Nhm 6 :

Nguyn Th Hoi Phng Trn Vn Thin Lng Vn Sang Nguyn Th Nguyn L Vn Em

NI DUNG TRNH BY
.LI M .NI DUNG -Phn 1 : K thut ly mu v bo qun mu phn

tch. -Phn 2 :

Li m u
Nc ta ang trn { ph|t trin trong nhng nm gn }y ~ t c nhiu th{nh tu |ng k , i sng ngi d}n ng{y c{ng c n}ng cao . Nc l{ mt ngun t{i nguyn qu gi| , nc chim n c th ca chng ta , vic kim tra cht lng nc c nh hng ln n i sng ca mi ngi . Nc dng trong sinh hot , n ung , nc s dng trong c|c nh{ m|y i hi nhng tiu chun kim nghim khc nhau. C nhng ngun nc b nhim g}y nh hng ln i vi sc khe con ngi : c nhng l{ng d}n b ung th do ung ngun nc c cha NO2 , c nhng ngun nc b nhim vi sinh rt nhiu l{m cho vic sinh hot ( nh tm ra ) b d ng dn n bnh ngo{i da Vic ph}n tch, kim tra c|c cht lng ca nc nhm tm ra nhng ch tiu khng ph hp vi chun ca Vit Nam v ngun nc . T a ra bin ph|p khc phc mang li an to{n cho ngi s dng trong i sng cng nh trong sn xut. V kin thc c hn nn cn nhiu thiu st , knh mong c ch ging t{i Ph}n tch c|c ch tiu ca nc ho{n thin . Nhm 6

Phn 1 : K thut ly mu v bo qun mu phn tch

Trong qu trnh phn tch khu ly mu l vic quan trng u tin . Nu ly mu khng ng qui cch th s dn n s sai lch v thc trng trong kt qu nh gi v nh hng ti tiu chun kim nghim cht lng . trnh c iu ny di hi ngi phn tch phi tun th qui nh v k thut ly mu .

1.1 K thut ly mu
1.1.a Dng c ly mu Can , thng ,chai , l ( thy tinh hoc nha ) c nt kn. Ti nilng c nt , cc ng c nt kn . Cc bnh ly mu cn c dn nhn ghi y chi tit : a im , ngy gi , tn ngi ly mu , kt qu o c ti ch , nhn xt s b , mu sc , mi v , ngoi cnh , v tr ly . Ghi r cng trnh , nh my ly mu . Trc khi ly mu , dng c ly mu phi sch v c trng ra nhiu ln bng nc ct . Khi ly mu , trng ra bnh ly mu t 2 n 3 ln bng dung dch mu . Cn lu : bnh ly mu khng c dng ng cc cht lng khc.

1.1.b Phng thc ly mu:

a)Ly mu trn ng ng dn: M vi nc chy mnh 5 n 10 pht, sau m nt dng c cho ming dng c vo u vi nc v chy trn 2 n 3 pht. Vn nt bnh mu li. b)Ly mu ni ao, h, ging , rung: Ta ly mu cc im khc nhau vi nng su khc nhau. C th ly mu trc tip hoc bng dng c ly mu ring theo ch nng su ( su c th t mc 0.5m; 1m; 1.5m; 2m). Nu l nc b mt th ly im gia, xung quanh v nhng im bt k. c)L lch mu phn tch: * Mu nc em trnh by trong bo co ny ly trn ng ng dn. Quy cch ly mu ging nh cch ly mu em trnh by trn ng ng dn .

 Sau khi ly mu xong ta ghi chp lp h s ly mu:

K hiu mu: Mu 01.
Tn c s: C s sn xut nc ng bnh Kim Phng a ch ly mu : 18 Man Thin Tng Nhn Ph A q9 - TPHCM. V tr ly mu : Khu vc x l nc ng chai, bnh.

Loi mu : Nc ng chai, bnh.

Ng{y, gi, th|ng, nm ly mu: 24/07/2011 lc 8h 30. Thi gian ly mu:25. Dng mu: Dng lng.

iu kin thi tit: Ng{y ma phn, nhit 250C.

Dung tch mu :2000ml. Ngi ly mu: ...

1.2 Bo qun mu phn tch:

1.2.1 Chuyn ch mu t ni ly v kho v phng th nghim: m bo khng l{m nh hng n kt qu ph}n tch, vic chuyn ch

cng phi m bo c|c iu kin: Bng c|c phng tin ph hp, khng tn km, kp thi.

