2008

41 & ,
. 210 3608065, Fax: 210 3608197
www.volonaki.gr, e-mail: info@volonaki.gr
:
:
: , . 35, , . 26510 20069
,

.
ISBN 978-960-381-391-0

.
.



.
.
:
3 . :
,
,
,
,

, (
)
,
( ).
,
, .
,

,
.
, 20/06/2008

10

:
1:

1.1 - ............................ 16
1.2 , ................. 28
1.3 ........................................................................... 39
1.4 ....................................................................................... 49
1.5 . . . . . .
............................................................................. 57

2:

2.1 ................................................................................. 74
2.2 ..................................................................................... 82
2.3 ..................................................................................... 93
2.4 ............................................................ 101
2.5 ...................................................................... 113
2.6 ..................................................................................... 121

3:

3.1 ....................................................................................... 136

3.2 ...... 147
3.3 ............................................ 156
3.4 ........................................................ 157
3.5 ........................................................................................ 160

4:

4.1 : + x = , x = ,
x = , x = , : x = x : = ............................................................... 178
4.2 .................................................................................. 187

5:

5.1 ......................................................................................................... 198

5.2 ............................................................................... 208

11
6:

6.1 .................................................................. 224

6.2 ..................................................................... 229
6.3 ................................................. 233
6.4 ......................................................... 237
6.5 ................................................................................. 244
6.6 ........................................................................... 247

7:

7.1 ( )
............................................................................................... 254
7.2 ............................ 258
7.3 ............................................................................. 264
7.4 .............................................................................. 269
7.5 ............................................................................... 273
7.6 .................................................................... 279
7.7 .................................................................... 283
7.8 ................................................... 287
7.9 ................................................. 291
7.10 ................................... 297

:
1:

1.1
......................................................................................................... 302
1.2
....................................................................................................... 309
1.3 ,
............................................................ 316
1.4 ....................................... 321
1.5 , ....................... 327
1.6 ..................................................................... 331
1.7 ...................................... 335
1.8
......................................................................................... 341
1.9 ........................................................................... 349
1.10 .......................... 353
1.11 .................................................................. 357

12
1.12
.................................................................................................. 362
1.13 ........................................................................... 367

2:

2.1 ............................................................................... 378

2.2 ......................................................................................... 382
2.3 ........................................................... 385
2.4 ............................................................................. 391
2.5 ......................................................................................... 393
2.6 .............................. 396

3: ,

3.1 .......................................... 406

3.2 .......................................... 411
3.3
.......................................................................................... 419
3.4
.................................................................. 424

&
............................. 437

1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8,
...99, 100

15

16

1.1

1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , ... , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ,... , 999 , 1000 ,...

.
()
(). 2 .
0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 1, 3 , 5 ,
7 , 9.

: 0 , 2 , 4 ,, 10 ,... , 102 ,... , 998 , ..., 2004 ,...

: 1, 3 , 5 ,... , 11,... , 205 ,... , 999 ,... , 2007 ,...
N N 1
N + 1 . 0 ( 1),
.
N ,
:
:
A N = 6 (), N 1 = 5 ()

 - -

N + 1 = 7 (). A N = 55 (),
N 1 = 54 () N + 1 = 56 ().

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
( )
. ,
, ,
... :
254.897
7 , 9 , 8 , 4 , 5 ,

2 .

. .

:

> .

< .

=
.

,
.
. :
100 > 89 ,

1010 > 1000 ,

500 = 500

0 0 .

17

18

.

.

, ,
.., .
:

0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4
. :
13.637 .
6
3 , 6
13.600 .

5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
.
: 13.637 .
3
6 , 3 4
14.000 .

 - -

9 , 0
1. :
202.987 .

9
1 0 2 3 .
203.000 .
,
, ...

1. :
. 455 ,

. 203 ,

. 860 ,

. 2007 .

,
2 .

. 455 227 2 + 1 ,
2 .
. 203 101 2 + 1 ,
2 .
. 860 430 2 ,
2 .
. 2007 1003 2 + 1 ,
2 .

19

20

2. . 2 9 .
. 2 9 .

: = + 1 .

( , ) :
= 1.
: = .
. : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .
, :
= 9 2 +1 = 8 .

. : 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 .
, :
= 9 2 1 = 6 .

3. :
. 400 4.000 ,

. 789 987 ,

. 10.100 10.010 .

.
,
, .
. 400 4.000 , :
400 < 4.000 .

. : 7 < 9 . :
789 < 987 .

21

- -

.
, 8 > 0 , :
80.800 > 80.080 .

4. . 4.402, 4.204, 4.420 ,

4.240 .

. 50.500, 50.005, 50.050,

55.000.
(
) ( ) ,
.
. ( 4 ).
, 4.402 4.420
4.204 4.240 .
, : 4.402 < 4.420

4.204 < 4.240 .

:
4.420 > 4.402 > 4.240 > 4.204 .

. ,
:
50.005 < 50.050 < 50.500 < 55.000 .

5. 5 , 35 , 65 95
:

. , .

22

, , , 10
1. 5 ,
5 5 ( 10 ).
, 35 5
(40), 65 5 (70)
95 5 (100).
6. :
. : 196959 ,

: 1.255 ,

: 4.344m ,

: 1020kg ,

2651095637 .
.
;
.
.
,
, , ,
, .
.
,
.
. 1.300 ,
2 5 .
4.300m ,
3 4 .

1.000kg, 0 2 .

 - -

13.
1. . 205

. 732

. 20.813 .

2. . .
. .
. .
3. 289 288 , 287 286,
290 291 .
4. , :
3.508 > 3.515 > 3.620 > 4.800 > 4.801

5. . 45 = 45

. 38 > 36

. 456 < 465

. 8.765 < 8.970 . 90.876 < 86.945 . 345 < 5.690

6.

2cm
0

= 2cm 1 , 6cm
:
6cm
= 3

3
,
2cm
3 .

23

24

, , , ( = 10cm , = 12cm , = 14cm )

5 , 6 , 7 .
7. . (). 1o 0 ,
.
. (). 0 2 4 ,
.
. ().
. (). 1 1, 1
2 , 2 3 , 2 4 ,
1 (1 ) 9 (5 ), 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,
.
. ().
. (). 7 ,
7 , 8 = 7 + 1
, .
. ().
. ().
. (). 75
, 375 .
. ().
. (). 1.275 .
. (). 2.025 .
8. 345 300 ,
4 .
761 800 ,
6 .
659 700 ,

 - -

5 .
2.567 2.600 ,
6 .
9.532 9.500 ,
3 .
123.564 123.600 ,
6 .
34.564 34.600 ,
6 .
31.549 31.500 ,
4 .
8.765 8.800 ,
6 .
9. . 7.568.350 , 9.
. 7.568.300 ,
4 .
. 7.568.000 , 3 .
. 7.570.000 ,
8 .
. 7.600.000 ,
6 .

1. () ().

25

26

. 11 24 12 .
( )
. 3
.


( )
. 23 26
.
( )
. 26 14 6 > 4 .
( )
.
.
( )
. 1 0 , .
( )
. .
( )
2. . : 22, 567 , 1.453 , 1.921,
49.870 , 567.532 , 1.234.709 .

. , ,
.
3. . : 233 , 8455 ,
332 , 1234 , 700 , 12 , 0 , 32.459 .

.
.
4. . 5
500 .

 - -

. 21
2007.
5. ( >, =, < )
:
34 .. 43
457 ..0457
1.234 .. 1.324
6.010 .. 6.001
4.568 .. 4.659
5.944 .. 59.440

6. . : 3.124 , 1.243 , 4.312,

4.213 , 2.134 , 2.431 , 1.234 .

. : 5.678 , 6.786 , 8.576 ,

8.765 , 5.687 , 6.587 , 7.685 .

7. .
5 , 6 , 7 .
.
.
.
. .
8.
50
500 .
0

75

150

225

300

375

450

525

27

28

9.
:
12 , 18 , 20 , 24 , 32 , 38 , 40 .
10. 11.134 , 21.254 , 58.398 , 97.951
. .
. .
. .
11. : : 48.265kg , .
: 98826754 , . : 45554 ,
: 384.394km, : 4.550.644 .

, .
12. 83
3 8 ,
,
830 ;

1.2

( + ). ,
, :
+ =

( , )
.

:
0 ,
:
+0=

0 .
:
,
, :
+ = +

.
:
,
, :

( + ) + = + ( + )
.

( ).

29

30

=
. :
=+
> .
:
0
, :
0=

0 .

, :
=0

( ).
, ,
:

( , )
.

:
1,
, :
1 =

1 .
0 ,
0 , :
0 = 0

:

, , :
=
.
:

, , :

( ) = ( )
.
:
:
( + )= +

( )=

, :
( + + )= + + .

.
:

31

32

,

, .
,


, .

1. 0
10 :

. .
. .
.
1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .
. : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 45 .
. : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 362.880 .
2. :
. 35 + (12 + 8 )

. 123 + (134 43 ) + 202

. (44 35 ) + 4 12

. 32 (2 3 + 22 2 14 )

.

. :
35 + (12 + 8 ) = 35 + 20 = 55 .
.
:
123 + (134 43) + 202 = 123 + 91 + 202 = 214 + 202 = 416 .
. ,
:

(44 35) + 4 12 = 9 + 4 12 = 9 + 48 = 57 .
. , ,
,
:
32 (2 3 + 22 2 14 ) = 32 (6 + 22 28 ) = 32 (28 28 ) = 32 0 = 32 .
3. + = 25 = 5
:
. + 10 + + 5 . 2 + + 7 + . + +

.
. : + 10 + + 5 =10 + + + 5 =10 + 20 + 5 = 35 .
. : 2 + + 7 + = 2 + + + 7 = 2 + + + 7 = 2 + 20 + 7 = 29 .
. : + + = + + = 25 + 5 = 30 .

4. ,
cm :

33

34

25cm

12cm

13cm

18cm

,
.

3cm
60cm

:
1 = 60cm 25cm = 1.500cm 2 .
E 2
18cm 3cm
13cm (18 12 )cm :

E 2 = 3 (18 3) + 2 13 (18 12 ) = 3 54 + 2 (13 6 ) = 48 + 2 78 = 48 + 156 = 31

13 (18 12 ) = 3 54 + 2 (13 6 ) = 48 + 2 78 = 48 + 156 = 318cm 2 .

E E1 E 2 :
= 1 2 = 1.500cm 2 318cm 2 = 1.182cm 2 .
5. .
25 , 20
15 . 3

4 . ;

35

, ,
.

15 . 9 2 3
25 20 , :
N = 923 = 73 = 4

,
:

= 2 25 + 3 20 + 4 15 + 5 (3 + 4) = 2 25 + 3 20 + 4 15 + 5 7 =
50 + 60 + 60 + 35 = 205

3 20 + 4 15
+ 5 7 = 50 + 60 + 60 + 35 = 205 .

17.
1. . .

. .

. 0 .

. .

. =

. .
. .

. .

2. . 52 100 = 5.200 . 37 10 = 370 . 490 10.000 = 4.900.000

3. 3.582
+ 7.591
11.173

. 485

+ 525
1.010

. 3.565
+ 528
4.093

36

4. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 =

10

1 + 2 + 3 4 = 1 + 2 + 12 = 15
1 2 + 3 4 = 2 + 12 =

14

1 2 3 4 =

24

5. . 190

. 225 . 462 . 2.726 . 60 18 + 2

. 52 (11 + 9 )
. 230

. 9.700

. 879.000

6. 10
100 , . :
. 3 13 = 3 (10 + 3) = 3 10 + 3 3 = 30 + 9 = 39 .
. 7 11 = 7 (10 + 1) = 7 10 + 7 1 + 70 + 7 = 77 .
. 45 12 = 45 (10 + 2 ) = 45 10 + 45 2 = 450 + 90 = 540 .
. 12 101 = 12 (100 + 1) = 12 100 + 12 1 = 1.200 + 12 = 1.212 .
. 5 110 = 5 (100 + 10 ) = 5 100 + 5 10 = 500 + 50 = 550 .
. 4 111 = 4 (100 + 10 + 1) = 4 100 + 4 10 + 4 1 = 400 + 40 + 4 = 444 .
. 34 99 = 34 (100 1) = 34 100 34 1 = 3.400 34 = 3.366 .
. 58 98 = 58 (100 2 ) = 58 100 58 2 = 5.800 116 = 5.684 .
7. 1 ,
2 3 . :
1 = 2 14 ,

2 = 2 3 ,

3 = 2 3 .

= 1 + 2 + 3 = 2 14 + 2 3 + 2 3 = 2 (14 + 3 + 3) = 2 20 = 40m3 .

8. .
.
156 160 ,

30 30 ,

38 40 ,

369 370 ,

432 430 .

:
160 + 30 + 40 + 370 + 430 = 1.030 > 1.000

, .
. : 156 + 30 + 40 + 370 + 430 = 1.025 .
9. :
35 + 48 + 77 = 160 .
.
10. : (120 + 135 + 25 + 38 ) (107 + 112 + 19 + 23) = 318 261 = 57 .
11. . :

2007
20071983 = 24

.
. :

1983 25 = 1958 .

12. 20 40
12 24 . 12 20
12 . :
7 40 + 5 24 = 280 + 120 = 400 .

: 80 + 58 + 61 = 199 < 400 ,

.

1. :

37

38

. 22
82 + 13 (2 16 + 5 ) + 11 .
. 45
+ 21 (87 2 14 ) (2 3 4 ) 22 .
. (14 2 7 ) 2007 + (3 20 4 15 ) 2004 .
. 29 8 2 + 24 3 2 3 4 (2 + 3 + 4 ) .
2. :
. 27 101
. 68 111
. 52 99
. 12 199
. 2007 11
3. :
. 12 147 + 12 3 12 150
. 24 16 + 24 18 24 32
5. . ( 5
500 ), ;
.
(
500 , 200 ), ;

6.
12 . 7 17
5 ,
8 22 .
.

39

7. .
1 28 97 , 2 36
98 3 19 99 .
;
8. + = 98 + = 98 +2+4.
9. .
.
.
.

1.3

. :
7 7 = 49 ,

4 4 4 = 64 ,

3 3 3 3 = 81 .

,
, :
= .....

40

.
2 , 2
.
= 2 .
3 , 3
.
= 3 .

:
1 , 4 5
.
1 :
1 = .
1 1 1 . 1 1,
. :
1 = 1
0 0 0 . 0 0 ,
. :
0 = 0 , ( 0 )
0 , 0 1
: 0 = 1
00 .

10
10

41

1 0 , :
10 =10 10 10 10 .. 10 =10000 .0 :

100 = 1 ,

101 = 10 ,

102 = 10 10 = 100

103 = 10 10 10 = 1.000 ,

104 = 10 10 10 10 = 10.000 .

10
10
, :
1 = 1 = 100 ,

1 = 10 = 101 , 1 = 100 = 102 ,

= 1.000 = 103 .

10
. :
14 = 10 + 4 1 =101 + 4 100 .
785 = 7 100 + 8 10 + 5 1 = 7 102 + 8 101 + 5 100 .
3.452 = 3 1.000 + 4 100 + 5 10 + 2 1 = 3 103 + 4 102 + 5 101 + 2 100 .

10 .

,

.
,
.

42

1. . : 33 ,

4 4 ,

55 .

. : 7 7 7 7 ,
88888 , 999999 .

.
. : 33 = 3 3 3 = 9 ,

44 = 4 4 4 4 = 16 ,

55 = 5 5 5 5 5 = 3.125
. : 7 7 7 7 = 7 4 = 2.401 , 8 8 8 8 8 = 85 = 32.768 ,
9 9 9 9 9 9 = 96 = 531.441
2. :
.
.

2
3

1
1
1

4
4 = 16
43 = 64
2

6
6 = 36
63 = 216
2

10
10 = 100
103 = 1.000
2

3.
.
;
. 5 2 +4 2

(4+5 ) ,

5 3 +4 3

(5+4 )

. 5 2 -4 2

(5-4 ) ,

5 3 -4 3

(5-4 )

43

(5 4 )

. 4 2 5 2

53 4 3

(5 4 )

(+ )

( - )

> + ,

. 52 + 42 = 25 + 16 = 41

( )

< - ,

= .

(5 + 4 )

= 92 = 81 .

(5 + 4 )

= 93 = 729 .

: 52 + 42 < (5 + 4 )

53 + 43 = 125 + 64 = 189

: 53 + 43 < (5 + 4 )

: ( + ) > + .

. 52 42 = 25 16 = 9

(5 4 )

= 12 = 1 .

: 52 42 > (5 4 )

(5 4 )

53 43 = 125 64 = 61

= 13 = 1 .

: 53 43 > (5 4 )

: ( ) < .

. 52 42 = 25 16 = 400

(5 4 )

= 202 = 400 .

(5 4 )

= 203 = 8.000 .

: 52 42 = (5 4 )

53 43 = 125 64 = 8.000

: 53 43 = (5 4 )

: ( ) = .

44

4. 10 .
. 234.450 ,

. 1.344.788 ,

. 45.700.201

, : 100 ,
10 2

101 ,

. 234.450 = 2 100.000 + 3 10.000 + 4 1.000 + 4 100 + 5 10 + 0 1 = 2 105 + 3 104 + 4 103 + 4 102 + 5 101 + 0 100 = 2

000 + 4 1.000 + 4 100 + 5 10 + 0 1 = 2 105 + 3 104 + 4 103 + 4 102 + 5 101 + 0 100 = 2 105 + 3 104 + 4 103 + 4 102 + 5 101

. 1.344.788 = 11.000.000 + 3 100.000 + 4 10.000 + 4 1.000 + 7 100 + 8 10 + 8 1 = 1106 + 3 105 + 4 104

+ 4 1.000 + 7 100 + 8 10 + 8 1 = 1106 + 3 105 + 4 104 + 4 103 + 7 102 + 8 101 + 8 100

. 45.700.201 = 4 10.000.000 + 5 1.000.000 + 7 100.000 + 0 10.000 + 0 1.000 + 2 100 + 0 10 +

45.700.201 = 4 10.000.000 + 5 1.000.000 + 7 100.000 + 0 10.000 + 0 1.000 + 2 100 + 0 10 + 11 =

= 4 107 + 5 106 + 7 105 + 0 104 + 0 103 + 2 102 + 0 101 + 1100 = 4 107 + 5 106 + 7 105 + 2 102 + +1100

0 103 + 2 102 + 0 101 + 1100 = 4 107 + 5 106 + 7 105 + 2 102 + +1100

5. :
. 22-4 2 + (7-2 2 ) .
2

. 6+ (3 4+4 ) 10 2 .
2

:
- .

. 6 + (3 4 + 4 ) 102 = 6 + (2 + 4 ) 102 = 6 + 62 102 = 6 + 36 100 = 6 + 3.600 = 3.606

2

2 + 4 ) 102 = 6 + 62 102 = 6 + 36 100 = 6 + 3.600 = 3.606 .

2

. 22 42 + (7 22 ) = 22 42 + (7 4 ) = 22 42 + 32 = 22 16 + 9 =15 .
2

45

22.
1.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25
8
2
64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 625
3 512 729 1.000 1.331 1.728 2.197 2.744 3.375 4.096 4.913 5.832 6.859 8.000 15.625

2. . 5 5 5 5 5 5 = 56
. 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 16

. 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 = 86 63

. = 4

. x x x = x 3

. 2 2 2 2 = 24 3 .
3. 21 = 2 .

26 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64 .

22 = 2 2 = 4 .

27 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 =128 .

23 = 2 2 2 = 8 .
28 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 256 .
24 = 2 2 2 2 =16 .
29 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 512 .
25 = 2 2 2 2 2 = 32 .
210 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 =1.024 .
4. 102 = 10 10 = 100 .

202 = 20 20 = 400 .

302 = 30 30 = 900 .
402 = 40 40 = 1.600 .

502 = 50 50 = 2.500 .

46

602 = 60 60 = 3.600 .
702 = 70 70 = 4.900 .

802 = 80 80 = 6.400 .

902 = 90 90 = 8.100 .
5. 103 = 10 10 10 = 1.000 .

203 = 20 20 20 = 8.000 .

303 = 30 30 30 = 27.000 .
403 = 40 40 40 = 64.000 .

503 = 50 50 50 = 125.000 .

6. . 3 52 = 3 25 = 75 .

. 3 52 + 2 = 3 25 + 2 = 75 + 2 = 77 .

. 3 52 + 22 = 3 25 + 4 = 75 + 4 = 79 .
. 3 5 + 22 = 3 5 + 4 =15 + 4 =19 .
. 3 (5 + 2 ) = 3 7 2 = 3 49 =147 .
2

7. . 32 + 33 + 23 + 24 = 9 + 27 + 8 + 16 = 60 .
. (13 2 ) + 5 32 =14.641 + 5 9 =14.641 + 45 =14.686 .
4

8. . (6 + 5 ) =112 = 121 ,
2

(6 + 5)

> 6 2 + 52

. (3 + 6 ) = 92 = 81 ,
2

(3 + 6 )

62 + 52 = 36 + 25 = 61

32 + 62 = 9 + 36 = 45

> 32 + 62

( + )

9. . + + = 4 .

. = 3 .

. x x x x = x 4 .

. x + x + x + x = 4x .

> 2 + 2 .

47

10. . 34.720 :
34.720 = 3 10.000 + 4 1.000 + 7 100 + 2 10 + 0 1 =

= 3 104 + 4 103 + 7 102 + 2 101 + 0 100 = 3 104 + 4 103 + 7 102 + 2 101 .

. 123.654 :
123.654 =1 100.000 + 2 10.000 + 3 1.000 + 6 100 + 5 10 + 4 1 =

= 1 105 + 2 104 + 3 103 + 6 102 + 5 101 + 4 100 .

. 890.650 :
890.650 = 8 100.000 + 9 10.000 + 0 1.000 + 6 100 + 5 10 + 0 1 =

= 8 105 + 9 104 + 0 103 + 6 102 + 5 101 + 0 100 = 8 105 + 9 104 + 6 102 + 5 101.
11. (1 + 2 ) (3 + 4 )

3 7

21

1 (2 + 3 4 )

1 (2 + 12 )=1 14

14

(1 2 + 3) 4

(2 + 3) 4 = 5 4

20

1 + (2 + 3) 4

= 1 + 5 4 =1 + 20

21

12. 2 + 2 2

= 2 + 4

3 + 33

3 + 9

12

4 + 444

4 + 64

68

5 + 55 + 55

5 + 25 + 25

55

55 + 555

25 + 125

150

1. . (1 + 2 ) 3 + 4 =13
. 1 + 2 + 3 4 =14

. 1 2 (3 + 4 )=14

. (1 + 2 ) 3 4 = 36

48

2. ,
:
. 51 . 75

. 126

20

13

18

26

21

28

18

36

72

15

17

19

27

25

23

24

78

24

16

21

14

22

29

24

84

12

30

1. : 34 , 45 , 56 , 1011 .
2. :
222222222 ,

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ,

5 5 5 5 5 5 ,

10 10 10 10 .

3. :

6
8
2
4
2

3
4. :

3
1
2
4

13
14
12
11
2
2
+

( + )

12

14

18

5
10

6
9

7
8

49

5. :

7
6
5
4

13
14
12
11
2
2

3
10

2
9

1
8

( )

6. 10 :
2.007 , 88.106 ,

277.890 ,

2.342.909 ,

12.456.987

7.007.007.007

7. :
2007
. 2 + 4 43 + 22 6 12007 , . 44++552222((22++424222)) 5533 ++10
1000 002007
33

. 4 4 4 + 4 (42 2 4 )+ 42 44 , . (32 51 ) 3 (9 23 )+ 23 32 (2 3)
2

1.4

+ . (:)
: = +

50

1 -

= +

.
.
:
= .
= . : 0 .

= .
= . : < .
= 1 :
= 0 :

= = :

:1 = 1
0: = 0
: = : =1

,
:

= .
.
: =

,
.

.

.
,
.

51

1.
.
. 24:5 ,

. 125:9 ,

. 450:15 .

,
.

. 24 5
. 125 9
. 450 15
- 20
4
- 117 13
- 450 30
1

8
0
: :
125 = 9 13 + 8

24 = 5 4 + 1

= 0 .
: 450 = 15 30
2.
.
. 37=3 12+1 ,

. 223=8 28 1 ,

. 156=14 10+16 .

: = + ,
< 0 .
,
.
. 3 12 + 1 = 36 + 1 = 37
< , 1 < 3 .

52

1 -

. 223
8 28 1.
.
= 14 10 , = 16 : 16 > 14
16 > 10 . < .

3. :
. 5 4 2 .
. 122 24 2 .
. 129 6 21.

.
. . : = 5 ,

= 4,

= 2 :

= + = 5 4 + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22 .

. . : = 122 ,

= 24 ,

= 2 :

= + = = ( ) : = (122 2 ) : 24 = 120 : 24 = 5 .

. . : = 129 ,

= 6,

= 21 :

= + = =129 6 21 = 129 126 = 3 .

4. .
. :3
. :5
. :8
!
< ,
:
. = 0 , 1, 2 , =3

53

. = 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , =5
. = 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , =8
5. . ;
. 1/1/2007 , 1/1/2008;

.
. 365 7 ,
365 : 7 .
:
365 = 364 + 1 = 7 52 + 1 365 : 7 52

1.
, 1 52 1 .
. 52 01/01/07, 52 7 = 364
, 31/12/07 .
, 01/01/08, .
6. :
. 3: (5-2 2 ) +16: (29-33 )
2

(36+14:2-5 ): (3 -3
2

:32 )+144:12 2

:
-
.
. 3 : (5 22 ) + 16 : (29 33 ) = 3 : (5 4 ) + 16 : (29 27 ) = 3 :12 + 16 : 23 = 3 :1 + 16 : 8 = 3 + 2 = 5

2

+ 16 : (29 27 ) = 3 :12 + 16 : 23 = 3 :1 + 16 : 8 = 3 + 2 = 5 .
3

54

1 -

. (36 + 14 : 2 52 ): (33 34 : 32 )+ 144 :122 = (36 + 14 : 2 25 ) : (27 81 : 32 )+ 144 :1

): (3

34 : 32 )+ 144 :122 = (36 + 14 : 2 25 ) : (27 81 : 32 )+ 144 :122 =

(27 81 : 9 )+ 144 :12

(36 + 7 25 ) : (27 81
2

: 9 )+ 144 :122 =1
8 : (27 9 ) + 144 :122 =1
8 :18 + 144 :144 =

=1
8 : (27 9 ) + 144 :122 =1
8 :18 + 144 :144 =1
+1 = 2 .

26.
1. . () : 4.002 = 69 58 .

4.002 69
552 58
345
0

. () : 1.445 = 17 85 .
1.445 17
85 85
136
0
. () : 925 = 37 25 .

925 37
85
25
74
0

. () : 3.231 = 213 17 .

3.321 213

1431 17
213
0

. () : 35.280 = 2.940 12 .
35.280 2.940

5880 12
2940
0
. () : 5.082 = 77 66 .
5.082 77

462 66
462
0

2. . 1 65 : 5 =1 3 .
. 1 30 : 3 =1 0 .
. 46.592 : 52 = 896 52 .
3. . 125 = 35 3 + 20 . = 125 , = 35 , = 3
= 20 . 3
20 .
. 762 = 38 19 + 40 .
= 38 19 , = 40 :
40 > 38 40 > 19 .
. 1.500 = 42 35 + 30 . = 1.500 , = 42
35 , = 35 42 = 30 .
. 300 = 18 16 + 12 . = 300 , = 18 16,
= 16 18 = 12 .
4. , = 8 ,
:
= 0 , 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 .
5. = 9 , = 73 , = 4 , :
= + = 9 73 + 4 = 657 + 4 = 661 .

55

56

1 -

6. : 247 = 7 35 + 2 , 247 35
2 .
7 , 247
.

1.
.
. 23 : 3 , . 145 :12 ,

. 1550 : 25 , . 2.345 : 44 .

2. :

24
55
465

4
6
13
99
17

10
3

0
2

19
8
4

924

221

730

12

52

3.
.
. 58 = 4 14 + 2 , . 88 = 4 20 + 8 , . 109 = 2 55 1 ,
. 144 = 6 24 , . 94 = 10 8 + 14 .
4. .
8 20 .
, .
.
11 4 . ,
.

 /---

5. .
. 416 52
;
. 32 1 ,
;
.
, ;
;
6. :
. 88
88:11
:114422 ::2222 ++(169
169
68 :13
:1312
1222)
. 2 (24 + 4 55 : 5 ) : (180 : 5 10 23
2

. ((501
50164
64::22565))::5522 2.000
2.000::((445522))
. 32 ( 32 144 : 48 ): (122 : 62 ) (52 32 )

1.5

- -
.

57

58

1 -

. :
0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,. .

:
() .
,
.
,
.

.
0 , 0 = 0
.
,
(, ),
.

()
. :
= ,
.

 /---

1 .
1
.
, : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11, 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 39 ,
41, 43 , 47 , 51 ,, 1 ,
.

