Public Corporations Law 2 Memory Aid

ZPG & ASSOCIATES(ZambaIes.PabIo.
GonzaIes)

1

LAw 0N Pu8LlC C0RP0RATl0N3

A. Cenera| Pr|nc|p|es

1. #P#AT|ar arl|l|c|a| oe|rg crealed oy
operal|or ol |aW, rav|rg lre r|grl ol success|or ard
lre poWers, allr|oules ard properl|es express|y
aulror|zed oy |aW or |rc|derl lo |ls ex|slerce.
a. PUL| #P#AT|ore lorred ard
orgar|zed lor lre goverrrerl ol a porl|or ol lre 3lale.

. |asses of orporat|on:
a. Pub||c or Hun|c|pa|a oody po||l|c
ard corporale corsl|luled oy
|rcorporal|or ol |rrao|larls ol c|ly or
loWr lor purposes ol |oca| goverrrerl
lrereol or as agercy ol 3lale lo ass|sl
|r c|v|| goverrrerl ol lre courlry; ore
lorred ard orgar|zed lor lre
goverrrerl ol a porl|or ol lre 3lale.
o. Pr|vateore lorred lor sore pr|vale
purpose, oerel|l, a|r or erd.
c. "uas|-Pub||ca pr|vale corporal|or
lral rerders puo||c serv|ce or supp||es
puo||c Warls.
d. "uas|-corporat|onpuo||c
corporal|ors crealed as agerc|es ol
3lale lor rarroW ard ||r|led purpose.

3. E|ements of Hun|c|pa| orporat|on
a. Lega| creal|or or |rcorporal|or
o. Corporale rare
c. lrrao|larls
d. Terr|lory

. 0ua| ature of Hun|c|pa| orporat|on
Every |oca| goverrrerl ur|l crealed or
orgar|zed |s a oody po||l|c ard corporale erdoWed
W|lr poWers lo oe exerc|sed oy |l |r corlorr|ly W|lr
|aW. As sucr, |l sra|| exerc|se poWers as po||l|ca|
suod|v|s|or ol lre Nal|ora| 0overrrerl ard as a
corporale erl|ly represerl|rg lre |rrao|larls ol |ls
lerr|lory.
a. Pub||c|Covernmenta||l acls as ar
agerl ol lre 3lale lor lre goverrrerl
ol lre lerr|lory ard lre |rrao|larls
W|lr|r lre rur|c|pa| ||r|ls; |l exerc|ses
oy de|egal|or a parl ol lre sovere|grly
ol lre 3lale.
o. Pr|vate|Propr|etary|l acls |r a
s|r||ar calegory as a ous|ress
corporal|or, perlorr|rg lurcl|ors rol
slr|cl|y goverrrerla| or po||l|ca|; |l
slards lor lre corrur|ly |r lre
adr|r|slral|or ol |oca| alla|rs. ll acls as
a separale erl|ly lor |ls oWr purposes
ard rol as a suod|v|s|or ol lre 3lale.

5. r|ter|on to determ|ne whether corporat|on |s
pub||c:
Tre re|al|orsr|p ol lre corporal|or lo lre
3lale, |.e., |l crealed oy lre 3lale as |ls oWr agercy lo
re|p lre 3lale |r carry|rg oul |ls goverrrerla|
lurcl|ors, lrer |l |s puo||c, olrerW|se, |l |s pr|vale.

. 0e Facto Hun|c|pa| orporat|on
--a corporal|or lral ray ex|sl |r lacl a|lrougr rol
po|rl ol |aW oecause ol cerla|r delecls |r sore
esserl|a| lealures ol |ls |rcorporal|or.

Z. E|ements of 0e Facto Hun|c|pa| orporat|on:
a. A va||d |aW aulror|z|rg |rcorporal|or
o. Ar allerpl |r good la|lr lo orgar|ze
urder |l
c. A co|orao|e corp||arce W|lr lre |aW
d. Ar assurpl|or ol corporale poWers
. Three forms of decentra||zat|on:

a. 0evo|ut|on- |s lre lrarsler ol poWer ard
aulror|ly lror lre ral|ora| goverrrerl lo
L0us as lre lerr|lor|a| ard po||l|ca|
suod|v|s|ors ol lre 3lale. Tre ralure ol
poWer lrarsler |s po||l|ca| ard lre approacr
|s lerr|lor|a| or area|.
o. 0econcentrat|on- |s lre lrarsler ol poWer,
aulror|ly or respors|o|||ly, or lre d|screl|or
lo p|ar, dec|de ard rarage lror cerlra|
po|rl or |oca| |eve|s, oul W|lr|r lre cerlra| or
ral|ora| goverrrerl |lse|l. Tre ralure ol
lre lrarsler |s adr|r|slral|ve ard lre
approacr |s seclora|.
c. 0ebureaucrat|zat|on- |s lre lrarsler ol
sore puo||c lurcl|ors ard respors|o|||l|es,
Wr|cr lre goverrrerl ray perlorr, lo
pr|vale erl|l|es or ror-goverrrerla|
orgar|zal|ors; |l |s peop|e's erpoWerrerl
or parl|c|pal|or |r |oca| goverrarce.

0ecentra||zat|on of Adm|n|strat|on- lre cerlra|
goverrrerl de|egales adr|r|slral|ve poWers lo
po||l|ca| suod|v|s|ors |r order lo oroader lre oase ol
goverrrerl poWer.

0ecentra||zat|on of Power (Po||t|ca|
0ecentra||zat|on}- |rvo|ves aod|cal|or ol po||l|ca|
poWer |r lavor ol L0u's dec|ared aulororous.
[Limbonas vs. Mangelin, 170 3CRA 786}

TE:
Loca| Autonomy- |s se|l-goverr|rg. ll |s
lre grarl|rg ol rore poWers, aulror|ly, respors|o|||l|es
ard resources lo lre |oWer or |oca| |eve|s ol a
goverrrerl sysler. Tre pr|rc|p|e ol |oca| aulorory
urder lre 198Z Corsl|lul|or s|rp|y rears
decerlra||zal|or. ll does rol ra|e lre |oca|
goverrrerl sovere|gr W|lr|r lre slale or ar '|rper|ur
|r |rper|o.

Arorg lre regu|alory poWers ol lre Nal|ora|
0overrrerl Agerc|es lrarslerred or devo|ved lo lre L0us
|rc|ude lre lo||oW|rg:

1. Tre rec|ass|l|cal|or ol agr|cu|lura| |ards- 0AR lo c|l|es
ard rur|c|pa||l|es
2. Erlorcererl ol erv|rorrerla| |aWs- 0ENR lo a||
L0us
3. lrspecl|or ol lood producls ard quararl|re- 00l lo
c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es
1. Tre erlorcererl ol lre Nal|ora| 8u||d|rg Code-
0Pwl lo c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es
5. Tre process|rg ard approva| ol suod|v|s|or p|ars-
lLuR8 lo c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es
ZPG & ASSOCIATES(ZambaIes.PabIo.GonzaIes)

2
. Tre operal|or ol lr|cyc|es- LTFR8 lo c|l|es ard
rur|c|pa||l|es
Z. Tre eslao||srrerl ol coc|p|ls ard ro|d|rg ol
coc|l|grls- Pr|||pp|re 0areloW| Corr|ss|or lo c|l|es
ard rur|c|pa||l|es

Among the bas|c serv|ces and fac|||t|es devo|ved to
LCUs |nc|ude:

1. Agr|cu|lura| exlers|or ard or-s|le researcr ol lre
0eparlrerl ol Agr|cu|lure;
2. Corrur|ly-oased loreslry projecl ol lre 0ENR;
3. F|e|d rea|lr ard rosp|la| serv|ces ard olrer lerl|ary
rea|lr serv|ces ol lre 00l;
1. Puo||c Wor|s ard |rlraslruclure projecls lurded oul ol
|oca| lurds ol lre 0Pwl;
5. Tre scroo| ou||d|rg prograr ol lre 0EC3;
. 3oc|a| We|lare serv|ces ol lre 03w0;
Z. Tour|sr lac|||l|es ard lour|sr prorol|or ard
deve|oprerl ol lre 00T;
8. Te|ecorrur|cal|ors serv|ces lor prov|rces ard c|l|es
ol lre 00TC;
9. lous|rg projecls lor prov|rces ard c|l|es; ard
10. 0lrer serv|ces sucr as |rveslrerl supporl.

9. how |oca| autonomy enhances governmenta| and
corporate powers of LCUs:

a. Every |oca| goverrrerl ur|l sra|| rave:
|. Fu|| aulorory |r lre|r exerc|se ol propr|elary
r|grls ard raragererl ol ecoror|c erlerpr|ses.
||. Fu|| aulror|ly lo secure doresl|c or lore|gr
grarls W|lroul lre approva| ol lre N0As
corcerred, ur|ess lrese are projecls W|lr
ral|ora| secur|ly |rp||cal|ors, ard
|||. F|rarc|a| urderla||rgs lor L0us lor rulua|
advarlage lrru |oars ard ass|slarce lo ca|ar|ly-
slr|c|er L0us.

. #.A. 710-Po||cy and App||cat|on; onst|tut|ona|
Prov|s|ons

1. Effect|v|tyJaruary 1, 1992
2. $cope of App||cat|on ($ec. #A 710}
App||cao|e lo:
a. a|| prov|rces
o. c|l|es
c. rur|c|pa||l|es
d. oarargays
e. ard olrer po||l|ca| ood|es as
ray oe crealed oy |aW, ard
l. lo lre exlerl prov|ded |r lre
L0C (|.e. devo|ul|or ol poWers):
-oll|c|a|s
-oll|ces, or
-agerc|es ol lre
Nal|ora| 0overrrerl

3. #u|es of |nterpretat|on ($ec. 5 #A 710}
a. Ary prov|s|or or a |oca| goverrrerl ur|l
sra|| oe ||oera||y |rlerpreled |ls
lavor, ard |r case ol douol, ary quesl|or
lrereor sra|| oe reso|ved |r lavor ol
devo|ul|or ol poWers ard ol lre |oWer |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l. Ary la|r ard reasorao|e
douol as lo lre ex|slerce ol lre poWer sra||
oe |rlerpreled |r lavor ol lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l corcerred;

o. lr case ol douol, ary lax ord|rarce or
reverue reasure sra|| oe corslrued slr|cl|y
aga|rsl lre |oca| gov'l ur|l eracl|rg |l, ard
||oera||y |r lavor ol lre laxpayer. Ary lax
exerpl|or, |rcerl|ve or re||el grarled oy ary
|oca| gov'l ur|l pursuarl lo lre prov|s|ors ol
lr|s Code sra|| oe corslrued slr|cl|y aga|rsl
lre persor c|a|r|rg |l;

c. Tre gerera| We|lare prov|s|ors |r lr|s
Code sra|| oe ||oera||y |rlerpreled lo
g|ve rore poWers lo |oca| gov'l ur|ls |r
acce|eral|rg ecoror|c deve|oprerl
ard upgrad|rg lre qua||ly ol ||le lor lre
peop|e |r lre corrur|ly.

d. R|grls ard oo||gal|ors ex|sl|rg or lre
dale ol ellecl|v|ly ol lr|s Code ard
ar|s|rg oul ol corlracls or ary olrer
source ol preslal|or |rvo|v|rg a |oca|
gov'l ur|l sra|| oe goverred oy lre
or|g|ra| lerrs ard cord|l|ors ol sa|d
corlracls or lre |aW |r lorce al lre l|re
sucr r|grls Were vesled.

e. lr lre reso|ul|or ol corlrovers|es
ar|s|rg urder lr|s Code Wrere ro |ega|
prov|s|or or jur|spruderce app||es,
resorl ray oe rad lo lre cuslors ard
lrad|l|ors |r lre p|ace Wrere lre
corlrovers|es la|e p|ace.

1. 0ec|arat|on of $tate Po||cy over LCU's
($ec. #A 710}

a. Tre lerr|lor|a| ard po||l|ca|
suod|v|s|ors ol lre 3lale sra||
erjoy geru|re ard rear|rglu|
|oca| aulorory lo erao|e lrer
lo alla|r lre|r lu||esl
deve|oprerl as se|l-re||arl
corrur|cal|ors ard ra|e
lrer rore ellecl|ve parlrers |r
lre alla|rrerl ol ral|ora| goa|s.
o. To ersure lre accourlao|||ly ol
|oca| gov'l ur|ls lrrougr lre
|rsl|lul|or ol ellecl|ve
recrar|srs ol reca||, |r|l|al|ve
ard relererdur.
c. To requ|re a|| ral|ora| agerc|es
ard oll|ces lo corducl per|od|c
corsu|lal|ors W|lr appropr|ale
|oca| gov'l ur|ls, ror-
goverrrerla| ard peop|e's
orgar|zal|ors ard olrer
corcerred seclors ol lre
corrur|ly oelore ary projecl
or prograr |s |rp|ererled |r
lre|r respecl|ve jur|sd|cl|ors.

||. |TE#-C'E#HETAL #ELAT|$
1. at|ona| Covernment and Loca| Covernment Un|ts

a. Tre Pres|derl sra|| exerc|se gerera| superv|s|or
over L0us.
|. Tre Pres|derl sra|| exerc|se
superv|sory aulror|ly d|recl|y over
prov|rces, r|gr|y uroar|zed c|l|es ard
|rdeperderl corporerl c|l|es.

3
||. Tre Pres|derl sra|| exerc|se superv|s|or
over corporerl c|l|es ard
rur|c|pa||l|es, lrrougr prov|rce, ard
over oarargays lrrougr c|ly ard
rur|c|pa||ly. (3ec. 25)

Tre Pres|derl's poWer ol gerera|
superv|s|or over L0us |rc|udes lre
aulror|ly lo |rvesl|gale ard |rpose
d|sc|p||rary reasures (suspers|or or
rerova|) upor e|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a|s.

b. Cenera| respons|b|||t|es of the at|ona|
Covernment towards LCUs:
|. lorru|ale po||c|es ard sel slardards
ard gu|de||res
||. prov|de lurd|rg supporl
|||. augrerl oas|c serv|ces ass|gred lo
L0us
|v. prov|de lecrr|ca| ard olrer lorrs ol
ass|slarce ard coord|rale or lre
d|scrarge ol N0A lurcl|ors
v. ersure lre parl|c|pal|or ol L0us |r
p|arr|rg ard |rp|ererl|rg ral|ora|
projecls
v|. corducl rardalory corsu|lal|ors W|lr
L0us

TE:
No projecl sra|| oe |rp|ererled oy goverrrerl
aulror|l|es W|lroul corsu|lal|or W|lr lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls
ard pr|or approva| ol lre 3arggur|ar corcerred. (3ec.2Z)

Tre requ|rererl ol pr|or corsu|lal|or app||es or|y lo
ral|ora| projecls ard/or progrars Wr|cr are lo oe
|rp|ererled |r a parl|cu|ar |oca| corrur|ly. A|lrougr
sarcl|ored oy lre ral|ora| goverrrerl, lre operal|or ol |ollo |s
re|lrer a prograr ror projecl ol lre ral|ora| goverrrerl oul ol
crar|lao|e |rsl|lul|or, lre Pr|||pp|re Crar|ly 3Weepsla|es 0ll|ce.
Tre projecls ard progrars rerl|ored |r 3ec. 2Z srou|d oe
|rlerpreled lo rear projecls ard progrars Wrose
erv|rorrerla| ard eco|og|ca| ellecls are arorg lrose
rerl|ored |r 3ec. 2 ard 2Z ol lre L0C {l|na vs. Pano, S.R.
ho. '2909J, /uusr J0, 200'j.

c. Extent of the LE's author|ty over CAs and the|r
funct|onar|es:

|. Tre LCE car ca|| upor ary erp|oyee
slal|ored or ass|gred |r r|s |oca||ly lo
adv|se r|r or rallers allecl|rg lre L0u as
We|| as coord|rale W|lr sa|d oll|c|a|s, p|ars,
progrars ard projecls.
||. Tre LCE car er||sl lre allerdarce ol lre
ral|ora| oll|c|a| slal|ored |r lre L0u or a
reel|rg ol e|ecl|ve ard appo|rled oll|c|a|s ol
lre L0u lreal|rg rallers |r lre prorol|or ol
lre gerera| We|lare ol lre res|derls.
|||. Tre LCE car a|so |r|l|ale proper adr|r|slral|ve
or jud|c|a| acl|or aga|rsl ral|ora| goverrrerl
oll|c|a| or erp|oyee Wro ray rave corr|lled
ar ollerse Wr||e slal|ored or ass|gred |r lre
L0u.

Power of ontro| and Power of Cenera|

$uperv|s|on d|st|ngu|shed:

. |nter-Loca| Covernment #e|at|ons

a. Tre prov|rce, lrrougr lre goverror, sra|| ersure lral
every corporerl c|ly ard rur|c|pa||ly acls W|lr|r |ls
poWers.

o. Tre c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly, lrrougr lre rayor, sra|| ersure
lral oarargays acl W|lr|r lre scope ol lre|r poWers.

c. Tre goverror sra|| rev|eW a|| execul|ve orders
proru|galed oy lre rayor. Tre rayor sra|| rev|eW orders
proru|galed oy lre purorg oarargay.

