNS Server~
Vi d: nameserver 172.168.6.8
Th: ssh rootlinux.triduc.com
-
Thay da ch IP bng tn, nu dc thi dch v d hot dng tt.

5. Dch v Email.
5.1 Cii thiu:
-
y la dch v dc ng dng nhiu nht trn Internet. Dch v cho php ngi dung trao
di cac thng dip hoc cac Iile trn toan mng.
-
Phn mm Mail Server va Mail Client dc tich hp trn c HH Windows va Linux:

Phn mm trn Windows la: Mdaemon, Exchange (Mail server); Web Mail, Outlook, IE,
Netscape (Mail client).
Trn Linux la: Sendmail, Qmail, PosIix (Mail server); Kmail, Netscape (Mail client).
5.2 M hnh hot dng:
POP
POP

Page 14/16
Mail Server
POP Server
Ipt.vn
POP Server

H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v

Qua trinh trao di th dc din ra theo 2 cach c bn: Gi va Nhn

Gi:
Ngi dung th thng qua phn mm Mail Client s giao tip vi SMTP server cc b
(SMTP run deIault on port 25).

Nhn th:
Ngi dung thng qua phn mm Mail Client giao tip vi POP Server d nhn th (POP
run deIault on port 110).
-
Giao thc POP va SMTP la cp giao thc dn gin va dc s dng rt ph bin h
thng Mail. Tuy nhin trn, thc t co nhiu giao thc khac s dng thay cho POP va
SMTP.
-
Nhc dim:

SMTP khng truyn dc cac Iile Mutimedia

POP khi duyt th, nu copy v may thi dng thi d liu trn Data Base ti Server
cng b xoa (Khc phc bng IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol Giao thc nay
chy mc dnh trn cng 43).
-
Co th kim tra th bng Telnet: telnet abc 25
Vi d: telnet Itp.vn 25 (SMTP)
telnet Itp.vn 110 (POP3)
5.3 Cu hnh Mail Client
-
Web mail: Mt s phn mm Mail Server cho php ngi dung duyt th thng qua web
(http). Cu phap nh sau:
http://addmailserver~:port~/
Vi d: http://mail.yahoo.com:80/
-
Cu phap da ch th:
name~hostmail~.domail~
-
Outlook hoc Kmail
Khai bao tn User : Full name

a ch th : Mail Address

May ch th : Host mail (thng thng ging nhau nhng khac cng)
SMTP Srver (mail.Ipt.vn);
POP Server (mail.Ipt.vn).

Mt khu : Password.
5.4 Mail Client.
-
Cai dt: PostIix Server (dc tich hp sn trong b da cai vi cac Version gn dy).
-
User: ngi dung th Linux mc deIault lay cac cac user trong h thng la ngi dung
th (tng t nh Exchange trong Windows).
-
Khai bao tham s cu hinh:

File cu hinh mc dnh ca PostIix la: /etc/postIix/mail.conI

#name server mail server
-
Chu y: Trong Iile cu hinh, cac dong co du '# du la cac dong chu thich.
-
Chy PostIix dung lnh: postIix start/stop/reload/status (status: xem li trng thai).
-
Cai dt: #setup/system services
-
Cu hinh DNS (Client thng thng).

Trn mail server: khai bao DNS Server trong Iile /etc/resol.conI nhp vao ni dung:
name server Address IP DNS~

Trn DNS Server cn phi khai bao mail server theo vung: To bn ghi (record) Mail
Page 15/16
H diu hnh UNIX (Linux) v Qun tr mt s dch v
Exchange (MX).


1he End
Page 16/16