အစိုးရသစ္ႏွင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသားအင္အားစုမ်ားအၾကား အၾကပ္အတည္း

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vlYabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD? okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme
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vlYabmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
PO Box (107)
Mae Sod, Tak, Thailand 63110
Webpage: <www.dpnsburmese.org>
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11
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Defense Organization (rGeu
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12
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xdk'kwd,tqifhudk vHk;0 raqmif&GufcJhyg? e,fjcm;apmifhwyf toGifajymif;a&;? XmaejynfolYppf toGif
ajymif;a&; ponfwu
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qdkvQif twif;tMuyf zdtm;ay;NyD; vufeufyif cscdkif;cJhygonf/
odkYaom rajyrvnf tajctaersm;atmufuyif ppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJwck jyKvkyfcJh
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13
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aemufcHorkdif;
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zqyvtpk;d &u 'Dru
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rSmyif jynfwGif;ppfBuD;pwif jzpfyGg;cJh&onf/ xdkjynfwGif;ppfaMumifh wdkif;&if;om; jynfolrsm;onf
qif;&JwiG ;f eufNy;D wdik ;f jynfonfvnf; tqif;&Jq;kH Edik if t
H jzpf urmt
h v,fwiG f rsuEf mS rvS jzpfae&onf/
1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufaeYwiG f Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; acgif;aqmifvsuf awmfveS af &;aumifpD
trnfcHum ppfwyfrS tmPmodrf;cJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; ppftpkd;&rS 1963 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;
Nird ;f csr;f a&;rsm;ukd ac:qkcd ahJ omfvnf; twkta,mif jzpfonft
h wGuf Nird ;f csr;f a&; r&&Sb
d ?J vufeufuikd f
ykefuefx<urIrsm;rSm ykdrkdjyif;xef &SnfMumvmcJh&onf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pka'orsm;wGif wdkif;&if;om;
jynfolrsm;ESifh vlrsKd;pk vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;tay:wGif ppfwyf\ zdESdyfacsrIef;rI? vlYtcGifhta&;
csKd;azgufrIrsm;rSm ydkrdkjyif;xefvmcJhonf/
jynfwiG ;f ppf'Pfudk wEkid if v
H ;Hk cg;pnf;cHaeMu&onf/ xdt
Yk jyif tmPmodr;f ppfacgif;aqmif
rsm;\ jynfob
Yl @mrsm;ukd rw&m; zdEydS &f ,lcMhJ uaomaMumifh wkid ;f jynfonf urmt
h qif;&Jq;Hk Ekid if t
H jzpf
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh&onf/ xkdokdY pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;? vlYtcGifhta&;? wkdif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;rsm; xdckduf
qk;H &I;H aerIrsm;aMumifh 1988 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f wGif wEkid if v
H ;Hk vlrsKd ;aygif;pkjH ynforl sm; yg0ifonfh &Spaf v;vk;H
'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykHBuD; ay:aygufvmcJh&onf/
1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (18) &ufaeYwiG f &Spaf v;vH;k 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfyBkH u;D tm; ppfwyfrS
tMurf;zufESdrfeif;NyD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;apmarmiftm; acgif;aqmifapNyD;? tmPmodrf;
onfhenf;jzifh ppftmPm&Sifpepfukd qufvuf xlaxmifcJhMuonf/
xdkYaemuf EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU (e0w) udk zGJUpnf;um? wkdif;jynftm;
ppftyk cf sKyaf &; jy|mef;Ny;D tkycf sKycf o
hJ nf/ ygwDp'kH rD u
kd a&pD a&G;aumufyu
JG kd usi;f yay;rnf? a&G;aumufyJG
Ny;D ygu ppfwef;vsm;jyefrnf? Ekid if aH wmfumuG,af &;ESihf vHNk cKaH &; wm0efawGuo
kd m qufvufaqmifu
G f
oGm;rnf pojzifh uwdu0wfrsm;ukd urmod ay;cJJhonf/ wzufu xdkuJhodkY uwdawG trsKd;rsKd;ay;NyD;
wzufrSmvnf; trdefYaMunmcsufaygif;rsm;pGm xkwfjyefum 'Drdkua&pDa&; wuf<uvIyf&Sm;olrsm;udk
14
Oya'rJph mG zrf;qD; axmifcsypfco