Tre 3arggur|arg Par|a|aW|gar ol a prov|rce rev|eWs
a|| ord|rarces eracled oy lre 3arggur|arg Par|urgsod ol
corporerl c|l|es ard 3arggur|arg 8ayar ol rur|c|pa||l|es
urder lre|r jur|sd|cl|or. lr lurr, lre 3arggur|arg Par|urgsod

8as|s

PoWer ol Corlro|
PoWer ol
0erera|
3uperv|s|or
A. as lo
ralure ol
poWer
Leg|s|al|ve Execul|ve
8. as lo Wro
exerc|ses
lre poWer
Corgress
Pres|derl
ass|sled oy lre
0lL0
3ecrelary
C. as lo
Wral lre
poWer
|rc|udes
-creal|or,
corvers|or ol
L0us ard
a|leral|or ol |ls
oourdar|es;
-a||ocale poWers,
respors|o|||l|es
ard resources
arorg L0us;
-prov|de lor
qua||l|cal|ors,
e|ecl|or,
appo|rlrerl,
rerova|, lerr,
sa|ar|es ard
lurcl|ors ard
dul|es ol |oca|
oll|c|a|s;
-prov|de olrer
rallers re|al|rg lo
lre orgar|zal|or
ard operal|or ol
L0us;
-arerdrerl ol
crarlers ol L0us.
-oversee
Wrelrer L0us
are perlorr|rg
lre|r dul|es |r
accordarce
W|lr |aW;
-|rvesl|gale
ard |rpose
d|sc|p||rary
reasures
upor err|rg
e|ecl|ve |oca|
goverrrerl
oll|c|a|s

4
ard 3arggur|arg 8ayar rev|eW a|| ord|rarces passed oy lre
3arrgur|arg 8arargay urder lre jur|sd|cl|or.
L||eW|se, lre 3arggur|arg Par|a|aW|gar ol a
prov|rce exerc|ses lre quas|-jud|c|a| lurcl|or (adr|r|slral|ve
d|sc|p||rary aulror|ly) ol rear|rg ard dec|d|rg adr|r|slral|ve
cases |rvo|v|rg e|ecl|ve rur|c|pa| ard corporerl c|ly oll|c|a|s
urder lre|r jur|sd|cl|or. lr lurr, lre 3arggur|arg Par|urgsod
ard 3arggur|arg 8ayar exerc|se d|sc|p||rary aulror|ly over
e|ecl|ve oarargay oll|c|a|s W|lr|r lre|r jur|sd|cl|or.

3. #e|at|ons w|th Peop|e's rgan|zat|ons and on-
Covernment rgan|zat|ons

a. Pr|vate $ector Part|c|pat|on |n Loca| Covernance
Purpose: lo ersure lre v|ao|||ly ol |oca| aulorory as ar
a|lerral|ve slralegy lor susla|rao|e deve|oprerl. L0us
sra|| ercourage pr|vale-seclor parl|c|pal|or |r lre
de||very ol oas|c serv|ces.
o. #o|e of Ps Cs |n the LCUs:
L0us sra|| prorole lre eslao||srrerl ard operal|or
ol peop|e's ard ror-goverrrerla| orgar|zal|ors as
acl|ve parlrers.

L0us ray erler |rlo jo|rl verlure ard cooperal|ve
urderla||rgs W|lr peop|e's ard ror-goverrrerla|
orgar|zal|ors parl|cu|ar|y |r lre lo||oW|rg:
1. de||very ol cerla|r oas|c serv|ces
2. capao|||ly ou||d|rg ard ||ve||rood
projecls; ard
3. deve|op|rg |oca| erlerpr|ses des|gred lo
|rprove producl|v|ly ard |rcore,
d|vers|l|es agr|cu|lure, spur rura|
|rduslr|a||zal|or, ard errarce lre
ecoror|c ard soc|a| We||-oe|rg ol lre
peop|e.

c. $pec|a| Loca| od|es where the pr|vate sector may
part|c|pate |n |oca| governance:

1. Loca| 0eve|opment ounc||
-a du|y corsl|luled oody Wr|cr sra|| ass|sl lre
correspord|rg 3arggur|ar |r sell|rg lre d|recl|or ol
ecoror|c ard soc|a| deve|oprerl, ard coord|ral|rg
deve|oprerl ellorls |r |ls lerr|lor|a| jur|sd|cl|or.

. Prequa||f|cat|on |ds and Awards omm|ttee
(PA}
respors|o|e lor lre corducl ol prequa||l|cal|or ol
corlraclors, o|dd|rg, eva|ual|or ol o|ds, ard lre
recorrerdal|or ol aWards corcerr|rg |oca|
|rlraslruclure projecls.
goverror or lre c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly rayor:
Cra|rrar

3. Loca| Peace and rder ounc|| pursuant to
E.. o.309 as amended $er|es of 19.

. Loca| $choo| oard
Tre 0EC3 sra|| corsu|l lre 8oard or lre
appo|rlrerl ol d|v|s|or super|rlerderls, d|slr|cl
superv|sors, scroo| pr|rc|pa|s, ard olrer scroo| oll|c|a|s.

5. Loca| hea|th oard

. Peop|e's Law Enforcement oard (PLE}

|||. #EAT| 'E#$| 0|'|$| HE#CE# A0
$L|0AT| A0 AL|T| F LCUs

A. reat|on of LCUs:
A |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray oe crealed, d|v|ded,
rerged, aoo||sred, or |ls oourdar|es suoslarl|a||y a|lered oy
|aW eracled oy Corgress |r lre case ol a prov|rce, c|ly,
rur|c|pa||ly, or olrer po||l|ca| suod|v|s|ors, or oy 3arggur|ar
Par|a|aW|gar or 3arggur|ar Par|urgsod ord|rarce |r lre
case ol a oarargay. (3ec.)

TE:
ralure ol lre poWer lo creale: LE0l3LATlvE

1. wr||e lre poWer lo creale oarargays ras oeer de|egaled
lo 3arggur|ar Par|a|aW|gar ard 3arggur|arg Par|urgsod,
Corgress, |r order lo errarce lre de||very ol oas|c serv|ces
|r |rd|gerous cu|lura| corrur|l|es, ray creale oarargays |r
sucr corrur|l|es rolW|lrslard|rg lre requ|rererls sel lorlr
oy |aW. (3ec.385a, L0C)

2. Tre creal|or or corvers|or ol a |oca| goverrrerl ur|l lo
arolrer |eve| sra|| oe oased or lre lo||oW|rg ver|l|ao|e
|rd|calors ol v|ao|||ly ard projecled capac|ly lo prov|de
serv|ces:
a. $uff|c|ent |ncome and
b. Popu|at|on and|or
c. Land area

TE: Corp||arce W|lr lre aoove-c|led |rd|calors sra|| oe
allesled oy lre 0eparlrerl ol F|rarce, lre Nal|ora| 3lal|sl|cs
0ll|ce ard lre Lard Varagererl 8ureau ol lre 0ENR,
respecl|ve|y.

3. ecess|ty of F|x|ng orporate L|m|ts:
As a raller ol gerera| ru|e, rur|c|pa| corporal|ors
carrol, W|lroul |ega| aulror|zal|or, exerc|se |ls poWers
oeyord |ls oWr corporale ||r|ls. ll |s recessary lral |l rusl
rave |ls oourdar|es l|xed, del|r|le ard cerla|r, |r order lral
ray oe |derl|l|ed ard lral a|| ray |roW lre exacl scope or
secl|or ol lerr|lory or geograpr|ca| d|v|s|or eroraced W|lr|r
lre corporale ||r|ls ard over Wr|cr lre rur|c|pa| corporal|or
ras jur|sd|cl|or. A descr|pl|or ol lre oourdar|es ol a
rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s sa|d lo oe ar esserl|a| parl ol |ls
crarler ard recessary lo corporale ex|slerce. Ar
|rcorporal|or |s vo|d Wrere lre oourdar|es ol lre rur|c|pa|
corporal|or are rol descr|oed W|lr cerla|rly.

. Hanner of reat|on
1. reat|on of arangays:
a. #o|e: serves as lre pr|rary p|arr|rg ard
|rp|ererl|rg ur|l ol goverrrerl po||c|es, p|ars progrars,
projecls ard acl|v|l|es |r lre corrur|ly, ard as a lorur
Wrere|r lre co||ecl|ve v|eWs ol lre peop|e ray oe expressed,
crysla|||zed ard cors|dered, ard Wrere d|spules ray oe
ar|cao|y sell|ed.

b. who creates: a oarargay ray oe crealed,
d|v|ded, rerged, aoo||sred or |ls oourdary suoslarl|a||y
a|lered oy |aW or oy ar ord|rarce ol lre 3arggur|arg
Par|a|aW|gar or 3arggur|arg Par|urgsod. wrere a
oarargay |s crealed oy ar ord|rarce ol lre 3arggur|arg
Par|a|aW|gar, lre recorrerdal|or ol lre 3arggur|arg
8ayar corcerred sra|| oe recessary.

5

c. $ubstant|ve #equ|s|tes:
1. Popu|al|or- al |easl 2000 |rrao|larls
Excepl |r c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es W|lr|r Velro
Var||a or |r r|gr|y uroar|zed c|l|esrusl oe al
|easl 5000 |rrao|larls

2. lrcore- ro r|r|rur |rcore requ|rererl

3. Lard Area- ro r|r|rur requ|rererl, oul |l
rusl oe corl|guous oul |l reed rol oe
corl|guous |l lre oarargay |s corpr|sed W|lr
lWo or rore |s|ards.

TE:
Tre creal|or ol lre reW oarargay sra|| rol roWever reduce
lre popu|al|or ol lre or|g|ra| oarargay lo |ess lrar lre
r|r|rur requ|rererl prescr|oed |r lre Code. (3ec.38,
L0C)

. reat|on of Hun|c|pa||t|es
a. #o|e: serves pr|rar||y as a gerera| purpose
goverrrerl lor lre coord|ral|or ard de||very ol oas|c, regu|ar
ard d|recl serv|ces ard ellecl|ve goverrarce ol lre
|rrao|larls W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a| jur|sd|cl|or.

b. who creates: ray oe crealed, d|v|ded, rerged,
aoo||sred or |ls oourdary suoslarl|a||y a|lered or|y oy ar acl
ol Corgress suojecl lo lre cr|ler|a eslao||sred oy lre Code.

1. Popu|al|or- al |easl 25,000 |rrao|larls
2. lrcore- average arrua| |rcore ol al |easl
P2.5 r||||or lor lre |asl lWo corsecul|ve years
oased or lre 1991 corslarl pr|ces.
3. Lard Area- a corl|guous lerr|lory ol 50 square
|||orelers.

3. reat|on of omponent |t|es
a. #o|e- serves pr|rar||y as a gerera| purpose
goverrrerl lor lre coord|ral|or ard de||very ol oas|c, regu|ar
ard d|recl serv|ces ard ellecl|ve goverrarce ol lre
|rrao|larls W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a| jur|sd|cl|or.

b. who creates- ray oe crealed, d|v|ded, rerged
or aoo||sred, or |ls oourdary suoslarl|a||y a|lered or|y oy ar
acl ol Corgress suojecl lo lre cr|ler|a prov|ded |r lre Code.

2. lrcore- al |easl P100 r||||or lor lre |asl lWo
corsecul|ve years
3. Lard Area- corl|guous lerr|lory ol al |easl
100 square |||orelers

TE:
Tre lrlerra| Reverue A||olrerls sra|| oe |rc|uded
|r lre corpulal|or ol lre average arrua| |rcore ol lre
rur|c|pa||ly lor purposes ol delerr|r|rg Wrelrer lre
rur|c|pa||ly ray oe va||d|y corverled |rlo a c|ly. lrcore |s
del|red |r lre L0C lo oe a|| reverues ard rece|pls co||ecled
or rece|ved lorr|rg lre gross accrel|ors ol lurds ol lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l. Tre lRAs are regu|ar ard recurr|rg |rcore
ard rol rere|y spec|a| lurds or lrarslers ard/or oudgelary
a|ds lror lre ral|ora| goverrrerl or ror-recurr|rg |rcore.
Tre lRAs regu|ar|y ard auloral|ca||y accrue lo lre |oca|
lreasury W|lroul reed ol ary lurlrer acl|or or lre parl ol lre
|oca| goverrrerl ur|l [Alvarez vs. Cuingona, 252 3CRA
695}.

. onvers|on of a omponent |ty |nto a h|gh|y
Urban|zed |ty
a. ll a corporerl c|ly sra|| rave rel lre r|r|rur
requ|rererls lor a r|gr|y uroar|zed c|ly, |l sra|| oe lre duly ol
lre Pres|derl lo dec|are lre c|ly as r|gr|y uroar|zed c|ly
upor: (1) proper app||cal|or ard (2) upor ral|l|cal|or |r a
p|eo|sc|le oy lre rajor|ly ol reg|slered volers lrere|r.

b. $ubstant|ve #equ|s|tes:
2. lrcore- al |easl P50 r||||or

5. reat|on of Prov|nces
a. #o|e- as a po||l|ca| ard corporale ur|l ol
goverrrerl, |l serves as a dyrar|c recrar|sr lor
deve|oprerl processes ard ellecl|ve goverrarce ol |oca|
goverrrerl ur|ls W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a| jur|sd|cl|or.

b. who creates- ray oe crealed, d|v|ded, rerged,
or aoo||sred, or |ls oourdary suoslarl|a||y a|lered, or|y oy ar
acl ol Corgress, suojecl lo lre sal|slacl|or ol lre cr|ler|a sel
lorlr oy lre L0C.

c. $ubstant|ve #equ|rements:
1. Popu|al|or- rol |ess lrar 250,000 |rrao|larls
2. lrcore- average arrua| |rcore ol al |easl
P20 r||||or
3. Lard Area- a corl|guous lerr|lory ol al |easl
2000 square |||orelers

TE:
8P 885, Wr|cr crealed lre Prov|rce ol Negros de|
Norle Was dec|ared urcorsl|lul|ora| oecause |l d|d rol corp|y
W|lr lre |ard area cr|ler|or prescr|oed urder lre L0C. Tre
use ol lre Word lerr|lory |r 3ec. 1Z ol lre L0C relers or|y lo
lre prys|ca| rass ol |ard area, rol lo lre Walers corpr|s|rg a
po||l|ca| erl|ly. ll exc|udes lre Walers over Wr|cr lre po||l|ca|
ur|l exerc|ses corlro| [7an vs. Comelec, 142 3CRA 727}.

. $tatus of $ub-prov|nces
Ex|sl|rg suo-prov|rces are corverled |rlo regu|ar
prov|rces upor lre approva| oy a rajor|ly voles casl |r a
p|eo|sc|le lo oe re|d |r lre sa|d suo-prov|rce ard lre or|g|ra|
prov|rce d|recl|y allecled. (3ec.12, L0C)

7. Autonomous #eg|ons
Tre Pr|||pp|re Corsl|lul|or rardales lre creal|or ol
aulororous reg|ors |r Vus||r V|rdarao ard |r lre
Cord|||eras cors|sl|rg ol prov|rces, c|l|es, rur|c|pa||l|es, ard
geograpr|ca| areas srar|rg corror ard d|sl|rcl|ve r|slor|ca|
ard cu|lura| rer|lage, ard ecoror|c ard soc|a| cu|lures.
(3ec.15, Arl.10, PC)

TE:
RA Z31, lre orgar|c acl eslao||sr|rg lre
Aulororous Reg|ora| 0overrrerl ol Vus||r V|rdarao Was
re|d va||d oy lre 3uprere Courl. [0atu Firdausi Abbas vs.
C0MELEC, 179 3CRA 287}. loWever, lre so|e Prov|rce ol
llugao Wr|cr, |r lre p|eo|sc|le, a|ore voled |r lavor ol RA

6
Z, carrol va||d|y corsl|lule lre Aulororous Reg|or ol lre
Cord|||eras. [0rdillo vs. C0MELEC, 192 3CRA 100}

. $pec|a| Hetropo||tan Po||t|ca| $ubd|v|s|ons
Tre Corgress ray, oy |aW, creale spec|a| relropo||lar
po||l|ca| suod|v|s|ors, oul lre corporerl c|l|es ard
rur|c|pa||l|es sra|| rela|r lre|r oas|c aulorory ard sra|| oe
erl|l|ed lo lre|r oWr |oca| execul|ves ard |eg|s|al|ve
assero||es. Tre jur|sd|cl|or ol lre relropo||lar aulror|ly lral
W||| oe lrereoy crealed sra|| oe ||r|led lo oas|c serv|ces
requ|r|rg coord|ral|or. (3ec. 11, Arl. X, PC)

N0TE:
w|lr lre passage ol RA Z921, Velropo||lar Var||a
Was dec|ared as a 'spec|a| deve|oprerl ard adr|r|slral|ve
reg|or ard lre adr|r|slral|or ol 'relroW|de oas|c serv|ces
allecl|rg lre reg|or Was p|aced urder a 'deve|oprerl
aulror|ly relerred lo as lre Velropo||lar Var||a 0eve|oprerl
Aulror|ly (VV0A), Wrose lurcl|ors Were W|lroul prejud|ce lo
lre aulorory ol lre allecled |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls. Tre |aW
does rol grarl po||ce ror |eg|s|al|ve poWers lo VV0A. Ever
lre Velro Var||a Courc||, lre goverr|rg ooard ol lre VV0A,
ras rol oeer de|egaled ary |eg|s|al|ve poWer. C|ear|y,
VV0A |s rol a po||l|ca| ur|l. Trere |s ro grarl ol aulror|ly lo
eracl ord|rarces ard regu|al|ors lor lre gerera| We|lare ol
lre |rrao|larls ol lre relropo||s. VV0A carrol oper lor
puo||c use a pr|vale road |r a pr|vale suod|v|s|or [MM0A vs.
8el-Air Village Association, lnc., C.R. ho. 135962, March
27, 2000}.

9. Attack aga|nst |nva||d|ty of |ncorporat|on
No co||alera| allac| sra|| ||e; ar |rqu|ry |rlo lre |ega|
ex|slerce ol a rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s reserved lo lre 3lale
|r a proceed|rg lor quo Warrarlo or olrer d|recl proceed|rg.
8ul lr|s ru|e app||es or|y Wrer lre rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s, al
|easl, a de laclo rur|c|pa| corporal|or.