1 , .
, : 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 21, 22 ,
24 ..., 1
, .
1, ,
.

.
1 , :1 =
.
, (,
), .
(, )=1 ,
.

59

60

1 -

, : 4 = 2 2 = 24 , 6 = 2 3 , 8 = 2 2 2 = 28 , 9 = 3 3 = 32 ,
10 = 2 5 , .,
.

.

,
:
( 2 ).

2 .
,
( 3 ).
3 , ( 5 )
.
1 .

120 :
120 : 2 = 60

1 .

60 : 2 = 30

2 .

30 : 2 =1 5

3 .

15 2 , 3 :
15 : 3 = 5

4 .

5 3 , 5 :
5 : 5 =1

5 .

1 . :
120 = 2 2 2 3 5 = 23 3 5 .

 /---

125 :
125 2 , 3 , 5 :
125 : 5 = 25 (1 ) 25 : 5 = 5 (2 ) 5 : 5 =1 .
:
125 = 5 5 5 = 53

.
, 80 , 40 , 120
:
80 = 24 5 ,

40 = 23 5 ,

120 = 23 3 5 .

23 , 5 . :
(80, 40,120 )= 23 5 = 8 5 = 40 .


.
, :
(80, 40,120 )= 24 3 5 = 16 3 5 = 240 .

2 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 10 25 .

61

62

1 -

2 : 2
, .
, 2 , 4 , 26 , 48 , 244 2 .
3 : 3
3 .
, 117 , 585 3 1 + 1 + 7 = 9 , 5 + 8 + 5 = 18
9 18 3 .
9 : 9
9 .
, 567 , 1.998 9 5 + 6 + 7 = 18 ,
1 + 9 + 9 + 8 = 27 18 27 9 .
5 : 5
0 5 .
, 50 , 105 , 255 , 500 5 .
10 , 100 , 1.000 :
10 , 100 , 1.000 0 , 00 ,
000 .
, 30 , 400 5.000 10 , 100 1.000
.
4 25 : 4
25 ,
4 25 .
, 77.816 4

16 , 4 , 4.975 25
75 ,
25 .

 /---

1. : 19 , 20 , 21,
22 , 23 24 .

.
:
2
2 .
19 1 19 , .
20 1, 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 20 ,
.
21 1, 3 , 7 21, .
22 1, 2 , 11, 22 , .
23 1 23 , .
24 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 24 ,
.
2.

38 , 155 , 71 , 108 .

,
, 2 , 3 , 5 .
,
.
.

63

64

1 -

38 :
38 : 2 =1 9

(1 )

19 :19 = 1

(2 )

: 38 = 2 19 .

55 : 2 3 55 ,
5 :
55 : 5 =1 1

(1 )

19 :19 = 1

(2 )

: 38 = 2 19 .

71 : 71 , .
108 :
108 : 2 = 54

(1 )

54 : 2 = 27

(2 )

27 : 3 = 9

(3 )

9:3 = 3

(4 )

3:3 =1

(5 )

: 108 = 2 2 3 3 3 = 22 33 .

3. 160 , 200 256 .

(),
().
160 = 25 5 ,

200 = 23 52 ,

256 = 28

2 5
:
(160, 200, 256 )= 28 52 = 256 25 = 6.400 .
2 :
(160, 200, 256 )= 23 = 8 .

 /---

4. :
. 2_6 9 .
. 4 _ _ 25 3 .
.
. 9
9 . 1
9 . 1
9 : 2 + 1 + 6 =18 . 216 .
. 9
25 ,
2 5 ( 25 ), 5 0 ( 50 ), 7 5 ( 75 ).
3 ,
3 . 5
0 : 4 + 5 + 0 = 9 .
4 + 2 + 5 =11 4 + 7 + 5 =16 . 11 , 16
3 . 450 .
5.
.
. 19
29 , .

.

2, . : 20, 22, 24, 26, 28.

65

66

1 -

,
.
. , 24
3 (2 + 4 = 6 ) . 24 .

30.
1. . 5 8 80 . (5,8 )= 40 .
. (, ) = , .
. 1
.

1 , .
1 .
. (, )=1 ,
.
2. 9 :
. 684

(6 + 8 + 4 =18).

. 9.504 (9 + 5 + 0 + 4 =18 ) 9.594 (9 + 5 + 9 + 4 = 27 ) .

. 6.012 (6 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 9 ).
3. . (3,5 )= 15

. (11, 6 )= 66

 /---

. (5,10 )= 10

. (3, 2,5 )= 30

. (3,6,9 )= 18

. (8,12,15 )= 120

4. (2,3,5 )= 30 . 30 ,
2031 .
5. (3,5, 7 )=105 . .
6. : 10 = 2 5 12 = 22 3 . (10,12 )= 22 3 5 = 60
60 , 10 .
60 :10 1 = 5 60 :12 1 = 5
.
7. . (5,8 ) = 1

. (16, 24 ) = 8

. (30,15 ) = 15

. (10,30, 60 ) = 10

. (22,32,50 ) = 2
8. (, ) = 24
24 .
24 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 12 .
9. 10 1, 2 , 5 , 10 .
11 1, 11.
12 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 .
13 1, 13 .
14 1, 2 , 7 , 14 .

67

68

1 -

15 1, 2 , 3 , 5 , 15 .
16 1, 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 .
17 1, 17 .
18 1, 2 , 3 , 9 , 18 .
19 1, 19 .
20 1, 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 20 .
11, 13 , 17 , 19
10 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 .
10. 2
.
11. 28 1, 2 , 4 , 7 , 14 , 28 .
82 1, 2 , 41, 82 .
95 1, 5 , 19 , 95 .
105 1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 , 21, 35 , 105 .
124 1, 2 , 4 , 31 , 62 , 124 .
345 1, 3 , 5 , 15 , 69 , 115 , 345 .
1.232 1, 2 , 4 , 8 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 28 , 44 , 56 , 77 , 88,
112 , 308 , 616 , 1.232 .
3.999 1, 3 , 1.333 , 3.999 .
12. . 78 : 2 = 39

39 : 3 =1 3
13 :13 =1 . 78 = 2 3 13 .

. 348 : 2 =1 74
174 : 2 = 87
87 : 3 = 29

 /---

29 : 29 =1 . 348 = 22 3 29 .

. 1.210 : 2 = 605
605 : 5 =1 21
121:11 =1 1
11:11 =1 . 1.210 = 2 5 112 .

. 2.344 : 2 =1 .172
1.172 : 2 = 586
586 : 2 = 293
293 : 293 = 1 . 2.344 = 23 293 .

1.

42

47 .
2.
.
3.

:
. 25 , 45 , 65

. 40 , 50 , 60

. 120, 144 , 180.

4. :
. 1.2 _ 7 9 .
. 1. _ 5 _ 5 3
1.100.
5. 32 , 48

69

70

1 -

72
.

;
6.

8 ,

30 160 .
, ;
7.

70
(, , , ) = 16 , , , <
>1,

, , .

32.
1. , (100 30 ) 10 = 70 10 = 60 100 (30 10 )=100 20 = 80.
2. . 11 ,
10 .
3. .
4. , 25 = 2 2 2 2 2 = 32 .
5. .

6. , = 6 .
7. .
8. .
9. , 20 12 : 4 = 20 3 =1 7 .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. . ,
2 . ,
2 , .
14. .
15. . 38 3 + 8 =11
3 .
16. .
17. . (35, 210 )= 35 .
18. . (2, 24 )= 24 .
19. . 15 420 320 :15 = 28 .
20. .
21. .
22. , 10 .
23. .

1
.
;

71

72

1 -

. , ;
. ;
.
;

2
:
. 124 : 31 24 : 42 + (2160 :18 82 )
. (23 + 81: 32 88 : 8 ) : 2 : (170 : 34 + 269 33 )
2

3
.
7 16 .
, .
.
24 7 . ,
.

4
. : 432 ,
1250, 1.890
. .

73

1
2
8
4

3
4
1
6

2
5
2
3

2
8
3
6

74

2 -

2.1

.
.

:
1

,
:
1
=

( ) .
( )
: 0 .
.
, , :

=1

75

1:
=

<,

< 1.

>,

> 1.

= :

1.

2
.
5

76

2 -

1

5
1
5 . :
5
111
60
60
60

==12

===

=12
12

555
555

60 .

2
1
2 , :
5
5
22 2 2
11 1 1

==22=2= 2

==22=12

==24

2=12
212
12

24
=24
=.
24

55 5 5
55 5 5
5
10 ,
8
.

2.

5
, 5 8 , 10 ,
8

1
, 1 , :
8
1
5
= : 5 =10 : 5 = 2 .
8
8

:

8
1
, 8
8
8

8
1
= 8 = 8 2 = 16 .
8
8

77

7
21,
15
.
3.

7
1
21
:
15
15

1
7
=
: 7 = 21: 7 = 3 .
15
15
,

15
, :
15

15
1
=15
=15 3 = 45 .
15
15

36.
1. . , .
. :

=,
1

= 1 ,

0
= 0.

. ,

2.
10
.
9

3 2 7
18
, ,

1,
4 3 9
20

78

2 -

3. 4 28

4.
:

1
1
15 , 5
5
5
5

5.

4
.
28

1
= 5 14 = 70 .
5

2 2 4 6 1 25
, , , , ,
.
4 3 9 8 3 40

2
1
= 4 ,
:
7
7
: 2 = 4 : 2 = 2 .

6.

,
..

2

7

7
1

, 7 = 2 7 =14
7
7

100
250
7. . 100 =
. . 250 =
1.000
1.000
.
500
. 500 =
.
1.000
.

600 =

600
1.000

15
4. . 30 , 15
30
.

79

. 6 30 = 180 , 15

15
.
180

15
. 365 , 15
365
.

5. ,

5
1
90 ,
5
5

90
= 18 .
5

2
1
2 = 2 18 = 36 .
5
5

90 36 = 54 .

3
1
12 12 : 3 = 4 .
8
8
8
8
1

:
= 8
8
8
8

6.

= 8 4 = 32 .

7.

11
1
3
33cm ,
33 :11 = 3cm .
11
11
11

3 3 = 9cm .
33cm 9cm , :

= 2 33 + 2 9 = 66 + 18 = 84cm .

80

2 -

8. .

10
1
1
5
8
5 = cm
5cm ,

:
10
10
10
10
10
8

1
5
= 8 cm = 4cm .
10
10

5
1
1
6
5cm ,
5 =1cm :
5
5
5
5
1
6 = 6 1cm = 6cm .
5

1. .

2
,
6

1
,
4

10
,
16

3
.
5

2.
1
4

3
16

1
8

5
24

1. 11 4
.
.
.

81

.
.
2
140
7
3

,
28
.

2.

3.

5
.
9

85 ,
.
4. , .
5
240 .
12
, 22
16 .
. ;
. ;
. ;
5.

8
,
9

72 .
6. 500
.

82

2 -

7. ,
1
, .
8
21.500 :
. ;
. ;
.
;

1

10

8. 1.000
1

.
10
;

2.2

, , ,

, :

=

83

:
= ,

( ) .
.

, :

1 3 1 3
=
= .
4 3 4 12

, :

:
= .
:

4 4:2 2
=
= .
8 8:2 4

84

2 -

. 1.

, .
,
).

24
12 :
36

24 24 :12 2
=
= (
36 36 :12 3

,
:
:

1
4
,
,
5
5

17
.
5

, :

1
,
4

1
,
5

15
.
8

:
.

85

.

.
,

5
7

.
6
8

(6,8 )= 24 .

, 24 : 6 = 4 24 : 8 = 3 .
5
7
4
6
8
5 4 20
7 3 21
=
=
3 . :

6 4 24
8 3 24
20
21
5

24
24
6
7
.
8

1.
100 .

3

5

.
100 5 :

100 : 5 = 20

3 20 60
=
5 20 100

3
20 :
5

86

2 -

60
100
100

3
.
5
2.

18
.
48

.
: (18,48 )= 6 .

18
:
48

18 18 : 6 3
=
= .
48 48 : 6 8

3
18
.
8
48

3.

12 14
3
,
.
48 52
12

.
( ) .

12
14

:
48
52

12 52 = 624 14 48 = 672 624

12
14

.
48
52

87

12
3

:
48
12

12 12 = 144 3 48 = 144

12
3

.
48
12

14
3

:
52
12

14 12 =168 3 52 =156 168

12
3

.
48
12

4.

5
11
.
6
9

,

.
(6,9 ) = 18 , 18 : 6 = 3 18 : 9 = 2 .

2 . :

5
11
3

6
9

5 3 15
11 2 22
=
=

6 3 18
9 2 18

.

15 22
5
11
,

18 18
6
9

88

2 -

40 .
1. . ,
.
.

= : =

. .
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
2 18
2. . : 2 27 = 54 , 3 18 = 54 , ,

3 28
.
3 1
. : 3 2 = 6 , 4 1 = 4 6 ,
,
4 2
.
7 30
. : 7 40 = 280 , 8 30 = 240 280 , ,
8 40
.
13 26
. : 13 28 = 364 , 14 26 = 264 ,
,
14 28
.

89

3. . : 100 : 4 = 25 , :

3 3 25
75
.
=
=
4 4 25 100

. : 100 : 5 = 20 , :

8 8 20 160
=
=
.
5 5 20 100

. : 100 : 20 = 5 , :

4
4 5 20
=
=
.
20 20 5 100

. : 100 : 2 = 50 , :

5 5 50 250
=
=
.
2 2 50 100

. 75 100
(60, 75 ) = 15 :

60 60 :15 4
=
= .
75 75 :15 5

4
.
5

: 100 : 5 = 20 , :

60

75

4 60 4 20 80
=
=
=
.
5 75 5 20 100

4. . (6,10 )= 2 , :
. (30,50 )=10 , :
. (18, 27 )= 9 , :

10 10 : 2 5
=
= .
6 6:2 3
50 50 :10 5
=
= .
30 30 :10 3

18
18 : 9 2
=
= .
27 27 : 9 3

5. . : 6 : 3 = 2 , :

2 22 4
=
= .
3 3 2 6

. : 15 : 3 = 5 ,

2 2 5 10
=
= .
3 3 5 15

90

2 -

6. . 33 (3 11).
. 3 (9 : 3).
. 70 (14 5 ).
.

48
3
, 32 (3 8 ).
36
2

7. . (25,30 ) = 5 , :
. (9,12 ) = 3 , :

25 25 : 5 3
=
= .
30 30 : 5 5

12 12 : 3 4
=
= .
9 9:3 3

. (35,56 ) = 8 , :

35 35 : 8 4
=
= .
26 26 : 8 7

8. . (30,32 ) = 2 1 ,

32
.
30

. (14,15 ) = 1 ,

14
.
15

. (16,51) = 1 ,

16
.
51

. (26,50 ) = 2 1 ,

9. . (5,9 ) = 45 ,

26
.
50

3 3 9 27
7 7 5 35
=
=
= .
=
5 5 9 45
9 9 5 45

. (8,10 ) = 45 ,

7 7 5 35
3
3 4 12
=
=
= .
=
8 8 5 40
10 10 4 40

. (3,12 ) = 12 ,

11 11 4 44
7
7 1 7
=
=
= .
=
3
3 4 12
12 12 1 12

91

10. . .
. .
. . x .
. . .
. .
. .
1.
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
. .

6
1.

15
:
. 30

. 75

. 105

. 135 .

1 3 5
7

2. , ,
3 6 8
12
24 .

3. :

14
,
42

144
,
96

39
225
, .
.
40
315

92

2 -

4. .

13
169

,
12
144

14
58

,
9
36

84
1176

.
97
1358

5.
12
13 4
125
=
=

5
55 11

6.
. .

28

32

98
.
112
.

7. :
.

2
7
,
3
4

5 7
11
,

12 18
24

7 9 21
17
,
,
,
.
5 12 15
30

4
.
5
55 62
.
8.

93

2.3

,
:
>
,

> .

4 7
8 6
<
4 < 7 , > 8 > 6 .
15 15
5 5

,
:
>
,

< .

4 4
8 8
>
11 < 15 , > 5 < 7 .
11 15
5 7

94

2 -

,
:

=

> ,
=
, >

4
5
24
25

5
6
30
30

> .

24 25
<
30 30

4 5
< .
5 6

,
:

3
=1.
3

,

:

2
< 1 2 < 3 ( ).
3

,

:
,

5
> 1 5 > 4 ( ).
4

95

1. :
.

5
7

9
9

8
8

.
11
13

.

.
. :
5<7

5 7
< .
9 9

. :
11 < 13

2.

8 8
> .
11 13

9
21

.
20
25

.
: (20, 25 ) = 100
:

9
95
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107

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108

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110

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111

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= 3

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5/2

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1
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112

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7
. :
1
1
1 2 18 1 36 + 1 37
42 + 2 = 16 + 2 + =18 + =
+ =
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
: 3 =

3
1

1 37
37 1 37
: 42 + 2 = 2 =
= .
3
3
23 6
1
2

4. 12

7
.
10

;
;

.

127

:
12 :

7
10 120 119 + 1 17 *7 + 1
1
1
=12 =
=
=
=7 + =7 .
10
7
7
7
7
7
7

, 8 7
1

1
.
7

51 .
1. .
.
. ,
.
3 1 3
6 3
2. . : = 2 = =
4 2 4
4 2
.

1 1 1
3
: = 3 = =1
3 3 3
3

10 1 1 1 1
5 1
: = : = 5 = =
100 5 10 5 10
10 2

7 21 7 7 7 9 63
: = : = = =3
3 27 3 9 3 7 21

128

2 -

1
3. . 2 : = 2 3 = 6
3
. 5 :1 = 5 1 = 5
8
8
8
1
2 2 +1
5
5 1 5 1 5
. 2 : 4 =
: 4= : 4= =
=
2
2
2
2 4 24 8
. 4 1 : 3 1 = 4 10 + 1 : 3 3 + 1 = 41 : 10 = 41 3 = 123
10 3
10
3
10 3 10 10 100
4. .

1 1 1
3
: = 3 =
2 3 2
2

1 1 1
2
: = 2=
3 2 3
3

3 2
= =1 , .
2 3
20
20 1 20 1
20
6 60
:10 = = = . 10 : = 10 = = 3
6
6 10 60 3
6
20 20

1
= 3 =1 , .
3
5. .

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3
: : = : 2= : = = .
8 3 2 8 3 8 3 8 2 16

6 3
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3
. : : = 3 : = : = 2 = = .
8 4
8 3 2 8 2 8 2 8
.
6.
:

5/7

1/2

4/3

5/7

5/7 : 5/7 = 1

5/7 : 1/2 = 10/7

5/7 : 1 = 5/7

5/7 : 4/3 = 15/28

1/2

1/2 : 5/7 = 7/10

1/2 : 1/2 = 1

1/2 : 1 = 1/2

1/2 : 4/3 = 3/8

1 : 5/7 = 7/5

1 : 1/2 = 2

1:1 = 1

1 : 4/3 = 3/4

4/3

4/3 : 5/7 = 28/15

4/3 : 1/2 = 8/3

4/3 : 1= 4/3

4/3 : 4/3 = 1

7. . 3 : 4 = 3 10 = 30 = 3
10 10 10 4
40 4
. 5 : 4 = 5 9 = 45 = 5
9 9 9 4 36 4
. 45 : 15 = 1 : 15 = 1 9 = 9 = 3
90 9 2 9 2 15 30 10
. 16 : 8 = 16 9 = 144 = 6
3 9 3 8 24

3
3 5 15
8. . 8 =
=
4 8 4 32
5

15 15
15 1 15 5
. 3 = 3 =
= =
4
4
3 4 12 4
1

20
20
20 4 80
. = 1 =
= =16
5
5
1 5
5
4
4

3
1
4
4
+
4 3 12 3
5 = 5
9. . 5
=5 =
= =
2
4 2 2 4 5 4 20 5
+
+
3
6 3 3 3
4 2
8
.
8 55 440 55
. 7 8 = 56 =
=
=
2 3
6 56 6 336 42
.
5 11 55
2 4 2 3 6
:

6 16 96
. 3 3 = 3 4 = 12 =
= =8
1
1 1 1 12 1 12
:2

8
8 2 16

129

130

2 -

2 1 1
1. = +
3 2 6
v :
2 1 1 1 1 1
= +
3 v 2 v 6 v

2
1
2 1 2
: = . :
3
5
3 5 15

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 4 2
= + = + =
+ = =
3 5 2 5 6 5 10 30 30 30 30 15

2
1
2 1 2
: = . :
3
9
3 9 27

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1 4
2
= + = + =
+ = =
3 9 2 9 6 9 18 54 54 54 54 27

2
1
2 1 2

: = . :
3
13
3 13 39

2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
3
1
4 2
2 = + = + =
+
= =
3 13 2 13 6 13 26 78 78 78 78 39

1. :
.

5 1
:

3 4

. 12 :

4
,
7

28
: 8 ,
7

2 1
. 2 : ,
3 3

1
5
. 33 : 42 .
9
12

131

2. :
12
. 5
21
8

7

3
4

41
. 19 .
4

3. :
2 2
+
. 5 7
3
3
8

1
4
.
2
33 +
7
42 + 3

4 2

. 5 9
1
42
5

4. :
2
3 2 1
. + : 4 2
3
4 5 2
.

76 2 1 1 7
: 1
37 7 42 3 9

1 2 1 1
22
:2 : 4: 3
2 7 3
3

2 1 3
. 2 : : :
3 2 2

5. :
:
3/5
3/4
1
8/9

3/5

3/4

8/9

132

2 -

6.
1
1
47 . 1 ,
4
20
.
7.
:
.

4

9

2

3

2
.4 .
3

8.
1.400
900 . 1 2
4
3. ,
7
:
. .
. .

1
. , , , , :

. ;
. ;
. ;

2
:

1 2 1
. : 2 + :
2 3 5

2
5
3
7

1
1 2
. + 2 2 1
2

3 3
9

3
2
1
2 = , :
3
4
+3
. : 1 = +3
, , : + =

2 = 22+83,

. 1 2 .

4
12

3
.
5

133

134

2 -

. ;
9

25
, ;

45,06

26 1,734
9,002

10
0,001

135

136

3.1

-

10 , .. 10 = 101 , 100 = 102 ...
:

10

,
.

.

.
.. 73,324 :
73
324

 - - -

.
:
.
2 .
3 .
, 73,324 :
7
3

}
}

3
2
4

( )

( )

, .. 3 = 3, 00

, .. 102, 2100 = 102, 21



,
. ..:

215
100 = 102 .
100

137

138

. :

215
= 2, 15
1 00

2 2

10 ,
. ..
75,825
10 ( 3
):

75.820 75.820
75, 825
= 103 = 1 000
3

10
.

: ,

: :

 - - -

.

0 : ..
32
= 32 : 5 = 6, 4
5
,

. ..

10 : 3 =

10
3,33
3

( )

20
6, 67
20 : 3 =
3

,
.
..:
14,35 > 9, 48 , 14,35 (14)
9, 48 (9) .

139

140

, . ..:

32,12 < 32, 21 , 1 32,12 (1)

32, 21 (2) .

.
5 . ..:
11, 255
. 11, 255 = 11,300 = 11,3
: 22,826 = 22,800 = 22,8

1. :
:

25
10

42
100

18
1000

,
0 .
: 10 = 101
1 :

25
= 2,5
10

 - - -

: 100,
2 :
42
= 0, 42
100
: 1000,
3 :
18
= 0, 018
1000
2.
:
A: 3 : 8
: 32 : 44
:

.
.
3
3
: 3 : 8 =
.
8
8
:
0,375 .
B: 32 : 44 =

32
32

44
44

:
0, 72727..... 0, 73
0, 727

( )

( )

141

142

3. :
: 6, 78

: 18,5

: 0, 007

,
.
: 6, 78 678
100 :
6, 78 =

678
100

: 18,5 185
10 :
18,5 =

185
10

: 0, 007 7
1000 :
0, 007 =

7
1000

4. 2, 015
: .
: .

.
: 1 2, 015
0 :

2, 015 = 2, 000 = 2

: 3 2, 015
5 :

2, 015 = 2, 020 = 2, 02

 - - -

(. 59)
4
5
9
) : 9 :16 =
16
25
) : 25 : 79 =
79
2
2.
2 : 21 .
21
16

19 : 3 .
3
77

77 :105 .
105
1.) : 4 : 5 =

3.) 7 :16 :
70
64

16
0,4375

7 :16 =

60
48

7
= 0, 4375
16

120
112

7
0, 43 : .
16

80
80

7
0, 437 : .
16

) 21:17 :

143

144

21
40
60
90
16
...

17

21
= 1, 2352.....
17

21:17 =

1,2352...

21
1, 24 : .
17
21
1, 235 : .
17

) 20 : 95 :
200
140
500
25
...

95

20 : 95 =

0,2105

20
= 0, 2105.....
95

20
0, 21 : .
95
20
0, 211 :
95

4. :

58
= 5,8
10

5. : 3,5 =

35
10

3
= 0, 03
100

: 45, 25 =

5.025
= 50, 25
100

4.525
100

: 3, 004 =

1.024
= 1, 024
1.000

3.004
1000

 - - -

6. ) 5,8909 : : 0 , : 9 .
) 98, 0005 : : 0 , : 5 .
) 456,8756 : : 5 , : 6 .

7.) 45,345 < 54, 413 : 3 < 4 .

) 980,19 < 899, 01 980 < 899 .
) 7,534 = 7,5340 , 0 .
8. :
: 9.876, 008 = 9.876, 0 = 9.876
: 0, 001 = 0

: 67,8956 = 67,9000 = 67,9

: 8, 239 = 8, 200 = 8, 2

: 23, 7048 = 23, 7000 = 23, 7

:
: 9.876, 008 = 9.876, 010 = 9.876, 01
: 0, 001 = 0

: 67,8956 = 67,9000 = 67,9

: 8, 239 = 8, 240 = 8, 24

: 23, 7048 = 23, 7000 = 23, 7

:
: 9.876, 008 = 9.876, 008
: 0, 001 = 0, 001

: 67,8956 = 67,8960 = 67,896

: 8, 239 = 8, 239

: 23, 7048 = 23, 7050 = 23, 705

9. : 3 < 3, 4 < 4
().
) 4 < 4,5 < 5

) 2 < 2,3 < 3

) 2 < 2,8 < 3

) 4 < 4, 7 < 5

) 4 < 4,3 < 5 ) 2 < 2,5 < 3

) 1 < 1,9 < 2

) 5 < 5,1 < 6

1,9 < 2,3 < 2,5 < 2,8 < 3, 4 < 4,3 < 4,5 < 4, 7 < 5,1
1,9

2,3 2,5 2,8

3,4

4,3 4,5 4,7

:
5,1

145

146

10. 34, _ _ _ 9 , 5 ,
2 :
34,952 < 34,925 < 34,592 < 34,529 < 34, 295 < 34, 259
11. 25, _ 7
7 > 5 .
5 1 = 4 25, 47 .

12. 0,345 =

13.

345
,
1000

2 4
= = 0, 4 ,
5 10

10 50 25
=
=
= 2,5 ,
4 20 10

3, 45 =

345
,
100

0, 0345 =

6
3
= = 0,3 ,
20 10

345
,
10.000

34,5 =

345
10

45 9
15 30
= = 0,9 ,
=
= 3, 0
50 10
5 10

19 190
=
= 19, 0
1
10

1. :
24
.
10

142
.
1.000

2
.
100

2007
.
104

103
. 5
10

2. :
. 14 : 70
. 26 : 4
. 121: 200
. 72 : 85
90
. 36 : 200
3. :
.102, 4

. 77, 28

.102,391

.1,120

. 0, 027

4. . 4 , 7
3 .
.
.
5. . : 1, 01 , 1,1 , 11, 01 , 11,1 ,
1, 001 , 11, 001 .
. : 9,99 , 9, 09 , 9,90 , 99, 009
.
6. ,
:
. 13,5555
. 2, 4242
. 3,1717 . 6, 2549

.
7. .
1, 2 ,

2,10 ,

3.2

2,3,

1,40,

3,2,

3,40,

0,9

,

.

147

148

..:

3, 42

1, 04

,
.

..:

1,1

1,10

2, 24

2, 24

..:
3,45
+ 1,1

3,45
+ 1,10

4,55

2,02
1,99

0,03

:
- - 0 .

:
..:
1,1
x 2, 2
22
+ 22

1+1=2

2, 42

22

10 (10 )

()
10 :

2,5516 10 = 25,516 .

2,5516 100 = 2,5516 102 = 255,16 .

0,1 , 0, 01 , 0, 001 ..

0,1 , 0, 01 , .

..: 22, 455 0, 1 = 2,

1
1

2 455

1
1

22, 455 0, 01
455
= 0, 22
22

2
2

149

150

10

. ..:

1, 25 : 0,5

1, 25 , 0,5 .