 1.2.1 Chuyn ch mu t ni ly v kho v phng th nghim:

m bo khng l{m nh hng n kt qu ph}n tch, vic chuyn

ch cng phi m bo c|c iu kin: Bng c|c phng tin ph hp, khng tn km, kp thi. Ly mu cn phi a ngay v kho v{ phng th nghim. Khng l{m h hng mu,long trc nh~n, h hng bao gi, cha ng. Sp xp mu sao cho c|c chai, l, bnh tr|nh va chm v{o nhau tr|nh giao ng mu. Nu thi gian vn chuyn qu| 2h th mu phi c bo qun ni tho|ng m|t, tr|nh nhit trc tip. Vn chuyn mu khng qu| 24h .

1.2.2 Qun l v bo qun mu phn tch: Vic qun l, bo qun mu l mt khu k tip ca cng vic ly mu phn tch.Lymu tt, nhng bo qun khng tt, th s lm hng mu phn tch. ring tng loi ,tng l, tng nhm. Nhit thch hp theo yu cu ca mu phn tch. Khng cho cc phn ng ha hc xy ra lm mt cht phn tch. Bo v cht phn tch khng b phn hy, sa lng 1.2.3 X l mu phn tch: X l mu l giai on u tin, nhng rt quan trng ca qu trnh phn tch. Mi sai st trong giai on ny u ra nguyn nhn to ra sai s cho kt qu phn tch, c khi sai st ln. V th mi cch s l mu phn tch, cng vi vic tun th cc iu kin ca x l mu m bo yu cu c th nh sau: 1.Ly c hon ton, khng lm mt cht phn tch. 2.Khng lm nhim bn thm cht phn tch chn. 3.Dng cc ha cht phi m bo sch ng yu cu. 4.Khng a thm cc cht c nh hng vo mu. 5.i vi mu nc ng chai, bnh th khng cn phi x l mu.

PHN II: PHN TCH CC CH TIU CA MU NC C S SN XUT NC NG CHAI, BNH KIM PHNG.

2.1 Cc ch tiu cm quan:

nh gi cht lng nc sinh hot chng ta cn phi kim tra cc ch tiu cm quan nh: nhit , mi v l, mu sc, trc khi a vo s dng. Sau khi kim tra quan st, phn tch v nh gi ri i n kt lun. 2.1.1 Xc nh nhit : Nhit ca nc ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc iu kin nh: thi tit, thi gian mu nc tip xc vi ngun nc. Cn xc nh nhit ca nc tt nht l khi ly mu v. Nhit ca nc thng c biu th bng oC

2.1.2 Mi ca nc: Vic xc nh mi ca nc ph thuc vo nhit v thnh phn ca cc cht ho tan c trong nc nh xc ng thc vt b phn hu, cc cht v c, kh H2S. 2.1.3 V v v l: V v v l ca nc ph thuc vo xc ng thc vt trong nc, cc cht thi t cc nh my v con ngi. 2.1.4 Mu ca nc: Mu ca nc do l cy thc vt, cc kim loi mu: st , mangan hoc do cc cht hu c ha tan trong nc. 2.1.5 Cc cht l lng: Cht l lng nh t ph sa , bn , cc vi sinh vt , rong , ru Ta c th dng mt quan st v nh gi cht l lng . Nhng hu nh cht l lng trong ngun nc ngm thng khng ng k ,ch cn qua khu kh trng l c th s dng c. Nc ng chai, bnh c s sn xut nc Kim Phng khng c cht l lng

2.2 Cc ch tiu ha l: 2.2.1 Xc nh pH ca nc: 2.2.1.1 i cng: pH din t tnh axt hay tnh kim ca nc c biu th bng nng ion H+ c trong nc v c nh ngha:pH l logarit ca tr s nghch o ion H+ . pH = -lg [H+] = lg(1/H+ ) Gi tr PH thay i t 0 14. PH <7 nc c tnh axt. PH = 7 nc trung ho. PH >7 nc c tnh kim. Gi tr PH l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht xc nh cht lng nc v mt ho hc. Vic x l nc k c nc sch v nc thi, lun phi da vo gi tr PH lm trung ho, lm mm nc, lm kt ta, lm ng t, kh trng v kim tra n mn. * Tiu chun nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot ca b y t Vit Nam quy nh c gi tr PH t 6 8,5.