10. PLE|$|TE #E"U|#EHET: wro sra|| parl|c|pale
3ec. 10 ol lre L0C prov|des lral lre creal|or, d|v|s|or
ard rerger, aoo||l|or or suoslarl|a| a|leral|or ol lre
oourdar|es ol |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls rusl oe approved oy a
rajor|ly ol voles casl |r a p|eo|sc|le |r lre po||l|ca| ur|l or
ur|ls d|recl|y allecled. 3ucr p|eo|sc|le sra|| oe corducled oy
lre C0VELEC W|lr|r 120 days lror lre dale ol lre ellecl|v|ly
ol lre |aW. Tre corp|el|or ol lre puo||cal|or ol lre |aW
srou|d oe lre rec|or|rg po|rl |r delerr|r|rg lre 120-day
per|od W|lr|r Wr|cr lo corducl lre p|eo|sc|le, rol lror lre
dale ol |ls approva| Wrer lre |aW rad rol yel oeer puo||sred.
3|rce puo||cal|or |s |rd|spersao|e lor lre ellecl|v|ly ol a |aW, a
p|eo|sc|le car oe scredu|ed or|y aller lre |aW creal|rg a c|ly
loo| ellecl. [Cawaling vs. C0MELEC, 0ct. 26, 2002}
Tre p|eo|sc|le lor lre creal|or ol a reW prov|rce or
rur|c|pa||ly sra|| |rc|ude lre parl|c|pal|or ol lre res|derls ol
lre rolrer prov|rce or rolrer rur|c|pa||ly |r order lo
corlorr lo lre corsl|lul|ora| requ|rererl. [Padilla vs.
C0MELEC, 214 3CRA 735}

lr lre corvers|or ol a rur|c|pa||ly |rlo a corporerl
c|ly, roWever, or|y lre reg|slered volers ol lre rur|c|pa||ly
sougrl lo oe corverled |rlo a corporerl c|ly, sra|| parl|c|pale
|r lre p|eo|sc|le.

$ummary of $ubstant|ve #equ|rements |n the reat|on of
LCUs

L0u Crealed lrcore Popu|al|or Lard area

8arargay

No r|r|rur
requ|rererl
2,000 oul
5,000 lor
Velro
Var||a ard
r|gr|y
uroar|zed
c|l|es

No r|r|rur
requ|rererl
Vur|c|pa||ly P2.5 r||||or 25,000, ard 50 sq.|r
Corporerl
C|ly
P100 r||||or 150,000 or 100 sq.|r.
l|gr|y
uroar|zed
C|ly
P50 r||||or 200,000
No r|r|rur
requ|rererl
Prov|rce P20 r||||or 250,000 or 2,000 sq.|r.

11. eg|nn|ng of orporate Ex|stence
wrer a reW |oca| goverrrerl ur|l |s crealed, |ls
corporale ex|slerce sra|| correrce upor lre e|ecl|or ard
qua||l|cal|or ol |ls cr|el execul|ve ard a rajor|ly reroers ol
lre 3arggur|ar, ur|ess sore olrer dale |s l|xed lrerelore oy
|aW or ord|rarce creal|rg |l. (3ec.11, L0C)

1. 0|v|s|on and Herger of LCUs
Tre d|v|s|or ard rerger ol |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls
sra|| corp|y W|lr lre sare requ|rererls lor lre|r creal|or.
Tre |rcore, popu|al|or or |ard area sra|| rol oe reduced lo
|ess lrar lre r|r|rur requ|rererls. L||eW|se, lre |rcore
c|ass|l|cal|or ol lre or|g|ra| |oca| goverrrerl ur|l sra|| rol la||
oe|oW |ls currerl |rcore c|ass|l|cal|or pr|or lo sucr d|v|s|or.
(3ec.8, L0C)

13. Abo||t|on of LCUs
A |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray oe aoo||sred Wrer |ls
|rcore, popu|al|or or |ard area ras oeer |rrevers|o|y reduced
lo |ess lrar lre r|r|rur slardards prescr|oed lor |ls creal|or
urder lre L0C, as cerl|l|ed oy lre ral|ora| agerc|es lo
Corgress or lo lre 3arggur|ar corcerred. L||eW|se, lre |aW
or, ord|rarce aoo||sr|rg ar L0u sra|| spec|ly lre prov|rce,
c|ly, rur|c|pa||ly, or oarargay W|lr Wr|cr lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l sougrl lo oe aoo||sred W||| oe |rcorporaled
or rerged. (3ec.9, L0C)

1. Effects of Annexat|on|onso||dat|on of Hun|c|pa|
orporat|ons
1. 0r lre |ega| ex|slerce ol lre lerr|lory
arrexed- ur|ess olrerW|se prov|ded lor oy
|aW, lre arrexal|or ol ore rur|c|pa|
corporal|or lo arolrer W||| d|sso|ve lre
arrexed lerr|lory. ll sra|| oecore parl ol lre
arrex|rg corporal|or ard W||| la|| urder lre
jur|sd|cl|or ol lre |aller.
2. 0r lre |aWs ard ord|rarces ol lre arrexed
corporal|or- lr lre aoserce ol ary prov|s|or
ol |aW lo lre corlrary, Wrer a lerr|lory |s
arrexed lo a rur|c|pa| corporal|or, |l sra||
oecore suojecl lo a|| lre |aWs ard ord|rarces
oy Wr|cr lre arrex|rg corporal|or |s
goverred.
3. 0r lre r|grl ol oll|cers or erp|oyees ol lre
arrexed or corso||daled lerr|lory lo corl|rue
lo ro|d lre|r oll|ces- 3uojecl lo Wral lre
|eg|s|alure ray prov|de upor arrexal|or, lre
oll|cers ard erp|oyees ol lre arrexed or

7
corso||daled lerr|lory sra|| lerr|rale lre|r
oll|c|a| re|al|or W|lr lre|r oll|ces.
1. 0r lre l|l|e lo lre properly ol lre arrexed
lerr|lory- wrer a rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s
arrexed lo arolrer, lre arrex|rg lerr|lory
sra|| acqu|re l|l|e lo lre properly ol lre
arrexed lerr|lory al lre l|re ol arrexal|or
W|lroul corpersal|or ur|ess lre arrex|rg
slalule prov|des olrerW|se. wrere lre
arrexed lerr|lory, roWever, lorrs parl ol a
rur|c|pa||ly lror Wr|cr |l |s la|er, lre
|eg|s|alure ray prov|de lor lre payrerl ol
corpersal|or lor lre |rdeoledress |rcurred
or accourl ol lre properly la|er.
w|lr regard lo puo||c ou||d|rgs ard
|rprovererls |ocaled |r lre
arrexed lerr|lory, lre arrex|rg lerr|lory |s rol
requ|red lo pay lor sa|d ou||d|rgs or
|rprovererls as lrey rave a|ready oeer pa|d
lor oy lre arrexed lerr|lory. ll Wou|d oe
olrerW|se |l lrere ex|sls ar |rdeoledress or
sa|d ou||d|rgs |r Wr|cr case, lre arrex|rg
slale ray oe requ|red lo srare |r lre payrerl
ol sa|d |rdeoledress.
5. 0r lre deols ard oo||gal|ors ol lre arrexed
lerr|lory- ll ras oeer slaled lral deols ard
oo||gal|ors ol a rur|c|pa| corporal|or
corlracled oelore |ls arrexal|or lo arolrer
lerr|lory sra|| oe assured oy lre arrex|rg
lerr|lory |r lre aoserce ol ary prov|s|or lo lre
corlrary. Tre sare ru|e app||es ol
corso||dal|or Wrere lre corso||dal|rg
rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s re|d respors|o|e lor
lre |rdeoledress ard oo||gal|ors |rcurred oy
lre lerr|lor|es Wr|cr are corso||daled.

15. Effects of 0|v|s|on of LCUs
0r lre |ega| ex|slerce ol lre or|g|ra| corporal|or: Tre
d|v|s|or ol rur|c|pa| corporal|or exl|rgu|sres lre corporale
ex|slerce ol lre or|g|ra| rur|c|pa||ly.
0r lre properly, poWers ard r|grls ol lre or|g|ra|
corporal|or: ur|ess lre |aW prov|des olrerW|se, Wrer a
rur|c|pa| corporal|or |s d|v|ded |rlo lWo or rore
rur|c|pa||l|es, eacr rur|c|pa||ly acqu|res l|l|e lo a|| lre
properly, poWers, r|grls ard oo||gal|ors la|||rg W|lr|r |ls
lerr|lor|a| jur|sd|cl|or.

|'. CEE#AL PwE#$ A0 ATT#|UTE$ F LCUs
A. Powers |n genera|

1. $ources:
a. 3ec. 25, Arl ll: 3ecs. 5, ard Z, Arl. X, Pr|||pp|re
Corsl|lul|or
o. 3lalules, e.g., R.A. Z10
c. Crarler (parl|cu|ar|y ol c|l|es)
d. 0oclr|re ol lre r|grl ol se|l-goverrrerl, oul app||es
or|y |r 3lales Wr|cr adrere lo lre doclr|re.

. |ass|f|cat|ons:
a. Express, |rp||ed ard |rrererl
o. Puo||c or goverrrerla|, pr|vale or propr|elary
c. lrlrarura| or exlrarura|
d. Vardalory ard d|reclory, r|r|sler|a| ard d|screl|orary

3. Execul|or ol poWers:
a. wrere lre slalule prescr|oes lre rarrer ol exerc|se,
lre procedure rusl oe lo||oWed.
o. wrere lre slalule |s s||erl, |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls
rave d|screl|or lo se|ecl reasorao|e rears ard relrods ol
exerc|se.

. C'E#HETAL PwE#$:
1. Cenera| we|fare |ause- lre slalulory grarl ol po||ce
poWer lo |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls.
L|m|tat|ons:
a. Express grarl oy |aW
o. Exerc|sao|e or|y W|lr|r lre lerr|lor|a| ||r|ls ol lre L0u,
excepl lor prolecl|or ol Waler supp|y
c. Equa| prolecl|or c|ause
d. 0ue process c|ause
e. Vusl rol oe corlrary lo lre Corsl|lul|or ard lre |aWs.

TE:
A |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray exerc|se de|egaled
goverrrerla| poWers:
Po||ce poWer (urder lre 0erera| we|lare C|ause)
PoWer ol Taxal|or
PoWer ol Er|rerl 0ora|r

a. #equ|s|tes for the va||d|ty of a mun|c|pa| ord|nance:
1. Vusl rol corlravere lre Corsl|lul|or ard ary
slalule;
2. Vusl rol oe urla|r or oppress|ve;
3. Vusl rol oe parl|a| or d|scr|r|ralory;
1. Vusl rol pror|o|l, oul ray regu|ale lrade Wr|cr |s
rol |||ega| per se;
5. Vusl rol oe urreasorao|e; ard
. Vusl oe gerera| |r app||cal|or ard cors|slerl W|lr
puo||c po||cy.

Ar ord|rarce exlerd|rg our|a| ass|slarce ol P500 lo a
oereaved lar||y Wrose gross |rcore does rol exceed
P2,000 a rorlr, ras oeer upre|d oy lre 3uprere Courl as a
va||d exerc|se ol po||ce poWer. Tr|s poWer |s orgar|c ard
l|ex|o|e. Tre care lor lre poor |s gerera||y recogr|zed as a
puo||c duly. Tre supporl lor lre poor ras |org oeer ar
accepled exerc|se ol po||ce poWer |r lre prorol|or ol
corror good. Tre po||ce poWer ol a rur|c|pa| corporal|or
|s oroad ard corrersurale W|lr lre duly lo prov|de lor lre
rea| reeds ol lre peop|e |r lre|r rea|lr, salely, corlorl, ard
corver|erce as cors|slerl|y as ray oe W|lr pr|vale r|grls. ll
exlerds lo a|| lre greal puo||c reeds ard |r a oroad serse
|rc|udes a|| |eg|s|al|or ard a|rosl every lurcl|or ol lre
rur|c|pa| goverrrerl. [8inay vs. 0omingo, 201 3CRA
508}

. as|c $erv|ces and Fac|||t|es:
1Z, L0C(a) Loca| goverrrerl ur|ls sra|| erdeavor lo
oe se|l-re||arl ard sra|| corl|rue exerc|s|rg lre poWers ard
d|scrarg|rg lre dul|es ard lurcl|ors currerl|y vesled upor
lrer. Trey sra|| a|so d|scrarge lre lurcl|ors ard
respors|o|||l|es ol ral|ora| agerc|es ard oll|ces devo|ved lo
lrer pursuarl lo lr|s Code. Loca| goverrrerl ur|ls sra||
|||eW|se exerc|se sucr olrer poWers ard d|scrarge sucr
olrer lurcl|ors ard respors|o|||l|es as are recessary,
appropr|ale, or |rc|derla| lo ell|c|erl ard ellecl|ve prov|s|or ol
lre oas|c serv|ces ard lac|||l|es erureraled urder lre Code.

8

0evo|ul|or relers lo lre acl oy Wr|cr lre ral|ora|
goverrrerl corlers poWers ard aulror|ly upor lre var|ous
|oca| goverrrerl ur|ls lo perlorr spec|l|c lurcl|ors ard
respors|o|||l|es. Tr|s |rc|udes lre lrarsler lo lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|ls ol lre records, equ|prerl ard olrer assels
ard persorre| ol ral|ora| agerc|es ard oll|ces.

3. Power to generate and app|y resources (1 LC}
Tre exerc|se oy |oca| goverrrerls ol lre poWer lo lax
|s orda|red oy lre preserl Corsl|lul|or (5, Arl. X, Pr||.
Corsl|lul|or). 0r|y gu|de||res ard ||r|lal|ors lral ray oe
eslao||sred oy Corgress car del|re ard ||r|l sucr poWer ol
|oca| goverrrerls. 8ul |oca| goverrrerls rave ro poWer lo
lax |rslrurerla||l|es ol lre Nal|ora| 0overrrerl. PA0C0R
oe|rg ar |rslrurerla||ly ol lre Nal|ora| 0overrrerl |s
lrerelore exerpl lror |oca| laxes. [8asco vs. PACC0R,
197 3CRA 52}

Ha|n $ources of #evenues of LCUs
A. urder lre Corsl|lul|or
1. laxes, lees ard crarges (5, Arl. X)
2. srare |r lre ral|ora| laxes- lrlerra|
Reverue A||olrerl
3. srare |r lre proceeds ol lre ul|||zal|or
ard deve|oprerl ol lre ral|ora| Wea|lr
W|lr|r lre|r areas (Z, Arl. X)
8. urder lre Loca| 0overrrerl Code
1. l|oal|rg ol oords
2. grarls/a|ds

A|| L0us are erpoWered lo creale lre|r oWr sources ol
reverue ard lo |evy laxes, lees ard crarges suojecl lo lre
prov|s|ors or |oca| laxal|or cors|slerl W|lr lre oas|c po||cy ol
|oca| aulorory. Tre 3arggur|ar corcerred lrrougr ar
ord|rarce ras lre poWer lo |rpose a lax, lee or crarge. Tre
procedura| requ|rererls ol puo||c rear|rg ard puo||cal|or
rusl oe ooserved lor purposes ol corp||arce W|lr lre
requ|rererls ol due process.

. Fundamenta| Pr|nc|p|es on Loca| taxat|on
1. Taxal|or sra|| oe ur|lorr |r eacr |oca| goverrrerl
ur|l;
2. Taxes, lees, crarges ard olrer |rpos|l|ors sra||:
a. oe equ|lao|e ard oased as lar as pracl|cao|e or lre
laxpayer's ao|||ly lo pay;
o. oe |ev|ed ard co||ecled or|y lor puo||c purposes;
c. rol oe urjusl, excess|ve, oppress|ve or
corl|scalory;
d. rol oe corlrary lo |aW, puo||c po||cy, ral|ora|
ecoror|c po||cy, or |r reslra|rl ol lrade.
3. Tre co||ecl|or ol laxes, lees, crarges ard olrer
|rpos|l|ors sra|| |r ro case oe |el lo ary pr|vale
persors;
1. Tre reverue co||ecled pursuarl lo lre prov|s|ors ol
lre L0C sra|| |rure so|e|y lo lre oerel|l ol, ard oe
suojecl lo d|spos|l|or oy, lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l
|evy|rg lre lax, lee, crarge or olrer |rpos|l|or
ur|ess olrerW|se spec|l|ca||y prov|ded rere|r; ard
5. Eacr |oca| goverrrerl ur|l sra||, as lar as
pracl|cao|e, evo|ve a progress|ve sysler ol
laxal|or.

TE$:
$hares of LCUs |n the proceeds of nat|ona| taxes
Tre srare ol lre L0u |r lrlerra| Reverue Taxes |s
10. Tre 10 lRA |s a||ocaled lo L0us as lo||oWs: lor
prov|rces ard c|l|es- 23; lor rur|c|pa||l|es- 31; lor
oarargays- 20.
No |ess lrar 20 ol lre lRA |s a||olled lor
deve|oprerl projecl oy lre |oca| ur|l lror lre lRA.

$hares |n at|ona| wea|th
10 ol lre gross co||ecl|or lror r|r|rg laxes,
roya|l|es, loreslry ard l|srery crarges, ard lror eacr srare |r
ary jo|rl ellorl |r ul|||z|rg ard deve|op|rg lre ral|ora| Wea|lr
W|lr|r lre L0u's jur|sd|cl|or ard sra|| oe rer|lled W|lroul
reed lor lurlrer acl|or lo lre |oca| lreasurer or a quarler|y
oas|s W|lr|r l|ve days aller lre erd ol every quarler.
L0us sra|| rece|ve 1 ol lre gross sa|e or rece|pls ol
lre preced|rg ca|erdar year ard 10 ol laxes, lees or
crarges lral 00CCs Wou|d rave pa|d |l rol lax exerpl,
Wr|crever |s r|grer.

how at|ona| wea|th |s 0|str|buted
ll lre ral|ora| Wea|lr |s |ocaled |r ore prov|rce, lre
prov|rce sra|| rece|ve 20, lre corporerl c|ly/rur|c|pa||ly
sra|| rece|ve 15 ard lre oarargays 35.
ll lre ral|ora| Wea|lr |s |ocaled |r lWo or rore L0us,
d|slr|oul|or sra|| oe oased or lre lo||oW|rg: popu|al|or- Z0
ard |ard area- 30.
ll lre ral|ora| Wea|lr |s |ocaled |r r|gr|y uroar|zed c|ly
or |rdeperderl corporerl c|ly, lre luC or lCC sra|| rece|ve
5 ard lre oarargays sra|| rece|ve 35.