hJ nf/ vlt
Y cGit
hf a&; csK;d azgufrrI sm;udk wjynfv;kH ajAmifusus usL;vGecf hJ
onf/
&Spaf v;vH;k 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;awmfyBkH u;D \ &v'ftjzpf a':atmifqef;pkMunf acgif;aqmifyg0if
aom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf (National League for Democracy) tygt0if EkdifiHa&;ygwDaygif;
(235) ygwD ay:aygufvmonf/ trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyf (NLD) onf vlxak xmufcrH EI iS hf tiftm;
taumif;qH;k Ekid if aH &;ygwDw&yftaejzifh tiftm;Bu;D xGm;vmonf/ ppftmPm&Sipf epfukd t"du tHwk
&ifqikd rf nfh Ekid if aH &;ygwD w&yftjzpf ay:xGuv
f mcJo
h nf/ wjcm; 'Dru
kd a&pDygwDrsm;uvnf; rNy;D qH;k ao;
aom ppftmPm&Sipf epfwu
kd zf suaf &; wdu
k yf w
JG iG f (NLD) udk wyfO;D ygwDtjzpf xm;Ny;D 0dik ;f &HvmMuonf/
ajray: w&m;0ifEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tiftm;aumif;vmonf/ &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDvlxkwdkufyGJ t&Sdef
aMumifh vlxk\ EkdifiHa&;a&csdefvnf; jrifhrm;tm;aumif;vmonf/
xdt
k ajctaeonf e0wppftyk pf t
k wGuf ajray: w&m;0ifEidk if aH &;ygwDrsm;\ Ekid if aH &;wdu
k yf JG
ppfrsuEf mS ESihf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD uJo
h aYkd om vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk
vufeufuikd t
f iftm;pkrsm;\ ppfa&;wdu
k yf JG ppfrsuEf mS [l ppfrsuEf mS ESp&f yfukd wNyKd ief ufwnf; &ifqikd f
ae&onfh tajctaejzpfonf/ ,cif OD;ae0if;\ rqv wygwDppftmPm&SifacwfESifh rwlaom
tajctaeopfwck jzpfonf/
xdo
k Ykd wNyKd ief uf ppfrsuEf mS ESpb
f uf zGiw
hf u
kd &f jcif;aMumifh if;wdt
Yk aejzifh tMuyftwnf;aygif;
rsm;pGm &So
d nft
h wGuf ppfrsuEf mS wbufukd ,m,D&yfxm;&ef ppftpk;d &bufrS jyifqifvmonf/ &Spaf v;vH;k
vlxk'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfykHBuD;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom jynfwGif; EkdifiHa&;wdkufyGJppfrsufESmukd ykdifykdif
EkdifEkdif xdef;csKyf&ef? (txl;ojzifh NLD acgif;aqmifonfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef) taumif
txnfazmfco
hJ nf/ xkaYd Mumifh vufeufuikd f wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;udk ,m,D typftcwf &yfpx
J m;&ef
ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tBu;D tuJ? e0w twGi;f a&;rSL;(1) Akv
d cf sKycf ifeG \
Yf ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rS enf;em
aygif;pHkoHk;um aqmif&Gufvmawmhonf/
xkt
d csed u
f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;xJwiG f tiftm;tBu;D qk;H jzpfco
hJ nfh ArmjynfueG jf rLepf
ygwD (Auy) twGi;f tuGt
J NyrJ sm; jzpfay:csed Ef iS hf e0w ppftyk pf \
k ppfrsuEf mS wbuf ,m,D&yfqikd ;f a&;
vdktyfcsufwkdY tcsdefukdufjzpfoGm;cJhonf/ wGif jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;wGif typf&yf EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwck
ay:xGuv
f monf/ ppftpd;k &ESihf ,m,D typf&yfpu
J m Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzGUJ rsm; ay:aygufvmcJo
h nf/ 1989
ckESpf rwfvwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;rS udk;uefYvlrsKd;pkwyfzGJYrsm; pwifcGJxGufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf
qufwu
kd q
f o
kd vdk ]0}vlrsK;d pkrsm;u cGx
J u
G o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ xdck x
JG u
G rf u
I kd tcGiahf umif;,l e0w ppftyk pf u
k
cGJxGufoGm;aomtzGJUrsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; jyKvkyfvdkufonf/
1980 ckESpf AuyESifh rqv ygwDwdkY wkwfjynfwGif aqG;aEG;pOf Auyu tcsuf (3) csuf
wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsuf (3) csufrSm
(1) wyfwnf&SdcGifh
(2) tzGJYtpnf;wnf&SdcGifh
(3) e,fajrtodtrSwfjyKrIwdkY jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf rqv tpdk;&u vufrcHojzifh aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;oGm;cJh&onf/
15
aemif (9) ESpftMum 1989 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif; tMuyftwnf;ESifh&ifqkdifae&aom e0w