1, 25 0,5 102 = 100 : 1, 25 100 = 125

0,5 100 = 50
1, 25 : 0,5 = 125 : 50 =

125
= 2,5 .
50

10 (10 )

( ) , 10 :

0,5 :10 = 0,50 :101 = 0, 05

= 1 1

0,1 , 0, 01 , 0, 001 ,

0,1 0, 01 ,.
2
2

11, 221: 0, 01 = 11 22 ,1

.


:
(0, 4) 2 = 0, 4 0, 4 = 0,16
11

2 = 2

.

1. :
. 2, 42 10

. 33, 4 100

. 1, 254 0,1

. 0, 0524 0, 01

10.
. : 2, 42 10 = 24, 2 .
. : 33, 4 100 = 3340 .
. : 1, 254 0,1 = 0,1254 .
. :
0, 0524 0, 01 = 0, 000524 .
2. . 10 0,1 2,54.

151

152

. 0, 01 100
12, 76 .
10 0,00..1

0,00..1

10 .
: : 2,54 10 = 25, 4

2,54 : 0,1 = 25, 4 .

: : 12, 76 0, 01 = 0,1276 12, 76 :100 = 0,1276 .

3. :
. 4, 22 2,1: 0,5 + 0,53

. (0,8 : 0, 2 + 1,52 ) 2 + 2 : 0,1

.
. 4, 22 2,1: 0,5 + 0,53 = 17, 64 2,1: 0,5 + 0,125 = 17, 64 4, 2 + 0,125 = 13,565
17, 64 2,1: 0,5 + 0,125 = 17, 64 4, 2 + 0,125 = 13,565
.
(0,8 : 0, 2 + 1,52 ) 2 + 2 : 0,1 = (0,8 : 0, 2 + 2, 25) 2 + 2 : 0,1 = (4 + 2, 25) 2 + 2 : 0,1 =
= 6, 252 + 2 : 0,1 = 39, 0625 + 2 : 0,1 = 39, 0625 + 20 = 50, 0625

4. 0,3 1,5 ;

.
:
1,5 : 0,3 = 5 .

( 61)

1. :
:

48,180

3,590

3, 256

7,130

+ 7,129

+ 8,195

58,565

18,915

2. A :
= 2(80,19 + 26,14) = 2 106,33 = 212, 66m .
:
= 29,15 + 38,13 + 23, 24 + 57,89 + 26,14 = 174,53m .
H :
= 39,93 + 47,19 + 48,9 + 44, 75 + 47, 73 + 57,89 + 80,19 = 366,58m .

3.
.

15,833

13,9020

20, 0005

- 4, 791

- 12,5025

- 12,5010

11, 042

1,3995

7, 4995

153

154

4.
.
48
579
300
12,0625
120
240

.
314
140
150
0

25
12,56

. 520 : 5,14 = 520 100 : 5,14 100 = 52.000 : 514
514

52.000
860
3460
3760

101,167

. 49,35 : 7 = 4.935 : 700
4935
3500
0

7
7,05

5. . 520 0,1 + 0,32 100 = 52 + 32 = 84

. 4,91: 0, 01 + 0,819 10 = 0, 0491 + 8,19 = 8, 2391
6. . 4, 7 : 0,1 45 :10 = 47 4,5 = 52,5

. 0,98 : 0, 0001 6, 785 :1000 = 9.800 6, 785 = 9.793, 215

7. = 4 : 20, 2 = 4
= 20, 2 : 4 = 5, 05 .

8. = 2 + 10, 7 48,52 = 2 + 10, 7 : 48,52 10, 7 = 37,82

37,82 : 2 = 18,91 .
9. . 24 5 2 + 3 5 = 120 2 + 15 = 133 .
. 3 11 2 + 54,1: 2 = 33 2 + 27,85 = 58,5 .

10. . 3,12 = 3,1 3,1 = 9, 61

. 7, 012 = 7, 01 7, 01 = 49,1401

. 4,52 = 4,5 4,5 = 20, 25 . 0,52 = 0,5 0,5 = 0, 25

. 0, 22 = 0, 2 0, 2 = 0, 04

. 0,33 = 0,3 0,3 0,3 = 0, 027

1. :
. 22, 45 0, 2

. 12, 26 20

. 9,55 102

. 11, 05 0, 01

2. .
. 122, 48 :10

. 33, 4 : 0,1

. 12, 25 : 7,5

. 9, 6 : 0,3

. 1, 254

. 0,15

3. :
. 3,12

. 0, 43

4. :

155

156

. 12,52 0,1 + 4, 02 10 1, 01: 0,1 + 0,92

2 22
2 22
. (14,
(14,
(14,
44:40,5
: :0,5
0,5
++7,5
+7,5
12
7,5
10)
10)
10)
: (1,
: :(1,
(1,
46
0,56:
46
46
2,
2,2,
22+2+5,
+5,5,
25
25
25
:1,
:1,
:1,
25)
25)
25)

3
1
4
. ( + 1, 7) : (2 2,5) 2 + ( 0,8 + 1,5 1,8)3
8
2
5
5. ,
:
.

1,1

. 2, 2

. 0,9

. 0,1

6. 9 1,5
, 0,97 ;
7. :
= 2 .
9m , :
. , .
. .

3.3

.
= .

. .

(.. M +
M MR MC , x 2 ).
8 12 ,
.
(.. 0 )

(error = ).

62
1. 7, 28 5, 2 0, 4 = 1 5,8 + 4, 2 = 10 M +
2, 4 + 7,1 = 9,5 5 = 1,9 + 0,1 = 2 M +
2, 03 + 0, 47 = 2,5 3, 2 = 8 M MR 4 MC 0

3.4

A
a 10 ,
:

A = a 10v
a A < a < 10 .

157

158

1. :
. 200.000
. 4.500.000
. 12.250.000
10
.
() 10
.
. 2
:
:

2, 00000 = 2

5 a = 2 , v = 5
200.000 = 2 105 .

. 2
: 4,500000 = 4,5 6 a = 4,5 ,
v = 6 :
4.500.000 = 4,5 106 .
. 2
: 1, 2250000 = 1, 225 7
: a = 1, 225 , v = 7 :
12.250.000 = 1, 225 107 .

63
1. . 583.000 = 5,83 105 . 4.300.000 = 4,3 106 . 7.960.000 = 7.96 106
. 3.420.000.000 = 3, 42 109 . 4.800 = 4,8 103

. 7.310 = 7,31 103

. 281.900 = 2,819 105 . 518.000.000 = 5,18 108 . 131.000 = 1,31 105

159

. 675.000 = 6, 75 105

2. . 3 3,1 106 = 3.100.000 . 4,820 105 = 482.000 . 3, 25 104 = 32.500

. 7, 4 103 = 7.400 . 9, 2 102 = 920

3. . 1.000.000.000 1.000.000.000 = 109 109 = 109+9 = 1018

. 987.654.321 123.456.789 = 1, 21932631112635269 1017 1, 22 1017
. 1.000.0003 = (106 )3 = 1063 = 1018

1. :
. 4.000
. 452.000
. 6.250.000
. 1.234.567 . 150
2. :
. 8, 025 106

. 4, 2 104

. 6, 632 105

. 5,55 10 2

3.

:
. 1, 2 104

. 9, 25 106

. 12, 4 105

. 1,1 109

. 0,5 104

4. :
0,3 107 , 3 106 , 30 105

;

160

3.5

.
,
m.
( km ).
1km = 1.000m = 103 m
: 11.
.
= 1,852m .
:
dm ( ) : 1dm = 0,1m = 1 1 m = 1 m .
10
10
cm ( ) : 1cm = 0, 01m = 1 2 m = 1
m.
100
10
To mm ( ):1mm = 0, 001m = 1 3 m = 1
m.
1000
10
:

1m = 0, 001km = 1 3 km
10
1m = 10dm

1m = 100cm = 102 cm
1m = 1.000mm = 103 mm

10 . km m
1.000 (= 103 ) .

m m = m 2 .
km 2
1km 2 = 1km 1km = 1.000m 1.000m = 1.000.000m 2 = 106 m 2

: 1

1.000m 2 = 103 m 2 = 0, 001km 2 = 1 8 km 2 .

10

dm 2 = dm dm = 0,1m 0,1m = 0, 01m 2 = 1 2 m 2 .

10

To ( ):

cm 2 = cm cm = 0, 01m 0, 01m = 0, 0001m 2 = 1 4 m 2 .

10

( ):

mm 2 = mm mm = 0, 001m 0, 001m = 0, 000001m 2 = 1 6 m 2 .

10

161

162

1m 2 = 0, 000001km 2 = 1 6 km 2
10

11m
2 2==0,0,001
m
001

= 1 3

10
1m 2 = 100dm 2 = 102 dm 2
1m 2 = 10.000cm 2 = 104 cm 2
1m 2 = 1.000.000mm 2 = 106 mm 2

100 .
m 2

km 2

106 103
.

,
m3 = m m m .
:
:

1dm3 = 1dm 1dm 1dm = 0,1m 0,1m 0,1m = 0, 001m3 = 1 3 m3

10

163

1cm3 = 1cm 1cm 1cm = 0, 01m 0, 01m 0, 01m = 0, 000001m3 = 1 6 m3

10

To :
1mm3 = 1mm 1mm 1mm = 0, 001m 0, 001m 0, 001m = 0, 000000001m3 = 1 9 m3
10

001m 0, 001m = 0, 000000001m3 = 1 9 m3

10

:
1 = 1.000cm3 = 0, 001m3 = 1 3 m3
10

To cm3 1
m
1000
: 1m = 1cm3 = 1 3 = 1 6 m3 .
10
10
:
1m3 = 1.000dm3 = 103 dm3
1m3 = 1.000.000cm3 = 106 cm3
1m3 = 1.000.000.000mm3 = 109 mm3
1m3 = 1.000 = 103
1m3 = 1.000.000m = 106 m

1.000 .

1 = 1.000cm3 = 0, 001m3 .

164

.
( )
s.
. :
:
min: 1min = 60s .
h : 1h = 60 min = 60 60 s = 3.600 s .

= 24h = 24 3.600 s = 86.400 s .

: 1

:
1s = 1
1s = 1

60

min

3.600

11ss== 11
h

3.600
86.400

( ) kg .
. 1T = 1.000kg = 103 kg .
:

g : 1g = 0, 001kg = 1 3 kg .
10
mg : 1mg = 0, 000001kg = 1 6 kg .
10
:
1kg = 1.000 g = 103 g
1kg = 1.000.000mg = 106 mg
1kg = 0, 001T = 1 3 T
10

(S.I.).
, ...
.

1. 50 cm : m, dm, mm.

10
10 .

165

166

50 cm 50 101 dm = 50

dm = 5dm .
10
50 cm 50 102 m = 50 0, 01m = 0,5m .
50 cm 50 10mm = 50 10mm = 500mm .
2. 0, 4m 2 : dm 2 , cm 2 , mm 2 ,
.

100 ( 10 2 )
100 ( 10 2 ).
1.000m 2 .
0, 4m 2 : 0, 4 102 dm 2 = 40dm 2 .
>>

>>

>> : 0, 4 104 cm 2 = 4.000cm 2 .

>>

>>

>> : 0, 4 10 6 mm 2 = 400.000mm 2 .

>> >> >> : 0, 4 :103 = 4 :104 = 0, 0004

3. 50 m , m3 , dm3 , cm3 , mm3 .

1.000 ( 103 )
1.000 ( 103 ).
103 m3 = 1dm3 1
= m = 1cm3 .
1000
50 : 50 1.000m = 50.000m = 5 104 m .
>> >> >> : 50 103 m 2 = 0, 05m 2 = 5 102 m 2 .
>> >> >> : 50dm3 .
>> >> >> : 50 1.000cm3 = 50.000cm3 = 5 104 cm3 (= 5 104 m) .
>> >> >> : 50 1.000.000mm3 = 50.000.000mm3 = 5 107 mm3 .

4.
.
.
90 . :
90 min : 90 60 s = 5.400 s .
>>

>>

>>: 90 : 60h = 1,5h .

>>

>>

>>: 90 : (60 24) = 0, 0625 .

5. : 0, 2m 30cm . : 4cm 2 0, 004mm3 .

.
.
. 0, 2m 30cm . cm m
30cm = 30 102 m = 0,3m . 0,3m > 0, 2m 30cm > 0, 2m .
. 4cm 2 0, 004mm3 .
4cm 2 0, 004mm3 !

(.67)
1. . 23dm = 23 10 = 230cm .
. 3,1m = 3,1 103 km = 0, 0031km .
. 45,83cm = 45,83 102 m = 0, 4583m .
. 67, 2km = 67, 2 106 m = 67.200.000m .
. 95,5mm = 95,5 101 cm = 9,55cm .

167

168

2. a = 3,1m = 3,11000mm = 3.100mm = 3,1103 mm .

= 4, 2m = 4, 2 1000mm = 4.200mm = 4, 2 103 mm .
= 2,3m = 2,3 1000mm = 2.300mm = 2,3 103 mm .

3. 0, 023km = 0, 023 1.000m = 23m

456cm = 456 :100m = 4,56m
678dm = 678 :10m = 67,8m
: 4,56m < 23m < 67,8m < 986m 456cm < 0, 023km < 678dm < 986m .
4. a = 23cm ,
= 45cm
: E = = 23cm 45cm = 1.035cm 2 .
1.035cm 2 = 1.035 100mm 2 = 103.500mm 2 .

5. ) 56km 2 = 56.000.000m 2 = 5, 6 107 m 2 .

) 0,987 = 0,987 1.000m 2 = 987 m 2 .
) 350 = 350 1.000m 2 = 350.000m 2 .
6. :
E = a 2 , E = 2102 m 2 = 44.100m 2
E = 44.100m 2 = 44.100

:1.000 = 44,1 .

7. : = 5m 7, 2m = 36m 2 .
>>
>> : E ' = (40cm) 2 = (0, 4m) 2 = 0,16m 2 .
:
N=E

E'

= 56m

0,16m 2

350 .
= 225

8. 15dm3 = 15 100cm3 = 15.000cm3 :

15dm3 + 29cm3 = 15.000cm3 + 29cm3 = 15.029cm3
15.029 :106 m3 = 0, 015029m3
15.029 103 mm3 = 15.029.000mm3 .
9. a = 3m ,
= 2m , = 5m : V = a = 3m 2m 5m = 30m3 .
:
3 30m3 = 90m3 = 90 103 dm3 = 90.000dm3 = 90.000 .
1 4 : 4 90.000 = 360.000 .
10. 5 : 20 : 17 h + 20 min .
17 h + 20 min 8h + 10 min = 9h + 10 min .
11. . 4h = 4 60 min = 240 min :
4h + 52 min = 240 + 52 min = 292 min = 292 60 s = 17.520 s .
. 3h = 3 60 min = 180 min :
3h + 12 min = 180 min + 12 min = 192 min = 192 60 s = 11.520 s .
. 5h = 5 60 min = 300 min 30 s = 30 : 60 min = 0,5 min :
5h + 20 min + 30 s = 300 min + 20 min + 0,5 min = 320,5 min = 320,5 60 s = 19.230 s
+ 0,5 min = 320,5 min = 320,5 60 s = 19.230 s
. 45s = 45 : 60 min = 0, 75 min :
56 min + 45s = 56 min + 0, 75 min = 56, 75 min = 56, 75 60 s = 3.405s .
60
12. . 1 h = 1 60 min = min = 6 min
10
10
10

169

170

1 h = 1 60 min = 60 min = 12 min

5
5
5

60
. 1 h = 1 60 min = min = 10 min
6
6
6
13. . 3kg = 3.000 g : 3kg + 600 g = 3.600 g = 3.600 :1.000kg = 3, 6kg .
3, 6kg
3 1kg , 1 500g 2
50g .
. 2kg = 2 1000 g = 2.000 g : 2kg + 450 g = 2.450 g = 2, 45kg .
2, 45kg
2 1kg 9 50g .

14. . 5kg , 3kg

1kg 9kg .
. 5kg , 3kg
1kg 10kg .

15. . 5 2 2 1 0,5 .
. 2,8

>>

1 2 , 1 0,5 3

>>

1 2 4 0,1 .

0,1 .
. 2, 4

16. 1T 1.200 3T

171

3 1.200 = 3.600 = 3, 6m3 .

V = 3, 6m3 = 2,5m 1m
3, 6m3 = 2,5m 2 .

3
: 3, 6m

2,5m 2

= 1, 44m = 144cm .

1cm 3.600 :144cm = 25 cm .

17. 80cm = 0,8m , :

1, 2m 0,8m 0,8m = 0, 768m3 = 768 .
1, 2m = 120cm , 1cm 768

120

= 6, 4 .

. 10cm 10 6, 4 = 64 . 1min
8 , 64 64 : 8 = 8 min .
. 768 768 : 8 = 96 min .
. 1 h = 30 min 30 min 30 8 = 240
2
240 : 6, 4 = 37,5cm . 37,5cm .
18. 1 : 1h + 15 min = 60 min + 15 min = 75 min .
2
>>
: 1h + 45 min = 60 min + 45 min = 105 min .
. 75 :105 = 75

105

=5

. 105 : 75 = 105

75

=7

1. :

172

km

dm

cm

mm

1, 44
52, 2
250
125
36

2. :
m3

dm 3

cm3

mm3

0, 02
4,5
62, 2
44
250
650

3.
a = 0, 08m
. dm 2 dm3 .

. cm 2 cm3 .

. mm 2 mm3 .

4. ,
a = 0,5km
= 400m =6000dm.
5. .
a = 1, 2m ,
= 200cm , = 8dm 0, 62 .

6. ) 120.000
1m 2 160
.
) 25m ,
.
7. 08 : 00
15 : 00 .
,
.
30 1 .
8.
0, 45T .
80kg 65kg
.

3
1. .
2.
3.: 1:
4.
5.

= 1 =

173

174

6. 3

7 21
=
9 9

5 13
13
7. 8 = 8 =
3
3 24
1

8.
9. ,
1.
10.
11.
12.
13. 10.
14.
15. 1.050 : 3.100 0,34 2.593 : 4.650 = 0,56 .
16.

3, 4
= 34 : 73 = 0, 4658
7,3

17.
18. 34,5 : 5, 7 = 6, 05
19.
20.
21.

23
= 7, 66666.....
3

1.050 2.593
<
3.100 4.650

1
.
:
3
465
252
21
,
, 4 , 3
1.000
500 15
30
18
.
:
0, 76

1,1

24, 45

0, 033

2

:
.1,1,4
44 4++1,6
2, 73 4,1
2,122 . (1, 4 + 2, 7) 2 : (1,3 0, 7)3
. 0, 01 2.007 102 4.012 0,5 . (2,8 2, 4 :1, 4 1, 2)3 : (1, 25 : 0,5) 2

3
. :
450.000
1.250.000
12.600.000.000
. g 4, 25T
.

175

176

4
. 0, 75m3
.

300 ;
B. 1,
1,54m cm 2 ;

+x=
x=
x=
x=
x:=
:x=

177

178

4.1

+x=, x=,
x=, x=, x:= :x=

, x ,
.

.

.

. ..: 0 x = 0
x .

. ..: 0 x = 14
x.

+ x = ( x , )
x = .
..: 2 + x = 6 x = 6 2 = 4
x = x = + .
..: x 4 = 1 x = 1 + 4 = 5
x = x = .
..: 12 x = 8 x = 12 8 = 4
x = x = : .
..: 3 x = 18 x = 18 : 3 = 6
x : = x = .
..: x : 5 = 20 x = 20 5 = 100
: x = x = : .
..: 14 : x = 7 x = 14 : 7 = 2

179

180

..: : 4
x
2 4 , : 2 x = 4 .

: 3 8
x
3 8 ,

: x 3 = 8 .
,
.
..: 4 x = 16
16 .

1. :
) 3 x + 5 x = 16 ) 2 x + 4 = 12 ) x : 3 7 = 2 ) 2 x + 6 = 3 + 3 x x + 3
) x 5 = 2 x x + 6

2
, ...,
.
.
) 3 x + 5 x = 16 .
:
(3 + 5) x = 16 8 x = 16 x =
x = 16 : 8 = 2 .

) 2 x + 4 = 12 . y 2 x :
y + 4 = 12 . x + = .
y = 12 4 = 8 2 x = 8
( x = ). : x = 8 : 2 = 4 .
) x : 3 7 = 2 . y x : 3 : y 7 = 2 (
x = ) : y = 2 + 7 = 9 x : 3 = 9 ( x : = )
x = 9 3 = 27 .
) 2 x + 6 = 3 + 3 x x + 3 2 x + 6 = 3 + (3 1) x + 3 2 x + 6 = 3 + 2 x + 3
2 x + 6 = 2 x + 6 . x
.
) x 5 = 2 x x + 6 x 5 = (2 1) x + 6 x 5 = x + 6 .
x .
2. :
) 5 x + 11 = 21 2 ) x : 4 + x = 2 x 3 8

.
) 5 x + 11 = 21 x 2 :
5 2 + 11 = 21 10 + 11 = 21 21 = 21 . 2 .
) x : 4 + x = 2 x 3 x 8 :
8 : 4 + 8 = 2 8 3 2 + 8 = 16 3 10 = 13 . 8
.
3. :
2
.

.

181

182

x 5 ,
2
6 , : 5 x + 2 = 6 x .

( 74)
1.

3 x
10 x
x + 12
x 5

x y > 20
x y = 32
2. ) 25 .
) 7 2 .
) .
)
88 .

3. : = + + + = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = 4 .
: = = 2 .
4. ) x + x = 2 x
) + + = (1 + 1 + 1) = 3

) 3 + 52 = (3 + 52) = 55
) 2 + + 3 + 2 = (2 + 1) + (3 + 2) = 3 + 5
) 4 x + 8 x 3 x = (4 + 8) x 3 x = 12 x 3 x = 9 x
) 7 + 4 10 = (7 + 4) 10 = 11 10 =

5. x( y z ) = ( x y ) z .
2
2 3 6
2
z = =
=
9
9 5 45 15

6. x = 0 2 + = 0 x 0
.
x = 3 2 + = 3 = 1 x 3 .
x = 1 2 + = 1 x 1
.
7. x 12 : x + 13 = 25
12 + 13 = 25 25 = 25 12 x + 13 = 25 .
8. x 2 = 4 6
1 + y = 4 3
18 = 10 8
9 = 1 8
93 = 86 7

9. ) x + 4,9 = 15,83 x = 15,83 4,9 x = 10,93

183

184

) 40, 4 + x = 93,19 x = 93,19 40, 4 x = 52, 79

) 53, 404 x = 4,19 x = 53, 404 4,19 x = 49, 214
) 38 x = 7,1 x = 38 7,1 x = 30,9

10. )

3 12
12
12
20
=
3: x =
x = 3:
x = 3
x=5
x 20
20
20
12

5 15
5
5
7
=
= 15 : x x = 15 : x = 15 x = 21

7 x
7
7
5

35 x
35
35
=
= x : 8 x = 8 x = 7
40 8
40
40

49
4
49 4
45
= x+ x =
x=
x=9
5
5
5 5
5

11. )

x+3 1 7
x+3 7 1
x+3 5
+ =
=
= x +3 = 5 x = 53
4
2 4
4
4 2
4
4

x=2

5 x 3
10 + x 12
+ =
=
10 + x = 12 x = 12 10 x = 2
8 16 4
16
16

3 x+2
6+ x+2
8 + x 10
+
+1
=1
=
8 + x = 10 x = 10 8
5 10
10
10
10

x=2
12. ) v + 3 = 4 v = 4 3 v = 1

185

) x 2 = 8 x = 8 + 2 x = 10
) t + 4 + 1 = 3 + 19 t + 5 = 22 t = 22 5 t = 17
) 6 x = 5 x = 6 5 x = 1
13. x :
x+4=

21
21
21 20
1
x = 4 x =
x=
5
5
5
5

1
:
5

1
21
1 20 21
21 21
1
+4=
=
=
+

.
5
5
5 5
5
5
5
5

14. x :
x + 5 = 313 x = 313 5 x = 308
x 308 :
308 + 5 = 313 313 = 313 308 .
15. ) 1 4cm , 2 8cm ,
3 12cm , 4 16cm .
4
5 20cm .
) x
4 x .
) 4 x = 128
128 .

x = 128 : 4

x = 32 32

186

1
1. , 1, 2 , 3
2
:
) 4 x + 5 = 19 ) 2 + x + 2 x = 10 4 x x

) 4 x + 2 = 8 x

) 5 x + 6 = 6 x

2. :
) 1 .
) 2
2 .
) 12
3. :
) 5 x + 4 = 18

1
1
) x + = x 1
2
2

) 2( x + 4) = 4 x 2

4. :
) 2 x + 5 = 23

) 15 5 x = 6 x + 4 x

3x + 2
17
+5 = x+
)
3
3

4
+ 8 = 32
)
2+ x

) 20 + x = 10 + x 10
4
) x = 0,8
5
2

5. x
.
) 20 : 5x = ) + x = 4

187

6.
. 1
2 .
)
.
)
.
) 10 .
)
30 ;

4.2

-
.

.

. :

188

.

.
.

.
.

1.
4 29 . .

.
1. v
, v + 1 .
: v + v + 1 = 2v + 1 .
: 2(2v + 1) = 4v + 2 .
>>
>>
>>
>>
4 4v + 2 4 = 4v + 1 .
: 4v + 1 = 29 4v = 29 1 4v = 28 v = 28 : 4
v = 7.
v = 7 v + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8 .
: 2 (7 + 8) 1 = 29

2 15 1 = 29

30 1 = 29 29=29 .

2. 52 4 .
;

189

x 4 x
52 . : 4 x = 52 x = 52 : 4 x = 13 .
13 .
: 4 13 = 52 52 = 52 .

( 78)
1. vvvv , v
( v < 10 ).
vvvv 9
9 :
v + v + v + v = 9 4v = 9 v = (9 ) : 4 .
= 1 , v = 9 : 4 = 2, 25 v = .
= 2 , v = 2 9 : 4 = 18 : 4 = 4,5 >>

>>

>>

= 3 , v = 3 9 : 4 = 27 : 4 = 6, 75 >>
= 4 , v = 4 9 : 4 = 9 .

>>

>>

= 5 , v = 5 9 : 4 = 11, 25 > 10 .
v 9 9999
9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 4 9 = 36 9 .
2. x :

2
x = 60
8

1
1
x = 60 x = 60 : x = 60 4 x = 240 . 240
4
4

.
:

2
1
240
240 = 60 240 = 60
= 60 60 = 60 .
8
4
4

3. v , v + 1

190

v + 2 , : v + v + 1 + v + 2 = 1.533
3v = 1533 3 3v = 1530 v = 1530 : 3 v = 510 .
510 , 511 , 512 .

3v + 3 = 1533

: 510 + 511 + 512 = 1533 1533 = 1533 .

4. v , v
, 75v3 .
9
9 , :
7 + 5 + v + 3 = 9 15 + v = 9 v = 9 15 .
= 1 , v = 9 15 .
= 2 , v = 2 9 15 = 18 15 = 3 .
= 3 , v = 3 9 15 = 27 15 = 12 > 10 .
v = 3 7533 .
: 7533 , 7 + 5 + 3 + 3 = 18 = 2 9 , 9 .
5. x , 100 x .
: 3 x .
: 1 (100 x) = 100 x .
: 3 x + 100 x = 220 2 x + 100 = 220 2 x = 220 100
2 x = 120 x = 120 : 2 x = 60 .
60 100 60 = 40 .
: 3 60 + 1 40 = 220 180 + 40 = 220 220 = 220 .
6. x : x 18 = 25 x = 25 + 18 x = 43 .
43 .
: 43 18 = 25 25 = 25 .

7. x 1 ( x + 600) .

191

y 2 ( y 15.600) .
3 15.000 1
2 : x + 600 = 15.000 y 15.600 = 15.000 :
x + 600 = 15.000 x = 15.000 600 x = 14.400 y 15.600 = 15.000

y = 15.000 + 15.600 y = 30.600 .

14.400 30.600 .
: 14.400 + 600 = 15.000 15.000 = 15.000
30.600 15.600 = 15.000 15.000 = 15.000 .
8. ) + 47 = 73 = 73 44 = 26 = 2 = 6 .

) 8 = 5

8
5
= 3 3 8 = 35 3 = 35 + 8 3 = 43 = 4 .
9. x 7 y
( x 18) 7 y :
x 18 = 7 y . 90 < x < 100 x = 95 : 95 18 = 7 y
77 = 7 y

y = 77 : 7

y = 11 . 95

11 . : 95 18 = 7 11 77 = 77 .

10. x x : 0, 75 x = 100 x = 100 : 0, 75

x = 133,3333...
) x = x = 133
133 0, 75 = 99, 75 .

192

) 100 99, 75 = 0, 25 .
3
75
11. 18 km = km = 18, 75km .
4
4
1 7
1 3 = = 3,5 km/
2 2
3 11
2
>>
>>
2 = = 2, 75 km/.
4 4
x :
3,5 x + 2, 75 x = 18, 75 6, 25 x = 18, 75 x = 18, 75 : 6, 25 x = 3 .
3 .
: 3,5 3 + 2, 75 3 = 18, 75 10,5 + 8, 25 = 18, 75
18, 75 = 18, 75 .