0. Fundamenta| Pr|nc|p|es of Loca| F|sca|
Adm|n|strat|on
1. No rorey sra|| oe pa|d oul ol lre |oca| lreasury
excepl |r pursuarce ol ar appropr|al|or ord|rarce or |aW;
2. Loca| goverrrerl lurds ard ror|es sra|| oe
sperl so|e|y lor puo||c purposes;
3. Loca| reverue |s gereraled or|y lror lre sources
express|y aulror|zed oy |aW or ord|rarce, ard co||ecl|or
lrereol sra|| al a|| l|res oe ac|roW|edged proper|y;
1. A|| ror|es oll|c|a||y rece|ved oy a |oca|
goverrrerl oll|cer |r ary capac|ly or or ary occas|or sra||
oe accourled lor as |oca| lurds, ur|ess olrerW|se prov|ded oy
|aW;
5. Trusl lurds |r lre |oca| lreasury sra|| rol oe pa|d
oul excepl |r lu|l|||rerl ol lre purpose lor Wr|cr lre lrusl |s
crealed or lre lurds rece|ved.
. Every oll|cer ol lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l Wrose
dul|es perr|l or requ|re lre possess|or or cuslody ol |oca|
lurds sra|| oe proper|y oorded, ard sucr oll|cer sra|| oe
accourlao|e ard respors|o|e lor sa|d lurds ard lor lre
sale|eep|rg lrereol |r corlorr|ly W|lr lre prov|s|ors ol |aW.
Z. Loca| goverrrerls sra|| lorru|ale sourd l|rarc|a|
p|ars, ard lre |oca| oudgels sra|| oe oased or lurcl|ors,
acl|v|l|es ard projecls, |r lerrs ol expecled resu|ls.
8. Loca| oudgel p|ars ard goa|s sra||, as lar as
pracl|cao|e, oe rarror|zed W|lr ral|ora| deve|oprerl p|ars,
goa|s ard slraleg|es |r order lo opl|r|ze lre ul|||zal|or ol
resources ard lo avo|d dup||cal|or |r lre use ol l|sca| ard
prys|ca| resources.
9. Loca| oudgels sra|| operal|ora||ze approved
deve|oprerl p|ars.
10. Loca| goverrrerl ur|ls sra|| ersure lral lre|r
respecl|ve oudgels |rcorporale lre requ|rererls ol lre|r
corporerl ur|ls ard prov|de lor equ|lao|e a||ocal|or ol
resources arorg lrese corporerl ur|ls.

9
11. Nal|ora| p|arr|rg sra|| oe oased or |oca|
p|arr|rg lo ersure lral lre reeds ard asp|ral|ors ol lre
peop|e as arl|cu|aled oy lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls |r lre|r
respecl|ve |oca| deve|oprerl p|ars are cors|dered |r lre
lorru|al|or ol oudgels ol ral|ora| ||re agerc|es or oll|ces.
12. F|sca| respors|o|||ly sra|| oe srared oy a|| lrose
exerc|s|rg aulror|ly over lre l|rarc|a| alla|rs, lrarsacl|ors,
ard operal|ors ol lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls.
13. Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l sra|| erdeavor lo rave
a oa|arced oudgel |r eacr l|sca| year ol operal|or.

. Em|nent 0oma|n (19 LC}

Tre poWer lo expropr|ale pr|vale properly ras oeer
de|egaled oy Corgress lo L0us urder 19, L0C. Tre
exerc|se oy L0us ol lre poWer ol er|rerl dora|r are suojecl
lo lre usua| corsl|lul|ora| ||r|lal|ors sucr as recess|ly,
pr|vale properly, la||rg, puo||c use, jusl corpersal|or ard
due process ol |aW.
Tre delerr|ral|or ol Wrelrer lrere |s geru|re
recess|ly lor lre exerc|se ol lre poWer ol er|rerl dora|r |s a
jusl|c|ao|e quesl|or Wrer exerc|sed oy lre L0us ard
gerera||y a po||l|ca| quesl|or Wrer exerc|sed oy Corgress.

TE:
Pr|vale properly a|ready devoled lo puo||c use car sl||| oe a
suojecl ol expropr|al|or oy Corgress oul rol oy L0us.

Tre add|l|ora| ||r|lal|ors or lre exerc|se ol lre poWer ol
er|rerl dora|r oy L0us are, as lo||oWs:
1. Exerc|sed or|y oy lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve, acl|rg pursuarl
lo a va||d ord|rarce;
2. For puo||c use or purpose or We|lare, lor lre oerel|l ol lre
poor ard lre |ard|ess;
3. 0r|y aller a va||d ard del|r|le oller rad oeer rade lo, ard
rol accepled oy, lre oWrer;
1. Ar L0u sra|| l||e a corp|a|rl lor expropr|al|or or lre
slrerglr ol ar ord|rarce ard rol a rere reso|ul|or passed oy
lre 3arggur|ar. (Vur|c|pa||ly ol Pararaque vs. vV Rea|ly
Corp., 292 3CRA Z)

Tre proru|gal|or ol lre ord|rarce aulror|z|rg lre |oca|
cr|el execul|ve lo exerc|se lre poWer rusl oe proru|galed
pr|or lo lre l|||rg ol lre corp|a|rl lor er|rerl dora|r W|lr lre
proper courl, ard rol aller lre courl sra|| rave delerr|red
lre arourl ol jusl corpersal|or lo Wr|cr lre delerdarl |s
erl|l|ed. [heirs of 3uguitan vs. City of Mandaluyong, 328
3CRA 137}

TE:
Ar L0u ray |rred|ale|y la|e possess|or ol lre properly
upor l|||rg ol expropr|al|or proceed|rgs ard depos|l |r courl
ol 15 ol lre FVv ol lre properly.

5. ther powers
a. #ec|ass|f|cat|on of |ands (0 #A 710}
A c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly ray, lrrougr ar ord|rarce
passed aller corducl|rg puo||c rear|rgs lor lre
purpose, ray aulror|ze lre rec|ass|l|cal|or ol
agr|cu|lura| |ards ard prov|de lor lre rarrer ol
lre|r ul|||zal|or or lre|r d|spos|l|or:
|. wrer lre |ard ceases lo oe ecoror|ca||y
leas|o|e ard sourd lor agr|cu|lura|
purposes as delerr|red oy lre
0eparlrerl ol Agr|cu|lure;
||. wrere lre |ard sra|| rave suoslarl|a||y
grealer ecoror|c va|ue lor res|derl|a|,
correrc|a| or |rduslr|a| purposes as
delerr|red oy lre sarggur|ar; 57ov|oeo lral
sucr rec|ass|l|cal|or sra|| oe ||r|led lo lre
lo||oW|rg percerlage ol lre lola| agr|cu|lura|
|ard area al lre l|re ol lre passage ol lre
ord|rarce:

lor r|gr|y uroar|zed c|l|es ard |rdeperderl
corporerl c|l|es: 15
lor corporerl c|l|es ard 1
sl
lo 3
rd
c|ass
rur|c|pa||l|es: 10
lor 1
lr
ard
lr
c|ass rur|c|pa||l|es: 5

P7ov|oeo lral agr|cu|lura| |ard d|slr|ouled lo |ard relorr
oerel|c|ar|es sra|| rol oe allecled oy sucr rec|ass|l|cal|or.

b. |osure and open|ng of roads (1 #A 710}
A |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray, pursuarl lo
ar ord|rarce, perrarerl or lerporar||y c|ose or oper ary
|oca| road, a||ey, par|, or square la|||rg W|lr|r |ls jur|sd|cl|or,
prov|ded lral |r case ol perrarerl c|osure, sucr ord|rarce
rusl oe approved oy al |easl 2/3 ol a|| lre reroers ol lre
sarggur|ar, ard Wrer recessary, ard adequale suosl|lule
lor lre puo||c lac|||ly sra|| oe prov|ded.

TE:
Add|l|ora| ||r|lal|ors |r case ol perrarerl c|osure:
|. Adequale prov|s|or lor lre ra|rlerarce ol puo||c
salely rusl oe rade;
||. Tre properly ray oe used or corveyed lor ary
purpose lor Wr|cr olrer rea| properly ray oe
|aWlu||y used or corveyed, oul ro lreedor par|
sra|| oe c|osed perrarerl|y W|lroul prov|s|or lor |ls
lrarsler or re|ocal|or lo a reW s|le.

Terporary c|osure ray oe rade dur|rg ar aclua|
erergercy, l|esla ce|eoral|ors, puo||c ra|||es, elc.

c. am|ng of LCUs pub||c p|aces streets and
structures
1. Prov|nces- Tre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar ray
crarge lre rare ol lre lo||oW|rg W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a|
jur|sd|cl|or:
|. Corporerl c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es,
upor lre recorrerdal|or ol lre sarggur|arg
corcerred;
||. Prov|rc|a| roads, averues, oou|evards,
lrorougrlares ard or|dges;
|||. Puo||c vocal|ora| or lecrr|ca| scroo|s
ard olrer posl secordary ard lerl|ary scroo|s;
|v. Prov|rc|a| rosp|la|s, rea|lr cerlers,
ard olrer rea|lr lac|||l|es; ard
v. Ary olrer puo||c p|ace or ou||d|rg
oWred oy lre prov|rc|a| goverrrerl.

. h|gh|y Urban|zed and |ndependent
omponent |t|es- Tre sarggur|ars ol luCs ard lCCs
ray crarge lre rare ol lre lo||oW|rg W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a|
jur|sd|cl|or:

10
|. C|ly oarargays, upor lre
recorrerdal|or ol lre sarggur|arg oarargay
corcerred;
||. C|ly roads, averues, oou|evards,
lrorougrlares, ard or|dges;
|||. Puo||c e|ererlary, secordary ard
vocal|ora| or lecrr|ca| scroo|s, corrur|ly co||eges
ard ror-crarlered co||eges;
|v. C|ly rosp|la|s, rea|lr cerlers ard
olrer rea|lr lac|||l|es; ard
oWred oy lre c|ly goverrrerl.

3. omponent |t|es and Hun|c|pa||t|es- Tre
sarggur|ars ol corporerl c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es ray
crarge lre rare ol lre lo||oW|rg W|lr|r |ls lerr|lor|a|
jur|sd|cl|or:
|. C|ly ard rur|c|pa| oarargays, upor
recorrerdal|or ol lre sarggur|arg oarargay
corcerred;
||. C|ly, rur|c|pa| ard oarargay roads,
averues, oou|evards, lrorougrlares, ard or|dges;
|||. C|ly ard rur|c|pa| puo||c e|ererlary,
secordary ard vocal|ora| or lecrr|ca| scroo|s,
posl-secordary ard olrer lerl|ary scroo|s;
|v. C|ly ard rur|c|pa| rosp|la|s, rea|lr
cerlers ard olrer rea|lr lac|||l|es; ard
oWred oy lre rur|c|pa| goverrrerl.

TE$:
Nore ol lre lorego|rg |oca| goverrrerl ur|ls, |rsl|lul|ors,
p|aces, or ou||d|rgs sra|| oe rared aller a ||v|rg persor, ror
ray a crarge ol rare oe rade ur|ess lor a jusl|l|ao|e
reasor ard, |r ary case, rol ollerer lrar orce every ler
years. Tre rare ol a |oca| goverrrerl ur|l or a puo||c p|ace,
slreel or slruclure W|lr r|slor|ca|, cu|lura|, or elrr|c
s|gr|l|carce sra|| rol oe crarged, ur|ess oy a urar|rous
vole ol lre sarggur|ar corcerred ard |r corsu|lal|or W|lr lre
Pr|||pp|re l|slor|ca| Corr|ss|or.

A crarge ol rare ol a puo||c scroo| sra|| oe rade or|y
upor lre recorrerdal|or ol lre |oca| scroo| ooard
corcerred.

A crarge ol rare ol puo||c rosp|la|s, rea|lr cerlers, ard
olrer rea|lr lac|||l|es sra|| oe rade or|y upor lre
recorrerdal|or ol lre |oca| rea|lr ooard corcerred.

Tre crarge ol rare ol ary |oca| goverrrerl ur|l sra|| oe
ellecl|ve or|y upor ral|l|cal|or |r a p|eo|sc|le corducled lor
lre purpose |r lre po||l|ca| ur|l d|recl|y allecled.
lr ary crarge ol rare, lre 0ll|ce ol lre Pres|derl, lre
represerlal|ve ol lre |eg|s|al|ve d|slr|cl corcerred, ard lre
8ureau ol Posls sra|| oe rol|l|ed. (13, L0C)

d. $ett|ement of boundary d|sputes (11 a-d
#A 710}:
8ourdary d|spules oelWeer ard arorg
|oca| goverrrerl ur|ls sra||, as rucr as poss|o|e,
oe sell|ed ar|cao|y. To lr|s erd:
a. 8ourdary d|spules |rvo|v|rg lWo
or rore oarargays |r lre sare
c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly sra|| oe
relerred lor sell|ererl lo lre
sarggur|arg par|urgsod or
sarggur|arg oayar corcerred.
o. 8ourdary d|spules |rvo|v|rg lWo
or rore rur|c|pa||l|es W|lr|r lre
sare prov|rce sra|| oe relerred
lor sell|ererl lo lre
sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar
corcerred.
c. 8ourdary d|spules |rvo|v|rg
rur|c|pa||l|es or corporerl
c|l|es ol d|llererl prov|rces sra||
oe jo|rl|y relerred lor sell|ererl
lo lre sarggur|ars ol lre
prov|rces corcerred.
d. 8ourdary d|spules |rvo|v|rg a
corporerl c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly
or lre ore rard ard a r|gr|y
uroar|zed c|ly or lre olrer, or
lWo or rore r|gr|y uroar|zed
c|l|es, sra|| oe jo|rl|y relerred lor
sell|ererl lo lre respecl|ve
sarggur|ars ol lre parl|es.
Procedure:
lr lre everl lre sarggur|ar la||s lo ellecl ar
ar|cao|e sell|ererl W|lr|r 0 days lror lre dale lre d|spule
Was relerred lrerelo, |l sra|| |ssue a cerl|l|cal|or lo lral ellecl.
Trerealler, lre d|spule sra|| oe lorra||y lr|ed oy lre
sarggur|ar corcerred Wr|cr sra|| dec|de lre |ssue W|lr|r 0
days lror lre dale ol lre cerl|l|cal|or relerred lo aoove.
w|lr|r lre l|re ard rarrer prescr|oed oy lre Ru|es
ol Courl, ary parly ray e|evale lre dec|s|or ol lre
sarggur|ar corcerred, ary parly ray e|evale lre dec|s|or ol
lre sarggur|ar corcerred lo lre proper Reg|ora| Tr|a| Courl
rav|rg jur|sd|cl|or over lre area |r d|spule. Tre Reg|ora|
Tr|a| Courl sra|| dec|de lre appea| W|lr|r ore (1) year lror
lre l|||rg lrereol. Perd|rg l|ra| reso|ul|or ol lre case, lre
d|spuled area pr|or lo lre d|spule sra|| oe ra|rla|red ard
corl|rued lor a|| |ega| purposes. (119, L0C)

e. Author|ty over po||ce un|ts ( Art. X'|
Ph|||pp|ne onst|tut|on}
Tre 3lale sra|| eslao||sr ard ra|rla|r ore po||ce
lorce, Wr|cr sra|| oe ral|ora| |r scope ard c|v|||ar |r
craracler, lo oe adr|r|slered ard corlro||ed oy a Nal|ora|
Po||ce Corr|ss|or. Tre aulror|ly ol |oca| execul|ves over
lre po||ce ur|ls |r lre|r jur|sd|cl|or sra|| oe prov|ded oy |aW.

. LAL LEC|$LAT|'E PwE#
A. Products of |eg|s|at|ve act|on
1. rd|nance- prescr|oes a ru|e ol
corducl.
2. #eso|ut|on- ol lerporary craracler,
or expresses serl|rerl.

. #equ|s|tes for va||d|ty:
1. Vusl rol corlravere lre Corsl|lul|or
ard ary slalule
2. Vusl rol oe urla|r or oppress|ve
3. Vusl rol oe parl|a| or d|scr|r|ralory
1. Vusl rol pror|o|l, oul ray regu|ale
lrade
5. Vusl rol oe urreasorao|e
. Vusl oe gerera| |r app||cal|or ard
cors|slerl W|lr puo||c po||cy.


11
OApprova| of ord|nances:
0rd|rarces passed oy lre sarggur|arg
par|a|aW|gar, sarggur|arg par|urgsod or sarggur|arg
oayar sra|| oe approved:
ll lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve approves lre sare, all|x|rg r|s
s|gralure or eacr ard every page lrereol.
ll lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve veloes lre sare, ard lre velo |s
overr|dder oy 2/3 vole ol a|| lre reroers ol lre sarggur|ar.

wrere pel|l|orer Was crarged W|lr la|s|l|cal|or ol a puo||c
docurerl lor approv|rg a reso|ul|or Wr|cr purporled|y
appropr|aled rorey lo pay lor lre lerr|ra| |eave ol 2
erp|oyees Wrer aclua||y ro sucr reso|ul|or Was passed, lre
pel|l|orer argued lral r|s s|gralure or lre reso|ul|or Was
rere|y r|r|sler|a|. Tre 3uprere Courl d|sagreed, say|rg
lral lre grarl ol lre velo poWer accords lre Vayor lre
d|screl|or Wrelrer or rol lo approve lre reso|ul|or. [0e Los
Reyes vs. 3andiganbayan, C.R. 121215, hov. 13, 1997}

TE$:

1. Tre v|ce goverror, lre v|ce rayor ard lre purorg
oarargay sra|| oe lre pres|d|rg oll|cer ol lre sarggur|ars oul
sra|| vole or|y |r case ol l|e.