 ngha pH v mt mi sinh :

pH c ngha quan trng v mt mi sinh, trong thin nhin pH nh hng n hot ng sinh hc trong nc, lin quan n mt s c tnh nh: tnh n mn, tnh ho{ tan chi phi c|c qu| trnh x l nc, chng hn kt bng to cn, l{m mm, kh st, dit khun. Kim tra pH cn thn trong tt c c|c qu| trnh x l nhm m bo qu| trnh l{m trong v{ x l nc hot ng tt l{ iu kin cn thit. kh trng nc bng Clo c hiu qu pH phi thp hn 8. pH cu nc a v{o mng li ph}n phi phi c khng ch gim thiu s n mn trong h thng ng ng. S sai lm trong cng vic n{y dn n nhim nc ung v{ g}y t|c hi v m{u, mi, v. pH ca nc >11 c th l{m tng c|c bnh v mt, da. V th, vic xt nghim pH ho{n chnh cht lng nc cho ph hp vi yu cu k thut trong tng kh}u qun l rt quan trng v{ quan trng hn na l{ m bo cht lng nc cho ngi tiu dng.

Phng php o: pH c th xc nh bng phng php so mu hay o bng in th. Phng php o mu khng i hi chi ph cao ban u do phi mua sm thit b nhng thng gp nhng tr ngi: Mu c c v mu cao. Cc cht oxy ho nh: Clo cao c hm lng cao c tc dng nh cht ty mu. nhy mu tu thuc cht lng thuc ch th, do c th cho cht lng km gia hai ln o . Nhit l thay i sc , v th khi xc nh pH phi thc hin nhit ca phng th nghim. 2.2.1.2 Nguyn tc: Da vo hiu s in th gia hai in cc chun (Calomel) v in cc o (in cc thu tinh) o tr s pH. Gi tr pH c biu th di dng: pH = ( E En ) / a

E: in th ca in cc thu tinh En: in th ca in cc Calomen a : H s thay i theo nhit ( 250C ; a =0,0591). 2.2.1.3 Ho cht v dng c : M|y o pH tt c c|c dng c trong phng th nghim. Dung dch chun pH 7.01. Dung dch chun pH 4.01. 2.2.1.4 Qu trnh xc nh : a) Chun b my : Nhn nt ON/OFF m ngun cho m|y . Nhn nt RANGE chn kiu o pH . Ra sch in cc bng nc ct sau lau kh bng giy mm khng c s hoc bng vi mm . Nhn phm CAL cho m|y v{o ch chun. Nhng in cc v{ u d nhit v{o dung dch chun pH 7.01 . Nhng ngp in cc khong 4 cm , lc nh sau cho m{n hnh hin th ch pH ng yn khng cn nhp nh|y na . Trong khi gi| tr pH c c ca m|y vn cn nhp nh|y .

Nhn nt CFM x|c nhn gi| tr chun ~ c c. Ra sch in cc bng nc ct sau lau kh bng giy mm khng c s hoc bng vi mm. Nhng in cc v{ u d nhit v{o dung dch chun pH 4.01, lc nh, sau cho m{n hnh hin th ch pH ng yn khng cn nhp nh|y na gi| tr m|y c c vn cn nhp nh|y Nhn nt CFM x|c nhn gi| tr chun ~ c c. Ra sch in cc v{ u d nhit v{o dd chun pH 4.01 ,lc nh, sau cho m{n hnh hin th ch pH ng yn khng cn nhp nh|y na gi| tr m|y c c vn cn nhp nh|y . b) Tin h{nh o : Ly khong 50 ml mu nc chuyn v{o cc thu tinh chu nhit loi 100 ml sch , ra sch in cc ca m|y bng nc ct sau khi o xong gi| tr dd chun pH 4.01 ri l}u kh bng giy mm sau nhng in cc v{ u d nhit v{o trong cc mu i cho n khi ch pH trn m|y ng yn v{ gi| tr pH trn m|y c c phi n nh.Ghi nhn kt qu pH m{ m|y c c . 2.2.1.5 Kt qu: Gi tr pH m my c c l : 7.16