12. x

1
x
x =

15
15

.
1
x 6x
x + x = x + =
.
5
5 5
x
6x
= y
y :
15
5
x 6x
x 5
50 x
5
1
y = :
y=
y=
y=
y=

15 5
15 6 x
90 x
90
18
1

.
18
13. x , x 7
. 7 , 14 , 21, 28 .
x + 1
9 , 18 , 27 .

193

x = 35 35 = 7 5 x + 1 = 36 = 9 4 .
35 36 .
x = 98 98 = 7 14 x + 1 = 99 = 9 11 .
2 98 ( 99 ).

1. 65 32
. ;
2.
1 2. ;
3.

1

3

2 . .
4. 1kg . ;
5. 20 , .
0, 2 0,15
3, 6 .
6. 120
.. .
;
7.
3. .

194

8.
17 .
77 2 .

4
1
:
) 2 x + 3 = ( x + 5)

1
2

2 3
4
+
= 1+
x 2x
3x

) 24
26 : x + 8 =

10
x

2
) 2 :
( x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 3 x + 1 x .
) :

1
x 5 = 2 x 23 .
2

3

.

4
1 35 .
3
.

195

196

197

%
% %
%
% %

198

5.1

.
100

.
1.000

% , , % =

.
100

.
100

, =

.
1.000

% :

199

.
100
:100 .
%

:1.000 .

:
100 (

100

100

).

% .

1.000 (

1.000

1.000

2
:

(

=
= %

100
100

= ).

1.000

200

% (
100

: .

. ).
1.000

% :

% =

100

1. .

9
25

7
13

100 , : (

) .

9
94
36
=
=
25 25 4 100

9
= 36%
25

. 13 100

7

13

. :
100

201

7
= 7 :13 = 0,53846 0,538
13
0,538 100
: 0,538 =

53,8
= 53,8%
100

7
= 53,8% .
13

2. : . 32%

. 75 . 2,5%

,
.

. 32%

32
8
=
100 25

. 75

75
3
=
1.000 40

. 2,5%

2,5 2,5 10
25
1
=
=
=
100 100 10 1.000 40

3. 25% 40 .
x
x % = , .
x . 25% x 40 :
25
25 x
40 100
x = 40
= 40 x =
= 160
100
100
25
25 160 25 4.000
=
=
= 40
: 25% 160 160
100
100
100
25% x = 40

202

4. 120
) 25% ) 30% .

.

. 25% 120 : 25% 120 =

25
1
120
120 = 120 =
= 30
100
4
4

120 25% 120 + 30 = 150 .

: x
x = 120 + 25%120 = 120 + 0, 25 120 = 120 (1 + 0, 25 ) = 120 1, 25
120

125
x = 125% 120
100

. 30% 120 : 30% 120 =

30
120 = 36
100

120 30% 120 36 = 84 .

30
120
100
70
= 120 0,3 120 = (1 0,3)120 = 0, 7 120 =
120
100

: x = 120 30%120 = 120

x = 70% 120 .

( 81)
1. 100 :

203

1 1 20 20
3 3 50 150
=
=
= 20% . =
=
= 150%
5 5 20 100
2 2 50 100

1 1 25 25
3 3 25 75
=
=
= 25% .
=
=
= 75%
4 4 25 100
4 4 25 100

3 3 20 60
=
=
= 60%
5 5 20 100

2. 100 .
. 0,52 =

52
= 52%
100

. 0, 03 =

3
= 3%
100

3. . 15% =

. 50% =

. 3, 41 =

. 0, 07 =

15
3
=
100 20

341
= 341%
100

. 0,19 =

19
= 19%
100

7
= 7%
100

. 7% =

7
100

. 48% =

48 12
=
100 25

50 1
=
100 2

4. . 10% 3.000 =

10
30.000
3.000 =
= 300 .
100
100

. 1h = 60 min , 45% 1h :
45%1h = 45%60 min =

45
2.700
60 min =
min = 27 min .
100
100

. 1 = 1.000m = 1.000cm3 20% 1 :

20%1 = 20%1.000cm3 =

20
10.000 3
1.000cm3 =
cm = 100cm3 .
100
100

204

. 50% 500g : 50%500g =

50
25.000
500g =
g = 250g .
100
100

. 1kg = 1.000g 25% 1kg :

25% 1kg = 25% 1.000g =

25
25.000
1.000g =
g = 250g .
100
100

5. % :
)

50
5
=
=
= 5 50 5% 1.000 .
100 1000 100

) 1 = 365 :

30
8, 22
=
= 0, 0822 =
= 8, 22
100 365
100

30 = 8, 22% .
)

50
2
=
=
= 2 50 2%
100 2.500 100

2.500 .

) 1 = 1dm 1m = 10dm 10m = 10 10 = 100dm .

3
=
= 3 3dm 3% 100dm .
100 100
6. 22% 0, 61 ,
22%0, 61 =

22
22 0, 61
0, 61 =
= 0,1342
100
100

7. ) : R = 50km + 2.900km + 3.450km = 6.400km .

) R :
50
0, 78
0, 0078 =
= 0, 78% R .
6.400
100

205

>>

>>

>>

>>

>> >>

>>

2.900
45,31
0, 4531 =
= 45,31% R .
6.400
100
) >>

>>

>>

>>

>> >>

>>

3.450
53,91
0,5391 =
= 53,91% R .
6.400
100
8. x :
x = 10% 1.200 =

10
12.000
1.200=
= 120 .
100
100

y : y = (1.200 x ) = (1.200 120 ) = 1.080 .

) : 30% 1.080 ,
30% 1.080 =

30
32.400
1.080=
= 324
100
100

: 32% 1.080 ,
32% 1.080 =

32
34.560
1.080=
= 345, 6
100
100

: 18% 1.080 ,
18% 1.080 =

18
19.440
1.080=
= 194, 4
100
100

/: 3% 1.080 , 3% 1.080 =

: 7% 1.080 , 7% 1.080 =
: 10% 1.080 ,

3
3.240
1.080=
= 32, 4
100
100

7
7.560
1.080=
= 75, 6
100
100

206

10% 1.080 =

10
10.800
1.080=
= 108
100
100
324
,
1.200

) : 324

324
27
= 0, 27 =
= 27%
1.200
100

: 345, 6

345, 6
28,8
= 0, 288 =
= 28,8%
1.200
100

: 194,4

32, 4
,
1.200

32, 4
2, 7
= 0, 027 =
= 2, 7%
1.200
100

: 75,6

194, 4
,
1.200

194, 4
16, 2
= 0,162 =
= 16, 2%
1.200
100

/: 32,4

75, 6
,
1.200

75, 6
6,3
= 0, 063 =
= 6,3%
1.200
100

: 108

345, 6
,
1.200

108
9
= 0, 09 =
= 9%
1.200
100

108
,
1.200

207

1. :
.

45
100

32
50

24
9
45
.
.
25
36
20

21
7

2. :
. 33% . 76% . 127% . 525 . 2,7% . 13,25% . 1,55

3. . : 5%

12,5%

255 0,4%

. : 22,7 , 0,4 , 0, 0002 , 1, 01

4. :
. 45% 32 . 11,5 20 . 101% 63
. 1,1% 55 . 0,9% 18

. 504 2008

. 10% 3,14 . 22% 0, 25 . 40% 0, 022

5. cm :
. 22% 2m . 45 4m . 52% 10cm
. 0,45% 200dm . 11 0,5km . 164% 40cm
6. :
. 45% 9
. 75% 26,25
. 101% 50,5
60,5
. 225 27
7. % :

208

. 12 200

. 8 20

. 20 18

. 0,1 40

8. 1.200 .
8% ,

5,5% 1 .
.

5.2

A
% , :

: %A =

A.
100

: = A E = A

A .
100

...
... ( )

209

,
. ... .
A ... %
: %A =

A
100

( ...)

= A + %A = A +

A .
100

K
. % .
K %

:
= % K =

=+
K

K
K
1 :
100

K
100

.
K %
x , x < 12 , : =

x K

12 100

210

1. 120
25% .
. ;
. 80 ,
;
. 120 25%
;
%

.
%
, =

100

.

% :

=
100

. 25% ,
.
= 25% 120 =

25
3.000
120 =
= 30 .
100
100

: 120 30 = 90
. % 80
:

= 120 80 = 40 .
= 40 = %120 40 =
==

120

120 40 =
1, 2 = 40
100
100

40 400
=
= 33,33 .
1, 2 12

33,33% .
. . 120
25%
:
120 = 25% =

25
25

= 1
= (1 0, 25 ) = 0, 75
100
100

120 = 0, 75 = 120 : 0, 75 = 12.000 : 75 = 160 .

160 .
2. ... 19% 1.500 .
. .
. 1.500 ...
....
... %
= + % .
... %
= % + % = .
. 19% ... :
... = 19% 1.500 = 285 , ... :
1.500 + 285 = 1.785 .
. , ...

211

212

19
= 0,19 1.500
100
+ ... : 1.500 = + 0,19 = (1 + 0,19 ) = 1,19

19% =

= = 1500 :1,19 1260,5 .

3. 50.000
2,5% . :
. 1

. 2

. 5

1 1 ,
2 + 1 2 1 .
(
)
.
. 2,5% 50.000 :
1 = 50.000 2,5%=50.000

2,5 125.000
=
= 1250
100
100

. 2
50.000 1 ,
51.250 , :
2 = 51.250 2,5%=51.250

2,5 128.125
=
= 1281, 25
100
100

5
. 5

12
. :
3 =

5
5
2,5% 50.000 = 1250 520,83
12
12

213

( 85)
1. ) 1 8%
8
: 8% 50 =
50 = 4 :
100
50 4 = 46 .
2 5%
: 5% 46 =

5
46 = 2,3 :
100

46 + 2,3 = 48,3 .
3 5%
5
: 48,3 5% = 48,3
= 2, 415
100
:
48,3 + 2, 415 = 50, 715 .
) 400 50 = 20.000 .
3 400 400 50, 715 = 20.286 .
: 20.286 20.000 = 286 .
286
) 286
= 0, 0143 1, 43%
20.000
.
2. ) 1 :
1 = 4,5% 80.000 =

4,5
80.000 = 3.600 .
100

) 2
80.000 + 3.600 = 83.600 2 =:
4,5% 83.600 =

4,5
83.600 = 3.762
100

214

2 = 4,5% 83.600 =

4,5
83.600 = 3.762 .
100

3. 30% 20.000 :
30% 20.000 =

30
600.000
20.000 =
= 6.000 .
100
100

) : 20.000 6.000 = 14.000 .

) :

14.000
= 0,56 = 56% .
25.000

) : 40% 25.000 =

40
25.000 = 10.000
100

25.000 10.000 = 15.000 .

.
4. ) .
) 50% 300cm3 : 50% 300cm3 =

50
300cm3 = 150cm3 .
100

150cm3 300cm3 .
5. K 1.000 K 2% K
:
K + 2%K = 1.000 K +

2
K = 1.000 K + 0, 02K = 1.000
100

K (1 + 0, 02 ) = 1.000 1, 02K = 1.000 K =

1.000
= 980,39 .
1, 02

6. 0, 07 1.500

215

1.500 0, 07 = 105 .
: 105 + 22 = 127 .
... 127 : 127 19% = 127

19
= 24,13 .
100

: 127 + 24,13 = 151,13 .

7. 40% 30.000 =

40
30.000 = 12.000 .
100

) 30.000 12.000 = 18.000

18.000
= 4.500 .
4
1% . :
1 = 1% 18.000 =

1
18.000 = 180 .
100

18.000 4.500 = 13.500 .

2 = 1% 13.500 =

1
13.500 = 135 .
100

13.500 4.500 = 9.600 .

3 = 1% 9.000 =

1
9.000 = 90 .
100

9.500 4.500 = 4.500 .

4 = 1% 4.500 =

1
4.500 = 45 .
100

4.500 4.500 = 0 .
180 + 135 + 90 + 45 = 450 .
)

450
= 0, 015 = 1,5% .
30.000

216

8. A ... 19%A .
8.330 :
8.330 = A + 19%A = A +
A=

19
A = A + 0,19A = (1 + 0,19 )A = 1,19A
100

8.330
= 7.000 .
1,19

... : 7.000

19
= 1.330 ( 8.330 7.000 = 1.330 )
100

19
19 1.200
1.200 =
= 228
100
100
50
50 1.200
1.200 =
= 600 .
) 50% 1.200 : 50% 1.200 =
100
100

9. ... : 19% 1.200 =

50% 1.200 + = 600 + 228 = 828 .

) 6 : 1.200 600 = 600
600 : 6 = 100 . ( 3%
)
3
600 = 18 , = 100 + 18 = 118
100
3
3% 500 =
500 = 15 , = 100 + 15 = 115
100
3
3% 400 =
400 = 12 , = 100 + 12 = 112
100
3
3% 300 =
300 = 9 , = 100 + 9 = 109
100
3
3% 200 =
200 = 6 , = 100 + 6 = 106
100
3
3% 100 =
100 = 3 , = 100 + 3 = 103
100

1 : 3% 600 =
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 :

118 + 115 + 112 + 109 + 106 + 103 = 663 .

828 + 663 = 1.491 .

217

10. ) ... = 19% : 19% 350 =

19
350 = 66,5
100

) 16 30 : 30 16 = 480 .
480 + ... = 480 + 66,5 = 546,5 .
) 350 + 66,5 = 416,5 .
416,5 10% :

10
416,5 + 416,5 10% = 416,5 + 416,5
= 416,5 + 41, 65 = 458,15 .
100

546,5 416,5 = 130 .

,
.

1. , 1.200
45% .
3 .
) 1
.
) 2 444
.
) 3
.
2. 3% . :
) 15.000 2 .
) 630 .

218

) 20.000 18 .
3. 40%
5 .
600 :
) .
) .
) 600 41%
... 19% , ;
2
18.000
3
. 3%
4.

;
5. 330g 20%
11g , . :
) g .
) % .
) g .
6. 14.000 . ,
55% + ... 6
2% .
) ;
) ;

7. 19%...
2% ,
14%... 7% . 2
;
8. 12.000 .
15.000 15% , 15.000
23.000 30% . :
) 14.000
) 17.000
) 23.000 40%
40.000 .
9. ) 2
4% 25.000 .
) 10% ,
2 .

5
. . ( 84)
. ,
1. : 30% x =

30
3
x 90 x 90x 3x
x = x , 90% =
=
=
100
10
3 100 3 300 10

2. : A 5%A =
A + A0, 05 = (1 + 0, 05 )A = 1, 05A .

5A
= 0, 05A
100

219

220

: 10% (1, 05 )A = 0,105A 1, 05A + 0,105A = 1,155A .

: 1,155A A = 0,155A :

0,155A
= 0,155 = 15,5% .
A

3.
4.
5.
6. : 100 + 200 = 300 :
200
0, 667 = 66, 7%
300
7.
1 1 1
8. : 1 = = 0,167 = 16, 7%
3 2 6
4 1
= 0,143 14,3%
9. :
28 7
10. : 30% 30% 60 min =

30
60 min = 18 min
100

11.
12. :

100 1
= = 0, 25 = 25%
400 4

.
: 120 84 = 36

36
= 0,3 = 30%
120

: 80 48 = 32

32
= 0, 4 = 40%
80

: 180 153 = 27 :

27
= 0,15 = 15%
180

: 40 32 = 8

8
= 0, 2 = 20%
40

: 50 45 = 5

5
= 0,1 = 10%
50

1
:
) 33% ) 45% ) 72% ) 112%

2
) ... 425 .
) ... 714 .

3
45% .
:
) 120 ;

221

222

)
38,5 .

4
15.000 60%
, 3
2%.
;

y=2x

223

224

6 -

6.1

Ox, Oy

.
y

.
Ox, Oy
, , .
, , , :
.
.
(, )
(, ).
Ox .
Oy .
y

225

,
, , , .
, Ox, Oy, ,
, (, ).
, (, ) .
y

, Ox, Oy, , 0 Oy. ,

0.
, , Oy 0.
y

(0,)

(,0)
O

,
Oy.
y

,
Ox.

226

6 -

, , :
, .
y

,
y

:
(, ) (, ), >
(, ) (, ), <

1. ,

227

Ox Oy.

Ox Oy,
y ,
4 3. ,
(4, 3), (4, 3).

Ox, 0. , (3,
0).

Oy, 0. , (0,
2).
y

2.
(2, 3), (4, 0), (0, 2).

Ox Oy
, , , .

(2, 3),
Ox, 2 Oy,
3.
, Ox,
Oy , . .
(4, 0) 0, Ox,
4. (0, 2) 0,
Oy, 2.
y

(2,3)

(0,2)

(4,0)
3

228

6 -

. .. 7:30 37.2, 9:00 37.7, 12:30 39.2
..
12 , 12
.
.


.

1. :

Ox.
Oy.
, :
0, Ox.
0, Oy.

2. .

2
2.
. , 2 2, (2, 2).

3. : (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5).

, ,
. Ox
Oy.

4. ) 5

)
2 .
) D12
. 6.
13

. 27.

) : 7,5 Kg.
: 12,5 Kg.
) () 13,25 Kg.
8,25 Kg.
) .

K
1. , :
. (, )
i. _____________ .
ii. ______________ .
iii. (, ) _____________ .
. Ox _______________.
. Oy _______________.
. Oy, _____________ 0.
. (, 0) ____________.
. (__,__).

2. , , , , .
3. 0,5
cm : (3, 2), (2, 3), (4, 0), (0,4).

6.2

,
.

229

230

6 -

= .

.
:

, , ,

= , =

+
= , = =

+

= ,

= =

+ +
= = , = = =

+ +

= , =

= 0, =

,
.
,
.


.
,
, : =

231

1. 8 cm,

1,92 m. ;

1, 92 m = 192 cm

8
1
=
192 24

, 1:24.
, 24 .

2. 1:500.000 24 cm.
;

24 cm = 0,24 m.
x .

1
0, 24
=
x = 0, 24 500.000
500.000
x

x = 120.000 m x = 120 Km
, 120 Km.

1,5 cm
6 cm

4 cm
16 cm

4,5 cm
18 cm

.
1

1,5 1,5 10 15 15 :15 1

=
=
=
=
6
6 10 60 60 :15 4

232

6 -

4
4:4 1
=
=
16 16 : 4 4

4,5 4,5 10 45
45 : 45 1
=
=
=
=
18 18 10 180 180 : 45 4

,
. .

2
2:2
1
=
=
, .
165 165 : 2 82,5

82,5 .

x, y 12 cm .
8 cm 12 cm, 6 cm x cm
10 cm y cm.
:
/ (:
)

12 12 : 4 3 x y
=
= , , .
8
8 : 4 2 6 10

,
.

3 x
3 y
= = .
2 6
2 10

x:

3 33 9
3 x
9 x
=
= . = = .
2 23 6
2 6
6 6

9 x
= ,
6 6

. x = 9 cm.
y:

233

3 3 5 15
=
= .
2 2 5 10

3 y
15 y
=
= .

2 10
10 10
15 y
,
,
10 10

. y = 15 cm.

1. :

1:2
5 cm

1:50
40 m

8 cm
20 m

2. 1:700.000 20 cm.
;
3.

1:200 15 cm 12 cm.
;

6.3

, ,

234

6 -

,
.

x y ,

y
= .
x

.
x y y = x,
.
y x,

y=

%.
x
100
100

, .
y = x x y.
, , o , ...
, , ... .
, , ,

= .

1. x y .
.
x
y

10

5
8

x y , y = x,
.

8
8
, y = x
5
5
8
24
x = 3, y = 3 =
5
5
=

235

y = 10, 10 =

8
8
5
50
25
x x = 10 : x = 10 x =
x=
5
5
8
8
4

, :

3
x=

24
5

x=

25
4

10

5
8

58 71 56 68
,
,
,

1, 60 1, 65 1, 62 1, 72
.
. 71
58 ,
68 . , .

1. ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2. ) , ) , ) y = x
3. ) x, y
3 5 7
3 5
, , . ,

8 10 12
8 10
3 5
310 = 30 8 5 = 40 . . ,
. ,
8 10
.
. :

) x, y
:

236

6 -

3
310
30 10
=
=
=
0, 9 0, 9 10 9
3
4
4 10 40 10
=
=
=
1, 2 1, 2 10 12 3
6
6 10 60 10
=
=
=
1, 8 1, 8 10 18 3
11 1110 110 10
=
=
=
3, 3 3, 310 33
3
.

4. y =

x = 0 y = 0
x = 1 y = 2,01
y = 2 x = 0,995 ()
y = 0,125 x = 0,062 ()
x = 3,7 y = 7,437
x = 0,61 y = 1,2261
y = 0,55 x = 0,274 ()

201
x.
100

7
.
4
.
:

5.

7
4 = 7
4
7
7
3
1 = = 1
4
4
4
7
250 = 437, 5 .
4
7
7
1
2 = = 3
4
2
2
7
7
3
1 = = 1
4
4
4
7
7
3
1 = = 1
4
4
4

237

1. ,

:
. x y __________ ____
.
. x y
__________________.
. ,
__________.

2. :

x
y

3
6

5
10

21
42

6
2

18
6

45
18

3. , x y
3
= .
2
x

2
5

6.4

9
5

(x, y)
(0, 0) .

238

6 -
y
y=x

= 1, y = 1 x y = x
xOy
.
y
y=x

Oz, Ot
, .. (, ), (, ).
Oz
Ot, Ot Oz,
.
y

:

.

Mt Mz, .

239

, (x, ), (x, ) Oz, At, ,

:

x < , <

x > , >

1. x y = 2. .

x y y = 2x.
y = 2x
. , ,
.
x = 1, y = 2 1 = 2.
, (1, 2)
.

y = 2x.
y

(1*2)

2. , x y,
.

240

6 -
y

A
1

(3, 1). (3,

1) x y.
=

1
1
. , y = x .
3
3

1. ) x y = 1,5
y = 1,5x
x = 1 y = 1,5
x = 2 y = 3
x

1,5

) (1, 1,5), (2, 3)

y

2
1
0

241

2.

. (0, 0)
.
) y =

1
x , x = 2 y = 1. (2, 1).
2
y

1
0

) y = 3x, x = 1 y = 3, . (1, 3).

y

3
2
1
0

) y = 5,5x, x =1 y = 5,5, . (1, 5,5).

y
5
4
3
2
1
0

) y = 10x, x = 1 y = 10, . (1, 10)

242

6 -
y
10

) y = 0,01x, x = 100 y = 1, . (100, 1).

y

1
0

50

100

3. y = 2,5x (4), :
x = 4 y = 10
x = 7 y = 17,5
x = 12 y = 30
:
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 3
y = 12 : x
y = 0,5x
y = 2x + 2
y = 3x
y = 4x 1

4. ) :

, y = 40
, y = 20
, y = 50

2 . (0, 0)
. ..

243

y = 40, = 100 y = 4.000, . (100, 4.000)

y = 20, = 100 y = 2.000, . (100, 2.000)
y = 50, = 100 y = 5.000, . (100, 5.000)
3 .
0

4000

20
y=

y=4

5000

y=5

6000

2000

50 80 100
200

) 12.000 : 3 = 4.000
4.000
.
, , .
= 4.000 : 50 = 80, . 80 .
= 4.000 : 40 = 100, . 100 .
= 4.000 : 20 = 200, . 200 .

1. , -

:
. (x, y)
____________ _____________.
. y = x _____________.
2.
:
.
x
y

0
0

2
3

4
6

244

6 -

.
x
y

0
1

1
3

5
11

x
y

0
1

1
4

2
7

1.
2.
3.

y = 3x + 1
y = 1, 5 x
y = 2x + 1

2
3 2
3. (1, ) , ( , ) , (3, 2)
3
5 5

6.5

, :
1.
2. y = x

3.

y
=
x

1. 10 kg 7,5 kg .
8 kg ;

245

.
y .

7, 5

10

7,5 8
80
= 7, 5y = 80 y =
y = 10, 667
10 y
7,5
, 10,667 kg .

2. 20 40
50% .
30%. .

20 20 40 = 800
100 , 50%,
150 .
:

100

40

150

100 40
=
100y = 6.000 y = 60
150 y

, 60 .
15 15 60 = 900 .
30% , 100
70 , .
.

100 60
4200
=
100y = 4.200 y =
y = 42
70
y
100

5 5 42 = 210 .
900 + 210 = 1.110 .
,
100 .
1.110 - 800 = 310 .

246

6 -

800

100

310

800 100
31000
=
800y = 31.000 y =
y = 38, 75
310
y
800
, 38,75%.

1. . x , .
:

1,2

14

1, 2 x
x = 5,6 m.
=
3 14

2. . x

78

52

13

78 52
x = 8, 67
=
13 x

247

3. . x Kg
6 350 = 2.100 Kg .

100

80

2.100

100
x
x = 2.625 Kg.
=
80 2.100

1. 80 cm 50 cm.
8 m. - ,
.
2. 40 kg 5 kg .
120 kg ;

3. 10%. ,
27.000 ;

6.6

, ,
.
x y ,
: y = x, 0.
= 1, x y .

248

6 -

(x, y) ,
.
Ox Oy,
0.

1. 6 4 .
8 ;

y .
- .
, :

, 8y = 6 4 8y = 24

y=

24
y=3
8

, 3 .

2.
x y.
x

3
1,5

x y ,
1 6 = 6.
x y = 6 y =

6
.
x

249

6
y = 3.
2
6
x = 3 y = y = 2.
3
6
6
y = 1,5 1,5 = 1,5x = 6 x =
x = 4.
x
1,5
6
y = 1 1 = x = 6.
x

x = 2 y =

, : (1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1,5), (6, 1).

, , , ,
.
:
y

6
5
4

B
3

1. ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) .
2. ) , ) ,
3. ,

(x, y) .
2
1
) 1 2 = 2, 2 1 = 2, 3 = 2, 4 = 2 . ,
3
2
.
) .

250

6 -

) , .
) , .

4. ) ,
1 3,5 = 3,5. , x y = 3, 5 :
3, 5
3, 5
y=
x=
x
y
:
1: 1,4, 2, 4
2: 17,5, 7, 5, 1,522, 1,167, 0,35, 0,292
) : (0,2, 17,5), (0,5, 7), (0,7, 5), (1, 3,5), (1,4,
2,5), (2, 1,75), (2,3, 1,522), (3, 1,667), (4, 0,875), (10, 0,35), (12, 0,292).

1. (), ,
(), :
. y =

3
, x y .
x

. xy = 10, x y .
. Ox Oy.
. x, y ,
.

2.
:
.
x

4,5

12

251

3. x y , :

15

1
. ;
. , :
i. _____________.
ii. __________
____________.
iii.
____________.

2
x y .
. x y.
. .
. (x, y)
.
x
y

2
4

3
(x, y), x

252

6 -

m3/h y h
.
. :
i. .
ii. , 3m3/h.
iii. 6 h.
. x y.
y

1
3,444
95

253

254

7.1

( )

+ .

+, .. + 5

, .. 3

0 .

+, .. + 5
5, 5 + 5.
. .
. ..

1
3
7

+3, +5, 6, + .
3

5, , 3,1

. .
.

2
3

.. : + , 3 .
. .
: , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2,
,
.

2
3

-1,2

-2

3
5

-7

5
7

 - -

Ox Ox,
xx
0
x

1
x

,
.
x

xx

x
-3
x

-2

O
-1

5
2

3
x

3
2

-0,5

0 .
Ox .
Ox .

1. xx .
2. xx ,

x

.. 2
-2
x

-1

0
O

2
x

1. , :

5, + 3,

2
1
, 0, , 3, 4
3
2

+ .
: + 3,

1
.
2

255

256

. , : 5,

2
, 3, 4 .
3
0 .

2. :
) 30 C
) 580
) 50 m

: ) 30 C, ) + 580 , ) 50 m

1
+70 C, / 30 C, 50 C, +20 C, 80 C, 100 C, 60 C, +110 C

3
2
1
0
1
2

1. ) , .
) , .
) , .
2. : +5, +8, 7, 18

: 3,1, 20, 3.

 - -

3. ) , . ( 7 ), . , . , . (
+2, 2).

4. : (), (), (), (), ()

: (), (), ()
0 . () () .

5. ) +50.000 , ) 78.000 , ) +500 , ) 1 , ) 30 m.

6. : 6 , 10 , 9 ,
9 , 5 , 5 , 0 . .
7. ) ,
(. )
(. ). ,
8 5 = 3. 3 3 : 2 = 1,5.
1,5 , . Ox
5 + 1,5 = 6,5.

6 6,5 7

1,5

) ,
. , . ,
13. 4 ( ). , 13 4 = 9,
9 : 2 = 4,5. . 4,5 4,5 + 4 = 8,5 .
8,5.

x 14

13

12

11

10

98,58

4,5

1. , :
.
.
. xx 0 .