2. lr case ol |rao|||ly ol lre pres|d|rg oll|cer, lre reroers
sra|| e|ecl a lerporary pres|d|rg oll|cer lror arorg
lrerse|ves. (19)

3. For d|sorder|y oerav|or ard aoserce W|lroul jusl|l|ao|e
cause lor 1 corsecul|ve sess|ors, a reroer ray oe
cersured, repr|rarded, exc|uded lror lre sess|or,
susperded lor rol rore lrar 0 days, or expe||ed.
3uspers|or or expu|s|or sra|| requ|re corcurrerce ol al |easl
2/3 ol a|| sarggur|ar reroers. A reroer serlerced oy
l|ra| judgrerl lo |rpr|sorrerl lor al |easl ore year lor a
cr|re |rvo|v|rg rora| lurp|lude sra|| oe auloral|ca||y
expe||ed. (50)

1. Every sarggur|ar reroer, upor assurpl|or ol oll|ce
sra|| ra|e a lu|| d|sc|osure ol r|s ous|ress ard l|rarc|a|
|rleresls. le sra|| a|so d|sc|ose ary ous|ress, l|rarc|a| or
proless|ora| re|al|orsr|p or ary re|al|orsr|p W|lr|r lre 1
lr

degree Wr|cr re ray rave W|lr aryore allecled oy ary
ord|rarce or reso|ul|or ol lre sarggur|ar Wr|cr |rvo|ves a
corl||cl ol |rleresls.
3ucr re|al|orsr|p |rc|udes:
|. lrveslrerl |r lre erl|ly lo Wr|cr lre ord|rarce
ray app|y
||. Corlracls W|lr ary persor lo Wr|cr lre ord|rarce
ray app|y
onf||ct of |nterests relers lo a s|lual|or Wrere a
sarggur|ar reroer ray rol acl |r lre puo||c |rleresl due lo
persora| cors|deral|or lral ray allecl r|s judgrerl lo lre
prejud|ce ol lre puo||c. (51)

5. A spec|a| sess|or ray oe ca||ed oy lre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve or a rajor|ly ol lre sarggur|ar reroers. ur|ess
corcurred |r oy 2/3 vole ol lre reroers preserl, ro raller
ray oe recors|dered al lre spec|a| sess|or excepl lrose
slaled |r lre rol|ce. (52)
. A rajor|ly ol a|| lre reroers ol lre sarggur|ar sra||
corsl|lule a quorur. (53)

Z. Ar ord|rarce sra|| oe approved oy lre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve oy all|x|rg r|s s|gralure |r eacr ard every page
lrereol.

8. Tre goverror or rayor ray velo ary |ler |r lre lo||oW|rg
cases:
a. Parl|cu|ar |ler or |lers |r ar appropr|al|ors
ord|rarce
o. 0rd|rarce adopl|rg a |oca| deve|oprerl p|ar ard
puo||c |rveslrerl prograr
c. 0rd|rarce d|recl|rg lre payrerl ol rorey or
creal|rg ||ao|||ly. (55)

9. Tre grourds lor velo are:
a. Tre ord|rarce |s u|lra v|res
o. 0r lral |l |s prejud|c|a| lo puo||c We|lare

10. Tre velo sra|| oe corrur|caled lo lre sarggur|ar W|lr|r
15 days |r lre case ol a prov|rce ard 10 days |r lre case ol a
c|ly or rur|c|pa||ly; olrerW|se, lre ord|rarce sra|| oe deered
approved, as |l re s|gred |l. Tre sarggur|ar ray overr|de
lre velo oy 2/3 ol a|| |ls reroers. (51)

11. 0rd|rarces eracled oy lre sarggur|arg oarargay sra||,
upor approva| oy a rajor|ly ol a|| |ls reroers, oe s|gred oy
lre Purorg 8arargay. Tre |aller ras ro velo poWer.

12. Rev|eW
a. Tre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar sra|| rev|eW
ord|rarces ard reso|ul|or ol c|l|es ard
rur|c|pa||l|es lo delerr|re |l lrey are W|lr|r lre|r
poWer. (5)
Procedure:
w|lr|r 3 days aller approva|, lre
secrelary ol lre sarggur|arg par|urgsod (|r
corporerl c|l|es) or sarggur|arg oayar sra||
lorWard lo lre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar lor rev|eW
cop|es ol approved ord|rarces ard reso|ul|ors
approv|rg lre |oca| deve|oprerl p|ars ard puo||c
|rveslrerl progrars lorru|aled oy lre |oca|
deve|oprerl courc||s. Tre sarggur|arg
par|a|aW|gar sra|| rev|eW lre sare W|lr|r 30 days;
|l |l l|rds lral lre ord|rarce or reso|ul|or |s oeyord
lre poWer corlerred upor lre sarggur|arg
par|urgsod or sarggur|arg oayar corcerred, |l
sra|| dec|are sucr ord|rarce or reso|ul|or |rva||d |r
Wro|e or |r parl. ll ro acl|or |s la|er W|lr|r 30
days, lre ord|rarce or reso|ul|or |s presured
cors|slerl W|lr |aW, ard lrerelore, va||d.

o. Tre sarggur|arg par|urgsod or oayar sra|| rev|eW
sarggur|arg oarargay ord|rarces lo delerr|re |l
lrey are |aWlu|. (5Z)

Procedure:
w|lr|r 10 days lror eraclrerl, lre sarggur|arg
oarargay sra|| lurr|sr cop|es ol a|| oarargay ord|rarces
lo lre sarggur|arg par|urgsod or sarggur|arg oayar
lor rev|eW. ll lre rev|eW|rg sarggur|ar l|rds lre
oarargay ord|rarces |rcors|slerl W|lr |aW or c|ly or
rur|c|pa| ord|rarces, lre sarggur|arg corcerred sra||,
W|lr|r 30 days lror rece|pl lrereol, relurr lre sare W|lr
|ls correrls ard recorrerdal|ors lo lre sarggur|arg
oarargay lor adjuslrerl, arerdrerl or rod|l|cal|or, |r
Wr|cr case lre ellel|v|ly ol lre ord|rarce |s susperded

12
url|| lre rev|s|or ca||ed lor |s ellecled. ll ro acl|or |s
la|er oy lre sarggur|arg par|urgsod or sarggur|arg
oayar W|lr|r 30 days, lre ord|rarce |s deered
approved.

13. Enforcement of d|sapproved ord|nances|reso|ut|ons:
Ary allerpl lo erlorce ar ord|rarce or reso|ul|or
approv|rg lre |oca| deve|oprerl p|ar ard puo||c |rveslrerl
prograr, aller lre d|sapprova| lrereol, sra|| oe sull|c|erl
grourd lor lre suspers|or or d|sr|ssa| ol lre oll|c|a| or
erp|oyee corcerred.

1. Effect|v|ty
a. ur|ess olrerW|se slaled |r lre ord|rarce, |l sra||
la|e ellecl aller 10 days lror posl|rg al lre
prov|rc|a| cap|lo| or c|ly, rur|c|pa| or oarargay ra||
ard lWo olrer corsp|cuous p|aces.
o. Tre g|sl ol a|| ord|rarces W|lr pera| sarcl|or sra||
oe puo||sred |r a reWspaper ol gerera| c|rcu|al|or
|r lre prov|rce. lr lre aoserce ol sucr reWspaper,
lre ord|rarce sra|| oe posled |r a|| rur|c|pa||l|es
ard c|l|es ol lre prov|rce Wrere lre sarggur|ar ol
or|g|r |s s|lualed.
c. lr r|gr|y uroar|zed ard |rdeperderl corporerl
c|l|es, |r add|l|or lo posl|rg, lre ra|r lealures ol
lre ord|rarce sra|| oe puo||sred |r a |oca|
reWspaper ol gerera| c|rcu|al|or. lr lre aoserce ol
sucr reWspaper, |l sra|| oe puo||sred |r ary
reWspaper ol gerera| c|rcu|al|or. (59

. orporate Powers ( #A 710}
1. To rave corl|ruous success|or |r |ls corporale rare
2. To sue ard oe sued
3. To rave ard use a corporale sea|
1. To acqu|re ard corvey rea| or persora| properly
a. Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray acqu|re rea| or
persora|, larg|o|e or |rlarg|o|e properly, |r ary
rarrer a||oWed oy |aW, e.g., sa|e, doral|or,
elc.
o. Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray a||erale or|y
palr|ror|a| properly, upor proper aulror|ly.
c. lr lre aoserce ol prool lral lre properly Was
acqu|red lrrougr corporale or pr|vale lurds,
lre presurpl|or |s lral |l care lror lre 3lale
upor lre creal|or ol lre rur|c|pa||ly ard, lrus,
|s goverrrerla| or puo||c properly. [3alas vs.
Jarencio, 48 3CRA 734; Rebuco vs.
Villegas, 55 3CRA 656}
d. ToWr p|azas are properl|es ol puo||c dor|r|or;
lrey ray oe occup|ed lerporar||y, oul or|y lor
lre dural|or ol ar erergercy [Espiritu vs.
Municipal Council of Pozorrubio,
Pangasinan, 102 Phil. 866}.
e. A puo||c p|aza |s oeyord lre correrce ol
rar, ard carrol oe lre suojecl ol |ease or
olrer corlraclua| urderla||rg. Ard, ever
assur|rg lre ex|slerce ol a va||d |ease ol lre
puo||c p|aza or parl lrereol, lre rur|c|pa|
reso|ul|or ellecl|ve|y lerr|raled lre
agreererl, lor |l |s sell|ed lral lre po||ce
poWer carrol oe surrerdered or oarga|red
aWay lrrougr lre red|ur ol a corlracl
[Villanueva vs. Castaneda, 154 3CRA 142}.

5. PoWer lo erler |rlo corlracls
a. Requ|s|les ol a va||d rur|c|pa| corlracls
|. Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l ras lre
express, |rp||ed or |rrererl poWer lo
erler |rlo lre parl|cu|ar corlracl.
||. Tre corlracl |s erlered |rlo oy lre
proper deparlrerl, ooard, corr|llee,
oll|cer or agerl. ur|ess olrerW|se
prov|ded oy lre Code, ro corlracl
ray oe erlered |rlo oy lre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve or oera|l ol lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l W|lroul pr|or
aulror|zal|or oy lre sarggur|arg
corcerred.
|||. Tre corlracl rusl corp|y W|lr cerla|r
suoslarl|ve requ|rererls, |.e., Wrer
experd|lure ol puo||c lurd |s lo oe
rade, lrere rusl oe ar aclua|
appropr|al|or ard a cerl|l|cale ol
ava||ao|||ly ol lurds.
|v. Tre corlracl rusl corp|y W|lr lre
lorra| requ|rererls ol Wr|ller
corlracls, e.g., lre 3lalule ol Frauds.
o. U|tra v|res contracts
wrer a corlracl |s erlered |rlo W|lroul
corp||arce W|lr lre l|rsl ard lre lr|rd requ|s|les
(aoove), lre sare |s u|lra v|res ard |s ru|| ard vo|d.
3ucr corlracl carrol oe ral|l|ed or va||daled.
Ral|l|cal|or ol delecl|ve rur|c|pa| corlracls |s
poss|o|e or|y Wrer lrere |s ror-corp||arce W|lr lre
secord ard/or lourlr requ|rererls aoove.
Ral|l|cal|or ray oe express or |rp||ed.

c. Author|ty to negot|ate and secure contracts (3
#A 710}
Tre |oca| cr|el execul|ve ray, upor aulror|ly ol
lre sarggur|ar, regol|ale ard secure l|rarc|a|
grarls or doral|ors |r ||rd, |r supporl ol lre oas|c
serv|ces ard lac|||l|es erureraled urder 1Z, lror
|oca| ard lore|gr ass|slarce agerc|es W|lroul
recess|ly ol secur|rg c|eararce or approva| lror
ary deparlrerl, agercy, or oll|ce ol lre ral|ora|
goverrrerl or lror ary r|grer |oca| goverrrerl
ur|l; P7ov|oeo, lral projecls l|rarced oy sucr grarls
or ass|slarce W|lr ral|ora| secur|ly |rp||cal|ors
sra|| oe approved oy lre ral|ora| agercy
corcerred.

. To exerc|se such other powers as are granted to
corporat|ons subject to ||m|tat|ons prov|ded |n the ode
and other |aws.

'. HU||PAL L|A|L|TY

A. $pec|f|c prov|s|ons mak|ng LCUs ||ab|e:
a. #A 710- L|ao|||ly lor darages- Loca|
goverrrerl ur|ls ard lre|r oll|c|a|s are rol exerpl
lror ||ao|||ly lor dealr or |rjury lo persors or darage
lo properly.
o. Art. 19 - Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l |s ||ao|e
|r darages lor dealr or |rjur|es sullered oy reasor
ol lre delecl|ve cord|l|or ol roads, slreels, or|dges,
puo||c ou||d|rgs ard olrer puo||c Wor|s.
c. Arl. 2180, (par.), NCC- Tre 3lale |s respors|o|e
Wrer |l acls lrrougr a spec|a| agerl.

13
d. Arl. 31, NCC- Tre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l |s
suos|d|ar||y ||ao|e lor darages sullered oy a persor
oy reasor ol lre la||ure or relusa| ol a reroer ol lre
po||ce lorce lo rerder a|d ard prosecul|or |r case ol
darger lo ||le ard properly.

. L|ab|||ty for Tort
a. ll lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l |s ergaged |r
goverrrerla| lurcl|ors, |l |s N0T ||ao|e.
o. ll ergaged |r propr|elary lurcl|ors, |oca| goverrrerl
ur|l |s ||ao|e.
lo|d|rg ol loWr l|esla |s a propr|elary lurcl|or.
Tre Vur|c|pa||ly ol Va|as|que, Pargas|rar, Was
re|d ||ao|e lor lre dealr ol a reroer ol lre zarzue|a
group Wrer lre slage co||apsed, urder lre pr|rc|p|e
ol 7es5onoear su5e7|o7.

TE:
Tre rur|c|pa| courc|| raraged lre loWr l|esla.
wr||e lre rur|c|pa||ly Was re|d ||ao|e, lre courc||ors
lrerse|ves are rol ||ao|e lor lre reg||gerce ol lre|r
erp|oyees or agerls. [7orio vs. Fontanilla, 85 3CRA 599}

c. Persona| L|ab|||ty of |oca| off|c|a|s

3. L|ab|||ty for v|o|at|on of |aw

ase:
Tre Vur|c|pa||ly ol 8uraWar, Agusar de| 3ur,
lrrougr lre Vayor, Was re|d |r corlerpl ard l|red P1,000.00
W|lr a Warr|rg, oecause ol lre relusa| ol lre Vayor lo ao|de
oy a Terporary Reslra|r|rg 0rder |ssued oy lre Courl
[Moday vs. CA, 243 3CRA 152}.

. L|ab|||ty for contracts
a. Cenera| #u|e- A rur|c|pa| corporal|or, |||e ar
ord|rary persor, |s ||ao|e or a corlracl |l erlers |rlo,
prov|ded lral lre corlracl |s |rlra v|res. ll lre
corlracl |s u|lra v|res, lre rur|pa| corporal|or |s rol
||ao|e.

N0TE3:
A pr|vale |rd|v|dua| Wro dea|s W|lr a rur|c|pa|
corporal|or |s |rpuled corslrucl|ve |roW|edge ol lre
exlerl ol lre poWer or aulror|ly ol lre rur|c|pa|
corporal|or lo erler |rlo corlracls.
0rd|rar||y, lrerelore, lre doclr|re ol esloppe| does rol
||e aga|rsl rur|c|pa| corporal|or.

b. 0octr|ne of |mp||ed Hun|c|pa| L|ab|||ty- A
rur|c|pa||ly ray oecore oo||galed upor ar |rp||ed
corlracl lo pay lre reasorao|e va|ue ol lre oerel|ls
accepled or appropr|aled oy |l as lo Wr|cr |l ras lre
gerera| poWer lo corlracl [Province of Cebu vs.
lAC, 147 3CRA 447}.
Tre doclr|re app||es lo a|| cases Wrere rorey or
properly ol a parly |s rece|ved urder sucr
c|rcurslarces lral lre gerera| |aW, |rdeperderl ol
ar express corlracl, |rp||es ar oo||gal|or lo do
jusl|ce W|lr respecl lo lre sare.
Trus, |r lr|s case, lre Prov|rce ol Ceou carrol
sel up lre p|ea lral lre corlracl Was u|lra v|res ard
sl||| rela|r oerel|ls lrereurder. lav|rg regarded lre
corlracl as va||d lor purposes ol reap|rg oerel|ls,
lre Prov|rce ol Ceou |s eslopped lo quesl|or |ls
va||d|ly lor lre purpose ol dery|rg arsWerao|||ly.