ppftyk pf o
k nf tqdyk g (3) csuu
f kd todtrSwjf yKvsuf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESit
hf ypftcwf &yfpaJ &;
rsm; pwifjyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;xJwiG f AuyNy;D vQif tiftm;tBu;D qH;k
jzpfaom (KNU) u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tkH;wGifvnf; Ak'bmomu&ifrsm;u cGJxGufum (DKBA) tzGJU
taejzifh ppftpd;k &ESihf Nird ;f csr;f a&; ,lomG ;Muonf/ u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tk;H rSm tiftm; avsmu
h somG ;cJh
&onf/ tcsKUd aom wkid ;f &if;om; cGx
J u
G t
f zGUJ i,frsm;qdv
k Qif vH;k 0 vufeufcsvu
kd &f onfrsm;yif &Scd o
hJ nf/
wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuidk t
f zGrYJ sm;\ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vky&f jcif;onf Ekid if aH &;jyemrsm;ukd
EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef yxrajcvSrf;tjzpf pwifvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
okdYaomf ppftpkd;&bufrS oabmxm;rSm ol\ vwfwavm EkdifiHa&;tMuyftwnf;rsm;rS
,m,D xGuaf ygufwcktaejzifh vkyaf qmifjcif;jzpfonf/ ppftpk;d &\ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; &nf&,
G cf surf mS
&ifqikd pf pfrsuEf mS avQmch sEidk af &;ESihf vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;twGi;f tcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;uGNJ y;D NyKu
d o
JG mG ;a&;
r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf\ tpdwftydkif;wcktaejzifh vkyfaqmif&ef jzpfonf/
aemufyikd ;f wGif rlvtypf&yfpOfu oabmwlnrD w
I iG f ryg0ifaom BGF (Border Guard Force)
(ac:) e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf ajymif;vJzUJG pnf;a&;? XmaejynfopYl pf HGF (Home Guard Force) toGiaf jymif;
a&; qdkaom yHkpHjzifh typf&yftzGJUrsm;tm; zdtm;ay;vmonf/
Opm"eydkifqdkifrIrsm;ESifh udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;wkdYwGif om,moGm;Muaom tzGJUrsm;ESifh tiftm;
ao;i,faom tzGUJ tcsKUd onf aemufq;kH wGif etzppftyk pf \
k (BGF/ HGF) tpDtrHukd emcHomG ;cJMh uonf/
emcHoGm;aom tzGJYrsm;onf etz ppftkyfpk\ nTefMum;csufudk vdkufem&efrSwyg; tjcm;aG;cs,fp&m
r&Sd jzpfMu&onf/
odkYaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufESifh wyftiftm;t&Sdeft0g wpHkw&m&Sdaom tzGJUrsm;u
xdu
k pd u
kd vufrcH jiif;qefcMhJ uNy;D if;wk\
Yd oabmxm;rsm;ukd aMumif;usKd ;&S&d dS jyefvnfwifjycJMh uonf/
ppftpk;d &bufu xkw
d ifjycsurf sm;tm;vk;H udk vk;H 0 ypfy,fNy;D ? zdtm;trsKd ;rsKd ;ay;um if;wk\
Yd tpDtrHukd
twif;tMuyf vdkufemcdkif;cJhonf/ jiif;qefaeaomtzGJUrsm;udk atmufvrf;enf;rsm;oHk;um zdtm;ay;
onf/ 27-8-09 &ufaeYwGif etz ppftkyfpkonf typftcwf &yfpJa&;udk vufrcHaom udk;uefYtzGJY
(MNDAA) tm; tzGw
YJ iG ;f &Sd y#dyuukd tcGiahf umif;,l ppftiftm;oH;k Ny;D pwifwu
dk cf u
dk cf o
hJ nf/ (MNDAA)
tzGOYJ uX zkeMf um;&Siu
f kd z,f&mS ;Ny;D ppftpk;d &ukd emcHaom y,fapmufcsed u
f kd OuXtjzpf wifajrm ufco
hJ nf/
xdt
Yk jyif e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf ajymif;vJzpYJG nf;a&;udk jiif;qefaeaom rdik ;f vm;tzGUJ (ac:) trsK;d om;
'Dru
kd a&pDaoG;pnf;nDnw
G af &;wyfrawmf (NDAA) wyfzUJG taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;rif;tdrf onfvnf;
2010 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (27) &uf? reufyikd ;f wGif trnfrod aoewform;rsm;\ vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfjcif;udk
cHcJh&onf/ (BGF) vufrcHaom tzGJUrsm;ESifh etzppftkyfpkwdkYtMum; wif;rmrIonfvnf; waeYwjcm;
wd;k yGm;vmcJo
h nf/
2008 zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk toufoiG ;f &eftwGuf jyKvyk o
f nfh a&G;aumufyrJG wkid cf ifwiG f
typf&yf tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vk;H ukd (BGF/ HGF) rsm;tjzpf toGiaf jymif;Ny;D jzpfap&ef etz ppftpk;d &bufrS
tjyif;txef BuKd ;yrf;cJah omfvnf; Ekid if aH &;&yfwnfcsuf ckid rf maom typf&yf tzGt
YJ pnf;rsm;u toGif
rajymif;bJ awmifhcHcJhMuonf/
16
(DKBA)
wyf r [m 5 wyf r [mrS L ; Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf apmvm;AG , f
aG;aumufyGJ usif;yaom (7-11-10) &ufaeYwGif (DKBA) tzGJUrS e,fjcm;apmifhwyf toGif