257

258

2. , , :
5, + 3, 4, 0, 1,8 ,

3
.
2

3. :
) 50 C
) 50
) 150
) 18 m .

7.2

2
() (. 8).

, () > 0 (. 9).

, () = 0 (. 10)

( ) 0 0 ( = ).

||.
|| = () [. 11 12)

0 > 0, || > 0

= 0, () = 0, || = 0 (. 13)

| | 0

 - -

:
|+ 2| = () = 2
| 2| = () = 2 (. 14)

.
0 0.
..

+ 2 2 , |+2| = | 2|

2 + 2

+ 2 2

.

+ 2 (+ 2) = 2

3 3

2 ( 2) = + 2

- (+3) +3 -3.
:
x x |- x| = |x|

-x

: .. |+ 5| = + 5

-x

: .. |- 3| = |+ 3|

0 , . |0| = 0

,
, , .
-
x

(OA) = (OA)

<<0<<

259

260

x
>

0
0
x

>0

0
x

<0

, .. + 3 < + 5 |+ 3| = 3 < 5 = |+ 5|. .

0

+3

+5

, .. 5 < 2 | 5| = 5 > 2 = | 2|. .
.
-5

-2

1. :
3
) 3, ) + , ) 1,2
2

.
1
3 3 . | 3| = 3
-3
x

0
3

1
x

2
3 , , .
| 3| = ( 3) = + 3 = 3

 - -

3
, ,
2
3
3 3
. | + | = + =
2
2 2

. +

. 1,2 < 0, | 1,2| = 1,2

2. ) 5.
5
) x, | x |=
7

. xx, 5.

5. , 5 5.
-5
x

. | x |=

0
5

5
5

5
5
5
5 5
5 5
x =
x = , | |= | |= .
7
7
7
7 7
7 7

: 1 , : 3 , : 5 , : 4

8 8.
.
3,5, 3,5.
6, 6.

: 3 < 2 < 1 < 0 < +1 < +3 < +5

261

262

: +5 > +3 > + 1 > 0 > 1 > 2 > 3

1. ) , , ) , ) , 6, +6, ) , ) .

2.
.
2,73 |2,73| = 2,73
+7,66 |+7,66| = 7,66
1,05 |1,05| = 1,05
0 |0| = 0
+8,07 |+8,07| = 8,07
8 |8| = 8
3. ) ( )
) ( 7,6 < 6,7, |7,6| = 7,6 > 6,7 = |6,7|.
) ( x 3 4)
) ( 2, 1, 0, +1, +2.
) (.. 3, +5 .
, .. 6 +6.
4. ) |+7,25| = 7,25, ) |2,5| = 2,5, ) |+16| = 16, ) |20,05| = 20,05, ) |58| = 58
5. ) || = 100 = 100 = 100

) || = 21,7 = 21,7 = 21,7

) || = 0, = 0
) || = 7,03 = 7,03 = 7,03
) || = 5,2 = 5,2 = 5,2

6. :

+2

19

+8

12

+7

+2

+19

+12

+7

19

12

7. xOx :

9 < 7,25 < 5,5 < 3 < +1 < +3 < +8 < +9 < +12
9, +9 3, +3.

8. xOx :

69 < 68,25 < 39,75 < 20,5 < +15 < +43 < +52,25 < +70.

263

- -
-69

-39.75

+15

+52.25

+70

-70
-68.25

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

-20.5

40

50

60

70

+43

9. ) +38 < +41, |+38| = 38 < 41 = |+41|

) 9 < 11, |9| = 9 < 11 = |11|
) 3 < 2, |3| = 3 > 2 = |2|
) 9 > 16, |9| = 9 < 16 = |16|
) 7 > 8, .
) 0 > 3, 0 .
) 0 < +4, 0 .
10. ) 11 = |11| 11 < 11, 11 < 11 = |11|
) +3 = |3| 3 < +3, 3 < +3 = |3|

.
11. : 10 < 8 < 4 < 3 < 2 < 0 < +5 < +7 < +15
12. ) >, ) <, ) >, ) >, ) =, ) =, ) =, ) >, ) >, ) >
13. ) x : 12, 11, 10, 9
) 4 < x < 5
) x : 1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4

1. , :

.

..
. .
. x
. ,
. < 0, || = ..
. |0| =
. > 0 < 0, .
. < 0 < 0 || < ||, .

264

. .

2. ) 3

xx.
) 3.

3. :
. + 13,

. 9,

. 3,5,

7.3

5
, . 0.
7

,
.
..
(+ 5) + (+ 3):

+ 5 + 3, . |+ 5| + |+ 3| = 5 + 3
= 8.

+. , (+ 5) + (+ 3) = + 8
:

( 2) + ( 3) = (|- 2| + |-3|) = - (2 + 3) = - 5

(- 3) + (- 5) + (- 7) = - (|- 3| + |- 5| + |- 7|) = - (3 + 5 + 7) = - 15

, -

265

. ..
(+ 7) + (- 3)

+7 3. |+ 7| = 7 |3| = 3

+ 7, 3 , : |+ 7| - |- 3| = 7 3 = 4

+, |+ 7| > |- 3|. , (+ 7) + (- 3) = + 4

6 3
5 4
6 6
3 3
| |= , | + |=
5 5
4 4
6
3
6
3
, + | |>| + |
5
4
5
4
3
24 15
9
6 3
6
6 3
=
+ + = | | | + | = =
4
20
20
5 4
5
5 4
+ +

(+ 5) + (- 8) = - (|- 8| - |+ 5|) = - (8 5) = - 3

(- 3,2) + (+1,4) = - (3,2 1,4) = - 1,8

(+ 7) + (- 7) = 0

+=+

+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

+0=0+=
+ (- ) = (- ) + = 0

1. + (- ) = 0 0.

2. + = 0, = - . . ,
.

:

+ = 0, , .

, , + = 0

266

:
.
:

,
.

,
.

1. :

. (+ 7) + (+ 8), . (- 5) + (- 9), . (+ 13) + (- 6), . (- 11) + (+ 8), . (- 17) + (+ 17)

. |+ 7| = 7 |+ 8| = 8
+ 7 + 8 : (+ 7) + (+ 8) = + (|+ 7| + |+ 8|)
= + (7 + 8) = + 15
. |- 5| = 5 |- 9| = 9
5 9 : (- 5) + (- 9) = - (|-5| + |- 9|) = - (5
+ 9) = - 14
. |+ 13| = 13 |- 6| = 6
+ 13 6 : (+ 13) + (- 6) = (|+ 13|
- |- 6|) = + (13 6) = + 7
. |- 11| = 11 |+ 8| = 8
11 + 8 : (- 11) + (+ 8) = - (|- 11| - |+ 8|)
= - (11 8) = - 3
. 17 + 17 : (- 17) + (+ 17) = 0

3 3
2. : . (- 3,5) + (- 4), . +
4 5

. -3,5 4 . : (- 3,5) + (- 4) = - (|- 3,5| + |- 4|)

= - (3,5 + 4) = - 7,5
.

3
3
+ .
4
5

3 3
3
3 3
|= ,| + | >
4 4
5
4 5

3 3
4 5

15 12
3
3 3
=
=
20
20
4 5

: + + =

1. ) , ) , ) , ) , )
2. ) + 10,2, ) +9,1, ) +100, ) +14, ) +16, ) 6, ) 6,5, ) 12, ) 15, ) 20.
3. . 2,1, ) +0,96, ) +94,6, ) +8,8, ) 1,5, ) +1, ) +3,9, ) +2,3, ) +4,5,
) +7,4

4. :

1: (5) + (+4) = 1, (5) + (8) = 13, (5) + (11) = 16,

(5) + (+17) = +12
2: (+9) + (+4) = +13, (+9) + (8) = +1, (+9) + (11) = 2,
(+9) + (+17) = +26
3: (4) + (+4) = 0, (4) + (8) = 12, (4) + (11) = 15, (4) + (+17) = +13
4: (21) + (+4) = 17, (21) + (8) = 29, (21) + (11) = 32,
(21) + (+17) = 4

5. ) (+6) + (8) = 2, ) (+5) + (5) = 0, ) (+7) + (+9) = +16, ) (9) + (8) = 17,
) (+6) + (+5) = +11

6. :

:
1: (1) + (+4) + (3) = (1) + (3) + (+4) = (4) + (+4) = 0
2: (2) + 0 + (+2) = (2) + (+2) = 0
3: (+3) + (4) + (+1) = (+3) + (+1) + (4) = (+4) + (4) = 0
:
1: (1) + (2) + (+3) = (3) + (+3) = 0
2: (+4) + 0 + (4) = (+4) + (4) = 0

267

268

3: (3) + (+2) + (+1) = (3) + (+3) = 0

1: (1) + 0 + (+1) = (1) + (+1) = 0
2: (3) + 0 + (+3) = (3) + (+3) = 0
, .

:
1: (+1,1) + (+2,4) + (2,5) = (+3,5) + (2,5) = +1
2: (0,1) + (+3,5) + (4,9) = (+5,9) + (4,9) = +1
3: 0 + (4,9) + (+5,9) = +1

1: (+1,1) + (0,1) + 0 = +1
2: (+2,4) + (+3,5) + (4,9) = (+5,9) + (4,9) = +1
3: (2,5) + (2,4) + (+5,9) = (4,9) + (+5,9) = +1

1: (+1,1) + (+3,5) + (+5,9) = +10,5
, ,
1.

7. ) (3,8) + (+2,8) + (5,4) + (+8,2) = (3,8) + (5,4) + (+2,8) + (+8,2)

= (9,2) + (+11) = +1,8
) (3,5) + (9,99) + (15,75) + (+20,75) + (+9,99)
= (3,5) + (9,99) + (15,75) + (+2,5) + (+20,75) + (+9,99) =
(29,24) + (+33,24) = +4

8. )

9 5 2 5 7 20 4 3 13
+ + + + + + + + = + + + = (+1) + (2)
4 4 3 3 13 13 4 3 13

4 3 13
= + + + = (+1) + (2) = 1
4 3 13
1 5 3 1 4 3 7 1
) + + + + + = + +
+
7 7 5 35 7 5 7 35

4 21 1 4 20 4 5 20
+ = ++ =
++
7 35 35 7 35 7 5 35

= ++

20 20
++ = 0
35 35

269

1. (), , (),

:
. .
. , .
. ,
.
. , .
. + = 0, .

2. :

. (+ 5) + (+ 8), . (+ 12) + (+ 18), . (- 3) + (- 7), . (- 23) + (- 17),

. (+3), + (+ 5) + (+ 9), . (- 2) + (- 10) + (- 1)

3. = + 3, = - 2 = - 5,
= + + .

7.4

,
. . = + (- )
.. (+ 3) (+ 5) = (+ 3) + (- 5) = - 2

1. .
2. :

x+=x=

x=x=

270

1. : . (- 5) (- 3), . (+ 8) (+ 13)

:
. (- 5) (- 3) = (- 5) + (+ 3) = - 5 + 3 = 2
. (+ 8) (+ 13) = (+ 8) + (- 13) = 8 13 = - 5

2.
= (- 8) + (+ 6) (- 4) + (- 2) (+ 7) + (+ 3)

:
= (- 8) + (+ 6) (- 4) + (- 2) (+ 7) + (+ 3)
= (- 8) + (+ 6) + (+ 4) + (- 2) + (- 7) + (+ 3) = 8 + 6 + 4 2 7 + 3
= 8 2 7 + 6 + 4 +3 = 17 + 13 = 4

: (+360 C), : (100 C).

: (10) (+36) = 46, .
46 .
:

: (5) (8) = (5) + (+8) = +3, .
30 C.

: (+10) (5) = (+10) + (+5) = +15, .
150 C.

: (+18) (+10) = +8

: (+24) (+18) = +6

: (+32) (+24) = +8

: (+36) (+32) = +4

: (+28) (+36) = (+28) + (36) = 8, .
80 C.

: (+20) (+28) = (+20) + (28) = 8, .

80 C.

: (+7) (+20) = (+7) + (20) = 13

: (3) (+7) = (3) + (7) = 10

: (10) (3) = (10) + (+3) = 7

1. ) (.. (+5) (2) = (+5) + (+2) = +7)

) (.. (9) (+3) = (9) + (3) = 12
) (.. (4) (+1) = (4) + (1) = 5, (+1) (4) = (+1) + (+4) = +5)
) ( 6 (+8) + (+5) + (3) + 2 + (1) = 6 8 + 5 3 + 2 1 =
=6 + 5 + 2 8 3 1 = 13 12 = 1)
) ( x + (3) = 2 x = (2) (3) x = (2) + (+3) x = +1)
) ( x + (2) = +5 x = (+5) (2) x = (+5) + (+2) x = +7.
x (+7) = 10 + (+5) x (+7) = (5) x = (5) (7) x = (5) + (+7)
x = +2. , )
) ( x (2) = (8) + (+7) (4) x + 2 = 8 + 7 + 4 x = 8 2 + 7 +4
x = 10 + 11 x = 1
2. ) 5 (7) = 5 + 7 = 12, ) 8 (+8) = 8 8 = 16, ) 2 (15,2) = 2 + 15,2 =
2 2
2 2
13,2, ) 14,55 18,45 = 3,9, ) = + = 0
7 7
7 7
3. ) |+3| + |2| + |9| = 3 + 2 + 9 = 14

) |20| + |10| |+10| = 20 + 10 10 = 20

) |3| |2| + |5| |+6| = 3 2 + 5 6 = 3 + 5 2 6 = 0

4. ) (+5) (+3) + (+8) = 5 3 + 8 = 5 + 8 3 = 13 3 = 10

) (25) + (4) (10) = 25 4 + 10 = 29 + 10 = 19
) (+12) + (+2) (8) = 12 + 2 + 8 = 22

5.

1:
= +3 + = 5 (+3) + = 5 = (5) (+3) = (5) + (3)
= 8
= (+3) (8) = (+3) + (+8) = +11
2:
= 8 + = +10 + (8) = +10 = (+10) (8) = 10 + 8
= 18
= (+18) (8) = 18 + 8 = 26
3
= 2, = 5 + = (2) + (5) = 7

271

272

= (2) (5) = (2) + (+5) = 3

4
= 9 + = +6 (9) + = 6 = (+6) (9) = 6 + 9 = 15
= (9) (+15) = 24

6. ) x + (8) = 18 x = (18) (8) x = (18) + (+8) x = 10

) x + 12 = 14 x = 14 12 x = 26

5 7
7 5
7 10
3
x = x = 0,375
) x + = x = x =

4 8
8 4
8 8
8
5
5
8 5
13
x = 3,25
) x = 2 x = 2 + x = + x =
4
4
4 4
4
7.

1
= 7 3 = 4
= 3 7 = 4
2

3 11
1 13
=
3 =
. :
4 4
4 4
11 13
2
1
= =
=
4 4
4
2
13 11 2 1
= =
=
4 4 4 2
2

3
= (5,55) (2,45) = (5,55) + (2,45) = 3,1
= (2,45) (5,55) = (2,45) + (+5,55) = 3,1
4
= 3 (2,1) = 3 + 2,1 = 5,1
= (2,1) 3 = 2,1 3 = 5,1

1 1
2 2

: 4, 4, , , 3,1, 3,1, 5, 1, 5,1

8. ) 11 (12 2) + (10 5) (8 + 5) 11 10 + 5 13 = 11 + 5 10 13 =
=16 23 = 7
) (13,7 2,6) + 14,8 (8,7 + 5) = (+11,1) + 14,8 (3,7) =
=11,1 + 14,8 + 3,7 = 7,4
)

1 3 5 7 5 1 2 7 10
+ = +
6 4 4 12 6 6 4 12 12

2 6 17
9
3
+ = = = 0,75
12 12 12
12
4

1. : . (+ 7) (+ 3), . ( 12) ( 8), . (+ 5) (+ 7), .
( 6) ( 10), . (+ 7) (+ 7), . 0 (+ 3)

2. : . ( 2) (+ 3) ( 7), . (+ 5) ( 7) + ( 3) (+ 5), .
( 12) + ( 3) ( 7) (+ 5), . (+ 13) (+ 3,4) ( 7,6) + ( 1)
3. = + 2, = 3, = 6 = + 5, :
. = + , . = + 7

7.5

. .

> 0 > 0, > 0

< 0 < 0, > 0
. .
> 0 < 0, < 0
> 0, ,
< 0, , .

273

274

( ) = ( )

1=1=
0=0=0
( + ) = +

1. , = 1
2. .

,
+. .
+ + = +
(+ 3) (+ 2) = (|3|) (|2|) = + (3 2) = + 6
=+
( 5) ( 4) = + (5 4) = 20
,
. .
+ =
(+ 2) ( 5) = 10
+ =
( 7) (+ 3) = 21

1. : . (+2) (+15), . (3) (8), . (+5) (14),
. (8) (+9)

. +2 +15 , +.
: (+2) (+15) = + (|+2| |+15|) = + (2 15) = + 30
(+2) (+15) = + (2 15) = +30
(+2) (+15) = +30
. : (3) (8) = + (|3| |8|) = + (3 8) = +24 (3) (8) = 24
. +5 14 ,
. : (+5) (14) = (5 14) = 70
. : (8) (+9) = 72

2. = 3, = 5 = 1, :
. = 4 , . = (2 ) ( ) +

. = 4 = 3 (5) 4 (5) (3) (1) = 15 + 20 3 = 32

. = (2 ) ( ) + = [2 (3) (5)] [1 (3) (5)] + (5) (1)
= (6 + 5) (1 15) + 5 = 1 (16) + 5 = 16 + 5 = 21

+524,5 , 10 ( ).
:
(+524,5) + (+524,5) + + (+524,5) = 5.245 , (+524,5) (+10) = 5.245
, .
, +.
265,4 , 10 ( ).
:
(265,4) (+10) = 2.654 .
, .
, .
,
.

1. ) +, ) , ) , ) 1, ) .
2. ) (1) (1) = + (1 1) = +1

) 3 (10) = + (3 10) = +30

) 1,2 (0,5) = + (1,2 0,5) = +0,6
) 0 (10.589) = 0
) 1 (20.015) = 20.015
) 0,725 (+1.000) = (0,725 1.000) = 725
)

12 15
180
12 15
= 0, 3
= =
25 24
600
25 24

3. ) 5 27 + 2 27 = (5 + 2) 27 = (3) 27 = 81

275

276

) 10,35 (25) + 9,65 (25) = (10,35 + 9,65) (25) = 20 (25) = 500

6
6
6
6
6
) (10) + (+3) = (10 + 3) = (7) = + 7 = +6
7
7
7
7
7

4. 1
1
1
(2)(1) = + (2 1) = +2,(2) = + 2 = +1,(2) 0 = 0 ,
2
2
(2)(+2) = (2 2) = 4,(2)(+3) = (2 3) = 6

2:
1
1

(3, 2)(1) = + (3, 2 1) = +3, 2 , (3, 2) = + 3, 2 = +1, 6, (3, 2) 0 = 0

2
2

(3, 2)(+2) = (3, 2 2) = 6, 4,(3, 2)(+3) = (3, 2 3) = 9, 6

3:
3
3
3
3
3 1
3 1
+ (1) = 1 = = 1, 5, + = = = 0, 75
2
4
2
2
2 2
2 2
3
3
3
3
3 9
+ 0 = 0, + (+2) = + 2 = +3, + (+3) = + 3 + = +4, 5
2
2
2
2
2 2

4:
1
1

(+10)(1) = (10 1) = 10,(+10) = 10 = 5,(+10) 0 = 0 ,

2
2

(+10)(+2) = + (10 2) = +20,(+10)(+3) = + (10 3) = +30

5. ) (7)(8 +10 5) = (7)(3) = + (7 3) = +21

1 1 1
2 4 1
1
) (0, 25 0, 05) + = 0, 20 + = 0, 20 +
4
2
8
8
8
8

8
1

= + 0, 20 = +(0, 20 0,125) = +0, 025

8

1
) (10) 6 = 10 1 = 11
6

6. ) (5 + )(2 + ) = (5 + ) 2 + (5 + ) = 10 + 2 + 5 +

) ( + 7)( 7) = ( + 7) + ( + 7)( 7) = + 7 + (7) + 7(7)

= 2 + (7 7) 49 = 2 49
) ( 3)( 3) = ( 3) + ( 3) (3) = 3 + (3) + (3)(3)
= 3 3 + 9
) ( + 8)( + 5) = ( + 8) + ( + 8) 5 = + 8 + 5 + 8 5 = + 8 + 5 + 40

7. ) (1)(1) = +1 ,
.

) (1)(1)(1) = 1 ,
.
) (1)(1)(1)(1) = +1,
.

8. = 3
= (3 1)(3 +1)(3 2)(3 + 2) = 2 4 1 5 = 40
= 2
= 2(2 3)(2 + 3)(2 5)(2 + 5) = 2(1)(+5)(3)(+7) = + (2 1 5 3 7) = +210
= 0,5
= 0, 5(2 0, 5 1)(3 0, 5 +1)(4 0, 5 2)(0, 5 + 2)(0, 5 2)
= 0, 5 0 2, 5 0 2, 5 (1, 5) = 0

9. 1:
A = xyz = (2)(+0, 5)(+1) = (2 0, 5 1) = 1
B = yx = (+0, 5)(2)(3) = + (0, 5 2 3) = +3
= xA B = (2)(1) (+3) = (+2) (+3) = 2 3 = 1
AB + = (1)(+3) + (1) = (3) + (1) = 4
2:
1
1

= xyz = (+6)(4) = + 6 4 = +12

2
2

1
1

B = yx = (+6) (0, 3) = + 6 0, 3 = +0, 9

2
2

277

278

1
1

= xA B = (+12) (+0, 9) = 12 (+0, 9) = 6 0, 9 = 6, 9

2
2

AB + = (+12)(+0, 9) + (6, 9) = (12 0, 9) + (6, 9) = +10, 8 6, 9 = 3, 9

3:
3
3

= xyz = (2) + (+0, 2) = 2 0, 2 = 0, 6

2
2

3
3

B = yx = + (2)(7) = + 2 7 = +21
2
2

= x = (2)(0, 6) (+21) = + (2 0, 6) (+21) = 1, 2 + (21) = 19, 8

+ = (0, 6)(+21) + (19, 8) = (0, 6 21) + (19, 8) = 12, 6 19, 8 = 32, 4

1. (), ()
:
. .
. .
. = 5, .
. = 3, .

2. :
. (+5) (+6),
. (+7) (+9),
. (3) (8),
. (6) (7),
. (+3) (5),
. (+6) (8).

3. = 2, = 3 = 1, :
. = 3 2 + 5,
. = + ,
. = + 2,
. = ( ) ( 3)

279

7.6

,
:

+, . . + : + = + : = +
.. (+15) : (+3) = +5
(21) : (7) = 3

, . . + : = : + =
.. (+42) : (6) = 7
(72) : (+9) = 8

( 0).
x = . . x = x =

1
= , : =

0 .

1. :

. 36 : (9), . 48 : (12), . 63 : 7, . 45 : (9), . 3,6 : (1,2)

. 36 : (9) = + (36 : 9) = +4
. 48 : (12) = (48 : 12) = 4
. 63 : 7 = (63 : 7) = 9
. 45 : (9) = (45 : 9) = 5
. 3,6 : (1,2) = + (3,6 : 1,2) = 3

2
2. : . 7x = 21, . 18x = 9, . x = 4
3
21
21
. 7x = 21 x =
x=
x = 3
7
7

280

9
9
1
x=
x=
18
18
2
2
3
2
2
. x = 4 x = 4 : x = + 4 : x = 4 x = 6
3
2
3
3
. 18x = 9 x =

1. ) +, ) , ) , , )
2. ) (+15,15) : (+3) = +(15,15 : 3) = +5, 05
) (4, 5) : (1, 5) = +( 4, 5 : 1, 5) = +3
) (81) : (+0, 9) = (81 : 0, 9) = 90
) 49 : (7) = (49 : 7) = 7

3. 1
7 5 14 5
19
+
=
=
3 6
6
6
6
7 5
7 5
14 5
9
3
x y=

= = + = =
3 6
3 6
6 6
6
2

x+ y=

35
7 5 7 5
7 5
xy = = = + = +
18
3 6 3 6
3 6
42
7 5 7 6
x : y = : = = +
15
3 6 3 5

2
x + y = 1, 7 + 2, 3 = 4
x y = 1, 7 2, 3 = 0, 6
xy = 1, 7 2, 3 = 3, 91
17 23 17 10 170 17
x : y = 1, 7 : 2, 3 = : = =
=
10 10 10 23 230 23

3
4
4 5
9
4
x + y = + (1) = 1 = =
5
5 5
5
5
4
4 5 1
x y = (1) = + =
5
5 5 5
4
4
xy = (1) = +
5
5

4
4
x : y = : (1) = +
5
5
10 1.000
=
= 40
0, 25
25
0, 75
0, 75
75
)
=+
= + = +1, 5
0, 5
0, 5
50
120
120 120
120
)
=
=
=+
= +6
(12) + (8) 12 8 20
20
1 16
2 8
) 3 =
2 = , :
5 5
3 3
48
6
1 2 16 8
16 3
=+
3 : 2 = : = + = +
5
3
5
3
5
8
40
5

4. )

74
2
= 24
3
3
) 0,14 x = 49 x = (49) : (0,14) x = + (49 : 0,14) x = +350

5. ) 3x = 74 x = 74 : (3) x =

) x(2) = 12 (2) x = 12 x = 12 : (2) x = (12 : 2) x = 6

)

2
4
12
4 2
4
4 3
x = x = x = : x = x = = 1
3
6
12
6 3
6
6 2

1 2
12 1 2 12 1 1 4
+

= + = +
3 6 15 3 6 15 3 3 5
1 1 4
2 4
10 12 2
= + = + = + =
3 3 5
3 5
15 15 15

6. )

281

282

(2)(5)(1)
(2)(5)(1)
(2 5 1)
10
(2)(5)(1)
=
=+
=
= = 1

10
10
10
10
10

7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3
)
: = : = + :
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
4
2 2
= = +
9
3 3

7. ) (8) (15) : (8) (8) + (27) :

64
8

9
= + 8 [+(15 : 8) ] (8) + (27) : =
8
64

9 7 15
8
56 15

(8) + 27 : = (8) + 27 =
8 8 8
9
64 8

216
8
= +8 + 24 = +32
(8) +
9
8

1. , :
.
. > 0 < 0,
.

...
=

...

...

. 0, x = x =
...
. 0

2. :

. (+15) : (+3), . (24) : (8) , . (45) : (+9), . (+39) : (13)

3. :
. 3x = 6,
. 2x = 5,

. 6x = 18,
. 5 x =

2
,
3

3
x = 2,
5
5
10
. x =
3
3

7.7

, .


( ), :

2

37
37
5, . = 2 5 ,
, ..
=
= 1, 85

20 22 5
2 5,

2
.. = 0,666, 6
3
.

0,666 6
0, 6 .
163
..
= 1, 646464...
99

.

283

284

.

.

,
, .
:
.
:

.

:
1. x . x = .
2. x , (1)
10, .
3. x , (1)
10, .
4. 2
x.
5. .

1. : .
0, 7 , . 1, 53.

. 0, 7
x = 0, 7
x = 0,777
10x = 7,777
10x = 7 + 0,777
10x = 7 + x
10x x = 7

(10 1)x = 7
9x = 7
x=

7
9

0, 7 =

7
9

. 1, 53
x = 1, 53
x = 1,535353
100x = 153,5353
100x = 153 + 0,5353
100x = 153 + x 1
100x x = 153 1
(100 1)x = 152
99x = 152
x=

152
99

1, 53 = x =

152
99

1. )
)

15
5
13
20
= 1, 5 , ) = 0, 625 , )
= 0, 9285714 , )
= 1, 81 ,
10
8
14
11

32
= 1, 032258064516129
31

2. ) 57, 92 =

5.792 5.792 : 4 1.448

=
=
100
100 : 4
25

) x = 2, 8 : x = 2,888 10x = 28,888 10x = 26 + 2,888

26
10x = 26+x 10x x = 26 (10 1)x = 26 9x = 26 x =
9

285

286

2, 8 =

26
9

) x = 3, 83 : x = 3,838383 100x = 383,838383 100x =

380 + 3,838383 100x = 380 + x 100x x = 380 (100 1)x = 380 99x =
380
380
380 x =
. 3, 83 =
.
99
99
) .
) .

3. ) 3, ) 7,7, ) 7,326

1 ,
1

.
10
1
1 1
1

,

=
10
10 10 100
. .
.
:
= 1+

1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ ...
10 100 1.000 10.000

= 1 + 0,1 + 0,01 + 0,001 + 0,0001 +

= 1,1111

1,1.
x = 1,1 :
x = 1,1111 10x = 11,111 10x = 11 + 0,1111 + 1,1111 - 1,1111 10x
= 11 + 0,1111 + x 1,1111 10x x = 11 + 0,1111 - 1,1111 9x = 11 1
9x = 10 x =

10
1
=1
9
9

, 1

1
.
9

1. :
.