'|. LAL FF||AL$

A. Prov|s|ons app||cab|e to e|ect|ve and appo|nt|ve
off|c|a|s
1. 9 #A 710: Proh|b|ted bus|ness and pecun|ary
|nterest- ll sra|| oe ur|aWlu| lor ary |oca| goverrrerl oll|c|a|
or erp|oyee, d|recl|y or |rd|recl|y, lo:
a. Ergage |r ary ous|ress lrarsacl|or W|lr lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l |r Wr|cr re |s ar oll|c|a| or
erp|oyee or over Wr|cr re ras lre poWer ol
superv|s|or, or W|lr ary ol |ls aulror|zed ooards,
oll|c|a|s, agerls, or allorreys, Wrereoy rorey |s
lo oe pa|d, or properly or ary olrer lr|rg ol va|ue
|s lo oe lrarslerred, d|recl|y or |rd|recl|y, oul ol lre
resources ol lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l lo sucr
persor or l|rr;
o. lo|d sucr |rleresls |r ary coc|p|l or olrer gares
||cersed oy a |oca| goverrrerl ur|l;
c. Purcrase ary rea| eslale or olrer properly
lorle|led |r lavor ol sucr |oca| goverrrerl ur|l lor
urpa|d laxes or assessrerl, or oy v|rlue ol a |ega|
process al lre |rslarce ol lre sa|d |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l;
d. 8e a surely lor ary persor corlracl|rg or do|rg
ous|ress W|lr lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l lor Wr|cr
a surely |s requ|red; ard
e. Possess or use ary puo||c properly ol lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l lor pr|vale purposes.
l. Tre pror|o|l|ors ard |rr|o|l|ors prescr|oed |r RA
Z13 a|so app|y.

. Pract|ce of Profess|on (90 #A 710}
a. 0overrors or rayors are pror|o|led lror
pracl|c|rislral|ve proceed|rgs |rvo|v|rg lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l ol Wr|cr re |s ar oll|c|a|.
|v. use properly ard persorre| ol lre goverrrerl
excepl Wrer lre sarggur|ar reroer |s
delerd|rg lre |rleresl ol lre goverrrerl.

ase:
ll Was re|d lral oy appear|rg as course| lor
d|sr|ssed erp|oyees, C|ly Courc||or Jave||ara v|o|aled lre
pror|o|l|or aga|rsl ergag|rg |r pr|vale pracl|ce |l sucr
pracl|ce represerls |rleresls adverse lo lre goverrrerl.
[Javellana vs. 0lLC, 212 3CRA 475}
o. Prys|c|ars ray pracl|ce lre|r proless|or ever
dur|rg oll|ce rours or|y or erergerc|es ard
W|lroul rorelary corpersal|or.

3. Proh|b|t|on aga|nst appo|ntment (9 #A 710}
a. No e|ecl|ve or appo|rl|ve |oca| oll|c|a| sra|| oe
e||g|o|e lor appo|rlrerl or des|gral|or lo ary
puo||c oll|ce dur|rg r|s lerure.
o. ur|ess olrerW|se a||oWed oy |aW or oy lre pr|rary
lurcl|or ol r|s oll|ce, ro e|ecl|ve or appo|rl|ve
|oca| oll|c|a| sra|| ro|d ary olrer oll|ce.
c. Excepl lor |os|rg card|dales |r oarargay
e|ecl|ors, ro card|dale Wro |osl |r ary e|ecl|or
srou|d oe appo|rled lo ary oll|ce W|lr|r ore year
aller e|ecl|or.


14
. ELET|'E LAL FF||AL$

1. "ua||f|cat|ons:
a. Corror qua||l|cal|ors:
|. F|||p|ro C|l|zer
||. Reg|slered voler ol lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l, or
ol lre d|slr|cl Wrere re |rlerds lo oe e|ecled |r lre
case ol lre reroers ol lre sarggur|ar.
|||. Res|derl lrere|r lor al |easl ore year
|rred|ale|y oelore lre e|ecl|or
|v. Ao|||ly lo read ard Wr|le F|||p|ro or ary olrer
|oca| d|a|ecl.
o. Age
|. Card|dales |r prov|rces ard r|gr|y uroar|zed
c|l|es- al |easl 23 years o|d
||. Card|dales lor rayor ard v|ce rayor ol
corporerl c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es- al |easl 21
years o|d
|||. Card|dales lor sarggur|ar reroers |r
corporerl c|l|es ard rur|c|pa||l|es- al |easl 18
years o|d
|v. 8arargay oll|c|a|s- al |easl 18 years o|d
v. 3arggur|arg Kaoalaar- al |easl 15-21 years

TE$:
Age- rusl oe possessed or lre day ol lre e|ecl|or.
Tre L0C does rol spec|ly ary parl|cu|ar dale Wrer lre
card|dale rusl possess F|||p|ro c|l|zerzsr|p. Pr|||pp|re
c|l|zersr|p |s requ|red lo ersure lral ro a||er sra|| goverr our
peop|e. Ar oll|c|a| oeg|rs lo goverr or|y upor r|s
proc|aral|or ard or lre day lral r|s lerr oeg|rs. 3|rce
Fr|va|do loo| r|s oalr ol a||eg|arce or Jure 30, 1995, Wrer
r|s app||cal|or lor repalr|al|or Was grarled oy lre 3pec|a|
corr|llee or Nalura||zal|or crealed urder P0 825, re Was
lrerelore qua||l|ed lo oe proc|a|red. 8es|des, 39 ol lre L0C
spea|s ol qua||l|cal|ors ol e|ecl|ve oll|c|a|s, rol ol card|dales
[Frivaldo vs. C0MELEC, 271 3CRA 767}.

Pel|l|orer Was over 21 years ol age or lre day ol lre
e|ecl|or Was ordered d|squa||l|ed oy lre 3uprere Courl Wrer
lre |aller rejecled lre corlerl|or ol lre pel|l|orer lral sre Was
qua||l|ed oecause sre Was |ess lrar 22 years o|d. Tre
prrase 'rol rore lrar 21 years o|d |s rol equ|va|erl lo '|ess
lrar 22 years o|d [Carvida vs. 3ales}.

. 0|squa||f|cat|ons (0 #A 710}- Tre lo||oW|rg are
d|squa||l|ed lror rurr|rg lor ary e|ecl|ve |oca| pos|l|or:
a. Trose serlerced oy l|ra| judgrerl lor ar
ollerse |rvo|v|rg rora| lurp|lude or lor ar
ollerse pur|srao|e oy ore year or rore ol
|rpr|sorrerl, W|lr|r lWo years aller serv|rg
serlerce;
o. Trose reroved lror oll|ce as a resu|l ol ar
adr|r|slral|ve case;
c. Trose corv|cled oy l|ra| judgrerl lor v|o|al|rg
lre oalr ol a||eg|arce lo lre Repuo||c;
d. Trose W|lr dua| c|l|zersr|p;
e. Fug|l|ves lror jusl|ce |r cr|r|ra| or ror-
po||l|ca| cases rere or aoroad;
l. Perrarerl res|derls |r a lore|gr courlry or
lrose Wro rave acqu|red lre r|grl lo res|de
aoroad ard corl|rue lo ava|| ol lre sare r|grl
aller lre ellecl|v|ly ol lre Code; ard
g. Tre |rsare or leeo|e-r|rded.

3. Hanner of E|ect|on
a. Tre goverror, v|ce-goverror, c|ly or
rur|c|pa| rayor, c|ly or rur|c|pa| v|ce-rayor
ard purorg oarargay sra|| oe e|ecled al
|arge |r lre|r respecl|ve ur|ls. Tre
sarggur|arg |aoalaar cra|rrar sra|| oe
e|ecled oy lre reg|slered volers ol lre
|al|purar rg |aoalaar.
o. Tre regu|ar reroers ol lre sarggur|arg
par|a|aW|gar, par|urgsod ard oayar sra||
oe e|ecled oy d|slr|cl, as ray oe prov|ded oy
|aW. Tre pres|derls ol lre |eagues ol
sarggur|ar reroers ol corporerl c|l|es
ard rur|c|pa||l|es sra|| serve as ex oll|c|o
reroers ol lre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar
corcerred. Tre pres|derls ol lre ||ga rg
rga oarargay ard lre pederasyor rg rga
sarggur|arg |aoalaar e|ecled oy lre|r
respecl|ve craplers, sra|| serve as ex oll|c|o
reroers ol lre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar,
par|urgsod or oayar.
c. lr add|l|or, lrere sra|| oe ore seclora|
represerlal|ve lror lre Worer, ore lror lre
Wor|ers, ard ore lror ary ol lre lo||oW|rg
seclors: uroar poor, |rd|gerous cu|lura|
corrur|l|es, d|sao|ed persors, or ary olrer
seclor as ray oe delerr|red oy lre
sarggur|ar corcerred W|lr|r 90 days pr|or lo
lre ro|d|rg ol lre rexl |oca| e|ecl|ors as ray
oe prov|ded oy |aW. Tre Core|ec sra||
proru|gale lre ru|es ard regu|al|ors lo
ellecl|ve|y prov|de lor lre e|ecl|or ol sucr
seclora| represerlal|ves.

. 0ate of E|ect|on
Every lrree years or lre secord Vorday ol Vay,
ur|ess olrerW|se prov|ded oy |aW.

5. Term of ff|ce
Trree years, slarl|rg lror roor ol Jure 30, 1992,
or sucr dale as ray oe prov|ded oy |aW, excepl lral ol
e|ecl|ve oarargay oll|c|a|s. No |oca| e|ecl|ve oll|c|a| sra||
serve lor rore lrar lrree corsecul|ve lerrs |r lre sare
pos|l|or. Tre lerr ol oll|ce ol oarargay oll|c|a|s ard
reroers ol lre sarggur|arg |aoalaar sra|| oe lor l|ve years,
Wr|cr sra|| oeg|r aller lre regu|ar e|ecl|or ol oarargay
oll|c|a|s or lre secord Vorday ol Vay, 199Z. (R.A. 8521)

Tre lrree-lerr ||r|l or a |oca| oll|c|a| |s lo oe urderslood lo
reler lo lerrs lor Wr|cr lre oll|c|a| corcerred Was e|ecled.
Trus, a persor Wro Was e|ecled v|ce Vayor |r 1988 ard
Wro, oecause ol lre dealr ol lre Vayor, oecare Vayor |r
1989, ray sl||| oe e||g|o|e lo rur lor lre pos|l|or ol Vayor |r
1998, ever |l e|ecled as sucr |r 1992 ard 1995 [8orja v.
Comelec, C.R. ho. 133495, 3ept. 3, 1998}.

. #u|es on $uccess|on (- #A 710}
A. Permanent vacanc|es: A perrarerl vacarcy ar|ses
Wrer ar e|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a| l|||s a r|grer vacarl oll|ce,
reluses lo assure oll|ce, la||s lo qua||ly, d|es, |s reroved
lror oll|ce, vo|urlar||y res|grs, or |s perrarerl|y
|rcapac|laled lo d|scrarge lre lurcl|ors ol r|s oll|ce.
a. 0overror ard Vayor
|. v|ce 0overror ard v|ce Vayor
||. 3arggur|ar reroers accord|rg lo rar||rg

15
o. Purorg oarargay
|. l|gresl rar||rg sarggur|ar reroer
||. 3ecord r|gresl rar||rg sarggur|arg oarargay
reroer
c. Rar||rg |r lre sarggur|ar sra|| oe delerr|red or
lre oas|s ol lre proporl|or ol lre voles oola|red lo
lre ruroer ol reg|slered voles |r eacr d|slr|cl.
d. T|es W||| oe reso|ved oy draW|rg ol |ols. (11)
e. 3arggur|ar:
|. Prov|rces, r|gr|y uroar|zed c|l|es ard |rdeperderl
corporerl c|l|es- appo|rlrerl oy lre Pres|derl
||. Corporerl c|ly ard rur|c|pa||ly- appo|rlrerl oy
goverror
|||. 3arggur|arg oarargay- appo|rlrerl oy rayor
|v. Excepl lor lre sarggur|arg oarargay, lre
appo|rlee sra|| core lror lre po||l|ca| parly ol lre
reroer Wro caused lre vacarcy.

TE:
A ror|ral|or ard a cerl|l|cale ol reroersr|p ol lre
appo|rlee lror lre r|gresl oll|c|a| ol lre po||l|ca| parly
corcerred are cord|l|ors s|re qua ror, ard ary appo|rlrerl
W|lroul sucr ror|ral|or ard cerl|l|cale sra|| oe ru|| ard vo|d
ard sra|| oe a grourd lor adr|r|slral|ve acl|or aga|rsl lre
oll|c|a| corcerred.

v. ll lre reroer does rol oe|org lo ary parly, lre
appo|rlee sra|| oe recorrerded oy lre
sarggur|ar.
v|. Tre appo|rlee lor lre sarggur|arg oarargay
sra|| oe recorrerded oy lre sarggur|arg
oarargay.
v||. vacarcy |r lre represerlal|or ol lre youlr ard
lre oarargay |r lre sarggur|ar sra|| oe l|||ed oy lre
oll|c|a| rexl |r rar| ol lre orgar|zal|or. (15)

. Temporary vacancy
a. wrer lre goverror, rayor or purorg oarargay |s
lerporar||y |rcapac|laled lo perlorr r|s dul|es, lre
v|ce goverror, v|ce rayor, or rar||rg sarggur|arg
oarargay reroer sra|| exerc|se r|s poWers excepl
lre poWer lo appo|rl, susperd or d|sr|ss
erp|oyees, Wr|cr car or|y oe exerc|sed aller 30
Wor||rg days.
o. wrer lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve |s lrave||rg W|lr|r
lre Pr|||pp|res lor rol rore lrar 3 corsecul|ve
days, re ray des|grale ar oll|cer-|r-crarge. Tre
aulror|zal|or sra|| spec|ly lre poWers ol lre oll|cer-
|r-crarge excepl lre poWer lo appo|rl, susperd or
d|sr|ss erp|oyees.
c. ll lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve does rol |ssue lre
aulror|zal|or, lre v|ce goverror, v|ce rayor, or
r|gresl rar||rg sarggur|arg oarargay reroer
sra|| assure r|s poWers or lre lourlr day ol r|s
aoserce. (1)

7. ompensat|on (1 #.A. 710}
Tre corpersal|or ol |oca| oll|c|a|s ard persorre| sra|| oe
delerr|red oy lre sarggur|ar corcerred, suojecl lo lre
prov|s|ors ol R.A. Z58 (Corpersal|or ard Pos|l|or
C|ass|l|cal|or Acl ol 1989). Tre e|ecl|ve oarargay oll|c|a|s
sra|| oe erl|l|ed lo rece|ve rororar|a, a||oWarces ard olrer
ero|urerls as ray oe prov|ded oy |aW or oarargay,
rur|c|pa| or c|ly ord|rarce, oul |r ro case |ess lrar P1,000
per rorlr lor lre purorg oarargay ard P00 lor lre
sarggur|arg oarargay reroers.

E|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a|s sra|| oe erl|l|ed lo lre sare |eave
pr|v||eges as lrose erjoyed oy appo|rl|ve |oca| oll|c|a|s,
|rc|ud|rg lre curu|al|or ard corrulal|or lrereol.

7. #eca||- lerr|ral|or ol oll|c|a| re|al|orsr|p ol ar e|ecl|ve
oll|c|a| lor |oss ol corl|derce pr|or lo lre exp|ral|or ol r|s lerr
lrrougr lre W||| ol lre e|eclorale.

a. y whom exerc|sed- oy lre reg|slered volers ol a
|oca| goverrrerl ur|l lo Wr|cr lre |oca| e|ecl|ve oll|c|a|
suojecl lo sucr reca|| oe|orgs. (9, R.A. Z10)
b. Two modes of |n|t|at|ng reca||:
|. 8y a preparalory reca|| assero|y
||. 8y lre reg|slered volers ol lre |oca| goverrrerl
ur|l
c. Preparatory reca|| assemb|y- composed of the
fo||ow|ng:
|. Prov|rc|a| |eve|: A|| rayors, v|ce rayors ard
sarggur|ar reroers ol lre rur|c|pa||l|es ard
corporerl c|l|es.
||. C|ly |eve|: A|| purorg oarargay ard
sarggur|arg oarargay reroers |r lre c|ly.
|||. Leg|s|al|ve d|slr|cl |eve|: wrere sarggur|arg
par|a|a|W|gar reroers are e|ecled oy d|slr|cl, a||
e|ecl|ve rur|c|pa| oll|c|a|s |r lre d|slr|cl; ard |r
cases Wrere sarggur|arg parg|urgsod reroers
are e|ecled oy d|slr|cl, a|| e|ecl|ve oarargay oll|c|a|s
|r lre d|slr|cl.
|v. Vur|c|pa| |eve|: A|| purorg oarargay ard
sarggur|arg oarargay reroers |r lre
rur|c|pa||ly.

d. Procedure lor |r|l|al|rg reca|| oy preparalory reca||
assero|y
A rajor|ly ol a|| lre preparalory reca|| assero|y
reroers ray corvere |r sess|or |r a puo||c p|ace ard
|r|l|ale a reca|| proceed|rg aga|rsl ary e|ecl|ve oll|c|a| |r lre
|oca| goverrrerl ur|l corcerred. Reca|| ol prov|rc|a|, c|ly or
rur|c|pa| oll|c|a|s sra|| oe va||d|y |r|l|aled lrrougr a
reso|ul|or adopled oy a rajor|ly ol a|| lre reroers ol lre
preparalory reca|| assero|y corcerred dur|rg |ls sess|or
ca||ed lor lral purpose.

ase:
ll Was re|d lral rol|ce lo a|| lre reroers ol lre
Preparalory Reca|| Assero|y |s |rperal|ve; lrus, Wrere lre
reso|ul|or Was adopled W|lroul g|v|rg rol|ce lo a|| lre
reroers ol lre PRA, lre sare |s lala||y l|aWed [Carcia vs.
Comelec, C.R. ho. 111511, 0ctober 5, 1993}. loWever, |r
Malonzo vs. Comelec, C.R. ho. 127066, March 11, 1997, |l
Was re|d lral Wrere lre Core|ec ras a|ready corducled ar
|rvesl|gal|or ard lourd lre |r|l|alory reca|| proceed|rgs lo oe
|r accord W|lr |aW, lrere |s ro recess|ly lor lre 3uprere
Courl lo reler lre raller ol lre verac|ly ol lre quesl|ored
rol|ces oac| lo lre Core|ec.

e. |n|t|at|on of reca|| by reg|stered voters: Reca|| ol a
prov|rc|a|, c|ly, rur|c|pa| or oarargay oll|c|a| ray a|so oe
va||d|y |r|l|aled upor pel|l|or oy al |easl 25 ol lre lola|
ruroer ol reg|slered volers |r lre |oca| goverrrerl ur|l
corcerred dur|rg lre e|ecl|or |r Wr|cr lre |oca| oll|c|a| sougrl
lo oe reca||ed Was e|ecled.