ajymif;a&;udk vufrcHonfh Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf apmvm;AG,f (ac:) Adv
k Ef w
I cf rf;arT;\ wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &
wyfrsm;Mum; xdyw
f u
kd &f ifqikd rf rI sm; pwifjzpfygG ;cJo
h nf/ (8-11-10) &ufaeYwiG f u&ifjynfe,f jr0wDNrKd U
wGi;f wzufEiS hf wzuf tjyeftvSef ypfcwfMuonfxd jzpfvmawmhonf/ etz\ 2010 aG;aumufyJG
ESit
hf wl jyefvnfay:xGuv
f maom aoewforH sm;yif jzpfygonf/ e,fjcm;apmifw
h yftpDtrHtygt0if
ppftpk;d &\ wzufowf aqmuf&u
G af erIrsm;ukd vufrcHEidk Mf uaom typf&yftzGUJ rsm;tm;vH;k twGuf
vnf; wyfvSefYoH jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf/
17
tcef; (2)
typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom
wkdif;&if;om; vufeufukdiftzGJUrsm;
(e0w-etz) ppftyk pf u
k vufeufuikd w
f u
kd cf u
kd af eaom wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk (17) zGUJ ESihf
Nird ;f csr;f a&; &,lxm;onf[k if;wd\
Yk rD',
D mrsm;rSae aMunmcJo
h nf/ xdt
k ypf&yftzGrYJ sm;udk vufeuf
ESihf Nird ;f csr;f a&;vJ Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf[k ppftyk pf u
k 0g'jzefcY so
d nf/ typf&yf
jcif;tusK;d quftaejzifh wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f iftm;pkrsm;tm; tzGt
YJ pnf; wnf&cdS iG ?hf wyfwnf&dS
cGifhESifh a'ownf&SdcGifhwkdYudk cGifhjyKcJhonf/ a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;[kqdkum ppftpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef
oabmwlMuonf/ ppftpdk;&bufrS usef;rma&;? ynma&;qdkif&m tultnDwcsKdU ay;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef; vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf csKUd udk csay;cJo
h nf/ txl;tcGit
hf a&;rsm; ay;cJo
h nf/ opfvyk if ef;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&; uJhodkYaom tppftaq; wif;Muyfonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif txl;a'otzGJYrsm;[k emrnfcHvkdufHkjzifh
uif;vGwfcGifhrsm; &&SdcJhonf/
ppftyk pf o
k nf if;wd\
Yk Ekid if aH &;r[mAsL[m vdt
k yfcsut
f ay:wGif enf;y&d,m,ft& ,m,D
typftcwf&yfpx
J m;jcif;omjzpfonf/ jyem\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd f
jy|mef;cGiq
hf ikd &f m Ekid if aH &;udpr sm;ESiyhf wfouf aqG;aEG;cJjh cif; vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ g/ wdik ;f &if;om;wk\
Yd Ekid if aH &;
qdik &f m udpr sm;udk trsK;d om;nDvmcHtwGi;f ESihf aemifwufvmrnfh tpd;k &ESihf qufaqG;aEG;&ef [lom
ajymqdkaecJhonf/ (KIA/ KIO) tzGJUrSvGJ useftypf&yftzGJUtm;vHk;ESifh rnfonfhoabmwlcsuf pmcsKyf
pmwrf; udrk Q vufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif;r&Scd yhJ g/ wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f iftm;pkrsm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;
udk Edik if aH &;t& 0g'jzefcY srd aI umif;&eftwGuo
f m jyKvyk x
f m;jcif;jzpfonf/ ppfreS af om jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;
udk OD;wnfvkyfaqmifcJhjcif; r&Sdyg/
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;aqmif&u
G Ef idk cf ahJ Mumif; Ekid if aH &;t& 0g'jzefY o
Hk ufoufom aqmif&u
G cf hJ
onfrmS xif&mS ;onf/ u&ifet
D rsK;d om; wd;k wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; jyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf
(3) vtMumwGif typftcwf&yfpJrI ysufjy,foGm;cJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,aeYtxd typf&yftzGJU (17) zGJU
pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;qJjzpfonf/
typftcwf &yfpx
J m;aom tzGUJ rsm;tay: xm;&Sad om (e0w-etz)ppftyk pf \
k oabmxm;
onf wrsKd;wnf;r[kwf/ cGJjcm;xm;onfudk awGY&onf/ xdkodkY cGJjcm;rIudk avhvmMunfhvQif atmufyg
twdkif; tkyfpk (3) pk awGU&onf/
18
(1) rw&m;toif;tjzpfrS y,fzsufay;aom tzGJYrsm; (8) zGJY - (1989 rS 1991 txd)

(2) rw&m;toif;tjzpfrS y,fzsufay;jcif;rcH&aom tzGJYrsm; (7) zGJY - (1992 rS 1995 txd)
(3) vufeufcscJh&aom tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (2)zGJY - (1996 rS 1997 txd)
typf&yftzGJYrsm;tay: xm;&Sdaom ppftkyfpk\ oabmxm;onf if;wdkY&ifqdkifawGYBuHKae&
onfh EdkifiHa&;tMuyftwnf;tay:wGif trSDjyKaeonfudk awGY&Sd&onf/
yxrtpk (1989 rS 1991) ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; vkyfaqmifcsdefonf jrefrmjynfwGif;
Edik if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; jyif;xef aecsed jf zpfonf/ &Spaf v;vk;H 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;awmfyBHk u;D \ t&Sed &f adS eaom
umvjzpfonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwckudk usif;yay;cJh&NyD; xdka&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&vmonfh trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftm; tmPmvTJajymif;ray;&a&;twGuf ppftkyfpkrSm tjyif;txef kef;uefae&csdef
jzpfonf/
'kwd,tpk (1992 rS 1995) ESifh typftcwf &yfpJcsdefrSmrl jynfwGif; EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIudk
tjyif;txef ESrd ef if;xm;onf/ 1990 a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f tEdik &f ygwDjzpfonfh trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyf
udkvnf; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;jcif; r&Sdonfhtjyif ppftkyfpk\ twkta,mif trsKd;om;nDvmcHukd jynf
wGif;ESifh EkdifiHwumu vufcHtodtrSwfjyKvm&ef BudK;yrf;ae&csdefjzpfonf/
wwd,tpk (1996 rS 1997) ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyaf qmifcsed o
f nf ppftyk pf t
k aejzifh
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23
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KNPLF
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KNLP (u,ef;jynfopfygwD)
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24
(13)

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(14)
KNPP (u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD)
u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) udk 1948 Mo*kwfvqef;wGif pwifzGJYpnf;cJhaomf

vnf; 1958 ckESpf {NyDvwGif w&m;0if EdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf pwifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ 1993 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv
(21) &ufESifh 'DZifbmv (28) &ufaeYrsm;wGif xdkif;EkdifiHqdkif&m jrefrmppfoHrSL; AdkvfrSL;BuD;odef;aqGESifh
(KNPP) Ou| ref;atmifoef;av;wdkY xdkif;EkdifiH? r,fa[mifaqmifNrdKUteD;wGif awGUqHkum typftcwf
&yfpJa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;ajymqdkMuonf/ 1994 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbm (10) &ufESifh (13) &ufaeYwGif (KNPP)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh e0w udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwdkY vGdKifaumfNrdKUwGif awGUqHkcJhonf/ 1995 ckESpf? rwfv
(6-7) &ufaeYrsm;wGif AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifMunfESifh 'kwyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;BuD;
ausm0f if;OD;aqmifonfh ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ ESihf (KNPP) rS 'kw,
d Ou| cl;xJb;l zJ? twGi;f a&;rSL; &Drefx;l wdYk
OD;aqmifonfh tzGJUwdkY vGdKifaumfNrdKUwGif wwd,tBudrf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ 1995 ckESpf rwfv (1)
&ufaeYwGif e0wESifh typftcwf &yfpJcJhonf/ odkYaomf (3) v tMum ZGefv (15) &ufaeYwGif tqdkyg
typftcwf&yfpJa&; ysufjym;oGm;cJhonf/
(15)
NMSP
(rGejf ynfopfygw)D
rGejf ynfoUl wyfO;D (MPF) rScx

JG u
G u
f m Ekid af &Tusi(f ac:) Ekid b
f vGif acgif;aqmif 1958 Zlvikd v
f
wGif rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP)ESihf rGet
f rsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (MNLA) udk wnfaxmifco
hJ nf/
vlenf;pk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;\ tcGit
hf a&;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd jf y|mef;cGit
hf wGuf wdu
k yf 0JG ifco
hJ nf/ 1993
25
ck pufwifbmvwGif xdik ;f Ekid if q

H ikd &f m jrefrmppforH LS ; Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D ode;f aqGEiS hf (NMSP) pwifawGUqHck o
hJ nf/
atmufwdkbm (6) &ufaeYwGif etz axmufvSrf;a&;udk,fpm;vS,fESifh (NMSP) udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwdkY
awGUqHck o
hJ nf/ (NMSP) u wyfaygif;pktaejzifh awGUqHak qG;aEG;&ef awmif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; jrefrmppforH LS ;ESihf
xdik ;f Ekid if t
H wGi;f (5) Burd af wGUqHNk y;D aemuf (NMSP) wzGUJ wnf;taejzifo
h m awGUqHak qG;aEG;&ef oabmwlchJ
onf/
ESpb
f ufu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; armfvNrKd iNf rKUd wGif (31-12-93) rS (3-1-94) &ufaeYxd yxrtBurd ?f
(20-3-94) rS (25-3-94) &ufaeYxd 'kw,
d tBurd ?f (28-6-94) rS (1-7-94) &ufaeYxd wwd,tBurd Ef iS hf
(2-6-95) rS (6-6-95)&ufaeYxd pwkwtBudrf av;Budrfwdkif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ (29-6-95) wGif
typftcwf &yfpJcJhonf/ vuf&SdOu|rSm EkdifaxmrGefjzpfNyD; XmecsKyfrSm a&;NrdKUe,f? a&;acsmif;zsm;wGif
jzpfonf/
(16) MTA (&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf Shan Land Army) (cGeq

f mtzG)JU
1965 ckEpS af vmufwiG f Akv
d cf sKyaf e0if; OD;aqmifonfh awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D pd;k &\ ]umuG,af &;
wyf}tjzpf tpd;k &ppfwyfEiS hf yl;wGw
J m0ef,cl o
hJ nf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif bde;f arSmifckd vufeufuikd f tzGUJ tjzpf
xif&mS ;onf/ (5-1-1996) &ufaeYwiG f etzxH t<uif;rJh vufeufcsco
hJ nf/ odaYk omf tzGUJ tiftm;\
okH;ykH ESpfykH cefYrSm ,ckwdkif vufeufudkifwdkufaeaom (SSA-S) (&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf - awmifydkif;) odkY
yl;aygif;oGm;Muonf/
cG e f q m vuf e uf c saepOf
(17) Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (&cdkiftzGJU)

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\ &cdkifjynfe,fygwDcGJ jzpfonf/ jrefrmESifh b*Fvm;a'h&fS e,fpyfwGif
vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ tzGJUacgif;aqmifrSm OD;apmxGef;OD;jzpfNyD; 1996 ckESpf atmufwdkbm (29) &ufaeYwGif
e0waxmufvSrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh armif;awmNrdKUe,f yxrtBudrf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
1997 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&D (27) &ufaeYwiG f 'kw,
d tBurd f awGUqHck NhJ y;D ? xdEk pS f {NyD (6)&ufaeYwiG f t<uif;rJh
vufeufcsco
hJ nf/
26
27
28
29
30
xdk (17) zGJUrSm (e0w-etz) ppftkyfpku jynfwGif;? jynfy rD'D,mrsm;udk w&m;0if xkwfjyef
xm;Ny;D ? if;wkv
Yd ufxufwiG f rnfonfah cwftcgESirhf Qrwl wdik ;f jynfat;csr;f wnfNird af eaMumif;? ppfyrJG sm;
r&Sad wmhaMumif; jynfwiG ;f ESihf Edik if w
H umokYd 0g'jzefcY srd I jyKvyk w
f ikd ;f tqdyk g typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeuf
udik f (17) zGUJ udk Te;f qdak z:jyavh&o
dS nf/ tiftm;ESihf e,fajrydik q
f ikd rf &I NdS y;D ygwDvu
kd ?f tzGUJ tpnf;vdu
k f
jzpfaomaMumifhvnf; ppftkyfpktwGuf jy,k*faumif; jzpfaeyHk&onf/ xdk (17) zGJYtjyif rlv rdciftzGJU
tpnf;rsm;rS cGJxGufoGm;aom okdYr[kwf uGJxGufoGm;NyD; (e0w-etz) ppftkyfpkESifh typftcwf&yf?
vufeufcscJhaom tzGJUi,fav;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sdao;onf/
31
tcef; (3)
rlv rdciftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS

cGx
J u
G o
f mG ;aom (okrUd [kwf ) uGx
J u
G o
f mG ;aom tzGiUJ ,frsm;
1/ pyfuPf;,Gwf OD;pD;onfh (SSNA) tzGJU onf cGefqm\ (MTA) rS (7-6-95) wGif cGJxGufvmonf/
xdkYaemuf (11-6-95) ckESpfwGif typftcwf &yfpJa&; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf (SSA) ESifh jyefvnf
yl;aygif;oGm;NyD; 1996 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpDudk zGJYpnf;cJhonf/
2/ apmorl[J OD;pD;aom (KPF) (a[mifoa&mNidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU) onf
rS cGJxGufvm tiftm; 500 ausmfjzifh etzxH vufeufcsonf/
(KNLA)
wyf&if; (16)
3/ vD;&,fOD;pD;aom u&ifeDtrsKd;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (e*g;tzGJU) onf (KNPP) rS cGJxGufcJhNyD;?

tiftm; (60) jzifh etzxH vufeufcsonf/
4/ cl;&,fOD;pD;aom [dk&ma'o (ua,meD) tzGJU onf (KNPP) rScGJxGufNyD;? tiftm; 103 a,mufjzifh
etzxH vufeufcsonf/
5/ wJe,f? um&Dxl; OD;pD;aom ]u&ifeDtrsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;tzGJU (Mu,fjzLtzGJU)}}onf
tiftm; 227 a,muf&Sdonf/ (KNPP) rS cGJxGufNyD;? etzxH vufeufcsonf/
6/ Nrd K if B uD ; il q &mawmf OD ; ok Z eES i f h OD ; omxl ; ausmf OD ; pD ; aom ]wd k ; wuf a om Ak ' b mom
u&iftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf} (DKBA) onf (KNU) rS cGJxGufum etzESifh typftcwf &yfpJcJhonf/
7/ AdkvfrSL;BuD; ref;av;0g;OD;pD;onfh tiftm; (200) onf apmorl[J OD;pD;aom ]a[mifoa&m
txl;a'o tzGJU} rS cGJxGufNyD; etzxH xyfrH vufeufcsonf/
8/ apmy,f&Drdk; OD;pD;aom ]u&iftxl;a'otzGJU} onf tiftm; (108) a,muf&Sdonf/ (KNU) rS
cGJxGufNyD; etzxH vufeufcscJhonf/
9/ z'dkatmifqef;OD;pD;aom ]KNU Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU} onf tiftm; (127) a,muf&Sdonf/ (KNU)
wyfr[m (3) e,fajrbk&m;ukef;? anmifav;yifNrdKUe,frS cGJxGufNyD;? etzxH vufeufcsonf/
32
10/ apmudkBuD;OD;pD;aom ]oHawmifajrmuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU} onf tiftm; (188) a,muf&Sdonf/

oHawmifNrdKUe,f (KNU) wyfr[m (2) rS cGJxGuf etzxH vufeufcsonf/
11/ AkdvfcsKyfxdefarmif OD;pD;aom ]KNU - KNLA Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD} onf zm;tHckdif? xdk;aumfudk;
aus;Gm (KNU) wyfr[m (7) rS cGx
J u
G
f (11-2-2007) &ufaeYwiG f etzESihf typftcwf &yfpcJ o
hJ nf/
12/ vqefatmif0g OD;pD;aom ]Rebellion Resistance Force} (a*Gxl;jynfolYppf) onf ucsif
jynfe,f 0dkif;armfNrdKUe,f? a*Gxl;aus;Gm jynfolYppftzGJUtjzpf &yfwnfaeonf/
13/ *sy;D uG,f OD;pD;aom ]vm;[ljynfopYl pf} (LDF) onf rdik ;f qwf jynfopYl pftzGUJ tjzpf &yfwnfaeonf/
14/ OD;oef;aT? OD;cdkifaZmf OD;pD;aom ]&cdkifwyfrawmf} (NUPA-AA)onf tiftm; (293) a,muf
&Sdonf/ etzxH vufeufcscJhonf/
15/ Ekdifcsrf;? Ekdifwdrf; OD;pD;aom ]Ekdifpdkufcsrf;tzGJU} onf tiftm; (215) a,muf&Sdonf/ rGefjynfopf
ygwDrS cGJxGufNyD; etzxH vufeufcsonf/
16/ OD;pdk;odrf; OD;pD;aom ]xm;0,ftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf} onf tiftm; (60) a,muf &Sdonf/
etzxH vufeufcsonf/
17/ apmwufw;kd ? Ekid af tmifEidk f OD;pD;aom tiftm; (40) &Sd tzGUJ onf rGejf ynfopfygwDrS cGx
J u
G u
f m
etzxH vufeufcsonf/
k ek ;f oGif OD;pD;aom tiftm; (72) a,muftzGUJ onf

