GIA V & SC KHE BT NGT

Bt ngt hay cn c gi vi tn quen thuc l m chnh, monosodium glutamate (MSG), natri glutamate, hoc c ghi trn cc bao b thc phm vi cc k hiu INS621, E621. Bn cht ca bt ngt gm 2 thnh phn: mt thnh phn gi l glutamate (c ngun gc t axt glutamic c k hiu E620, INS620) v mt thnh phn kim loi natri (natri chim khong 13% khi lng). Bt ngt c pht hin t rt sm vo 1908 bi tin s ngi Nht Kikunae Ikeda v bt u s dng rng ri vo nm 1909 cho n nay. Bt ngt c sn xut ch yu Nht, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Vit Nam, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Brazil v Php vi tng sn lng c tnh l khong 2,5 triu tn/nm. Trong cc ba n hng ngy, v gic chng ta thng cm nhn c 4 v c bn: ng, chua, ngt v mn. Ni nh vy, chng ta t ra cu hi l s dng bt ngt nhm mc ch g? Chng ta thay th bt ngt c khng? Theo tnh cht cu to, bt ngt khi s dng s cung cp 2 thnh phn ch yu l cht m v natri. Tuy nhin hm lng m rt thp so vi hm lng natri trong nhu cu dinh dng hng ngy ca c th. Vic s dng bt ngt trong thc phm ch yu to v th 5 ca v gic c gi l v umami. Chnh v umami ny lm tng s hi ha ca v gic, tng s kch thch ngon ming cho ngi s dng. Bng thnh phn glutamate trong thc phm ti (mg/100g) Thc phm ti Glutamate dng lin kt Glutamate dng t do Sa b 819 2 Sa m 229 22 Trng gia cm 1583 23 Tht g 3309 44 Tht vt 3636 69 Tht b 2846 33 Tht heo 2325 23 C tuyt 2101 9 C thu 2382 20 C hi 2216 20 u H Lan 5583 200 Bp 1765 130 C ci ng 256 30 C rt 218 33 C hnh 208 18 C chua 238 140 Tiu xanh 120 32 (Institue of food technologists, The Netherlands, 1987) Qua bng trn, chng ta nhn thy rng bt ngt c trong t nhin vi lng kh nhiu, ngay c trong sa m. Nh vy, chng ta cn lu rng trong cc ngun thc n hng ngy, chng ta a vo c th lng bt ngt kh ln nhng phn ln tn ti di dng lin kt. T , c th s s dng bt ngt ny nh ngun d tr cho cc nhu cu ca cc c quan . Nh vy c s khc bit no gia bt ngt c sn trong nguyn liu thc phm vi bt ngt c ch bin sn? - Bt ngt c sn trong nguyn liu thc phm: ch yu l dng lin kt, n lin kt vi cc thnh phn khc trong phn t protein (cht m) v b phn gii chm bi dch tit ra (enzyme) trong c th chng ta to thnh bt ngt dng t do, c c th hp thu. Nh vy, kh nng hp thu bt ngt vo c th rt chm, do kh nng nh hng n cc t bo thn kinh, cc c quan bn trong c th l rt yu (nu c). - Bt ngt trong cng nghip: tn ti di dng t do (>99%). Do , khi chng ta s dng bt ngt, chng s c hp thu rt nhanh vo c th v c nguy c lm tn thng cc t bo thn kinh, cc c quan trong c th.

Vic s dng bt ngt to v umami cho sn phm c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, cc nh hng, cc dch v n ung v trong ba n ca mi gia nh. Vic s dng qu nhiu bt ngt trong cc nh hng Trung Quc dn n mt khi nim gi l Hi chng nh hng Trung Quc (Chinese restaurant syndrome CRS). N bao gm cc triu chng in hnh nh nhc u, mt, au ngc, st v ri lon tun hon. Hi chng ny lm dy ln s tranh ci mnh m trong gii khoa hc cng nh cng lun. V k t n nay, cu chuyn v bt ngt vn cha c hi kt. Trn th gii c rt nhiu nghin cu v tnh an ton ca bt ngt, cng nh c rt nhiu hi tho v vn ny. V cui cng, vn tn ti hai quan im i lp nhau: s chp nhn tuyt i v s hoi nghi v tnh an ton ca n. - V quan im an ton: c l khng quan tm nhiu v r rng cc c quan nh JECFA (y ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm ca FAO v WHO), FDA (c quan qun l dc v thc phm M), EUFIC (Hi ng thng tin thc phm chu u), FSANZ (tiu chun thc phm ca c v New Zealand) u a ra mc a vo c th hng ngy c th chp nhn (ADI) ca bt ngt l khng xc nh hoc theo thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP). Nh vy, cc c quan ny cho rng bt ngt l an ton cho ngi s dng. - V quan im hoi nghi: c nhiu nghin cu gn y a ra mt s thng tin lin quan n nhng tc hi ca bt ngt v cn lu . + Theo nghin cu ca Hiroshi Ohguro v cc cng s (i hc y Hirosaki, Nht, 2002) nhn ra rng nu cho chut n nhiu bt ngt trong thi gian 3 thng thy s gia tng ng k hm lng bt ngt trong thy tinh th, tn hi cho vng mc v mt i mt s chc nng ca vng mc. + Theo bo co ca i hc Bc Carolina, M: vic dng bt ngt thng xuyn, lu di c lin quan vic tng cn thanh nin Trung Quc. Theo nghin cu ca International Journal of Marketing Studies, kho st nhn thc, thi v s sn sng tr chi ph cho nhng sn phm c ghi khng thm bt ngt trn nhn sn phm ti Malaysia cho kt qu h sn sng tr chi ph cho cc sn phm khng thm bt ngt v iu ny m ra cho cc nh sn xut thc phm mt th trng tiu dng mi, th trng s dng cc sn phm khng thm bt ngt. Cc sn phm ca mt s cng ty ln, uy tn trn th gii ang theo khuynh hng ny (khng dng bt ngt) nh bnh snack Cheetos ca Frito-lay, mt s dng sp ca Campbell, sp v gia v nhn hiu McKays ca Dismat Corp., Knorr chicken base (M), Nestle beef gravy mix (M) Cc sn phm khng dng bt ngt s c thay th thnh phn bt ngt bng cc thnh phn khc cng to v umami nh cc protein thc vt c thy phn (HVP), cc chit xut t thc vt (plant extract), cc ch phm nm men (yeast extract, autolyzed extract, yeast nutrient ). Vic s dng bt ngt hng ngy ch mang tnh cht lm cho thc phm c v umami, lm tng gi tr cm quan , khng mang tnh cht cung cp ngun m ch yu ca c th. Mt khc, vic s dng bt ngt lin quan n qu trnh cung cp natri (yu t lin quan n cc bnh tim mch v huyt p) ca c th. Do , chng ta cn phi s dng mt cch hp l, khng nn qu lm dng n nh ngun dinh dng. Ring nhng ngi hay d ng vi bt ngt, nhng ngi b bnh tim mch hoc huyt p nn tm hiu k thng tin sn phm trc khi s dng, la chn cho mnh mt sn phm thay th ph hp. V tt hn l chng ta nn thay th bt ngt bi cc sn phm khc (nh nu trn) hoc cc cht gi l cht thay th bt ngt (MSG replacer), kt hp vi s dng mui c hm lng natri thp (LoNa Salt) cho nhng ngi b bnh hoc nga cc bnh lin quan tim mch.