16

f. Procedure:
|. A Wr|ller pel|l|or lor reca|| du|y s|gred oelore lre
e|ecl|or reg|slrar or r|s represerlal|ve, ard |r lre
preserce ol a represerlal|ve ol lre pel|l|orer ard
represerlal|ve ol lre oll|c|a| sougrl lo oe reca||ed,
ard |r a puo||c p|ace |r lre prov|rce, c|ly,
rur|c|pa||ly or oarargay, as lre case ray oe, sra||
oe l||ed W|lr lre Core|ec lrrougr |ls oll|ce |r lre
|oca| goverrrerl ur|l corcerred.
||. Tre Core|ec or |ls du|y aulror|zed
represerlal|ve sra|| cause lre puo||cal|or ol lre
pel|l|or |r a puo||c ard corsp|cuous p|ace lor a
per|od ol rol |ess lrar 10 days ror rore lrar 20
days, lor lre purpose ol ver|ly|rg lre aulrerl|c|ly
ard geru|reress ol lre pel|l|or ard lre requ|red
percerlage ol volers.
|||. upor lre |apse ol lre aloresa|d per|od, lre
Core|ec or |ls du|y aulror|zed represerlal|ve sra||
arrource lre acceplarce ol card|dales lo lre
pos|l|or ard lrerealler prepare lre ||sl ol card|dales
Wr|cr sra|| |rc|ude lre rare ol lre oll|c|a| sougrl lo
oe reca||ed.

Tre e|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a| sougrl lo oe reca||ed sra|| rol oe
a||oWed lo res|gr Wr||e lre reca|| process |s |r progress.
L|m|tat|ons on #eca||:
1. Ary e|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a| ray oe lre suojecl ol a reca||
e|ecl|or or|y orce dur|rg r|s lerr ol oll|ce lor |oss ol
corl|derce.
2. No reca|| sra|| la|e p|ace W|lr|r ore year lror lre dale
ol lre oll|c|a|'s assurpl|or lo oll|ce or ore year |rred|ale|y
preced|rg a regu|ar |oca| e|ecl|or.
Tre oll|c|a| sougrl lo oe reca||ed |s auloral|ca||y a
card|dale.
Reca|| sra|| oe ellecl|ve upor lre e|ecl|or ard proc|aral|or
ol successor rece|v|rg lre r|gresl ruroer ol voles.

9. #es|gnat|on of e|ect|ve |oca| off|c|a|s sha|| be deemed
effect|ve on|y upon acceptance by the fo||ow|ng
author|t|es:
a. Tre Pres|derl, |r case ol goverrors, v|ce
goverrors, ard rayors ard v|ce rayors ol r|gr|y
uroar|zed c|l|es ard |rdeperderl corporerl
c|l|es;
o. Tre goverror, |r case ol rur|c|pa| rayors ard
v|ce rayors, c|ly rayors ard v|ce rayors ol
corporerl c|l|es;
c. 3arggur|ar corcerred, |r case ol sarggur|arg
reroers; ard
d. Tre c|ly or rur|c|pa| rayor, |r case ol oarargay
oll|c|a|s.

Effect|v|ty:
c. Res|gral|or la|es ellecl upor acceplarce.
d. ll |s deered accepled |l rol acled upor W|lr|r 15
Wor||rg days.
e. lrrevocao|e res|gral|or oy sarggur|ar reroers
la|es ellecl upor preserlal|or oelore ar oper
sess|or. (82, R.A. Z10)

10. Cr|evance Procedure (3 #.A. 710}- Tre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve sra|| eslao||sr a procedure lo |rqu|re |rlo, acl upor,
reso|ve or sell|e corp|a|rls ard gr|evarces preserled oy
|oca| goverrrerl erp|oyees.

11. 0|sc|p||ne (0- #.A. 710}
a. Crounds for d|sc|p||nary act|on: Ar e|ecl|ve |oca|
oll|c|a| ray oe d|sc|p||red, susperded, or reroved lror oll|ce
or ary ol lre lo||oW|rg grourds:
|. 0|s|oya|ly lo lre Repuo||c ol lre Pr|||pp|res.
||. Cu|pao|e v|o|al|or ol lre Corsl|lul|or
|||. 0|sroresly, oppress|or, r|scorducl |r oll|ce,
gross reg||gerce, or dere||cl|or ol duly.
|v. Corr|ss|or ol ary ollerse |rvo|v|rg rora|
lurp|lude or ar ollerse pur|srao|e oy al |easl pr|s|or rayor.
v. Aouse ol aulror|ly.
v|. uraulror|zed aoserce lor 15 corsecul|ve
Wor||rg days, excepl |r lre case ol reroers ol lre
sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar, par|urgsod, oayar ard
oarargay.
v||. App||cal|or lor, or acqu|s|l|or ol, lore|gr
c|l|zersr|p or res|derce or lre slalusi E|ecl|ve oarargay
oll|c|a|s, sra|| oe l||ed oelore lre sarggu|r|arg par|urgsod or
sarggur|arg oayar corcerred, Wrose dec|s|or sra|| oe l|ra|
ard execulory.

c. ot|ce of hear|ng ( #.A. 710}- (a) w|lr|r Z
days aller lre adr|r|slral|ve corp|a|rl |s l||ed, lre 0ll|ce
ol lre Pres|derl or lre sarggur|ar corcerred as lre
case ray oe, sra|| requ|re lre resporderl lo suor|l r|s
ver|l|ed arsWer W|lr|r 15 days lror rece|pl lrereol, ard
correrce lre |rvesl|gal|or ol lre case W|lr|r 10 days
aller lre rece|pl ol sucr arsWer ol lre resporderl.
(o) wrer lre resporderl |s ar e|ecl|ve oll|c|a| ol a
prov|rce or r|gr|y uroar|zed c|ly, sucr rear|rg ard
|rvesl|gal|or sra|| oe corducled |r lre p|ace Wrere re
rerders or ro|ds oll|ce. For a|| olrer |oca| e|ecl|ve
oll|c|a|s, lre verue sra|| oe lre p|ace Wrere lre
sarggur|ar corcerred |s |ocaled.
(c) loWever, ro |rvesl|gal|or sra|| oe re|d W|lr|r 90
days |rred|ale|y pr|or lo ary |oca| e|ecl|or, ard ro
preverl|ve suspers|or sra|| oe |rposed pr|or lo lre 90-
day per|od |rred|ale|y preced|rg |oca| e|ecl|or, |l sra||
oe deered auloral|ca||y ||lled upor lre slarl ol
aloresa|d per|od.

d. Prevent|ve $uspens|on
1. who may |mpose:
a. 8y lre Pres|derl, |l lre resporderl |s ar
e|ecl|ve oll|c|a| ol a prov|rce, a r|gr|y
uroar|zed or ar |rdeperderl corporerl
c|ly;
o. 8y lre goverror, |l lre resporderl |s ar
e|ecl|ve |oca| oll|c|a| ol a corporerl c|ly
or rur|c|pa||ly;
c. 8y lre rayor, |l lre resporderl |s ar
e|ecl|ve oll|c|a| ol lre oarargay.
. when may be |mposed: Preverl|ve suspers|or
ray oe |rposed al ary l|re:
a. Aller lre |ssues are jo|red;
o. wrer lre ev|derce ol gu||l |s slrorg; ard
c. 0|ver lre grav|ly ol lre ollerse, lrere |s
greal prooao|||ly lral lre corl|ruarce |r
oll|ce ol lre resporderl cou|d |rl|uerce
lre W|lresses or pose a lrreal lo lre
salely ard |rlegr|ly ol lre records ard
olrer ev|derce.


17
Prov|ded lral ary s|rg|e preverl|ve suspers|or
sra|| rol exlerd oeyord 0 days, ard |r lre everl
severa| adr|r|slral|ve cases are l||ed aga|rsl lre
resporderl, re carrol oe susperded lor rore lrar
90 days W|lr|r a s|rg|e year or lre sare grourd or
grourds ex|sl|rg ard |roWr al lre l|re ol lre l|rsl
suspers|or.

ase:
wrer lre pel|l|orer la||ed lo l||e r|s arsWer desp|le
lre rary opporlur|l|es g|ver lo r|r, re Was deered lo rave
Wa|ved r|s r|grl lo arsWer ard lo preserl ev|derce. Al lral
po|rl, lre |ssues Were deered jo|red, ard |l Was proper lor
lre Execul|ve 3ecrelary lo susperd r|r, |rasrucr as lre
3ecrelary lourd lral lre ev|derce ol gu||l Was slrorg ard lral
corl|ruarce |r oll|ce cou|d |rl|uerce lre W|lresses ard pose
a lrreal lo lre salely ard |rlegr|ly ol lre ev|derce aga|rsl r|r
[Joson vs. 7orres, 290 3CRA 279}.

Tre aulror|ly lo preverl|ve|y susperd |s exerc|sed
corcurrerl|y oy lre 0roudsrar, pursuarl lo R.A. ZZ0; lre
sare |aW aulror|zes a preverl|ve suspers|or ol s|x rorlrs
[hagad vs. Cozo-0adole, C.R. no. 108072, 0ec. 12, 1995}.

e. $uspended e|ect|ve off|c|a| when deemed re|nstated
upor exp|ral|or ol lre preverl|ve suspers|or, lre
resporderl sra|| oe deered re|rslaled |r oll|ce W|lroul
prejud|ce lo lre corl|rual|or ol lre proceed|rgs aga|rsl r|r,
Wr|cr sra|| oe lerr|raled W|lr|r 120 days lror lre l|re re
Was lorra||y rol|l|ed ol lre case aga|rsl r|r.
Ary aouse ol lre exerc|se ol lre poWer ol
preverl|ve suspers|or sra|| oe pera||zed as aouse ol
aulror|ly.

f. $a|ary of respondent pend|ng suspens|on ( #.A.
710}
Tre resporderl oll|c|a| preverl|ve|y susperded lror
oll|ce sra|| rece|ve ro sa|ary or corpersal|or dur|rg sucr
suspers|or; oul, upor suosequerl exoreral|or ard
re|rslalererl, re sra|| oe pa|d lu|| sa|ary or corpersal|or
|rc|ud|rg sucr ero|urerls accru|rg dur|rg sucr suspers|or.

g. #|ghts of respondent (5 #.A. 710}
Tre resporderl sra|| oe accorded lu|| opporlur|ly lo
appear ard delerd r|rse|l |r persor or oy course|, lo
corlrorl ard cross-exar|re lre W|lresses aga|rsl r|r, ard lo
requ|re lre allerdarce ol W|lresses ard lre producl|or ol
docurerlary ev|derce |r r|s lavor lrrougr corpu|sory
process ol suopoera or suopoera duces lecur.

h. Form and not|ce of dec|s|on (a #.A. 710}
Tre |rvesl|gal|or ol lre case sra|| oe lerr|raled
W|lr|r 90 days lror lre slarl lrereol. w|lr|r 30 days aller lre
erd ol lre |rvesl|gal|or, lre 0ll|ce ol lre Pres|derl or lre
sarggur|ar corcerred sra|| rerder a dec|s|or |r Wr|l|rg
slal|rg c|ear|y ar d|sl|rcl|y lre lacls ard lre reasors lor sucr
dec|s|or. Copy ol sa|d dec|s|or sra|| |rred|ale|y oe
lurr|sred lre resporderl ard a|| |rleresled parl|es.

|. Pena|ty
Tre pera|ly ol suspers|or |rposed upor lre
resporderl sra|| rol exceed r|s urexp|red lerr, or a per|od
ol rorlrs lor every adr|r|slral|ve ollerse, ror sra|| sa|d
pera|ly oe a oar lo lre card|dacy ol lre resporderl as |org
as re reels lre qua||l|cal|ors requ|red lor lre oll|ce. 8ul lre
pera|ly ol rerova| lror oll|ce as a resu|l ol ar adr|r|slral|ve
|rvesl|gal|or sra|| oe a oar lo lre card|dacy ol lre
resporderl lor ary e|ecl|ve pos|l|or.

ase:
Tre 3uprere Courl upre|d lre |rpos|l|or ol lre
adr|r|slral|ve pera|ly ol suspers|or ol rol rore lrar
rorlrs lor eacr ollerse, prov|ded lral lre success|ve serv|ce
ol lre serlerce srou|d rol exceed lre urexp|red porl|or ol
lre lerr ol lre pel|l|orers. Tre suspers|or d|d rol arourl lo
rerova| lror oll|ce [3alalima vs. Cuingona, 257 3CRA 55}.

j. Adm|n|strat|ve appea|- 0ec|s|ons may w|th|n 30
days from rece|pt thereof be appea|ed to:
|. Tre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar, |r lre case ol
dec|s|ors ol corporerl c|l|es' sarggur|arg par|urgsod ard
lre sarggu|r|arg oayar;
||. Tre 0ll|ce ol lre Pres|derl, |r lre case ol
dec|s|ors ol lre sarggur|arg par|a|aW|gar ard lre
sarggur|arg par|urgsod ol r|gr|y uroar|zed c|l|es ard
|rdeperderl corporerl c|l|es. 0ec|s|ors ol lre 0ll|ce ol lre
Pres|derl sra|| oe l|ra| ard execulory.

ase:
Tre 3uprere Courl ru|ed lral cerl|orar| W||| rol ||e
oecause lrere |s sl||| ar adequale reredy ava||ao|e |r lre
ord|rary course ol |aW, |.e., appea| ol lre dec|s|or ol lre
3arggur|arg Par|a|aW|gar lo lre 0ll|ce ol lre Pres|derl
[Malinao vs. Reyes, 255 3CRA 616}.

k. Execut|on pend|ng appea|
Ar appea| sra|| rol preverl a dec|s|or lror oe|rg
execuled; lre resporderl sra|| oe cors|dered as rav|rg oeer
p|aced urder preverl|ve suspers|or dur|rg lre perdercy ol
lre appea|. 8ul |r 8erces vs. Execul|ve 3ecrelary, 211
3CRA 539, lre 3uprere Courl po|rled oul lral
Adr|r|slral|ve 0rder No. 18 aulror|zes lre 0ll|ce ol lre
Pres|derl lo slay lre execul|or ol a dec|s|or perd|rg appea|.
A.0. No. 18 Was rol repea|ed oy lre Loca| 0overrrerl
Code.

|. Pres|derl|a| poWer lo grarl execul|ve c|erercy
r. Ellecl ol re-e|ecl|or
Tre re-e|ecl|or ol a |oca| oll|c|a| oars lre corl|rual|or
ol lre adr|r|slral|ve case aga|rsl r|r.

. Appo|nt|ve Loca| ff|c|a|s
1. Respors|o|||ly lor rurar resources ard
deve|oprerl- Tre |oca| cr|el execul|ve sra|| oe respors|o|e
lor rurar resources ard deve|oprerl |r r|s ur|l ard sra||
la|e a|| persorre| acl|ors |r accordarce W|lr lre Corsl|lul|or,
perl|rerl |aWs, |rc|ud|rg sucr po||c|es, gu|de||res ard
slardards as lre C|v|| 3erv|ce Corr|ss|or ray eslao||sr;
Prov|ded lral lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve ray erp|oy
erergercy or casua| erp|oyees or |aoorers pa|d or a da||y
Wage or p|eceWor| oas|s ard r|red lrrougr joo orders lor
|oca| projecls aulror|zed oy lre sarggur|ar corcerred,
W|lroul reed ol approva| or alleslal|or oy lre C3C as |org as
lre sa|d erp|oyrerl sra|| rol exceed rorlrs.

ase:
8ul lre Prov|rc|a| 0overror |s W|lroul aulror|ly lo
des|grale lre pel|l|orer as Ass|slarl Prov|rc|a| Treasurer lor
Adr|r|slral|or, oecause urder 1Z1 ol lre Loca| 0overrrerl
Code, |l |s lre 3ecrelary ol F|rarce Wro ras lre poWer lo

18
appo|rl Ass|slarl Prov|rc|a| Treasurers lror a ||sl ol
recorrerdees ol lre Prov|rc|a| 0overror [0imaandal vs.
Commission on Audit, 291 3CRA 322}.

2. ff|c|a|s common to a|| Hun|c|pa||t|es |t|es and
Prov|nces (9-90 #.A. 710}
a. 3ecrelary lo lre 3arggur|ar
o. Treasurer
c. Assessor
d. Accourlarl
e. 8udgel 0ll|cer
l. P|arr|rg ard 0eve|oprerl Coord|ralor
g. Erg|reer
r. lea|lr 0ll|cer
|. C|v|| Reg|slrar
j. Adr|r|slralor
|. Lega| 0ll|cer
|. Agr|cu|lur|sl
r. 3oc|a| we|lare ard 0eve|oprerl 0ll|cer
r. Erv|rorrerl ard Nalura| Resources
0ll|cer
o. Arcr|lecl
p. lrlorral|or 0ll|cer
q. Cooperal|ves 0ll|cer
r. Popu|al|or 0ll|cer
s. veler|rar|ar
l. 0erera| 3erv|ces 0ll|cer

TE:
lr lre oarargay, lre rardaled appo|rl|ve oll|c|a|s
are lre 8arargay 3ecrelary ard lre 8arargay Treasurer,
a|lrougr olrer oll|c|a|s ol lre oarargay ray oe appo|rled oy
lre purorg oarargay.