2.2.2 Xc nh hm lng Clo d : 2.2.2.1 i cng: Sau khi Clo ho| lng v{o nc, vi khun cha phi ho{n to{n b tiu dit ngay m{ cn phi tri qua mt thi gian tip xc. Clo hot ng ti thiu l{ 30 pht th vic tiu dit mi hiu qu. Tuy nhin trong nc cn phi cn li mt lng Clo d nh dit khun ho{n to{n m bo an to{n v cht lng nc khi n ni s dng. Lng Clo n{y c gi l{ Clo d tnh bng( mg/l) . Nng Clo d nm trong khon 0,1 0,3 (mg/l). Nc sau khi dit khun, c bit l{ nc sinh hoat, n ung theo tiu chun ca B Y T Vit Nam quy nh 0.05 mg/l < Clo d < 0.5 mg/l, nc phi m bo Clo d 0.3 0,5 (mg/l). 2.2.2.2 Nguyn tc: Da theo phn ng gia Clo d v{ thuc th DPD to ra m{u hng trong mu nc. Sau , trn m|y o Clo d vi u d |nh s|ng t b{o quang in silicon . cho ra gi| tr Clo d c trong mu nc. 2.2.2.3 Ho cht v dng c: M|y o Clo v{ c|c dng c. Thuc th HI93701 0 DPD. Thuc th HI 93734 B -0.

2.2.2.4 Tin hnh o mu : a) Chun b my: Nhn ON / OFF bt m|y. Nhn phm FREF/ TOTAL chn ch o Clo tng hay t do, m{n hnh hin th T hay C gc phi ch tng ng ch o Clo hay Clo t do. b) Tin hnh o: + Dng pipet 5 ml thuc th HI9374B cho v{o trong cc o. + Cho thm v{o trong cc o mt gi thuc th DPD v{ thm mu nc cn o v{o trong cc o sao cho th tch khong 10 ml . + y np vn chc v{ lc nh, yn 1 2 pht. + t cc o v{o khong o sao cho m bo vt khc hnh ch V trn np khoang ng hng. Ch cho n khi kt qu m|y c c trn m{n hnh n nh. 2.2.2.5

Kt Qu:

H{m lng clo d m{ m|y c c l{ 0.38.

2.2.3 o c ca nc: 2.2.3.1 i cng: c ca nc g}y ra bi c|c cht l lng nh t st, c|c cht hu c v{ v c , to v{ nhng vi sinh vt kh|c. S tng quan ca c v{ c|c cht l lng ph thuc v{o nhiu yu t kh|c nhau nh kch c ht, ch s t|n sc khc x,. Ring i vi nhng cht c m{u en nh than c th hp th |nh s|ng v{ l{m gim tr s c, nc c g}y tr ngi cho vic n ung v{ sinh hot. Nc b c do hu qu x l cha m bo hoc do cn lng trong h thng ph}n phi . c cng c th to c bi c|c cht v c c mt trong nc ngm. c cao c t|c dng bo v VSV khi nh hng ca cht kh trng v{ kch thch vi khun ph|t trin, v vy trong mi trng hp c ca nc phi thp th vic kh trng mi hiu qu nn o c ca nc rt cn thit. Mt trong c|c tiu chun d |nh gi| cht lng nc l{ c. }y l{ yu t u tin c s cm nhn ca gi|c quan. Bt k nc dng trong mc ch g, nht l{ trong vic sn xut thc ung, thc phm v{ cp nc sinh hot, nc cn phi c loi b mi th{nh phn g}y nn c.

 c ca nc bt ngun t s hin hu ca v s vt th li ti trng

th|i huyn ph nh t st, vt cht hu c,vi sinh vt gm c|c loi phiu sinh thc v{ ng vt.Trong thin nhin, c thay i theo ma, tu thuc vn tc dng chy, mc x|o trn, kch c, hnh d|ng v{ khi lng ring ca c|c th{nh phn l lng. ngha mi trng: Trong cng t|c cp nc sinh hot, c mang mt ngha quan trng v{ khng dc chp nhn v ba l do sau: Cm quan: Khi nc khng trong, trc tin g}y n tng cho ngi tiu dng v s nhim bn bi bn t, hot t nc thi cng rnh v{ cng c th bao h{m c c|c vi khun g}y bnh hay cht g}y hi cho sc kho X l: Mt ngun nc qu| nhiu cht huyn ph s i hi chi ph cao cho ho| cht trong qu| x l, x}y dng c|c cng trnh tng xng. B lc km hiu qu, chu k lc gim nhanh, tn km bi nhiu ln ra x, tt c u gp phn n}ng cao gi| th{nh. Dit khun: t hiu qu dit khun cao, yu t tt yu l{ phi c s tip xc gia vi khun v{ cht dit khun d . iu n{y khng th thc hin tt khi nc c c vt qu| gii han. Thng c|c cht g}y nn c c t|c dng bao che vi khun trc mi t|c ng ca cht dit khun. V th i vi nc sinh hot c ti a c n nh khng vt qu| 5 n v.