18/ z'dt
(KNU)
rS cGx
J u
G u
f m etzxH vufeufcsonf/
d cf sKyjf r\om;) ESihf tiftm; (60) a,muo

19/ apmaepd;k jr (Akv
f nf
(KNU)
rS cGx
J u
G t
f zGUJ jzpfonf/
20/ SSA &Srf;wyfr[m (10) rS cGJxGuf tiftm; (400) tzGJY onf etzxH vufeufcscJhonf/
21/ rdef;pdef OD;pD;aom tiftm; (848) a,muf &SdonfhtzGJY onf (SSA-S) wyfr[m (758) rS
cGJxGufum etzxH vufeufcsonf/
txufaz:jyyg typf&yf Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh cGJxGufvufeufcstkyfpkrsm; &Sdaeovdk
ppftpdk;&ESifh typf&yfpJjcif;rjyKbJ qufvuf wdkufcdkufaeMuaom u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tkH; (KNU)
uJo
h aYdk om vufeufuikd f vlrsK;d pktzGUJ tpnf;rsm;vnf; &Sad eygonf/ u&ifet
D rsK;d om; wd;k wufa&;ygwDEiS hf
&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmfwo
Ykd nf typf&yf Nird ;f csr;f a&;,lNy;D umrS oabmwlncD suyf suu
f m ppfa&;t& jyefvnf
wdu
k cf &hJ onf/
33
tcef; (4)
typftcwf &yfpjJ cif;r&Sad o;onfh

f iftm;pkrsm;
(1) u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tk;H - Karen National Union (KNU)
u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tHk; - Karen National Union (KNU) udk 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&Dv (5)
&ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd Y pwifzpYJG nf;onf/ u&iftrsK;d om;tzGcYJ sKy[
f v
k nf; ac:Muonf/ tzGw
YJ iG f u&ifA[dk
tpnf;tH;k (KCO)? u&ifvil ,frsm; tpnf;tH;k (KYO) ESihf tjcm; u&iftzGt
YJ pnf;rsm;? acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESihf pkaygif;Ny;D (KNU)udk zGpYJ nf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ pwifzpYJG nf;pOfu OuXrSm apmpHz;kd oif jzpfNy;D 'kw,
d OuXrSm
apmbOD;BuD; jzpfonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif usif;yaom yifvHknDvmcHodkY udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;r&SdbJ
avhvmol (4) OD;udkom apvTwfcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk awmif;qdkcJhonf/
]u&ifwusyf Armwusyf csufjcif;jy}? ]jynfwGif;ppftvdkr&Sd} ponfjzifh a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ odkYaomf
1949 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufaeYwGif (KNDO) udk rw&m;toif;tjzpf zqyv tpkd;&u aMunm
vdkufonf/ xdkaeYyif (KNU) u vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ 12-8-50
&ufaeYwGif OuX apmbOD;BuD; wdkufyGJwGif usqHk;oGm;NyD;aemuf apm[efomarT; OuXjzpfvmonf/
apm[efomarT; vufeufcsomG ;Ny;D aemufwiG f ref;bZHu OuXtjzpf wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/ 1975 ckEpS w
f iG f
yJcl;dk;rwdkif;ESifh {&m0wDwdkif;&Sd (KNU) e,fajrrsm; qHk;IH;oGm;NyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfBuD; apmbdkjr qufvuf
acgif;aqmifco
hJ nf/
1988 aemufyikd ;f wGif ppftyk pf o
k nf (KNU)tay: tBu;D tus,f xd;k ppfqifvmcJo
h nf/ 1995
ckEpS w
f iG f (KNU) tzGt
YJ wGi;f rS (DKBA) cGx
J u
G o
f mG ;aomaMumifh (KNU) XmecsKyjf zpfaom rme,fyavma'o
udk vufvw
T v
f u
kd &f onf/ (DKBA) cGx
J u
G o
f mG ;jcif;onf (KNU) twGuf tBu;D rm;qH;k xdcu
kd rf u
I kd jzpfay:
aponf/
u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;tk;H (KNU) onf etzppftyk pf Ek iS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;udk tBurd f
Budrf usif;ycJhonf/ ppftkyfpkESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf 1996 ckESpfwGif (4) Budrf? 2003 ckESpf
ESpu
f ek yf ikd ;f rS 2005 ckEpS x
f d pkpak ygif; (7) Burd w
f ikd f awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;cJo
h nf/ etzppftyk pf u
k Edik if aH &;jyem
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef jiif;qefcJhNyD; ]w&m;Oya'abmif}twGif; 0ifa&muf&efom awmif;qdkcJhonf/
34
(KNU) OuX Akv