7
15
17
5
30
91
, .
, .
, . , .
, .
10
8
20
3
11
44

2. :
. 3,2, . 5,45, . 0,047, . 1, 5 , . 3, 26 , . 9, 73 , . 1, 275

7.8

v 2
, . .
=
1 =

.
.. (+2)3 = (+2) (+2) (+2) = +8 > 0
:
.. (3)4 = (3) (3) (3) (3) = +81 > 0

:
.. (2)3 = (2) (2) (2) = 8 < 0

287

288

,

.
:
1. > 0, > 0
2. < 0, :
, > 0
, < 0

1. ,
: = +

2. ,
, :

: = =

3. ,
: ( ) =

4. ,
:

5. ,
: () =

(3)4 = (3) (3) (3) (3) = + (3 3 3 3) = +34 = 34 (3)4 = 34

, , () =
(2)5 = (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) = (2 2 2 2 2) = 25
(2)5 = 25
, , () =
, (1) = 1, .. (1)38 = 1
, (1) = 1, .. (1)17 = 1

() .
() .
,
.. 34 = 81,
.

1. : . (5)4, . (13)5, . 76, . (6)7

. (5)4
: (5)4 > 0. , +.
. 13 < 0 5 ( )
(13)5 < 0. .
. 76 , 76.
76 > 0, 76 < 0. , .
. (6)7 < 0, (6)7 > 0. +.

3
.
3 . . : 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 3 = 32 = 9
9 3 .
. : 3 + 3 + + 3 = 9 3 = 3 3 3 = 33 = 27 .
:
: 3 3 3 3 = 34 = 81
: 3 3 3 3 3 = 35 = 243 .

289

290

1. ) , ) , ) , ) , )
, ) , )
, )

2. 1 :
3 + 52 = 3 + 5 5 = 3 + 25 = 28
(3 + 5) 2 = 82 = 8 8 = 64
3 52 = 3 25 = 75
(3 5) 2 = 152 = 15 15 = 225
3 52 = 3 5 5 = 3 25 = 22
(3 5) 2 = (2) 2 = (2)(2) = +4
32 3 3 9
=
= = 1, 8
5
5
5
2

2
3 3 9
3 3
=
=
=
= 0, 36

2
5 5 25
5 5

:
3 + 52 3 52 28
(3 + 5) 2 3 5 64
3 52 3 52 75
(3 5) 2 3 5 225
3 52 3 52 -22
(3 5) 2 3 5 4
32
32 5 1,8
5
2
3
3 5 0,36
5

3. = (1)1 + (1) 2 + (1)3 + (1) 4 + (1)5 = (1) + (+1) + (1) + (+1) + (1)
= 1+11+11 = 1

= 32 54 25 45 + 87, 5 4 3 = 32 625 25 1.024 + 87, 5 64

= 20.000 25.600 + 5.600 = 0
(6)5
84
103
65 84 103
65 84 103
+
=

+
=
+

= 5
3
(4) 4 (5)3
35 +4 4 53
35 4 4 53

6 8 10
= = 25 24 23 = 32 16 8 = 8
3 4 5

1. (), (),

:
. < 0 , < 0
. =
. ( ) =

. =

. () =

2.
:

3
. (+7) , . (5) , . .
2
3

3. :
. x2 x3, . y5 y, . 3 4, .

7.9

x5
y3
,
.
x2
y

0
: 0 = 1 , 0

291

292

1 1
= = ,0

= , , 0

.
. :

1
=

1
1 =

< ,

10 =

1
= , 0

1
= 0, 00...1
10

3
1
1. : . 5 , . 3 , . 10 , . , . ,
2
4
2

5
7

. 52 =

1
1
=
2
5
25

293

. 31 =

1
3

. 103 =

1
= 0, 001
103

24 16
3
2
. = = 4 =
3
81
2
3
3
1
. = 43 = 64
4
1
7
5
. =
5
7

1. 1:

9
1
1
1 4 3
3
( + ) = + (2) = 2 = = = + = + = +2, 25
4
2
2
2 2 2
2
2

9
3
= + = + = +2, 25
4
2
2

1
1
( ) = (2) = 2 = (1) 2 = +1
2
2
2

1 1
2
2
2 2 1 1 1
1
=
=
=
=
= = +0, 0625
2

2
2(2) 4 16
1
2

4
1 2
( ) = = = + = +4
1
2 1
2

1
2
5 5
( ) = (2) = + 2 = = = = 2,5
5
2 2
5

5
1

294

2
2

9
1 2 1 3
( + ) 2 = (1) + = = = + = +2, 25
4
2 2 2 2

1
1
1 1
1
( ) = (1) = + 1 = + = + 2 = + = +0, 25
2
4
2 2
2

1
2
2

1 1 (1) 2 1 2 2
2
=
= = (+2) = +4
= 1 = 1 =

1 (1) 1 1 1
2 2
2

( ) 2 = [(1) ] = (+1) 2 = (+1) 2 = +1

2

3 1
3 1
4
3
4
( ) = = = = =
3
4
3
2 2
2 2
1

( + ) 2 = [10 + (10) ] = (10 10) 2 = 0

2

( ) 2 = [10(10) ] = [(10 10) ] = (100) 2 = +10.000

2

10 10
=
= = +1
(10) 10
2

1
10
1
( ) = (10) = = = +
= +0, 01
100
1
10
2

( ) = [0, 01(10) ] = [(0, 01 10) ]

1

1
10
= (0,1) = = = 10
10
1
1

2. = (1) 3 + (1) 2 + (1) 1 + (1)9 + (1)1 + (1) 2

= (1)3 + (1) 2 + (1)1 + (+1) + (1) + (+1) = (1) + (1) + (1) + (+1) + (+1) + (+1)
= (3) + (+3) = 0
5

= (2) 2 (3) 2

+ (23,5) 2 (23,5) 2

+1)

295

2
= (2) 25 (3) 2( 2) + (23,5 ) (23,5) 2 =

(2)10 (3) 4 + (23,5) 2+ ( 2) = (2)10 (3) 4 + (23,5)0

4

1
3
1
= (2) + (23,5)05 = 210 + (23,5)0 = 1.024
(3) 4
1
3
1
1.024 81 1.105
= 1.024 + 1 =
+ =
81
81
81
81
10

(6) 5
164
53
6
16
5
=
+

= +

5
4
3
12
(32)
(10)
12
32
10
5

1
1
1
2 2 2
= + = +
2
2
2
1 1 1
25
(2) 4 (2)3 32 16 8
=
+
3 =
+
= 32 + 16 + 8 = 8
(1)5
14
1
1 1 1

3.

1
= 101 ,103 5 2 = 103 10 = 103+1 = 104
10

1
= 103 ,103 + 102 = 1.000 + 100 = 1.100
3
10
( 1.100 10)

4. 1:
0, 001 = 103 , :

x 3 = (103 ) 3 = 10( 3)( 3) = 109

x3 = (103 )3 = 10( 3)3 = 109
x 1 = (103 ) 1 = 10( 3)( 1) = 103
2:
0, 01 = 102 , :

x 3 = (102 ) 3 = 10( 2)( 3) = 106

x3 = (102 )3 = 10( 2)3 = 106
x 1 = (102 ) 1 = 10( 2)( 1) = 102

296

3:
0,1 = 101 , :

x 3 = (101 ) 3 = 10( 1)( 3) = 103

x3 = (101 )3 = 10( 1)3 = 103
x 1 = (101 ) 1 = 10( 1)( 1) = 101 = 10
4:

x 3 = (10) 3 = 103
x3 = (10)3 = 103
x 1 = (10) 1 = 101 = 0,1
5:
100 = 102 , :

x 3 = (102 ) 3 = 102( 3) = 106

x3 = (102 )3 = 1023 = 106
x 1 = (102 ) 1 = 102( 1) = 102 = 0, 01

1. (), ,
(), :

1
32

. 32 =

. (235)0 = 1
3

17 13
. =
13 17
1
5

. 53 =
2

1
. = 32
3

2. :
4

2
. 3 , . 5 , . 10 , . , .
3
2

1
, .
5

18

13

3. :
37
1
25
. 2 2 , . 5 5 , . 7 7 , . 5 , . 2 , . 7 , . (23 ) 1 , . (31 ) 2 ,
3
5
2
. (52 ) 2
5

7.10

: 10 1 10 .

10- 1 10 .

1. 4700000.

4700000 :
4 7,
1 10, .
4,700000
6

297

298

, 4700000 4,7
106 . , 4700000 = 4, 7 106

1. ) 3, 844 108 m , ) 4, 45 109 , ) 1, 496 108 Km
2. 1, 67 1027 =

1, 67
. 1 gr. :
1027

1
1027 100 1027
=
=
= 0, 5988 1027 = 5, 988 101 1027 = 5, 988 1026
1, 67 1, 67
167
1027

3. ) 11014 = 1014 cm, ) 9, 7 1023 gr.

1. : . 30.000.000, . 5.600.000,
. 243.000.000, . 0,00002, . 0,00000034, . 0,000000000735.

301

302

1.1

-
, ,

1. , ,

( 2)

2.

-
,
, . . y, y.

 - - - - -

y
3. y

,
( 4)

4.

,
, ( 5)
x

5.

-
,
.

303

304

6.

,
2

1
7. 1 2

 - - - - -

1.

: , , , , , , ,
, , , ,

2.
;

305

306

: , , , , y, Ay
: , y
y.

1.

2.

3.

 - - - - -

152
1. )
)
)
)
)
2. ) , , , , ,

) , , , , , , , ,
,

307

308

) , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,

3. , , , ,
, , ,, ,

4. , , ,
x

5. :


y
y

 - - - -

y
z

1.2

y ( 8).
y
. y .
y

309

310

y
8.

9.

 - - - -

,
.

10.
,
.
.

11.

1.

311

312

,
,
,
,
,

2. , , ;

,
:

,
,
:

,
,
:

3.
;
x

 - - - -

, . , , , ,

1.

2.

3.
;
x

313

314

156

1. )

3.

4.

3
4

1.

2.

1
3
)

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

2. )
)
)

315

- - - -

3. y
y

4. )

1
x

3
4

2
x

x
x

3
4

x
x

2
3
4
5
6

1
x

3
x

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
x

316

1.3

-
.
, (m).
1.

Km

1 Km=1000 m

dm

cm

1 cm=

mm

1 mm=

1 dm=

1
m=0,1m
10

1
m=0,01 m
100
1
=0,001 m
1000

, - -

,
()
,
.

12.

1. 6,4 cm

3,2

6,4 cm

=. =3,2 cm.
==3,2 cm.
2. , , , =1 cm, =5 cm
=20 cm. .

20 cm

5 cm

1 cm

317

318

5+1=6 cm =5+20=25 cm
.

1.

200

Km

5,2
2,2
1000

2. , . ,
5 cm .
;
3. , , , =2 cm, =1 cm
=2 cm .
4. , , =3,4 cm.
,

5. 3
0,43 dm

162

, - -

1. )
)
2.
3.
25 cm=25:100 m=0,25 m
: 3,5+0,25+7,95+3,74=15,44 m
: 65-15,44=49,56 m
4. :
619+271+205=1.095 m
75 cm=0,75 m, :
1.095 m : 0.75 m=1.460
5. 4 15,3 m=61,2 m
60 m+3 dm+18 cm=60,48 m
61,2 m-60,48 m=0.72 m 72 cm
6.

Km

6.085.000

6.085

6.378.000

6.378

3.750.000

3.750

71.400.000

71.400

7.

cm

517

420

84

1.250

76

2.347

dm

51,7

42

8,4

125

7,6

234,7

5,17

4,2

0,84

12,5

0,76

23,47

8. , ,
2,7 cm

319

320

m
7c

2,7 cm

2,

2,7

9.

3 cm

cm

3 cm

3,8 cm

) >, 3,8 cm>3 cm

) ==3 cm
10.

3 cm

2,5 cm

3 cm

: + = 2, 5 + 3 = 5, 5 cm

: + = 3 + 2, 5 = 5, 5cm
11. , =
=4,2 cm, = 4,2 cm. =+=4,2+4,2
=8,4 cm

4,2 cm

4,2 cm

12.
, =.
,

3,3 c

1.4

,



.

13.

1. , , , =2 cm,

321

322

2 cm 1 cm
. .

=2 cm, =+2=2+2=4 cm =-1=3 cm

2 cm

4 cm

3 cm

=++=2+4+3=9 cm

1.
=60mm, =2cm, =0,6dm =1,3cm
2. , , =2 cm,
=10cm =8cm. , .
3. , , , =20cm,
=3dm, =2cm =5cm.
) , ) , ) + ) + ) _
4. .
=5cm =2,6cm.

5. , , ,
=6cm, =0,5km . ,

6. , =5cm
=2,5cm.

7.

323

3 cm ++

164
1. , , , .
,
1,3+1,3+1,5+2,5 cm=6,6 cm
=6,3cm.

2. 2,5cm,
. 3 2,5=7,5cm
, , ,
=7,5cm

324

2,5 cm

cm

2 ,5

2,5
cm

7,5 cm

3. 2cm mm. 2cm=20mm.

, ,
, , 16+9+12+14+20=71mm
4. =0,4m=0,4 100cm=40cm
y 10cm=30 cm
=3dm=3
=380mm=380:10 cm=38 cm

+++=40+30+50+38=158cm

5.
16 cm

20 cm

=-=16-6=10cm
=-=20-6=14cm
=-=20-16=4cm
6. . , ,
, =3cm, =5,5cm =4,6cm
) =+=3+5,5=8,5cm
) =-=4,6-3=1,6cm
) =-=5,5-1,6=3,9cm
+=4,6+3,9=8,5cm
) -=8,5-5,5=3cm
7. , , =6cm

325

=1cm
6

=
=2cm
3
=-(+)=6-(1+2)=6-3=3cm

1 cm

2 cm

6 cm

8. , , . =+4 =-3.

2 = + 4 + - 3 2 = + + 1 2 = - + 1
2+=+1 3=15
=5cm

14 cm

9. =2cm,
=0,5 =0,5 2=1cm
=2,5 =2,5 > 2=5cm
=+=2+1=3cm
5 cm
1 cm

2 cm

10. , , ,
=+=4,5cm
=-=3,2cm

3 cm
2 cm

6,2 cm

1,5 cm

326

11.
.
i)

3 cm

4 cm

=++=11cm
ii)

3,5 cm

4 cm
3 cm

3,5 cm

=-=5cm. =+=5cm
iii)

4 cm
3,5 cm

3 cm

=-=1cm. =+=4cm
iv)
3 cm

3,5 cm

4,5 cm

=-=1cm
=-=1,5cm
=--=2cm
) ,
11cm, 5cm, 4cm,
2cm
) =11cm

=5cm,
=4cm,
=2cm,
11cm

, -

1.5

y
14.

1. 90

y =45


90:2=45

327

328

=45

y

45
45

1. ) 80 ) 180
y =120 ,
2.
y , 1

4
y

y =60
3.
y
,
y =105 ,
4.
.

168
1.

, -

y =76.
2.
=76-56=20
z =56. zOy
,
x

56

76

20
y

3.

=48

=6

=215

=17

=72

=170

=90

=318

4. :
=45, =93,

=323, =82, =180, =324, =60, =140

329

330

5. > > >

6. ) < ) < ) < ) > ) < ) > ) >
y
7. ,

) 48 24
y
z
24
24

) 72 36
y
z
36
36

) 144 72
z
x

72

72
y

331

1.6

x
90

y
x

y
x

y
x

332

, y ,
y
90
x

1. 80

y =80

=
y =40

y

40
40

=40
=60
1.

333

)
)
y ,
2.
=2cm.
) y , =4 cm
)

172
1. )
)
2. .

.
, .

3. .
1, 2 .

334

4. y
. y
y
.
y. ,
, 1, 2 3
y.
1

5.
y 1
y.
2
. 1 2
( ).

1.7

,
( 15)
y
z

15.

( 16)
y
t
z

16.

335

336

1. ;
y

x
z

z
y
)
x z
y ,
) y

) )

1.

337

2.

3.

)
y

338

175
1. )
)

2. :

,
,

:
,
,

,
,
,

3. :

4. )
:

339

,
,
,

:
)
:

,
,

:
,

)
:

y yOz

zO

yOz

z zO

y yOv

, zO

y , yOz
:
)


:

,
,
:
,
,
,

5.
2

x
y

340

6.


, .
.
.

7.

.
, 1
2 (i)
1 2 ,
(ii)

(i)

(ii)

8. , :
, , , , , ,

1.8

180.
y
180

17. 180

90.
y
z
90

18. 90

.

341

342

y
19.

1. ,
)
) 20
)

1

4

) =2 . : +

=180 2 + =180 3 =180 =60

=120
) : = -20. + =180 +
-20=180 2 =180+20 2 =200 =100. =100-20=80
1

4
1
5

+ =180 4 + =180 4 =180 =144

) : =

1
= 144=36
4
2.

y
30

yO
=30
yO
=30

, yO
=
yO

=60
, +
=180 60+ =180 =120

1.
=100 )
=20 ) =105 ) =30
)
2.
=10 )
=50 ) =80
)
3.
.
4. ,

5. ,
50

343

344

6.
y

38

y
7.
y

y
x

20

120

8.
x

9.

x
z

y
z

30 x

=40.
y =90 yOz
10.
,
z yOz

y .
11.

y

80

179
1.
2. 125 180-125=55.
125
, .

345

346

125

55

3. )
) , 90+90=1800
)
4. 35 90-35=55.
=55
z =35 y O. yOz

z

y
z
55

35

,
=180-

5.
=180- (1)

,
=180-



=180- (2)

(1) (2)

347

6.
=15o, =180-15=165

15

=18o, =180-18=162

162
z

=43o, =180-43=137

18

y
x

=77o, =180-77=103
y

43

=90o, =180-90=90

90

y
z

116

=169o 10, =180-(169 10)=10 50

77

=116o, =180-116=64

(1=60)

16910

15

18

43

77

90

116

169 10

165

162

137

103

90

64

11

165

162

137

103

90

64

10 50

348

7.
147 =180-147=33
110 =180-110=70

147
110

y =37 .
8.
y .

y
37

37

9.

10. 1 2 ,
57, =180-57=123
57, =57
, = =123
2

57

349

11.
H 25, =25
H 90, =90
+25=90, 1 2, =65
, = =65
1

90

25

1.9

x
y
11. y

350

y
20.

183
1.
)
)
)
2.
)
)
)
)
)
3.
)

1
2
3

351

)
1
2
)

3
2

3
)
1

2
3
4.
,

5.
, , y, :
y 3

352

, .

x

1||2||3||y

6.
. 1 2 .
2 .
,
.

2
1

1.
;

1
1

1, 4 3
: 1-3, -4, -2, 1-2, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4

1. 1, 2, 3, 4, :
)
) 1 3, 1 2 2 4
)
2. 1
.
3. 1
.

1.10

21.

353

354

22. , y

1. 1 2 5cm.
, 1 2.
1 2

, =5cm.
1 2 ,
. 1 2. .
==2,5cm 1 2. 3 ,

. 3 1 2 3
1 2

1
2,5cm

2,5cm

1. 1, 2
2cm.
2. 0,56dm
. 1
.
3. y, .
y =30mm y
=0,5dm
)
)

186
1.
)
)
2. , ,
==3cm.

=4cm. ,
==5cm

355

356

5cm

5cm
4cm

3cm

3cm

3. , .
, <

10cm

17cm

8cm

6cm

15cm

4. =1,6cm, B=1,6cm.
===1,6cm.

6cm

1,
2cm

1,6cm

cm

1,6

2cm

2cm

5. , , ,

,

3,2cm

||

357

6. 1 2.
, , , 1 2
, , , , .
1 2.
1 2
, , ,
1

7. =1cm
, .
3 cm,

2cm

1cm

3cm

1.11

358

23. (,)
, (,)

24.

25.

359

26.
(, ) (, )

27. (, )

1.
) 1=20cm ) 2=3cm ) 3=0,13dm
2.
=2,5cm
3. (O, 3cm) .
(, 2dm)
4. (O, 3cm).
=1,2 cm =3cm
5.
3,2cm, 5 cm, 3,4 cm

360

189
1. 2,4cm, 2cm
15mm=1,5 cm
2cm

2,4cm
1,5cm

2. =3,8 cm,

3,8
=1,9 cm
=
2

1,9cm

1,9cm

3. ,

: 2 cm
: 2,5 cm
: 2,4 cm

=2cm
=2,4cm
=2,5cm

361

4. (, 3,4cm)
. 2,4 cm ,
(, 3,4cm) . ==2,4 cm
.
4,1 cm, (, 3,4cm)
. ==4,1 cm .

5.
) (, 3cm) (, 2cm).
.
) (, 3cm) (, 2cm) ,
3cm 2cm .

3cm

2cm

3cm

2cm

6. (, ) (, ) ,
. = = .
===.

362

1.12

28.

1. (,) .
) ,

 - -

=60,
)

) 1 2 .
=
.
,
=

3 4 ,
3
4

, =

2 60
1
4

=60=

) =60,
1
2
+
=180 60+

1, 3 .
1
3
3

=
=120
=180 3 =120,
3
4
2. (, ) , .
, ,

:

()
=
=45

45
2 45
1

363

364

=
=45.
,
.

1. (,)
=
=
=20.
, ,

2.

3. (, )
1
4 .

6
9

4. ,

3
2

5
3

 - -

5. (, ) =80
=115.

192
1.
) 360
) 180
) 90
2.
=60
60,
60, =60. =60,
.
60, =120 .
=120
120,

60

3. , , 45,

4cm

45

3cm

45

365

366

4. ,
. , 360.
360:6=60
60

5. ,
.
=60.
=60
,
60 1

=
360 6

==

6. (, 4 cm) (, 4
cm) , =. .
=
=70

=40

4cm

4cm
2,8cm

367

1.13

29. (, )
,

30. (, )
,
( 31)

31. (,)

368

1. (, ) =5cm.
.

1
= =2,5 cm.
2
,
.
1 2 1 2
2

2,5cm

2,5cm

1. ,
=4,2cm. (, )
:
) =2,3cm
) =3,8cm
) =4,1cm
2. (, 6cm) .
.
3. 1 2,
10cm. 1, 2
4. 1 2,
2cm 1 2

369

. .
1, 2 ;

194
1. , 2,5 cm, 1, 2.
1 3,6 cm ,
2 . ,
(, 3,6 cm), ==3,6 cm.

1

2
cm
3,6
3,6
cm

2. =3,6 cm.
=1,8 cm .
1 ,

2 ,

1 2 ,

1
2

1||2

370

3.
) =5cm =4cm. >,

4cm
5cm

) =2,5cm =2,5cm. =,

2,5cm

) =3cm =6cm. <,

6cm

3cm

4. 2 =3,1cm.
) (, 2,1cm) 2,

) (, 3,1cm) 2,

) (, 36mm) (, 3,6 cm) 2,

371

2
1

5. =18mm =22 mm,

.
.

18mm

22mm

1
I. -

1.
2. ,
3.
,

372

4.
5.

6. ,

7.
90
8.
9.

10. + + =270,

, ,

11. y
,

y. y
12.
13. (, 4cm)
3cm
14. , .

.
1. :
)
)

373

)
)
=80,
2. AOE
:
) 20
) 90

) 170
) 80

80

3.

:
) 90
) 30

) 45
) 135

4. :
) 20
) 19

45

) 35
) 47

8x12

2x+2

5.
)
)
)
)

III.
1. =10cm, ,
, ,

374

i.

7,5cm

ii.

2,5cm

iii.

8,75cm

iv.

3,75cm

2.

i.

5x

2x

ii.

iii.

3x+20

3x
2 x
2

30

27

45

60

90

198

1. ,
2.
3. ,

4.
5.
6. ,
,
7.
8. , 180
9. , 90
10. ,

11. ,
12. ,
13.
14.

375

376

15. ,
16. ,
17. ,

18. ,
19. ,
20.
21. ,

22. ,
23. ,
24. ,
25.
26.
27. ,
28.

377

378

2.1

1.
,

1.

379

1.

2. (, )

380

3.

203
1.
,

381

) ,

x
y

x
)

y
y
x

2. (, ) (,
), (, )

3. ,
, , , , .

, , , , ,
.

382

1
, 111
,

2.2

,
,

1.

383

.

,

1.

)
x

384

2.

205
1.
2.

0
1
2

X
X
X

3.
) 3
) 4
) 5
) 6
) 7
) 8
4.
:
)

385

5.
) ,

O

) ,
.
,

2.3

386

2.

(, ), (, ),

1. .

387

,
. ,
1
2.
.

, .
1
1

1
.

1. 10 .
2.
, =.
;
3.
. ,
,
4.

388

5. .
, .

209
1.
)
)
)
2. .
:
(, ) (, ),
, .
, ,
, =.

, ,
.
===

389

3. ,
, .

4. ,
. ,
,
.

5. ,
,
,

6.
. , ,

390

7.
) , .
.
) =
) , =
.
, .
M
B

A
K
N

8.
,
.

9. ,
. ,

391

2.4

, 180

3.

,

,


,
,

392

y
(, ) (, )

1.
=90)
(
2. (, )

3.

4. .

.
) =;
) ;
5. .

211
1. . , ,
. =,

393

. , =
=. =, =,

2. , =.
, =.
,

2.5

, ,
180,

394

1. ,

2. ,

)

395

213
1.

0
1
()

0
1

2. 180 .
, , ,
3.

. .

X
X

396

2.6

1, 2

4
2
2
4

3
1

1
3
4.

:
i) 1, 2, 1, 2

ii) 3, 4, 3, 4

iii) 1, 3, 1, 3

iv) 2, 1 1, 2

397

1. 1 2 2 4.

=60

+ =180 60+ =180 =120

, = =120
, = =120

1. , 1 2
h

55=

120 =

=30
=60

398

30

60

1
2

37

2. .

y
x

60

45

=90.
3. 1 2 3

30

1
2
3

4. , 1 2
=3

= 120.
5. y
, ,

399

120

60

6.
45

216
1.

12

1
2

12, =180-12=168
=12 12
= =168
=12 12
= =12
= = 168

400

2.

= =70, 3 4
= =70,
1

+ =180 3 4, =180-
=110
+ =180, 1 2, = 180-
=110

3.

=180, , =180-

+
=117
=180 , =180-

+

=117
+ =180 , = 180-
=63

2,9

cm

63

4.

=56 .

1 2
1
, 2 =56 =28
2
= =28 1 2 2

= =28
+ =180 , =180- =152

1
2

56

5.
+116=180 1 2, =180-116
=64
= =64 3 4
+ = 180 , =110
3
1
2

116

6.
o

=30
,
=105,

=180 =45
+ +

= =45,
= =105,

+105=180, , =75

401

402

105

30

2
1. ,

50

=121.

2. 1 2, =30
, =60
,

403

3.

)
)

)

)

)

404

 - -

3
- -

405

406

3 - -

3.1

, ,
,

, ,

1.
:

=90

>90

<90,
<90, <90

407

==

2.

3.

408

3 - -

4.

,

,

=90) =4cm, =2
1. (
cm, =6 cm .

2cm

.

.

=3 cm.
1
=
2

6c

4cm

409

1.

2. .

3. .

4. .

220
1.
)

410

3 - -

2.

1
, ==
2
=2,2cm
1
, ==
2
=1,1cm
1
, ==
2
=1,1cm

4,4cm

3. ,

. 1, 2 .
=
,
1 = 2 .
1
2

1 + 2 =180 ( 1 = 2 ) 2 1 =180 1 =90,

.
,

1 2

1 2

411

4.
,
=

5.

,
=.

6.
,
=.

3.2

||

= :
i) , ,

412

3 - -

= )
ii) (

=

=
=

5.

:
i)

=
= =60)
ii) (

30 30
30
30

30
30

6.

+
+ =180

,
+ =180
+
+ =180 90+
+ =90


,
.

413

=90),
1. (

=90

+ =90

=
+
=90
=45
=.
= =45

2. ,
.

:
+
+ =180

=2
, =3

60

+
+ =180 2
+
+3
=180
=30

=2
=60 =3

=90

30

414

3 - -

1.

55

60

30

10

4x
)

3x+20

2. =,

=60
3.

5x

120

4.
50.
5. , 1 2

415

30

80

32

6.

80

7. , 1 2

x
90

130

1
2

224
1.
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416

3 - -

+
+75+35=180
=70
+ =180
2. :

75

35

3.