2.2.3.1 Nguyn tc : Da trn s so s|nh ca cng ph}n t|n |nh s|ng bi mt cht l lng trong nhng iu kin x|c nh v{ cng ph}n t|n |nh s|ng ca mu cng iu kin . Cng ph}n t|n |nh s|ng ca mu c{ng cao th c c{ng cao ,tnh c theo cng thc : 2.2.3.2 Ho cht v dng c : M|y o c v{ c|c dng c thng dng. Dung dch chun: CAL1: 1000NTU. CAL2: 100NTU. CAL3: 10NTU. CAL4: 0.02NTU. 2.2.3.3 Quy trnh xc nh: a) Chun b my: Nhn phm ON/OFF bt m|y Nhn phm CAL chn c|c mc o dung dch chun t Cuvet th nht c c chun l{ 1000 NTU, ch cho n khi gi| tr chun 1000NTU n nh trn m{n hnh, ta nhn phm enter trn m{n hnh ghi nhn gi| tr chun cho m|y.

t Cuvet th hai c c chun l{ 100 NTU, ch cho n khi gi| tr chun 100NTU n nh trn m{n hnh, ta nhn phm enter trn m{n hnh ghi nhn gi| tr chun cho m|y. t Cuvet th nht c c chun l{ 10 NTU, ch cho n khi gi| tr chun 10NTU n nh trn m{n hnh, ta nhn phm enter trn m{n hnh ghi nhn gi| tr chun cho m|y. t Cuvet th nht c c chun l{ 0.02 NTU, ch cho n khi gi| tr chun 0.02NTU n nh trn m{n hnh, ta nhn phm enter trn m{n hnh ghi nhn gi| tr chun cho m|y. b) Tin hnh o mu : Tr|ng ra Cuvt o m|y t 23 ln bng mu nc cn o, cho mu v{o trong Cuvet, y np Cuvt li ri c v{o khoang o. Ch cho n khi gi| tr ca c ca nc m{ m|y c c, ghi kt qu o. Nhn phm ON/OFF tt m|y. 2.2.3.5 Kt Qu: My o c l 1.30 NTU

2.2.4 Xc nh hm lng Nitrit trong nc 2.2.4.1 i cng: Nitrit (NO2- )l{ sn phm trung gian ca chu trnh Nitro gen. Nitrit hin din trong nc l{ do s ph}n hu sinh hcca nhng prtin. Cng vi c|c dng Nitrogen kh|c nh NH4+, NH3,ch mt h{m lng nh NO2- th nc ~ b nhim bn. Trong nc NO2- thng chuyun th{nh NO3- khi ma r{o lng nitrit c th tng v axit nitr hnh th{nh trong khng trung b nc ma ho{ tan v{ x}m nhp v{o ngun nc. Nitrit thng c trong nc thi cng nghip, trong sn xut ho| cht, dc, cao su dt nhum, h{m lng ca n rt cao. Do vy cn x l nc thi trc khi a ra ngo{i. Trong c|c h thng x l hay h thng ph}n phi cng c nitrit do nhng hot ng ca c|c VSV trn c|c axit amin trong thc phm. ngo{i ra nitrit cn c dng trong ngh{nh cp nc nh mt cht chng n mn. Tuy nhin d sao trong nc ung nitrit cng khng th tn ti. Nitrit cng l{ nguyn nh}n g}y bnh Mahemoglobinma tr s sinh. Theo tiu chun ca b y t VN, nitrit trong nc ung khng qu| 3mg/l.

2.2.4.2 Nguyn tc: Nitrit c nh ph}n bng phng ph|p so m{u, m{u do phn ng t c|c dung dch chun v{ mu sau khi t|c dng vi axit sunfanilic v{ naphthylamine mi trng pH =22.5 l{ m{u tm ca axit azobenzol naphthylamine sunfonic nh sau: