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anan-1a1a0.a-1a-m(q)
q
.. n +
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, :
N (10 ) = a n* q n + a n*1q n1 + ... + a1* q n1 + a0* q 0 + a*1q 1 + ... + a * m q m ,

N(10) ;
a*n, a*n-1, , a*1, a*0, a*-1, a*-m
an, an-1, , a1, a0, a-1, a-m(q) c
n-1, ,

n,

1, 0, -1,,-m ;

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n + 1 + m = 25;
m = 24 n,
n +1
(n );
m .
25 .
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j, s =
j -1. : m = s + 25.
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25.
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i. :
i , b i -

i-

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p i - .
p i 1, i-1 p i
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: S *i =a *i +b *i +p *i ; a *i b *i - ,
i , b i q.
.
:
1.

S *i q. S *i q,

i+1 , 1. ,
, S i
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2.

S *i < q.. p i i+1

, 0. S *i S i
q.

Si

i-

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9

 10. .
, q,

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a i b i - i-
,
p i - i . 1
( ), i-1
i- pi 0 .
a i b i
. a *i b *i . r

*
i

=a *i - b *i + p i .

:
1.

r *i <0. p i +1 =-1, ..

. r *i + q.
r i q.
2.

r *i 0. r *i

ri. p i +1 = 0.
r i

i- .

.
11.
c .
x y.
: x y, .
:
1. x y .
2. kx ky
.
10

3. : x y = x + (-y).
4. (-y).
h :
h >= max(kx +1, ky+1).
5. x (y),
.
, h.

.
, .
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6. .
5 .
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12

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5.2.
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2. -
1.
1.1 ,
.
,
:
1.1.1.
.
1.1.2.
.
1.1.3.

.
1.2. ,
:
1.2.1.
.
1.2.2.
.
1.2.3.

.
1.3.
:

13

1.3.1.
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1.3.2.

.
1.4.
:
1.4.1.
.
1.4.2.

.
2. ,

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2
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5 . ,

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3.
3.1.

:
3.1.1. ;
3.1.2. ;

3.2.

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3.2.1. .
3.2.2. .

3.3.

14

 4. :
4. ,
.
4.1.

:
4.1.1. : a + b.
4.1.2. : a b. .
4.1.3. : a b.
.
4.1.4. : b a. .
4.1.5. : b a.
.
4.1.6. : a * .
4.1.7. : a /. .

4.2.

:
4.2.1. : a + b.
4.2.2. : b a.

4.3.

:
4.3.1. : a + b.
4.3.2. : b a.
3.

1. (18-24 ).
. ( : . ..
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).
2.
.
3. .
15

 .
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4. ,
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5. (, ) ,
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6. , , ,
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7.
, . :
41 .

16

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

N2

1
N8
N16

111001
101001
100100
100111
111011
110111
110001
111000
101010
111001
110001
101101
100110
100110
111010
111110
110101
111010
101011
110100
111011
101011
110100
101101
111001
101111
101101
101100
101110
111011
111001
110110
110110
111001

5123
4125
4511
1234
4125
1232
2561
7124
1562
2134
3123
1125
4311
1244
4124
1212
2563
7125
1512
2345
2414
2113
2111
2312
3141
3126
5127
3127
3127
4137
4176
4511
3115
5123

fdc
9ad
1b3
1f1
dd1
b6f
af6
5fe
5de
23d
2dc
93d
133
131
dd3
b63
af3
5f2
54e
adf
abc
edf
fdc
1dc
2de
f2a
f2b
f2c
f2d
ffe
f1c
bf1
abc
fab

N10
489
695
523
890
956
942
845
965
722
987
439
692
524
895
916
944
845
925
752
789
342
843
974
891
893
626
627
628
629
729
519
913
911
912

3
2
3.1.1 3.1.2
3.2.
.
.
12.38
68
- 68
1110011
15.61
66
- 66
1110111
21.23
98
- 98
1111100
15.24
85
- 85
1110011
14.41
82
- 82
1000011
13.13
75
- 75
1000111
15.16
76
- 76
1100111
17.18
90
- 90
1110101
18.19
78
- 78
1010101
19.21
89
- 89
1101010
20.22
88
- 88 11101010
21.23
77
- 77 11110101
22.29
79
- 79 10011001
23.51
74
- 74 11001100
15.63
94
- 94 11100011
45.11
92
- 92 10001110
12.65
93
- 93 10000111
15.52
95
- 95 11111110
11.31
78
- 78 11100011
41.51
99
- 99 10101111
12.61
47
- 47 11100110
13.87
87
- 87 11101110
14.93
83
- 83 11111000
17.97
91
- 91 11100111
19.69
73
- 73 10000111
26.26
96
- 96 10001111
27.27
97
- 97 11101010
28.28
98
- 98 11110101
29.29
71
- 77 10011001
33.33
77
- 77 11001100
43.11
67
- 67 11100011
47.29
55
- 55 10001110
49.13
75
- 75 11110000
51.49
51
- 51 10110000

4
b
c

3.3.

12.34
13.35
14.36
15.37
21.11
32.23
45.21
34.19
16.15
17.27
14.29
18.31
19.33
27.39
45.07
32.09
25.41
34.43
32.78
45.66
12.34
13.35
14.36
15.37
21.11
32.23
27.27
28.28
29.29
33.33
43.11
47.47
34.38
35.39

128
151
123
524
144
313
156
618
419
124
161
173
525
164
213
136
128
319
123
319
611
649
599
601
613
681
605
613
617
629
729
873
981
983

268
453
234
543
213
412
211
764
543
261
413
234
563
213
412
214
464
513
525
464
712
724
609
711
705
709
713
689
632
678
777
834
987
991

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
53
57
61
63

17

5. -
5.1. 1
1.

.
1.1.

1011012

:
5 43 2 1 0

1011012 = 1 25 + 0 24 + 1 23 +1 22 + 0 21 +1 20 = 32+0+8+4+0+1=4510.
:
1.)

45:2 = 22 (1);

2.)

22:2 = 11 (0);

3.)

11:2 = 5 (1);

4.)

5:2 = 2 (1);

5.)

2:2 = 1 (0).

: 4510= 1011012.
.
: 1011012 = 4510.
1.2.

23128

.
3 2 1 0

23128 = 2 83 +3 82 +1 81 +2 80 = 1024+192+8+2=122610.
:
1.)

1226:8 = 153 (2);

2.)

153:8 =

19 (1);

3.)

19:8 =

2 (3);

: 122610= 23128.
.
: 23128. = 122610.

18

1.3.

1dc16

.
2

1 0

1dc16 = 1 162 + 13 161 +12 160 = 256+208+12 = 47610.

:
1.)

476:16 = 29 (12);

2.)

29:16 =

1 (13).

: 47610= 1dc16.
.
: 1dc16 = 47610.
5.2. 2
2.

.
2.1.

89110

:
1)

891:2 = 445 (1), 445 >= 2;

2)

445:2 = 111 (0), 111 >= 2;

3)

111:2 = 55 (1), 55 >= 2;

4)

55:2 = 27 (1), 27 >= 2;

5)

27:2 = 13 (1), 13 >= 2;

6)

13:2 =

6 (1),

6 >= 2;

7)

6:2 =

3 (0),

3 >= 2;

8)

3:2 =

1 (1),

1 < 2 .

: 98110 = 11011110112.
:
9876543210

19

=1 29+1 28+0 27

11011110112

+1 26

+1 25+1 24+1 23+0 22+1 21+1 20 =

= 512 + 256 + 0 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 98110..
.
: 89110 = 11011110112.
2.2.

891

:
1)

891:8 = 111 (3), 111 >= 8;

2)

111:8 = 13 (7), 13 >= 8;

3)

13:8 =

1 (5),

1 < 8 .

: 89110 = 51738
:
3210

15738 = 1 83 + 5 82 + 7 81 + 3 80 = 512 +320 + 56 + 3 = 89110.

.
: 89110 = 15738.
2.3.

89110

:
1)

891:16 = 55 (11), 55 >= 16;

2)

55:16 = 3 (7), 3 < 16

: 89110 = 37b16
:
210

37b16 = 3 162 + 7 161 +11 160 = 768 + 112 + 11 = 89110.

.
: 89110 = 37b16.
1.

17.97

.
20

1.1.

1)

17 : 2 = 8 (1),

8 >= 2;

2)

8 : 2 = 4 (0),

4 >= 2;

3)

4 : 2 = 2 (0),

2 >= 2;

4)

2 : 2 = 1 (0),

1< 2 .

, 1710 = 100012
1.2.

1)

0.97 2 = 1.94 (1);

2)

0.94 2 = 1.88 (1);

3)

0.88 2 = 1.76 (1);

4)

0.76 2 = 1.52 (1);

5)

0.52 2 = 1.04 (1).

, 0.9710 = 0.111112
, 17.9710 = 10001.111112
2.

17.97

.
2.1.

1)

17 : 8 = 2 (1), 2 < 8 .

, 1710 = 218
2.2.

1)

0.97 8 = 7.76 (7);

2)

0.76 8 = 6.08 (6);

3)

0.08 8 = 0.64 (0);

, 0.9710 = 0.7608
, 17.9710 = 21.7608
3.

17.97

.
3.1.

1)

17 : 16 = 1 (1), 1 < 16 .
21

, 1710 = 1116
3.2.

1)

0.97 16 = 15.52 (15);

2)

0.52 16 = 8.32

(8);

, 0.9710 = f816
, 17.9710 = 11.f816
4.

1001.11111

:
4 3 2 1 0-1-2-34-5

10001.11111 2 = 1 24 + 0 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 +1 20 +1 2-1 +1 2-2

+ 1 2-3 + 1 2-4 + 1 2-5 = 16+0+0+0+1+0.5+0.25+0.125+0.0625+0.03125 =
=17.9687510.
: 10001.111112 = 17.9687510,
: 17,97 17,96875
5.

:
=

6.

( N 10 N 10 )
(17 .97 17 .96875 )
100 % =
100 = 0.06 %
N 10
17 .97

21.760
.

1 0-1-2-3

21.7608 = 2 81 + 1 80 + 6 8-2 + 0.8-3 = 16 + 1 + 0.875 + 0.09375 + 0 =

17.9687510.
: 21.7608 = 17.9687510
: 17.97 17.96875
7.

:
=

8.

( N 10 N 10 )
(17 .97 17 .96875 )
100 % =
100 % = 0.0069 %
N 10
17 .97

11.f8
:
22

1 0 -1-2

11.f816 = 1 161 + 1 160 + 15 16 1 + 8 16-2 = 16 + 1 + 0.9375 + 0.03125 =

17.9687510
: 11.f851e16 = 17.9687510
: 17.97 17.96875
:

9.

( N 10 N 10 )
(17 .97 17 .96875 )
100 % =
100 % = 0.0069 %
N 10
17 .97

3.
1. 91
.
1.1.

91

:
1)

91:2=45(1), 45 >= 2;

2)

45:2=22(1), 22 >= 2;

3)

22:2=11(0), 11 >= 2;

4)

11:2=5(1), 5 >= 2;

5)

2:2=1(1), 2 >= 2;

6)

2:2=1(0), 1 < 2-

, 9110 = 10110112.
: 1011011
:
160514130211102 = 1 * 26 + 0 * 25 + 1 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 64
+ 16 + + 8 + 2 + 1 = 9110.
, 10110112 = 9110.
1.2.

10110112

, :
10110112 =00000000010110112.

23

 , 91,
:
15

14

13

12

11

10

2. 91
.
2.1.

:
1)

91:2=45(1), 45>=2;

2)

45:2=22(1), 22>=2;

3)

22:2=11(0), 11>=2;

4)

11:2=5(1), 5>=2;

5)

5:2=2(1), 2>=2;

6)

2:2=1(0), 1>2-

, 9110 = 10110112 .
2.2.

1011011

:
10110112 =00000000010110112 .
2.3.

00000000010110110,

,
:
0000000001011011 1111111110100100
2.4 1111111110100100
,
1111111110100100
+
0000000000000001
1111111110100101
24

 , -91
1111111110100101:

15

14

13

12

11

10

3. 11101101
.
11101101

17161504131201102 = 1*27 + 1*26 + 1*25 + 0*24 + 1 * 23 + 1*22 + 0*21+1*20 =
128 + 64+ + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 23710
, 111011012
23710.
: 237
:
1) 237 : 2 = 118 (1), 118 >=2;
2) 118 : 2 = 59 (0), 59 >=2;
3) 59 : 2 = 29 (1), 29 >=2;
4) 29 : 2 = 14 (1), 14 >=2;
5) 14 : 2 = 7 (0), 7 >=2;
6) 7 : 2 = 3 (1), 3 >=2;
7) 3 : 2 = 1 (1), 1<2- .
, 23710 = 111011012.
4. 11101101

4.1.

11101101: N = 00010010

4.2.

25

00010010
+
00000001
00010011
,
:
N2 = 0010011 = 10011.
4.3

:
N = 10011 = N10 = 1*24 + 0*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 1*20 =16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 =
1910
N10 = 1910
4.4

:
N10 = -1910
5. 43.13

5.1

43.13

5.1.1

1)

43 : 2 = 21 (1), 21 2

2)

21 : 2 = 10 (1), 10 2

3)

10 : 2 = 5 (0), 5 2

4)

5 : 2 = 2 (1), 2 2

5)

2 : 2 = 1 (0), 1 2

, 4310 = 1010112
5.1.2

m = 24 n, m
, n
m = 24 5 = 19:
26

1) 0.13 2 = 0.26 0;
2) 0.26 2 = 0.52 0;
3) 0.52 2 = 1.04 1;
4) 0.04 2 = 0.08 0;
5) 0.08 2 = 0.16 0;
6) 0.16 2 = 0.32 0;
7) 0.32 2 = 0.64 0;
8) 0.64 2 = 1.28 1;
9) 0.28 2 = 0.56 0;
10)

0.56 2 = 1.12 1;

11)

0.12 2 = 0.24 0;

12)

0.24 2 = 0.48 0;

13)

0.48 2 = 0.96 0;

14)

0.96 2 = 1.92 1;

15)

0.92 2 = 1.84 1;

16)

0.84 2 = 1.68 1;

17)

0.68 2 = 1.36 1;

18)

0.36 2 = 0.72 0

19)

0.72 2 = 1.44 1.

, 0.1310 = 0.00100001010001111012
, 43.1310 = 101011.00100001010001111012.
: 101011.0010000101000111101
:
150413021110.0-10-21-30-40-50-60-71-80-91-100-110-120-131-141-151-161-170-181-192 = 1 * 25 + 0
24 + 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 2-1 + 0 2-2 + 1 2-3 + 0 2-4 + 0
2-5 + 0 2-6 + 0 2-7 + 1 2-8 + 0 2-9 +1 2-10 + 0 2-11 + 0 2-12 + 0 2-13
+ 1 2-14 + 1 2-15 + 1 2-16 + 1 2-17 + 0 2-18 + 1 2-19 = 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 +
0.125 + 0.00390625 + 0.0009765625 + 0.00006103515625 + 0.000030517578125
27

+ 0.0000152587890625 + 0.00000762939453125 + 0.0000019073486328125 +

43.13.
, 101011.00100001010001111012 43.1310.
5.2.

, :
101011.0010000101000111101
+
0.0000000000000000001
101011.0010000101000111110
5.3.

:
101011.0010000101000111112
5.4.

, :

101011.0010000101000111112 = 1.010110010000101000111112 * 2510

5.5.

1.010110010000101000111112 0.010110010000101000111112
5.6.

510 + 12710 = 13210 = 100001002.

5.7.

0.
5.8.

43.13 :

1
2
3
4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
4
2
2

8
5
1
f

28

 4
601
:
601 : 2 = 300 (1), 300 >= 2;
300 : 2 = 150 (0), 150 >= 2;
150 : 2 = 75 (0), 75 >= 2;
75 : 2 = 37 (1), 37 >= 2;
37 : 2 = 18 (1), 18 >= 2;
18 : 2 = 9 (0), 9 >= 2;
9 : 2 = 4 (1), 4 >= 2;
4 : 2 = 2 (0), 2 >= 2;
2 : 2 = 1 (0), 1 < 2 .
, 60110 = 10010110012.
: 1001011001
:
190807160514130201102 = 1 29 + 0 28 + 0 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 1 24 +
1 23 + 0 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 512 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 60110.
, 10010110012 = 60110.
711
:
711 : 2 = 355 (1), 355 >= 2;
355 : 2 = 177 (1), 177 >= 2;
177 : 2 = 88 (1), 88 >= 2;
88 : 2 = 44 (0), 44 >= 2;
44 : 2 = 22 (0), 22 >= 2;
22 : 2 = 11 (0), 11 >= 2;
11 : 2 = 5 (1), 5 >= 2;
5 : 2 = 2 (1), 2 >= 2;
29

2 : 2 = 1 (0), 1 < 2 .
, 71110 = 10110001112.
: 1011000111
:
9876543210

10110001112 = 1 29 + 0 28 + 1 27 + 1 26 + 0 25 + 0 24 + 0 23
+ 1 22 + 1 21 + 1 20 = 512 + 128 + 64 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 71110.
, 1011000111 2 = 71110.
36
:
36 : 2 = 18 (0), 18 >= 2;
18 : 2 = 9 (0), 9 >= 2;
9 : 2 = 4 (1), 4 >= 2;
4 : 2 = 2 (0), 2 >= 2;
2 : 2 = 1 (0), 1 < 2 .
, 3610 = 1001002.
: 100100
:
543210

1001002 = 1 25 + 0 24 + 0 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 0 20 = 32 + 4 =
3610.
, 100100 2 = 3610.
601
:
601 : 8 = 75 (1), 75 >= 8;
75: 8 = 9 (3), 9 >= 8;
9 : 8 = 1 (1), 1< 8 .
, 60110 = 11318.
: 1131
:
30

3210

11318 = 1 * 83 + 1 * 82 + 3 * 81 + 1 * 80 = 512 + 6 4 + 24 + 1 = 60110.

, 1131 8 = 60110.
711
:
711 : 8 = 88 (7), 88 >= 8;
88 : 8 = 11 (0), 11 >= 8;
11 : 8 = 1 (3), 1< 8 .
, 71110 = 13078.
: 1307
:
3210

13078 = 1 * 83 + 3 * 82 + 0 * 81 + 7 * 80 = 512 + 192 + 7 = 71110.

, 1307 8 = 71110.
36
:
36 : 8 = 4 (4), 4 < 8 .
, 3610 = 448.
: 44
:
10

448 = 4 * 81 + 4 * 80 = 32 + 4 = 3610.
, 44 8 = 3610.
601
:
601 : 16 = 37 (9), 37 >= 16;
37 : 16 = 2 (5), 2 < 16 .
, 60110 = 25916.
: 259
:
31

210

25916 = 2 * 162 + 5 * 161 + 9 * 160 = 512 + 80 + 9 = 60110.

, 259 16 = 60110.
711
:
711 : 16 = 44 (7), 44 >= 16;
44 : 16 = 2 (12), 2 < 16 .
, 71110 =2716.
: 27
:
210

2716 = 2 * 162 + 12 * 161 + 7 * 160 = 512 + 192 + 7 = 71110.

, 27 16 = 71110.
36
:
36 : 16 = 2 (4), 2 < 16 .
, 3610 = 2416.
: 24
:
10

2416 = 2 * 161 + 4 * 160 = 32 + 4 = 3610.

, 24 16 = 3610.
: 1001011001 1011000111:

1
1

0
0

-1

-1

-1

-1

1
0

1
1
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

0
1
1

1
0
1

1 12
0 12
1 02

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 1 010

32

 1001011001
1011000111.
1001011001 1011000111,
1011000111. 1001011001,
-:
, 1001011001 1011000111 = - 1101110.
1011000111 1001011001
, :
n ;
m ;
k , .
n = 10; m = 10;
k = max (n+1; m+1) = max(10+1, 10+1) =11.
k = 11.
1011000111
:

:
10110001112 = 010110001112.
:
010110001112 10100111000.
10100111000
:
10100111000
+
00000000001
10100111001
01001011001 10100111000
:

33

0
1
1

1
0
1

0
1
1

0
0
1

1
0
0

0
1
0

1
1
1

1
1
0

0
0
0

0
0
1

12
12
02

6 0 110
- 7 1 110
- 1 1 010

,
.

11110010010

:
:
11110010010 00001101101.
1101101
:
1101101
+
0000001
1101110
, 1001011001 + (- 1011000111) = - 1101110.
1011000111 1001011001.

1
1
0

0
0
0

-1

-1

-1

-1

1
0
0

1
1
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

0
1
1

1
0
1

1
0
1

1
1
0

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 1 010

, 1011000111 1001011001 = 1101110.

1001011001 1011000111
.
:
34

n ;
m ;
k , .
n = 10; m = 10
k = max (n+1; m+1) = (10+1, 10+1) =11.
k = 11
1001011001
, :

:
10010110012 = 010010110012.
:
01001011001 10110100110.
101101001
, :
10110100110
+
00000000001
10110100111
01011000111 10110100111
:

0
1
1 0

1
0
0

0
1
0

1
1
0

1
0
1

0
1
1

0
0
0

0
0
1

1
1
1

1 12
1 12
1 0

7 1 110
- 6 0 110
1 1 010

.
, 1011000111 + (- 1001011001) = 11011102.
: 1001011001 100100.
35

1 0 0 1 0
1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
+
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0

6 0
3
3 6 0
+
1 8 0 3
2 1 6 3

1
6
6
6

, 1001011001 100100
1010100100001.

1001011001 100100:

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1

6 0 110
5 7 6
2 5

3 6
1 6

, 10000,
11001.
11318 13078,
:

1
1
2

1
3
4

3
0
4

18
78
08

25916

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 3 1 210

2716,

36

2
2
5

916
716
016

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 3 1 210

13078 11318,
:

-1

1
1

3
1
1

0
3
5

78
18
68

25916

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 1 010

2716,

:
1

2
2 5
6

716
916
16

7 1 110
6 0 110
1 1 010

37