+
+ =180 90+60+ =180 =30
) :
)
=90.
=60, =4,2cm

1
=8,4 cm. =
2

cm

8,4

30

60
4,2cm

4.
=52
=48 1 2 1
, , , + + =180 52+

+48=180 =80

= =80
1 2

48

52

5.
)

=72
, , 35 , + +35=180 =73
= =73
1

35

72

)
=35

+102=180, , =78
, , , + + =180 +78+35=180

=67

= =67
35

102

6.
=40
+ +42=180 =98
, , + =180 =82
40

42

417

418

3 - -

7. . + +74+180 =53
= =53

74

=2
=2 =
8.
+
+ =180 36+2+=180 =48

=96
=48

36

2x

=2 =3
=,
9.
+
+ =180 2++3=180 =30

=60, =90
=30,

=
,
=
,
=
,
=

10.
1
2
3
4
,
,
,
,

1
2
3
4
+
+
+
=360

1
2
3
4

 - - - - -

2
2

1
4

1
2

2
1

+
=180
+

1
1
1
=180
+ +

2
2
2
+ =180
1+
3
1
+
=180
2+
4
2

+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
=4 180
+
+ +

1
2
3
4
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2

+
)+(
+
+
+
=720
+
)+( + )+( + )+
(
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
+
+
+ + +360=720
+ + =360

3.3

419

420

3 - -

7. ( )

8.
:

9.

 - - - - -

10.
:

11.

=90
1. ,

, ,
=90

421

422

3 - -

=60, =4 cm =
1.
2 cm.

2. =2
cm, =6 cm 2 cm
3. , , =3 cm =4
cm. .
) +
) +

227
1.
)
)
)

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)

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2.

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,

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423

424

3 - -

3.4

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

12.

I.
II.

13.

 , , , ,

I.
II.
III.

14.

I.
II.
III.

45

45

15.

I.
II.

16.

425

426

3 - -

1. 24 cm. =3
=60, :
)
) ,

) +++=24 cm
3++3+=24 cm 8=24cm =3cm
=9cm, ==9cm, =3cm, =3cm

60

) ,
= =60.
+ =180 60+ =180 =120
,
=120
=

=60 =4
2. ,
cm.

60

60 60
60 60

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, ==4 cm.
+
=180 60+
=180
=
,
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=60, . ===4

cm

1.

120

2. 20 cm
5 cm.
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.
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427

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65

30

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429

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) =5 cm = 5 cm,
=

3cm

4cm

431

432

3 - -

I. -

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6. ,

7. ,

8.

9.
10.

II.
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)
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)
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2. ,
)
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3. .
=58, :
) 18
) 53
) 121
) 137
4. . =14, =6,
=3+5, =2y-4 , y :
) =3, y=5
) =4, y=5
) =3, y=6
) =6, y=1
5. :
) 60
) 5
)
) 4
6.
)
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433

434

3 - -

)
7.
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2 3

2
3 232

.
1. 180
2.

.
.
.
3. 120
4.
.
.
5.
.
.
.
6.

7.
.
.
8. :
.
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435

436

3 - -

9.

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

5 6

9 10 11 12

X
X

1, 2, 3, 4,

1 %
10
2 y=2x

3,444

+x=

439

440

1
1.1
1.
.
.
. 26>14 2>4
.
. 0 1
.
2.
. , ,
, ,
,

.

3.
. : 332, 1234, 700, 12, 0 : 233, 8455, 32.459

441

. 332: 331 330

333
1234: >>
1233 1232
>> 1235
700: >>
699 698
>>
701
12: >>
11 10
>>
13
233: >>
232 231
>>
234
8455: >>
8454 8453
>>
8456
32.459: >>
32.458 32.457
>>
32.460
0: >>

>>
1
4.
. 500-5-1=494
. 2007-21+1=1987
5.
34<43, 457=0457, 1234<1324, 6010>6001, 4568<4569, 5944<59440
6.
. 1234<1243<2.134<2.431<3.124<4.213<4.312
. 8.765>8.576>7.685>6.786>6.587>5.689>5.678
7.
. 567, 576, 657, 675, 765, 756
. : 576, 756 : 567, 657, 675, 765
. 765>756>675>657>576>567
8.

50 100
0

100

200
200

9.
12

18

10

500
300

20

20

400

24

32

30

500

38

600

40

40

10.
. 11130, 21250, 58390, 97760
. 1110, 21300, 58400, 97800
. 11000, 21000, 58000, 98000
11. : 48.265 kg, 384.394 km, 4.550.644
: 48.300, 384.400, 4.550.600

50

442

: 48.000, 384.000, 4.551.000

. : 50.000, 380.000, 4.550.000
12. 3 8 4 6.
830 5, 4 (834)

1.2
1.
. 82+13-(2 16+5)+11=82+13-(32+5)+11=82+13-37+11=69
. 45+21 (87-2 14) (2 3 4)-22=45+21(87-28) 24-22=45+21 59 24-22
=45+29736-22=29759
. 29-8 2+24 3-[2 3 4-(2+3+4)]=29-8 2+24 3-(2 3 4-9)=29-8 2+24 3-(24-9)
=29-8 2+24 3-15=29-16+72-15=70
2.
. 27 101=27 (100+1)=27 100+27 1=2700+27=2727
. 68 111=68(100+10+1)=68 100+68 10+68 1=6800+680+68=7548
. 52 99=52(100-1)=52 100-52 1=5200-52=5148
. 12 199=12 (2 100-1)=24 100-12=2400-12=2388
. 2007 11=2007(10+1)=2007 10+2007=20070+2007=22077
3.
. 12 147+12 3-12 150=12(147+3-150)=12(150-150)=12 0=0
. 24 16+24 18-24 32=24(16+18-32)=24 2=48
4.
. 5+10+20+50+100+200+500=885
. 1 500+2 200+3 100+4 50+5 20+6 10+7 5=500+400+300+200+100+60+35=15
95
5.
12-7=5,
:
7 17-7 5+5 8-5 22=119-35+40-110=14
6. 28 97+36 98+19 99=28(100-3)+36(100-2)+12(100-1)
=2800-84+3600-72+1200-12=7600-168=7.432 = 74 32
7. +2-+4=++-+4=9+8+4=19

443

8.
. 2, 2,
.
2+1 .
. > 2>2. =2-2=2(-)
- .
2+1, 2+1 =2+1-2-1= 2(-)+1-1=2(-) .

1.3
1.
34 =3 3 3 3=81
45=4 4 4 4 4=1024
56=5 5 5 5 5 5=15625
1011=10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10=100.000.000.000
2.
3 3
3 3 33 =37, 5
5
5
5 5
5 =56,
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 =29, 3

10
10
10 10

=104
4

3.

12

14

18

16

36

64

144

196

324

64

216

512

1728 2744 5832

4.

14

13

12

11

10

2+2

197

173

153

137

125

117

120

(+)2

225

225

225

225

225

225

225

444

5.

14

13

12

11

10

22

147

133

119

105

91

77

63

()2

49

49

49

49

49

49

49

6.
2007=2 100+7 1=2 102+7 100
88.106=8 10000+8 1000+1 100+6 1=8 104+8 103+102+6 100
277.890=2 100.000+7 10.000+7 1000+8 100+9 10=
=2 105+7 104+7 103+8 102+9 101
2.342.909=2 1.000.000+3 100.000+4 10.000+2 1.000+9 100+9 1=
=2 106+3 105+4 104+2 103+9 102+9 100
12.456.987=1 10.000.000+2 1.000.000+4 100.000+5 10.000+6 1.000+9 100+
+8 10+7 1=107+2 106+4 105+5 104+6 103+9 102+8 101+7 100
7.007.007.007=7 1.000.000.000+7 1.000.000+7 1.000+7 1=
=7 109+7 106+7 103+7 100
7.
. 2+4 43+22-6 12007=2+4 64+4-6 1=2+256+4-6=258
. 4+5 22(1+22)3-53+100-02007=4+5 22(1+4)3-53+100-02007=4+5 22 53-53+100-02007=
=4+5 4 125-125+1-0=4+2500-125+1=2380
. 4 4 4+4(42-2 4)+42+44=4 4 4+4(16-2 4)+42+44=4 4 4+4(16-8)+42+44=
=4 4 4+4 8+16+256=368
. (32-51)2-3(9-23)+23 32-(2 3)2=(9-5)2-3(9-8)+23 32-(2 5)2=
=42-3 1+23 32-62-16-3 1+8 9-36=16-3+72-36=49

1.4
1.

23 3
. 21 7 23=3 7+2
2

445

145 12
. 144 7 154=12 12+1
1
1550 25
1500 62
.
50
50
0

1550=25 62

2345 44
220 53
2345=44 35+13
.
145
132
13
2.

24

55

465

990

53

156

924

221

730

13

99

17

19

77

44

14

35

10

12

52

10

3.
:
:

: 8>4
: 1
: 14>10 14>8

4. <8 , =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 =7
. = +=8 20+7=160+7=167
. >4 =5 =5 11+4=55+4=59
5.
. 416:52=8 8
. 416:32=13 13
. 416:3=138 2 139

6.
. 88:11-42:22+(168:3-122)=88:12-42:22+(168:3-4)=
=88:11-42:22+(56-4)=88:11-16:4+59=8-4+52=56

446

. 2 (24+4-55:5)2 :(180:5-10-23)=2(16+4-55:5)2: (180:5-10-8)=

=2(16+4-11)2 : (36-10-8)=2 92 :18=2 81:18=9
. (501-64:26):52-2000 :(4 52)=(501-64:64):52-2000 :(4 52)=
=(501-1): 52-2000: (4 25):500:52-2000:100=20-20=0
. 32(32-144:8): (122:62) (52-32)=32(9-144:48): (144:36) (25-9)=32(9-3):4 16=768
7. . . : 32=25,
48=24 3, 72=23 32
=23=8 8
32:8=4
48:8=6
72:8=9
8. :
8=23, 30=2 3 5, 160=25 5 =25 3 5=32 3 5=480
480
9. =16=24 , , , 2
4,
21, 22, 23, 24 2, 4, 8, 16

1.5
1. 42 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.
43 1, 43
44 1, 2, 4, 11, 22, 44
45 1,3, 5, 9, 15, 45
46 1,2,23,46
47 1,47
2. 5
1, 5, , 5
3.
. 25=52, 45=32 5, 65=5 13
=52 32 13=25 9 13=2925, =5
. 40=23 5, 50=2 52, 60=22 3 5
=23 3 52=8 3 25=600, =2 5=10
. 120=23 3 5, 144=24 32, 180=22 32 5
=24 32 5=16 9 5=720, =22 3=4 3=12

4.
. 9
9, 8 1+2+8+9=18=2 9
. 5, 0 5
3 3.
0 0 1+0+5+0=6=3 2

1
1

. 0 1
.
.
.

. 124:31-24:42+(2160:18-82=124:31-24:42+(2160:18-64)=
=124:31-24:42+(120-64)=124:31-16:16+56=4-1+56=59
. (23+81:32-88:8)2 2(170:34+29-32)=(8+81:9-88:8)2 2:(170:34+29-9)=
=(8+8-11)2 2: (5+29-9)=52 2:25=25 2:25=25

. 7 16,
6. =6 =7 16+6=112+6=118
. 7.
8. =8 =8 24+7=199

432:2=218
216:2=108
108:2=54

54:2=27 432 = 24 33

27:3=9

9:3=3

3:3=1

1250 : 2 = 625
625 : 5 = 125

125 : 5 = 25 1250 = 2 54

25 : 5 = 5

5:5 =1

447

448

1890 : 2 = 945
945 : 3 = 315
315 : 3 = 105
3
1890 = 2 3 5 7
105 : 3 = 35

35 : 5 = 7

7:7 =1

. =24 33 54 7=16 9 625 7=630.000, =2

2
2.1

1. 114=7 :
. 4 11,
. 7 11,

4

11

7

11

1
1 140
2
140 =
=140:7=20 . ,
7
7
7
7
, 3 5=15 .

2.

5
1
85 ,
85:5=17 .
9
9
9

9 15=135
9

3.

4.
5
1
240 .
240:12=20 ,
.
12
12
5 20=100
78
. 100-22=78 ,

240
62
. 78-16=62 ,

240

5.

1
72
8
72
=72:9=8 , 8 8=64 .
9
9
9

72

5
500
500
10
10
500
500
20
20
500
500
50
50
500
500
200
200
500
500

6. 5

7.
1
2.500 , 8
8
2.500=20000

. 20.000-2.500=17500
.
2000=18000

1
20000
20000=
=2000 . 2000010
10

449

450

1
1000 , 1000:10=100
10
1

1100 , 1100:10=110
10
1

1210 , 1210:10=121
10
8.

1210+121=1331

2.2
1.
6 6 2 12
=
=
15 15 2 30
6 6 5 30
. 75:15=5
=
=
15 15 5 75
6 6 7 42
. 105:15=7
=
=
15 15 7 105
6 6 9 54
. 135:15=9
=
=
15 15 9 135
. 30:15=2

2.
1 18 8
=
24:3=8 =
3 38 24
3 3 4 12
24:6=4 =
=
6 6 4 24
5 5 3 15
24:8=3 =
=
8 8 3 24
7 7 2 14
24:12=2
=
=
12 12 2 24
3.
14 14:14 1
=
=
. (14,42)=14
42 42 : 14 3

96
96 : 48 2
=
=
144 144 : 48 3
. (39,40)=1
225 225 : 45 5
. (225,315)=45
=
=
315 315 : 45 7
. (96,144)=48

4. . :
. 13 144=1872, 12 169=2028 1872
. 14 36=504, 9 58=504
. 84 1358=114072, 97 1176=114072
5. , 4=12 5 4=60 =60:4
=15
125 11=55 1375=55 =1375:55 =25
6.
28
98

. : 28
32
112
112=3136 28 112=3136, ,
.
7.
. (3,4)=12 12:3=4, 12:4=3
2 24 8
7 7 3 21
= =
=
=
3 3 4 12
4 4 3 12
. (12,18,72)=72 72:12=6, 72:18=4, 72:24=3
5
5 6 30
7
7 4 28
11 11 3 33

=
=
=
=
=
=
12 12 6 72
18 18 4 72
24 24 3 72
. (5,12,15,30)=60 60:5=12, 60:12=5, 60:15=4, 60:30=2
7 7 12 84 9
9 5 45 21 21 4 84 17 17 2 34
,
,
,
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5 5 12 60 12 12 5 60 15 15 4 60 30 30 2 60
8. 55:5=11

4 4 11 44
=
=
5 5 11 55

451

452

62 5,
62

2.3
1.
. ,
3 7 9 13
3<7<9<13
< < <
15 15 15 15
.
7 7 7 7
3<5<6<9 < < <
9 6 5 3
. : (6,9,12,18)=36 36:6=6, 36:9=4,
36:12=3, 36:18=2
5 5 6 30 11 11 3 33 17 17 2 34 8 8 4 32
,
=
= ,
, =
=
=
=
=
=
6 6 6 36 12 12 3 36 18 18 2 36 9 9 4 36
24 30 32 34
24<30<32<34
< < <
36 36 36 36
2.
. 11>8>5>3.
11 8 5 3
> > >
9 9 9 9
. :12>11>4>2
>

11
2

11 11 11
> >
4 11 12

5 5 10
=
=
3 310
50 3 3 6 18 6
6 3 18 10 10 2 20
50
, =
= ,
,
50>21>20>18
>
=
=
=
=
30 5 5 6 30 10 10 3 30 15 15 2 30
30
21 20 18
>
>
30 30 30

. (7,5,10,15)=30 30:3=10, 30:5=6, 30:10=3, 30:15=2

453

3.
188
189
189 188
<1
>1
>
. 188<189
189
188
188 189
265
256
265 256
. 265>256
>1
<1
>
256
265
256 265
450
6
. 450>150 6>2
>1 >1. 450 2=900 150 6=900
150
2
450 6
=

150 2
4.
. : (2,5,10)=10 10:5=2, 10:2=5
1 1 2 2 1 1 5 5
1 2 5
< < <1. 0
=
= , =
= .
5 5 2 10 2 2 5 10
10 10 10
1
2
1 10 .
,
2
10
10
5
5
10
0

1
10

2
10

5
10

. (2,3)=6, 6:3=2, 6:2=3

2 2 3 4 3 3 3 9 1 1 2 2
=
= , =
=
= , =
3 3 3 6 2 2 3 6 3 3 2 6

2 4
9
< <1, >1. 0 1 6
6 6
6
1
1, 2 6 . :
6
0

5.

2
6

4
6

1
6
6

9
6

12 13 14
12
14
< <
<1<
1
13 13 13
13
13
14 13 12 11 10
14
10
.
> > > >
>4>
4
3 3 3 3 3
3
3

2
12
6

454

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
21
29
<
< <
< <
<
< <

<5<
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

6.
. 8

8 27 27
33
=
. 1, =27
=
3

2 8
27
. 1,
<1 >27. 28

27
140
220
,
.
5000
7500
: (5000,7500)=15000
140
140 3
420
220
220 2
440
=
,
=
.
=
=
5000 5000 3 15000 7500 7500 2 15000

7.

8.
4 +1 5
4
, (5,6)=30
= .
.
5 +1 6
5
4 4 6 24 5 5 5 25
24 25 4 5
=
, =
,
<
=
=
<
5 5 6 30 6 6 5 30
30 30 5 6
.

4 1 5
3 3 5 15 4 4 4 16 15 4 3
=
, =
>
>
= (4,5)=20 =
=
5 1 4
4 4 5 20 5 5 4 20 20 5 4

4 +1 6
6 6 5 30 4 4 4 16 30 4 6
= (4,5)=20 =
=
, =
<
<
=
5 1 4
4 4 5 20 5 5 4 20 20 5 4

4 1 3
3 3 5 15 4 4 6 24 15 4 3
= , =
=
> >
= (5,6)=30 =
5 +1 6
6 6 5 30 5 5 6 30 30 5 6

(
)

455

2.4
1.
14 7 14 + 7 21 21 : 21 1
=
=
=
+
=
42 42
42
42 42 : 21 2
5 7 6 5 + 7 + 6 18 18 : 6 3
.
= =
+ + =
=
12 12 12
12
12 12 : 6 2
. (44,11)=44 44:44=1, 44:11=4
25 3
25 3 4 25 12 25 +12 37
=
=
=
+ =
+
+
44 11
44 11 4 44 44
44
44
. (4,7,14)=28
1 3 9 1 7 3 4 9 2
7 12 18 7 +12 +18 37
+ + =
+
+
= + + =
=
4 7 14 4 7 7 4 14 2 28 28 28
28
28
.

2.
17 9 17 9 8
= =1
.
=
8 8
8
8
32 23 4 32 23 4 5 5 : 5 1
.
= =
=
=
15 15 15
15
15 15 : 5 3
. (5,6)=30
8 5 8 6 5 5 48 25 48 25 23
=
=

=
5 6 5 6 6 5 30 30
30
30
. (4,6,8)=24
5 1 4 5 6 1 3 4 4 30 3 16 30 3 16 11
=
=

=
4 8 6 4 6 8 3 6 4 24 24 24
24
24
3.
5
2 1 32 9
5
2 1 9 9
. (4- )+( + )-( )=(4- )+( + )-( )=
3
3 6
5 15
3
3 6 5 15
43 5
22 1
93 9
12 5
4 1
27 9
=(
)+(
+ )-(
)=( )+( + )-(
)=
1 3 3
3 2 6
5 3 15
3 3
6 6 15 15
12 5 4 +1 27 9 7 5 18 (3,6,15)=30 7 10 5 5 18 2 73 25 36
=
+
= +
= 310 + 6 5 15 2 = 30 + 30 30 =
3
6
15
3 6 15
70 + 25 36 59
=
30
30

456

32
2 42
9
9
2 16 9
9
32 9
)+(
)=(8- )+(
)=(8- )+(
)=

3
2
16
24
8
16
24
8
16 24
8 8 9
32 3 9 2
64 9
96 18 64 9 96 18 55 78
=(
)=(
)=
= + =
)+(

)+(
+
18 8
16 3 24 2
8 8
48 48
8
48
8 48
55 6 78 330 78 408 408 : 24 17
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
8 6 48 48 48 48
48 : 24
2
. (23-

1 13
13 1 13 1 3 13 3
. + =
= - = = - =

5 15
15 5 15 5 3 15 15
10 10 : 5 2
=
=
15 15 : 5 3

4.

5.

3 =9 =3
2
2 9
+ 2 9
3 9

+
=
= {

=
=7

7
7
3
6

7
7

6.
4 4 4 4 5 4 20 4 24
= + =
+ =
+ =
5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
1 7 1 7 12 1 84 1 85
. 7
= + =
+ = + =
12 1 12 112 12 12 12 12
1 14 1 14 3 1 42 1 43
. 14 = + =
+ =
+ =
3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3
7 3 2 +1 3 2 1
1
1
. =
=
+ =3+ =3
2
2
2
2
2
2
25 2 12 +1 2 12 1
1 1
.
=
=
+ =2+ 2
12
12
12
12
12 12
153 12 12 9
9
9:3
3
3
.
=
+ =12+ =12+
=12+ =12
12
12
12
12
12 : 3
4
4
. 4

457

7.
3
3
3
1 4 2
1 43 25
1 12 10
)+22 5 =3 +( )+22 5 =
. 3 +( )+22 5 =3 +(

2 5 3
2 5 3 3 5
2 15 15
3
1 2
1 2
3 3 2 1
2
20 3
6 1
2 23
=3 + +22 5 =3 + +4 =(
+ )+ +(
+ )=( + )+ + =
2 15
2 15
5 1 2 2 15
5 5
2 2 15 5
7 2 23 7 15 2 2 23 3 105 4 156 265 265 : 5 53
= + + =
+
+
=
+ +
=
=
=
2 15 5 2 15 15 2 5 3 30 30 30
30
30 : 5
6
3
1 1
1
1
3 4 1 3 1 9 3 20 1 9 1 90
. 4 -3 +32 10 =4+ -(3+ )+9+ = + -( + )+ + =
+ -( + )+
5 3
5
3
10 1 5 1 3 1 10 5 5 3 3 10
3 21 10 93 21 6 10 10 93 3 126 100 279 305 305 : 5 61
+ = - + =
+
=
=

+
=
=
10 5 3 10 5 6 310 10 3 30 30
30
30
30 : 5
6

8. :

19
1 2 1 19
1 3 19
1 2 3 20
+ + + =
+ + =
+
+
=
100 50 5 5 100 50 5 100 50 2 5 20

19
2
60 81
=
+
+
100 100 100 100
1

81 100 81 19
=
=

100 100 100 100

2.5
1.
12
.
21

2007
= 2007
1
1
. 24=16
16
1
1 3 4 1 12 1 13
4
. 3 = 3 + =

+ = + =
4
4
4
4 4 4 4
13
2
2
2 27 2 29
3
. 32 =9 =9+ =
+ =

3
3
3 3 3 3
29

2.
1 1
3 1 1
3 1 1 2 12 3 1 24 3 1 27 1 2 27
=
=
. + 2 = + 2 + = +
+ = +
+ = +
+
2 3
12 2 3
12 2 3 12 12 6 12 12 6 12 6 2 12

458

2 27 29
=
+
12 12 12
7
7
1
72
7
1
14 7
55 1
. ( +
)10-5 =(
)10-(5+ )=( +
)10-(
+
+ )=
15 30
5 15 2 30
5
30 30
5
5
21
25 1 21
26 210 26 21 26 21 5 26 3 105 78 27
=
10-( + )=
10=
= =
=
- =
30
5 5 30
5
30 5
3 5
3 5 5 3 15 15 15
=

3 1
1
3 1
1
1
3
. ( + 2 2 )+( )=[ +(2+ )2]+ =
8 3
4
2 2
8
4
4
4 8 2 2 3 2 1 32 4 6 43
+
+
= + + + =
8
42 42 8 8 8 8 8
3.
3
3000
. : 1000 =
= 750
4
4
4
4000
. : 1000 =
= 800
5
5
5
10000
. : 2 1000 =
= 1250
8
8
9
45000
. :
5 1000 =
= 4500
10
10
4.
22
22:22
1

=
=
.
330 330 : 22 15
44
44:22
2
.

=
=
330 330 : 22 15
110 110 : 110 1
.
=
=
330 330 : 110 3
121 121:11 11
.

=
=
330 330 : 11 30
440 440 : 110 4
.
=
=
330 330 : 110 3
5.
4
4 100
4 104
=1+
=
+
=

1
100
100 100 100 100

1
1
3 1
2 3 1
+2 2+ 2+ = +4+ + = +
8
4
4 8
4 4 8

459

1
1 4
45 1 4 4680 4680 : 3 1560 1500 + 60 1500
45
=
=
=
+
=
=
=
3
3 100 3100
300
300 : 3 100
100
100
60
60
=15+
=
100
100
60
15

100
2
2
104 2 4 104 9360 9360 : 5 1872
. 45
=
=
=
=
=
5
5
100
5 100
500
500 : 5
100
1800 72
72
72
=
=18

+
= 18 +
100 100
100
100
7
7
4
37260 37260 : 9 3640 3600 40
40
. 45
=
=
=36

=
=
+
9
9
100
900
900 : 9
100
100 100
100
.

6.
1 150
= 50
. 150 =
3 3
2 300
. 150 =
= 60
5
5
, 150-50-60=40 .
40
4
=
150 15
7.

4
5

6
11

8
7

5
4

30
15
44 = 22

5
4

40
10
28 = 7

11
6

44
22
=
30
15

11
6

88 44
=
42 21

4
5

6
11

8
7

7
8

28
7
40 = 10

42 21
88 = 44

7
8

460

2.6
1.
5 1 5 4 20
. : = =
3 4 3 1 3
4 12 7 84
. 12: = =
= 21
7 1 4 4
28
28 1 28 28 : 28 1
.
:8 = =
=
=
7
7 8 56 56 : 28 2
2 1
2 1 23 2 1 6 2 1 8 1 8 3 8
. 2 : =(2+ ): =(
+ ): =( + ): = : = = = 8
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1
1
5
82 197 82 15
1
5
1
5
81 1 192 5
. 32 9 :42 12 =9 :16 =(9+ ):(16+ )=( + ):(
=
=
+ )= :
9 15
9 197
9
12
9
12
9 9
12 12
984 984 : 3 328
=
=
1773 1773 : 3 591
2.

12
12
12
8
96
12 21 12 8
96
5 = : = =
. 5 =
=
21 5 21 105 21 5 8
5 21 105
8
8
7
7
7 4 28 7 3 7 4 28
=
. = 1 =
: = =
3 3 1 3 3 1 4 1 3 3
4 4
41 41
41 41
411
41
41 4 41 1 41
. 19 = 19 =
19 = 19 = : = =
=
4 19 4 76 4
4 19 1 19 4 76
4
1
1

3.

2 2 2 7 2 5 14 10 24
+
+
+
24 8 192 192 : 3 64
. 5 7 = 5 7 7 5 = 35 35 = 35 =
=
=
=
3
3
24 3
27 35 27 945 945 : 3 315
3
3+
+
8
8
8 8
8

461

1
1
1
19 4 1 77
16 + 3 +
19 +
+
4
4
4
4
4 = 4 = 77 7 = 539
=
=
=
.
2
2
9

7
2
63
2
65 4 65 260
32 +
9+
+
+
7
7
7
7
7 7
7
42 + 3

4 2
8
8

85
40
40 : 40
1
=
=
=
. 5 9 = 45 = 45 =
1
1
16
45 16 720 720 : 40 18
42
16
5
5
5
4.
3 2 1
2
3 5 2 4 1
2
15 8 1
2
): (4-2+ )=(
): (2+ )=
+ ): (4-2 )=(
+
+
4 5 2
3
45 54 2
3
20 20 2
3
23 1 2 3 2 23 1 6 2 23 1 8 23 2 8 368 368:4 92
=
: (
+ )=
: ( + )=
: =
=
=
=
20 2 3
3 20 2 3 3 20 2 3 20 1 3 60 60 : 4 15
1 1
1
22 1
1 1
4
1
1 1
4
. :(22 7 : ) 4: 3 = :(4 : ) 4:
= :[(4+ ): ] 4:
=
2
3
3
2
7 3
27 2
7 3
27
. (

1 28 1 1
4 1 29 1
4 1 29 3
4 1 87
4
= :[( + ): ] 4:
= :(
: ) 4:
= :(
= :
4:
=
) 4:
2
7 7 3
27 2 7 3
27 2 7 1
27 2 7
27
1 7
27
7
189
= 4 =
27=
2 87
4 174
174
7 2 1
1 7 7 2 1
1 1 9 + 7 7
2
1 16
14 16
. ( 2 ):( 1 )= ( ):(
)=
:(
)=
:
=
3 7 4
3 9 3 7 16 3
9
3 112 3 9
336 27
378:6
63
14 27 378
=

=
=
=
336 16 5376 5376 : 6 896
2
1 3
3
1 2
1
3
. (2: ): ( : )=(2 ): ( )=3: =3 =3 3=9
3
2 2
2
2 3
3
1
5.
:
3
5
3
4
1
8
9

3
5

3
4

12 4
=
15 5

15 5
=
12 4
5
3
40
27

1
4
3
32
27

1
3
5
3
4
1
8
9

8
9
27
40
27
32
9
8
1

462

6.
. :
47

1
1
1
1
47 4 +1 1 20 +1 189 21 189 20 3780
:1
=(47+ ):(1+
)=
:
=
:
=

=
=
4 20
4
20
4
20
4 20
4
21
84

=84
7.