3. Adm|n|strat|ve d|sc|p||ne
lrvesl|gal|or ard adjud|cal|or ol
adr|r|slral|ve corp|a|rls aga|rsl appo|rl|ve |oca| oll|c|a|s
ard erp|oyees as We|| as lre|r suspers|or ard rerova| sra||
oe |r accordarce W|lr lre c|v|| serv|ce |aW ard ru|es ard olrer
perl|rerl |aWs.

a. Preverl|ve suspers|or- Tre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve ray preverl|ve|y susperd lor a
per|od rol exceed|rg 0 days ary
suoord|rale oll|c|a| or erp|oyee urder
r|s aulror|ly perd|rg |rvesl|gal|or |l lre
crarge aga|rsl sucr oll|c|a| or erp|oyee
|rvo|ves d|sroresly, oppress|or or grave
r|scorducl or reg|ecl |r lre perlorrarce
ol duly, or |l lrere |s reasor lo oe||eve
lral lre resporderl |s gu||ly ol lre
crarges Wr|cr Wou|d Warrarl r|s rerova|
lror lre serv|ce.

o. 0|sc|p||rary Acl|or- Excepl as olrerW|se
prov|ded oy |aW, lre |oca| cr|el execul|ve
ray |rpose lre pera|ly ol rerova| lror
serv|ce, derol|or |r rar|, suspers|or lor
rol rore lrar 1 year W|lroul pay, l|re |r
ar arourl rol exceed|rg rorlrs'
sa|ary or repr|rard. ll lre pera|ly
|rposed |s suspers|or W|lroul pay lor
rol rore lrar 30 days, r|s dec|s|or sra||
oe l|ra|; |l lre pera|ly |rposed |s reav|er,
lre dec|s|or sra|| oe appea|ao|e lo lre
C|v|| 3erv|ce Corr|ss|or Wr|cr sra||
dec|de lre appea| W|lr|r 30 days lror
rece|pl lrereol.

'||. LAL ||T|AT|'E A0 #EFE#E0UH
A. Loca| |n|t|at|ve
1. 0el|red- ll |s lre |ega| process
Wrereoy lre reg|slered volers ol a
|oca| goverrrerl ur|l ray d|recl|y
propose, eracl or arerd ary
ord|rarce. ll ray oe exerc|sed oy
a|| reg|slered volers ol lre
prov|rces, c|l|es, rur|c|pa||l|es ard
oarargays

. Procedure:

a. Nol |ess lrar 2,000 reg|slered
volers |r lre reg|or; 1,000
reg|slered volers |r case ol
prov|rces ard c|l|es; 100 volers
|r case ol rur|c|pa||l|es, ard
50 |r case ol oarargays, ray
l||e a pel|l|or W|lr lre
sarggur|ar corcerred
propos|rg lre adopl|or,
eraclrerl, repea| or
arerdrerl ol ar ord|rarce.
o. ll ro lavorao|e acl|or |s la|er
oy lre sarggur|ar corcerred
W|lr|r 30 days lror
preserlal|or, lre proporerls,
lrrougr lre|r du|y aulror|zed
ard reg|slered represerlal|ves,
ray |rvo|e lre|r poWer ol
|r|l|al|ve, g|v|rg rol|ce lrereol
lo lre sarggur|ar corcerred.
c. Tre propos|l|or sra|| oe
ruroered ser|a||y, slarl|rg lror
Rorar rurera| l. TWo or rore
propos|l|ors ray oe suor|lled
|r ar |r|l|al|ve. Tre Core|ec or
|ls des|graled represerlal|ve
sra|| exlerd ass|slarce |r lre
lorru|al|or ol lre propos|l|or.
d. Proporerls sra|| rave 90 days
(|r case ol prov|rces ard
c|l|es), 0 days (|r case ol
rur|c|pa||l|es) ard 30 days (|r
case ol oarargays) lror rol|ce
rerl|ored |r (o) lo co||ecl lre
requ|red ruroer ol s|gralures.
e. Tre pel|l|or sra|| oe s|gred
oelore lre e|ecl|or reg|slrar or
r|s des|graled represerlal|ves,
ard |r lre preserce ol a
represerlal|ve ol lre proporerl
ard a represerlal|ve ol lre
sarggur|ar corcerred |r a
puo||c p|ace |r lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|l.
l. upor lre |apse ol lre per|od,
lre Core|ec sra|| cerl|ly as lo
Wrelrer or rol lre requ|red

19
ruroer ol s|gralures ras oeer
oola|red. Fa||ure lo oola|r lre
requ|red ruroer ol s|gralures
deleals lre propos|l|or.
g. ll lre requ|red ruroer |s
oola|red, lre Core|ec sra|| sel
a dale lor lre |r|l|al|ve dur|rg
Wr|cr lre propos|l|or |s
suor|lled lo lre reg|slered
volers |r lre |oca| goverrrerl
ur|l lor lre|r approva| W|lr|r 0
days (|r case ol prov|rces), 15
days (|r case ol rur|c|pa||l|es),
ard 30 days (|r case ol
oarargays) lror lre dale ol
cerl|l|cal|or oy lre Core|ec.
Tre |r|l|al|ve sra|| oe re|d or
lre dale sel aller Wr|cr lre
resu|ls lrereol sra|| oe cerl|l|ed
ard proc|a|red oy lre
Core|ec.
r. ll lre propos|l|or |s approved
oy a rajor|ly ol lre voles casl,
|l sra|| la|e ellecl 15 days aller
lre cerl|l|cal|or oy lre Core|ec
as |l all|rral|ve acl|or rad oeer
la|er lrereor oy lre
sarggur|ar ard lre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve corcerred.

3. L|m|tat|ons:
a. 0r |oca| |r|l|al|ve:
|. Tre poWer ol |oca| |r|l|al|ve sra||
rol oe exerc|sed rore lrar orce a
year.
||. lr|l|al|ve sra|| exlerd or|y lo
suojecls or rallers Wr|cr are W|lr|r
lre |ega| poWers ol lre sarggur|ar
lo eracl.
|||. ll al ary l|re oelore lre |r|l|al|ve
|s re|d, lre sarggur|ar corcerred
adopls |r lolo lre propos|l|or
preserled ard lre |oca| cr|el
execul|ve approves lre sare, lre
|r|l|al|ve sra|| oe carce||ed.
loWever, lrose aga|rsl sucr acl|or
ray, |l lrey so des|re, app|y lor
|r|l|al|ve |r lre rarrer rere|r
prov|ded.
o. 0r lre sarggur|ar: Ary propos|l|or
or ord|rarce approved lrrougr ar
|r|l|al|ve ard relererdur sra|| rol oe
repea|ed, rod|l|ed or arerded oy
lre sarggur|ar W|lr|r rorlrs lror
lre dale ol approva| lrereol, ard
ray oe arerded, rod|l|ed or
repea|ed W|lr|r 3 years lrerealler oy
a vole ol ol a|| |ls reroers. lr
case ol oarargays, lre per|od sra||
oe 18 rorlrs aller lre approva|
lrereol.

. Loca| referendum:
3. 0el|red- ll |s lre |ega| process Wrereoy
lre reg|slered volers ol lre |oca|
goverrrerl ur|ls ray approve, arerd or
rejecl ary ord|rarce eracled oy lre
sarggur|ar.
. Tre |oca| relererdur sra|| oe re|d urder
lre corlro| ard d|recl|or ol lre Core|ec
W|lr|r 0 days (|r case ol prov|rces), 15
days (|r case ol rur|c|pa||l|es) ard 30
days (|r case ol oarargays). Tre
Core|ec sra|| cerl|ly ard proc|a|r lre
resu|ls ol lre sa|d relererdur.

C. Author|ty of ourts- Nolr|rg |r lre lorego|rg sra||
prec|ude lre proper courls lror dec|ar|rg ru|| ard
vo|d ary propos|l|or approved pursuarl rerelo lor
v|o|al|or ol lre Corsl|lul|or or Warl ol capac|ly ol
lre sarggur|ar corcerred lo eracl sa|d reasure.

'|||. LAL C'E#HET U|T$
A. The arangay
1. Cr|el 0ll|c|a|s ard 0ll|ces
a. Trere sra|| oe |r eacr oarargay a
purorg oararagy, sever (Z) sarggur|arg
oarargay reroers, lre sarggur|arg
|aoalaar cra|rrar, a oarargay secrelary
ard a oarargay lreasurer. Trere sra||
a|so oe |r every oarargay a |uporg
lagaparayapa. Tre sarggur|arg
oarargay ray lorr corrur|ly or|gades
ard creale sucr olrer pos|l|ors or oll|ces
as ray oe deered recessary lo carry oul
lre purposes ol lre oarargay
goverrrerl.
o. For purposes ol lre Rev|sed Pera| Code,
lre purorg oarargay, sarggur|arg
oarargay reroers, ard lre reroers ol
lre |uporg lagaparayapa |r eacr
oarargay sra|| oe deered as persors |r
aulror|ly |r lre|r jur|sd|cl|or, Wr||e olrer
oarargay oll|c|a|s ard reroers Wro ray
oe des|graled oy |aW or ord|rarce ard
crarged W|lr lre ra|rlerarce ol puo||c
order, prolecl|or ard secur|ly ol ||le ard
properly, or lre ra|rlerarce ol a
des|rao|e ard oa|arced erv|rorrerl, ard
ary oarargay reroer Wro cores lo lre
a|d ol persors |r aulror|ly, sra|| oe
deered as agerls ol persors |r aulror|ly.
c. 389 (o)5), R.A. Z10, prov|des lral lre
purorg oarargay sra||, upor approva| oy
a rajor|ly ol a|| lre reroers ol lre
3arggur|arg 8arargay, appo|rl or
rep|ace lre oarargay lreasurer, lre
oarargay secrelary, ard olrer appo|rl|ve
|oca| oll|c|a|s.

2. The arangay Assemb|y
Trere sra|| oe a oarargay assero|y
corposed ol a|| persors Wro are aclua| res|derls
ol lre oarargay lor al |easl rorlrs, 15 years ol
age or over, c|l|zers ol lre Pr|||pp|res, ard du|y
reg|slered |r lre ||sl ol oarargay assero|y
reroers. ll sra|| reel al |easl lW|ce a year lo rear
ard d|scuss lre sereslra| reporl ol lre
sarggur|arg oarargay corcerr|rg |ls acl|v|l|es ard

20
l|rarces, as We|| as proo|ers allecl|rg lre
oarargay.

a. Powers of the arangay Assemb|y:
|. lr|l|ale |eg|s|al|ve processes oy
recorrerd|rg lo lre sarggur|arg
oarargay lre adopl|or ol reasures lor lre
We|lare ol lre oarargay ard lre c|ly or
rur|c|pa||ly corcerred;
||. 0ec|de or lre adopl|or ol |r|l|al|ve as a
|ega| process Wrereoy lre reg|slered
volers ol lre oarargay ray d|recl|y
propose, eracl or arerd ary ord|rarce;
ard
|||. lear ard pass upor lre sereslra|
reporl ol lre sarggur|arg oarargay
corcerr|rg |ls acl|v|l|es ard l|rarces.

3. Katarungang Pambarangay
a. Lupong Tagapamayapa
Trere |s rereoy crealed |r eacr oarargay
a |uporg lagaparayapa, corposed ol lre purorg
oarargay as cra|rrar ard 10 lo 20 reroers. Tre
Lupor sra|| oe corsl|luled every 3 years.
o. Powers of the Lupon:
|. Exerc|se adr|r|slral|ve superv|s|or
over lre corc|||al|or pare|s;
||. Veel regu|ar|y orce a rorlr lo prov|de
a lorur lor excrarge ol |deas arorg |ls
reroers ard lre puo||c ol rallers
re|evarl lo lre ar|cao|e sell|ererl ol
d|spules, ard lo erao|e var|ous
corc|||al|or pare| reroers lo srare W|lr
ore arolrer lre|r ooserval|ors ard
exper|erces |r ellecl|rg speedy reso|ul|or
ol d|spules; ard
|||. Exerc|se sucr olrer poWers ard
perlorr sucr olrer dul|es ard lurcl|ors as
ray oe prescr|oed oy |aW or ord|rarce.
c. Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo
Trere sra|| oe corsl|luled lor eacr d|spule
orougrl oelore lre |upor a corc|||al|or
pare| lo oe |roWr as lre parg|al rg
lagapag|asurdo, cors|sl|rg ol 3 reroers
Wro sra|| oe croser oy lre parl|es lo lre
d|spule lror lre ||sl ol reroers ol lre
|upor. 3rou|d lre parl|es la|| lo agree or
lre parg|al reroersr|p, lre sare sra||
oe delerr|red oy |ols draWr oy lre |upor
cra|rrar.
d. $ubject matter of am|cab|e sett|ement:
Tre Lupor ol eacr oarargay sra|| rave
aulror|ly lo or|rg logelrer lre parl|es
aclua||y res|d|rg |r lre sare c|ly or
rur|c|pa||ly lor ar|cao|e sell|ererl ol a||
d|spules excepl;
|. wrere ore parly |s lre goverrrerl or
ary suod|v|s|or or |rslrurerla||ly lrereol;
||. wrere ore parly |s a puo||c oll|cer or
erp|oyee, ard lre d|spule re|ales lo lre
perlorrarce ol r|s oll|c|a| lurcl|ors;
|||. 0llerses pur|srao|e oy |rpr|sorrerl
exceed|rg ore (1) year or a l|re ol
P5,000.00.
|v. 0llerses Wrere lrere |s ro pr|vale
ollerded parly;
v. wrere lre d|spule |rvo|ves rea|
properl|es |ocaled |r d|llererl c|l|es or
rur|c|pa||l|es ur|ess lre parl|es lrerelo
agree lo suor|l lre|r d|llererces lo
ar|cao|e sell|ererl oy ar appropr|ale
|upor;
v|. 0|spules |rvo|v|rg parl|es Wro aclua||y
res|de |r oarargays ol d|llererl c|l|es or
rur|c|pa||l|es, excepl Wrere sucr
oarargay ur|ls adjo|r eacr olrer ard lre
parl|es lrerelo agree lo suor|l lre|r
d|llererces lo ar|cao|e sell|ererl oy ar
appropr|ale |upor;
v||. 3ucr olrer c|asses ol d|spules Wr|cr
lre Pres|derl ray delerr|re |r lre
|rleresl ol jusl|ce or upor lre
recorrerdal|or ol lre 3ecrelary ol
Jusl|ce.

1. $anggun|ang Kabataan:
a. Creal|or; corpos|l|or: Trere sra|| oe |r
every oarargay a sarggur|arg |aoalaar lo oe
corposed ol a cra|rrar, sever reroers, a
secrelary ard a lreasurer. Ar oll|c|a| Wro, dur|rg
r|s lerr ol oll|ce, sra|| rave passed lre age ol 21
sra|| oe a||oWed lo serve lre rera|r|rg porl|or ol
lre lerr lor Wr|cr re Was e|ecled.

o. Kal|purar rg Kaoalaar: 3ra|| oe corpsed ol
a|| c|l|zers ol lre Pr|||pp|res aclua||y res|d|rg |r lre
oarargay lor al |easl rorlrs, Wro are 15 oul rol
rore lrar 21 years ol age, Wro are du|y reg|slered
|r lre ||sl ol lre sarggur|arg |aoalaar or |r lre
oll|c|a| ||sl |r lre cuslody ol lre oarargay secrelary.
ll sra|| reel orce every 3 rorlrs, or al lre ca|| ol
lre sarggur|ar |aoalaar cra|rrar, or upor Wr|ller
pel|l|or ol al |easl 1/20 ol |ls reroers.

c. Pederasyor rg rga sarggur|arg |aoalaar:
Trere sra|| oe ar orgar|zal|or ol a|| lre pederasyor
rg rga sarggur|arg |aoalaar:
|. lr rur|c|pa||l|es, lre paroayarg
pederasyor;
||. lr c|l|es, par|urgsod ra pederasyor;
|||. lr prov|rces, par|a|aW|garg
pederasyor;
|v. lr spec|a| relropo||lar po||l|ca|
suod|v|s|ors, pargrelropo||larg pederasyor;
v. 0r lre ral|ora| |eve|, paroarsarg
pederasyor.

. The Hun|c|pa||ty
. The |ty
0. The Prov|nce
E. Leagues of Loca| Covernment Un|ts|ff|c|a|s:
1. L|ga ng mga arangay- 0rgar|zal|or ol a|| oarargays
lor lre pr|rary purpose ol delerr|r|rg lre represerlal|or ol
lre L|ga |r lre sarggur|ars, ard lor verl||al|rg, arl|cu|al|rg
ard crysla|||z|rg |ssues allecl|rg oarargay goverrrerl
adr|r|slral|or ard secur|rg, lrrougr proper ard |ega| rears,
so|ul|ors lrerelo.

ase:

21
wrere lre 3uprere Courl re|d lral 3ec. 193, R.A.
Z10, Wr|cr erpoWers lre L|ga lo 'creale sucr olrer
pos|l|ors as ray oe deered recessary, |s va||d, ard does
rol corsl|lule ar |rregu|ar de|egal|or ol poWer [Viola vs.
Alunan, C.R. ho. 115844, August 15, 1997}

2. League of Hun|c|pa||t|es- 0rgar|zed lor lre pr|rary
purpose ol verl||al|rg, arl|cu|al|rg ard crysla|||z|rg |ssues
allecl|rg rur|c|pa| goverrrerls adr|r|slral|or, ard secur|rg,
lrrougr proper ard |ega| rears, so|ul|ors lrerelo.

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