2 4
2 4
2 4
.
: = =
=

3 9
3 9
3 9
2 =4
=2
3
{3 =9 { =3 2

2
2
2
2
2 4 3 + 2
2 14
: =4 =4+
=

= . =7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 7 14
1
=1

=
31 3
7
.

8.
.
2:
4 2 4 1 24 1 2
4
=
:2= : = =
7 1 7 2 7 2 7
7
:
4
4 4 4 1 1
:4= : = =
7
7 1 7 4 7
4
5600
2
2800
1
. 1400=
=800 , 1400=
=400 , 1400=200
7
7
7
7
7

2
1

. , =
. ,

, <

>

.

.

2
1 2 1
1 2 1 2 7 1 2 1 14 1 2
1 15 3
. :2 +( : 5 )= :2 +( :
)= :2 +( : )= :2 +(
)=
2 3 5 3 2 3 5 5 3 2 3 5 15 2 3
5 14
7
1 2 3 1
2
3 1 23+ 2 3 1 8 3 1 3 3
3
3
= :2 +
= :(2+ )+
= :
+
= : +
= +
= +
2 3 14 2
3 14 2
3
14 2 3 14 2 8 14 16 14
(14,16)=112
3 7 38
21 24
45
=
+
=
+
=
16 7 14 8 112 112 112
1
1
2
1
2
1 9
3 2 1
1 3 2
1
. ( +2)(2 +1 )=( 1 +2)[(2+ )+(1+ )]=(
+2)[(
+ )+(
+ )]=
2
2
3
3
3
3
1 2
3
3
3 3
9
9
9
7 5
9 18 12 27
108
=( +2)( + )=( + ) = 4=
= 54
2
3 3
2 2 3 2
2

2 1 2 4 1 3 8
3 11
+ =
+
= + =
3 4 3 4 4 3 12 12 12
2
1 4 3 4 4 3 3
2 =2+8-3=2+2+6-3=2(+)+3(2-)=2 +3 = + =
+
=
3
4 3 4 3 4 4 3
16 9 25
+ =
12 12 12

. 1=+-=++2-=(+)+(2-)=

. 1, 2 , . 25>12

25 11
> 2>1
12 12

463

464

3 36 35 1
1
1
= = + = 7 + = 7
5 5
5 5
5
5
1 36
36 9 36 4
. 7 =

: =
5 5
5 25
5
25 5

=4 5=20
9
. 12

3
3.1
1.
.

24
= 24 :10 = 2, 4
10

142
= 142 :1000 = 0,142
1000

2
= 0,02
100

103
1000
1
=
=
= 0,01
5
10 100 000 100

2007 2007
=
= 0, 2007
104 10000

2.
. 14:70=0,2
. 26:4=6,5
. 36:200=0,18

121
= 0,605
200

3.
1024
7728
102391
. 77,28=
. 102,391=

. 102,4=

10

100

1000

. 72:90=0,8

. 0,027=

27
1000

4.
. 7>5 1, 2,
4, 27

465

. 4,27=

427
100

5.
. 1,001<1,01<1,1<11,001<11,01<11,1
. 99,009>9,99>9,90>9,09
6.
:
. 13,5555=13,6 . 2,4242=2,4 . 3,1717=3,2 . 6,2549= 6,3
:
. 13,5555=13,56
. 2,4242=2,42 . 3,1717=3,17 . 6,2549=6,25
:
. 13,5555=13,556
. 2,4242=2,424 . 3,1717=3,172 . 6,2549=6,255
7.

0,9

1,2 1,4

2,1 2,3

3,2 3,4

3.2
1.
. 22,45 0,2=4,490=4,49
. 9,55 102=1,55 100=155
2.
. 122,48:10=12,248
. 12,25:7,5=1,633

. 12,26 20=245,2
. 11,05 0,01=0,1105
. 33,4:0,1=334
. 9,6:0,3=32

3.
. 0,43=0,4 0,4 0,4=0,064
. 3,12=3,1 3,1=9,61
4
. 1,25 =1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25=2,44140625
. 0,15=0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1=0,00001
4.
. 12,52 0,1+4,02 10-1,01:0,1+0,92=12,52 0,1+4,02 10-1,01:0,1+0,81=
=1,252+40,2-10,1+0,81=32,162
. (14,4:0,5+7,12 10)2:(10,56:2,2+5,25:1,25)2=(28,8+71,2):(4,8+4,2)=1002:102=
=10000:100=100

466

3
8

. ( +1,7):(2

1 2 4
3
5
4
) +( 0,8+1,5 1,8)3=( +1,7):( 2,5)2+( 0,8+1,5 1,8)3=
2
5
8
2
5

= (0,375+1,7):12+(1+2,7)3=2,075+3,73=2,075+50,653=52,728
5.
. 1,12=1,21 1,13=1,331 1,14=1,4641
. 2,22=4,84
2,23=10,648 2,24=23,4256
2
3
. 0,9 =0,81 0,9 =0,729 0,94=0,6561
. 0,12=0,01
0,13=0,001 0,14=0,0001

1,1<1,12<1,13<1,14
2,2<2,22<2,23<2,24
0,9>0,92>0,93<0,94
0,1>0,12>0,13>0,14

6.
9 1,5=13,5 . 13,5 0,97=13,095 .
: 13,095=13,10=13,1
7.
. =+++=2+2==2(2)+2=4+2=6=9 m =9:6=1,5 m =2=2 1,5=3
m
. ==1,5 3=4,5 cm2

3.4
1.
B. 452000=4.52 105
. 6250000=6,25 106
A. 4000=4 103
6
. 1234567=1,234567 10
. 150=1,5 102
2.
. 8,025 106=8025000
. 5,55 102=555

. 4,2 104=42000

. 6,632 105=663200

3.
, 12,4>10 0,5<1 12,4 105=
=1,24 106 0,5 104=5 103
4.
0,3 107=3000000, 3 106=3000000, 30 105=3000000
. 3 106 0,3<1
30>10

467

3.5
1.
km

dm

cm

mm

1,44

1.440

14.400

144.00

1.440.000

0,0522

52,2

522

5.220

52.200

0,025

25

250

2.500

25.000

0,00125

1,25

12,5

125

1250

0,000036

0,036

0,36

3,6

36

2.
m3

dm3

cm3

mm3

ml

0,02

20

20.000

20.000.000

20

20.000

0,0045

4,5

4.500

4.500.000

4,5

4.500

0,0000622

0,0622

62,2

62.200

0,0622

62,2

0,000000044

0,000044

0,044

44

0,000044

0,044

0,25

250

250.000

250.000.000

250

250.000

0,00065

0,65

650

650.000

0,65

650

3.
. =0,08 m=0,8 dm =2=(0,8 dm)2=0.64 dm2, V=3=(0.8 dm)3= 0.512 dm3
B. =0,08 m=8 cm =(8cm)2=64cm2, V=(8cm)3=512cm3
. =0,08m=80mm E=(80mm)2=6400mm2, V=(80mm)3=512000mm3
4.
=0,5km=500m, =400m, =6000dm=600m
1=+++=4=4 500=2000m
2=+++=2+2=2(+)=2(400+600)=2
1000=2000m

1=2=(500m)2=250000m2
E2==400 600=240000m2. 1>2

468

5.
, =1,2m, =200cm=2m,
=8dm=0.8m. : V==1,2 2 0,8=1,92m3=1920 L
1920 L 1920 0,62=1190,4
6.
. 120000 m2 :
120000:160=750 m2=0.75 .
. : 25=750 =750:25=30m
=25+30+25+30=110m.
110m
7.
15-8=7 . 1 ,
4 29 . () 30
:

4 . 5 + 2 =20+2=22

2929

3030

7 22 7=154 =154 60=9240 =9240

60=554400
8.
80-65=15
6 80 6 80=480 . 0,45
=450 480-450=30 =2 15 . 2 15 , 65 . 4 80 2 65

3
1

3
3 18 54
465
252
=
= 0,9
= 0, 465 ,
= 1, 26 , 4 =
.
15 4 15 60
1000
200
18

469

21 3 30 + 21 121
=
=
= 41,03
30
30
30

. 0,76=
0,033=

76
76 : 4 19
11
=
=
1,1=
100 100 : 4 25
10

24,45=

2445 2445 : 5 489

=
=
100
100 : 5
20

33
1000

. 1,44+1,63 2,12=3,8415+4,016 4,41=3,8416+18,06336 21,9

. (1,4+2,7)2:+(1,3-0,7)3=3,12:0,63=9,61:0,216 0,04
. 0,01 2007 102-4012 0,5=0,01 2007 100-2006=2007-2006=1
. (2,8 2,4:1,4 1,2)3:(1,25:0,5)2=(6,72:1,68)3:2,52=42:6,25=16:6,25=2,56

. 450000=4,5 105
1250000=1,25 106
. 4,251=4,25 106 g

12600000000=1,26 1010

4
. 0,75m3=750 L. 300 L 750-300=350 L

350 1
=
700 9

. () ,
= 1,5=0,75 =0,75:1,5=0,5 m2

4
4.1
1.
. :

470

1
1
+5=17 2+5=17 7=17
2
2

4 1+5=17
4+5=17
9=17 1
4 2+5=17 8+5=17 13=17 2
4 3+5=17 12+5=17 17=17 3
4

. :
2+

1
7 15
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
+2 =10-4 2+ +1=10-2 3+ =8 =

2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2

2+1+2 1=10-4 1-1 2+1+2=10-4-1 5=5 1
2+2+2 2=10-4 2-2 2+2+4=10-8-2 8=0 2
2+3+2 3=10-4 3-2 2+3+6=10-12-2 11=-4 3
. :

1
1
1
+2=8
2+2=4 4=4
2
2
2
4 1+2=8 1 4+2=8 6=8 1
4 2+2=8 2 8+2=16 10=16 2
4 3+2=8 3 12+2=24 14=24 3
4

. :

5
17
1
1
1
+6=6
+6=3
=3
2
2
2
2
2
5 1+6=6 1 5+6=6 11=6 1
5 2+6=6 2 10+6=12 16=12 2
5 3+6=6 3 15+6=18 21=18 3
5

2.

. -1=

. 5+2=6-2

1 1
( )=12
2 2

3.
. 4 18.
.

1
1.
2

. 4
2.
4.
. 2+5=23. y=2, y+5=23 y=23-5 y=18 2=18 =18:2
=9

471

. 15-5=6+4 15= -5-6-4=-15 -15=-15 =-15:(-15) =1

. 20+=10+-10 -=-20+10-10 0=20
. 3x + 2 = 5 = x + 17 3x + 2 + 15 = 3x 3x + 2 + 15 = 3x + 17
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3x + 17 3x + 17

=
3
3
4

2
. 2 + x + 8 = 3 2 + x + 8 = 9 2 + x = 9 8 2 + x = 1 (2 + x) 1 = 4 2 + x = 4

x = 42 x = 4

4
42
8
. x = 0,8
= 0,8
= 0,8 0,85x = 8 4x = 8 x = 8 : 4 x = 2
5
5 x
5x
2
5.
. =0 20:5 0 , 0
=1 20:5 1=20:5=4 1
=2 20:5 2=20:10=2 2
=3 20:5 3=20:15=1,33 3
=4 20:5 4=20:20=1 4
>4 5>20 20:5<1. 1, 2, 4
. =0 +0=4 =4 0
=1 +1=4 =3 1
=2 +2=4 =2 2
=3 +3=4 =1 3
=4 +3=4 =0 4
>4 . 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
6.
.
. =+1 =-2
. =2(+)=2(+1+-2)=2(2-1)=4-2
. =10, =4 10-2=40-2=38
. 4-2=30. 4=y y-2=30 y=30+2 y=32 4=32 =32:4 =8

472

4.2
1. . +32=65 =65-32 =33
2. . +1 +2. :
3(++1++2)=6(++1) 3(3+3)=6(2+6) 9+9=12+6 9-12=6-9
-3=-3 =1
1, 2, 3
: 3(1+2+3)=6(1+2) 3 6=6 3 18=18
1 1
3 + 2
5
+ =-2
=-2
=-2 5=6(-2)
2 3
6
6
5=6-12 5-6=-12 -=-12 =12
1
1
: 12+ 12=12-2 6+4=10 10=10
2
3

3. .

1
1
2 1
1
4. . : =1+ - =1
- =1 =1
2
2
2 2
2
=2 1 =2
5. . 20-
0,2+0,15(20-)=3,6 0,2+3-0,15=3,6 0,2-0,15=3,6-3 0,05=0,6
=0,6:0,05 =12. 12 20-12=8
1
3
3
6. . 3-120=+ 3-120= 3- =120
2
2
2
6 3
3

- =120 =120 3=2 120 3=240 =240:3 =80

2 2
2
7. +1 . 5=4(+1)-3 5=4+4-3 5-4=1
=1
8. , 77- 77-=

1
3
77-17= + 60= 3=2 60 3=120 =120:3 =40
2
2

40 77-40=37 .

1
+17
2

473

4
1
. 2-3=(+5)

5
5
1
3 11
11
2-3= + 2- = +3
= 3=11 =
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
3

2
3
4
12
9
8
12
9
8
13
=1+

=1+

=1
=1 6 1=13
+
+
+
2
3
6 6
6
6 6 6
6
13
6=13 =
6

. 26:-8=

10
26
10
26 10
16

-8=

- =8
=8 8=16 =16:8 =2

. =2 (2+1)2=22+3 2+1-2 32=4+6+1-2 9=9 .

. 5
23

. +3 ++3=35 2+3=35
2=35-3 2=32 =32:2 =16.
16 16+3=19.

5
5.1
1.
.

45
=45%
100

32 64
=
=64%
50 100

24 96
=
=96%
25 100

474

9 1 25
= =
=25%
36 4 100

2.
33
. 33%=

. 76%=

100

. 525%=

45 225
=
=225%
20 100

76
76 : 4 19
=
=
100 100 : 4 25

525 525 : 25 21
=
=
100 100 : 25 4

. 2,7%=

21
300
=3=
=300%
7
100

. 127%=

127
100

2, 7
27
=
100 1.000

13, 25 1325
1325 : 25
53
=
=
=
. 1,55/=
100 10.000 10.000 : 25 400

. 13,25%=

1,55
155
155 : 5
31
=
=
=
1.000 100.000 100.000 : 5 20.000
3.
. 5%=5:100=0,05
0,4%=0,4:100=0,004
. 22,7=

22, 7 100 2.270

=
=2270%
100
100

0,0002 100 0,02

=
0,02%
100
100

1,01=

0,4=

100

. 101% 65=

101 63 6.363
=
= 63, 63
100
100

. 0,9% 18=

0,9 18 16, 2
=
= 0,162
100
100

. 504 / 2008=
. 10% 3,14=

. 11,5/ 20=

0,0002=

11,5
230
20 =
= 0, 23
1.000
1.000

. 1,1% 55=

1,1 55 60,5
=
= 0,605
100
100

504 2.008 1.012.032

=
= 1.012, 032
1.000
1.000

10 3,14 31, 4
=
= 0,314
100
100

. 40% 0,022=

0, 4 100 40
=
=40%
100
100

1,01 100 101

=
=101%
100
100

4.
45
1.440
32=
=14,4
. 45% 32=

100

255/=255:1.000=0,255

12,5%=12,5:100=0,125

. 22% 0,25=

40 0,022 0,88
=
= 0,0088
100
100

22 0, 25 5,5
=
= 0,055
100
100

475

5.
22
200cm=0.22 200cm=44cm
. 22% 2m=22% 200cm=

100

B. 45/ 4m=0.045 400cm=18cm

. 52% 10cm=0.52 10cm=5.2cm
. 0.45/ 200dm=0.45/ 2000cm=0.00045 2000cm=0.9cm
E. 11/ 5km=0.011 500.000cm=5.500cm
. 164% 40cm=1.64 40cm=65.6cm
6. . :

9
900
=
= 20
0, 45 45
26, 25 2.625
=
= 35
. 75% =26,25 0,75=26,25 =
0, 75
75
50,5 5.050
=
= 50
. 101% =50,5 =
1, 01
101
27
27.000
=
= 12
. 225/ =27 =
0, 225
225
. 45% =9 0,45 =9 =

7. .:
. % 200=12 %=12:200 %=0,06 :100=0,06 =0,06 100=6 6%

20=8 20=800 =800:20=40 40%

100

. % 18=20
18=20 18=2000 =2000:18 111,11 111,11%
100

. % 40=0,1
40=0,1 40=10 =10:40=0,25 0,25%
100
. % 20=8

8. 1 : 1.200 8%=1.200 0,08=96

2 : 1.200 5,5%=1.200 0,055=66
1.200+96=1.296 1.200-66=1.134.

5.2
1.
. 45% 1200
1200 45%=1200 0,45=540

476

1200=444
100
1200=444400 =44400:1200=37. 37%
. 1200-540-444=216 100%-45%37%=18%
( 1200 18%=1200 0,18=216)
. . % 1200=444

2.
. 1=3% 15.000=0,03 15.000=450. 2=3% 15.450=0,03 15.450=463,5. =1+2=450+463,5=913,5
. . 3% =630 0,03=630 =630:0,03=21.000
. 18 (12 ) 1=20.000

= 3%=600. 6
12 2

2=

1
1
1
(20.600 3%)= (20.600 0,03)= 618=309. 18
2
2
2

=1+2=600+309=909.
3.
. 40% =600 0,4=600 =600:0,4=1.500
. 1.500-600=900 900:5=180
. , 41% +19% =600 0,41+0,19=600
0,6=600 =600:0,6=1,000 .
4.
2
18000=12000
3
18000-12000=6000. =3% 12000=
=0,03 12000=360. =360 , =%

6000=360
6000=360 6000=100 360 =36000:6000=6.
100
6%
5.
. 20% 330=0,2 330=66 g

. . % 330=11
330=11 3,3=11 =11:3,3
100
3,33. 3,33%

. 330-66-11=253 g 100%-20%-3,33%=76,67%
6.
. 55% 14.000+19% 14.000=0,55 14.000+0,19 14.000=10.360
. 14.000-0,55 14.000=14.000-7.700=6.300 .
6.300:6=1.050 . 2%
, :
1 : 1=2% 6.300=0,02 6.300=126 1.050+126=1.176
2 : 2=2% 5.250=0,02 5.250=105 1.050+105=1.155
3 : 1=2% 4.200=0,02 4.200=84 1.050+84=1.134
4 : 1=2% 3.150=0,02 3.150=63 1.050+63=1.113
5 : 1=2% 2.100=0,02 2.100=42 1.050+42=1.092
6 : 1=2% 1.050=0,02 1.050=21 1.050+21=1.071
6 1.176+1.155+1.154+1.113+1.092+1.071=6.741
10.360+6.741=17.101
7. .
19% +2%=0,19+0,02=0,21 .
14%+7%-0,14+0,07=0,21.
.
8.
. 14.000 12.000 , 15%
14.000-12.000=2.000 .
15% 2.000=0,15 2.000=300
. 17.000 12.000 , 15.000-12.000=3.000
15% 17.000-15.000=2.000 30%. 15% 3.000=0,15 3.000=450
30% 2.000=0,3 2.000=600 . 450+600=1.050 .
. 40.000 :
12.000 15.000-12.000=3.000 15%=450
23.000-15.000=8.000 30%=30% 8.000=0,3 8.000=2.400
40.000-23.000=17.000 40%=40% 17.000=0,4 17.000=6.800
450+2.400+6.800=.9650 .
9.
. 1 : 1=4% 25.000=0,04 25.000=1.000 .
2 : 2=4% (25.000+1)=0,04 26.000=1.040 .
1.000+1.040=2.040 .
. 10% 4%+4=0,1 0,04+0,04==0,044=4,4%,
2=4,4% 26.000=0,044 26.000=1.144 .
1.000+1.144=2.144 .

477

478

5
1

.33%=33:100=0,33
. 72%=72:100=0,72

. 45%=45:100=0,45
. 112%=112:100=1,12

. =425 19%=425 0,19=80,75 .

. . +19% =714 +0,19=714 1,19=714 =714:1,19=600 .

. 45% 120=0,45 120=54 . 120-54=66 .

. , =38,5+45% -0,45=38,56 0,55=38,5
=38,5:0,55=70 .

60% 15.000=0,6 15.000=9.000 . 15.000-9.000=6.000

6.000:3=2.000 . 2% ,
:
6.000 2%=120 2.000+120=2.120
4.000 2%=80 2.000+80=2.080
2.000+40=2.040
2.000 2%=40
9.000+2.120+2.040=15.240 .

6
6.1

2. (1, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (2, 0), (0, 2).

479

6 -

6.2
1. 10 cm, 0,8 m, 1:250
2. 140 Km
3. 30 m, 24 m.

6.3
2. , , : , , , :
3.
x

2
5

6
5

3
5

9
5

6.4
2. ) 2, ) 3, ) 1
3. .

6.5
1. 12,8 m.
2. 960 Kg.
3. 30.000

480

6.6
1. ) , ) , ) , ) .
2. ) , )
3.
x

1,5

15

0,8

2. ) = 2, y = 2x
)
x

) (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)

3. ) i. 12m3 , ii. 4h, iii. 2m3/h,
) y =

12
x

7
7.1
3
2. : +3, 4, : 5, , 1, 8 , : 0
2
3. ) 5, ) 50, ) +150, ) 18

7.2
2. . 3, . 3
3. . 13, . 9, . 3,5, . 5/7, . 0

7.3
1. . , . , . , . , .
2. . +13, . +30, . -10, . -40, . +17, . -13.
3. = 4

7.4
1. . 4, . -4, . -2, . 4, . 0, . -3
2. . 2, . 4, . -13, . 16,2
3. . -4, . -8

7.5
1. . , . , . , .
2. . 30, . 63, . 24, . 42
3. . -5, . 2, . -1, . 0

7.6
2. . 5, . 3, . -5, . -3

481

482

5
2
10
3. . 2, . , . 3, . , . , . 2
2
15
3

7.7
1. . -0,7, . 1,875, . 0,85, . 1, 6 , . 2, 72 , . 2, 0681

2. .

47
16
109
14
323
146
421
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
1.000
5
20
9
99
15
330

7.8
1. . , . , . , . , .
2. . , . , .
3. . x 5 , . y 6 , . 8 , . x 3 , . y 2

7.9
1. . , . , . , . , . , . , . , .

2. .

1
1
1
, . , .
9
5
100

3. . 4, .

1
1
1
1
1
, .
, . 9, . 25, . , . , . 9, .
25
49
4
8
625

483

484

1
1.1

1. ,
, , .

2. : , , , ,
3. : , y, OZ

1.2
1. : , , , , ,
: , , , , ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

2.
3. : , , , .

1.3
1.

Km

200

0,2

5.200

5,2

2,2

0,0022

1.000.000

1.000

485

2. .

2cm

3.
= + = 2 +1 = 3cm
=
= + = 1+ 2 = 3cm

2cm

1cm

2cm

2cm

4. ,
=

= 1, 7cm
2

=
= 1, 6cm
2

3,4cm

3,2cm

= + = 1, 7 +1, 6 = 3, 3cm
>
= 3, 2cm

5. 0,43 dm = 4,3 cm
= = = 4,3 cm.

1.4
1.
AB = 60mm = 0,6cm
0,6+2+6+1,3=9,9cm
= 2cm
= 0,6dm = 6cm

= 1,3cm

+ + + =

486

2.
=+=2+10=12cm
=+=10+8=18cm
=++=2+10+8=20cm
3.
) = + = 50cm
B) = + = 7cm
) + = 20+30 = 50cm
) + = 30+2 = 32cm
) - = 20-2 = 18cm

10cm

2cm

8cm

20cm

30cm

5cm

2cm

4.
= - = 12,6-5 = 7,6cm

5cm

12,6cm

5.
=

= = 6cm
2

= = 5,5cm
= 2 = 12cm
6.
,

= 2, 5cm =
= = 2, 5cm
2

,
= + = 2,5+5 = 7,5cm

6cm

0,5cm

5cm

5cm

2,5cm

7.
+ + + + = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15cm
+ + = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9cm
+ + >
= + = 3 + 3 = 6cm

487

1.5
1.
y
)

)
180o

2.

80o
x
y

=
= 30
4
120

3.

30o
x

20
20
60o
20

4.

70
105o

35

1.6

1.
+
+
= 180
)

60

= 80

40

488

,
,
.
) , ,
2.
)

y
B
4cm

2cm

= 60 ,
= 30 .
)

1.7
1.
,
,

:
,
:

:
2.
,
,
:

,
:

,
:

,
:

3.

) :

,
,

) :

:
,
,

,
,
,

1.8
1.
= 180 100 = 80
)
= 180 20 = 160
)
= 180 105 = 75
)
= 180 30 = 150
)
2.
= 90 10 = 80
)
= 90 50 = 40
)
= 90 80 = 10
)
3.
+ = 90

= 3

= 67, 5
3 + = 90 = 22, 5 ,

489

490

4.
+ = 180

= 2

+
= 180
= 60 , = 120
2

5.
+ = 180

+ 50
=
6.
= 180
+
+ 38 = 90

+ 50 +
= 180
= 65 , = 115

= 52 , = 120

7.
= 20

+120 = 180 = 60
+ + 20 = 90 = 30
= 90 ,
8.
, + 3
= 180
=
= ,
+ = 180
3

= 45 , = 135 , = 45 ,
= 135

9.
+ 30 = 90 = 60
= = 60
+ = 90 = 30
= 90

10.

' =
+
' =
+
= 20 + 45 = 65
2
2

11.
=

+ + 80 = 180

= = 50

491

1.9
1.
)

1
2
3
4

1
3

2
3

2.

492

3.

1.10
1.

B 2cm

2cm
2.

5,6cm
O

3.
) <
) =

5cm

0,3cm

1.11
1.
)

P1
O

493

1
P2

)
O

P3
O

2.

3.

30cm

O
3cm

4.

B
A
3cm

5.
3,4cm

3,2cm

5cm

494

1.12
1.

20
20
20

120

2.
+ 2 + 2 = 180 = 36
=
= 72

= 36

3.

160o

60
300o
o

4.
3 5
+ + = 180 = 9
2
3
5.

165

80o
115o

495

1.13
1.
)
O
4,2cm

)
O
4,2cm

)
O
4,2cm

2.

6cm
O

3.

A
5cm

10cm O

496

4. 12 (, )
A

2cm

1
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. i-
ii-
iii-
iv-
2. i-
ii-
iii-

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

497

2.1
1.

2.

498

3.

2.2
1.

499

2.

B
A

2.3
1.

1
10

1
10

2. =
,.

3. ,, .

500

4.

,, , .

2.4
1.

2.

3.

4.
) .

501

2
A

.
=.

) =, ,.
.

5.

2.5
1.

2.

502

2.6
1.

= 180 = 60
) +
= = 35

= = 55

= = 55

= = 120

) = = 30

= = 30

+ = 180
= 150

+ = 180 = 120
= 30
)
2

= 60

2
= 37
)

= 37

= 106

2.

= 60

3.

2 = 30

= 60

=
= 60 =

1
2

4.

=
=

= 3
+ = 180

= 45
= 135 = = ,

5.
+ = 120

+120 = 180

= 60
+120 = 180
= 60 , = 60 , = 60 ,
+ + 60 = 180
=

6.

= 180
= 45
45 + 90 +
= 45

= 180
= 90
+ 45 +

2
1.
= 50

= 130

2.
+ = 180 = 120
=
= 30

2 1 = = 30 =

503

504

3.

-
-
-
-
-
-

3
3.1
1.

2.

505

3 -
A

3.

4.
, , .
, , .

3.2
1.
+ 30 + 55 = 180
= 95
)
= 180
60 +
= 120 ,
= 50
)

+ +10 = 180
+
+ 3
+ 20 = 180
) 4
= 20

2.

+
+
= 180

= 60

= = 60

+120 = 180

= 60 ,
= 20
3.

5 + + = 180
= 3

=
50
= 26 ,
= 78 ,
= 76

4.
+
+
= 180

506

5.
)
= 30
= 75 , = 30
2 = 30
= 15 ,
+ 90 = 180
+
)
+ 80 = 180
= 100

=
= 100

= 32
= = 32
+ = 180 = 80

+ + = 180 = 40

= = 48
6.
+100 = 180
= 80

+
+
= 180
= 20

7.
+130 = 180
= 50 = =

+ 90 = 180 = 90 =
+
+ = 180
= 40

3.3
1.

2cm

4cm

507

3 -

2.

2cm

u=2cm

6cm

3.
) + = 3+4 = 7cm
) = ++ =

3cm

+ 7
= = 3, 5cm .
2
2
M

4cm

3.4
1.
=
= 120

=
= 60

2. .

5cm

3. .
4. ,,,
, .

508

5.
)
6.

)
7.
= 65

=
+ = 180 = 115
115 + 30 + = 180 = 35
+ + = 360 =
= 115
+

3
.

1 -
.
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8-
9-
10 -

1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-