d cf sKyBf u;D apmbdjk ronf ud,
k w
f ikd f &efuek o
f o
Ydk mG ; ppftyk pf ak cgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ 2004 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD; apmbdkjrESifh xdkpOfu
axmufvSrf;a&;tBuD;tuJ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; cifGefYwdkYtMum; EIwftm;jzifh oabmwlnDrI (Gentlemans
Agreement) &,l typftcwf&yfpr
J I jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ okaYd omf Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D cifeG Yf jyKwo
f mG ;Ny;D aemufyikd ;f
ppftkyfpk\ oabmxm;rrSefuefrIaMumifh aemufqHk;wGif typftcwf&yfpJa&; ysufjym;cJh&onf/
2010 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (14) &ufaeYrS (18) &ufaeYtxd jyKvkyfaom (KNU) \ (14) Budrf
ajrmuf uGe*f &uftNy;D xkwjf yefaom aMunmcsuw
f iG f a&G;aumufyt
JG & jzpfay:vmrnfh tpd;k &opfonf
2008 zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk toufoGif;&efom jzpfaomaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &ifqdkifae&aom
tMuyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfbJ IyfaxG;rIrsm;om ydkrdkjzpfay:aprnf[k az:jyxm;onf/
KNU
wyfzGJU0ifrsm;
(2) u&ifeD trsKd ;om; wd;k wufa&;ygwD - Karenni Progress Party (KNPP)
u&ifeDtrsKd;om; wdk;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) udk 1948 Mo*kwfvqef;wGif pwifzGJYpnf;cJhaomf
vnf; 1958 ckEpS f {Nyv
D wGif w&m;0if Edik if aH &;ygwDtjzpf pwifzpYJG nf;cJo
h nf/ yxrqH;k OuXrSm &yfprdik ;f
(c) apmaxmyvdk jzpfNyD; 1958 wGif OuX apmarmf&,frS wm0ef,lcJhonf/ (KNPP) onf u&ifeDjynf
(u,m;jynfe,f) udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom u&ifeDjynf xlaxmifa&;udk vdkvm;onf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif
awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; vkyaf qmifcahJ omfvnf; oabmwlncD suf r&&Scd ahJ cs/
1995 ckEpS f rwfv (20) &ufaeYwiG f ppftyk pf Ek iS hf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlnrD I &&Scd o
hJ nf/
typftcwf&yfppJ Ofu oabmwlnx
D m;aom tcsurf sm;udk ppftyk pf u
k csK;d azgufNy;D (KNPP) xde;f csKy&f m
a'orsm;odYk ppfwyfrsm; apvTwcf o
hJ nf/ xdaYk Mumifh typftcwf&yfpNJ y;D (3) vtMum ZGev
f (15)&ufaeY
wGif vufeufuikd w
f u
dk yf rJG sm; jyefvnfjzpfymG ;cJo
h nf/ ,cktxdvnf; etz ppftyk pf Ek iS hf (KNPP) wyfzUJG rsm;
tMum; wdu
k yf rJG sm; qufvufjzpfymG ;aeonf/ etzppftyk pf u
k typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyaf qmifxm;aom
tzGJYrsm;pm&if;wGif (KNPP) udk xnfhoGif;xm;qJjzpfonf/ (KNPP) rS tzGJYi,f (3) zGJY cGJxGufNyD; etz
35
ppftyk pf Ek iS hf typftcwf &yfpcJ MhJ uonf/ xdt

k zGrYJ sm;onfvnf; aemufq;kH wGif vufeufcsc&hJ Ny;D jynfopYl pf
toGif ajymif;vJoGm;Muonf/
(3) &Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;wyfaygi;f pk wyfrawmf Shan United Revolutionary
Army (SURA)
&Sr;f jynfawmfveS af &;wyfaygif;pk wyfrawmf (SURA) udk 1996 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif Adv
k rf ;kd [de;f rS
pwifzpYJG nf;cJo
h nf/ SSA rS wyf&if; (3) &if;jzifh cGx
J u
G v
f mcJo
h nf/ usKid ;f awmif;? rdik u
f ikd w
f iG f tajcjyK
wkwjf zL ulrifwefwyfz0YJG ifa[mif;rsm;ESihf (SSPP) rS cGx
J u
G v
f maom Adv
k pf rH ikd f wyfrsm; yl;aygif;vmrIaMumifh
tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ 26-3-85 ckESpfwGif cGefqm\ (SUA) wyfrsm;ESifh xyfrH yl;aygif;cJhjyefonf/
7-5-85 &ufaeYwiG f (UTLA - United Tai Liberation Army) nDw
G af om &Sr;f jynfvw
G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf
ESihf (USSPC) nDw
G af om &Sr;f jynf rsK;d cspaf umifpu
D kd zGpYJ nf;cJo
h nf/ OuXrSm Adv
k rf ;kd [de;f jzpfNy;D 'kOuXrSm
cGeq
f mjzpfonf/
12-7-91 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
k rf ;kd [de;f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ SURA emrnf arS;rSed v
f mNy;D cGeq
f m\
Mong Tai Army (MTA) tjzpf vlor
d sm;vmonf/ etzppftyk pf x
k H 1996 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (5) &ufaeYwiG f
cGeq
f m t<uif;rJh vufeufcsomG ;cJo
h nf/ xdaYk emuf useaf eaom wyfzu
YGJ Adv
k cf sKyf p0f&u
G pf pfu (SURA)
emrnfjzifh qufvuf wdkufyGJ0ifaeonf/
13-3-96 &ufaeYwiG f (SSA) rS p0fuPf;&GwEf iS hf oH;k yGiq
hf ikd f nDnw
G af &; vkyEf ikd cf o
hJ nf/ (SSPC)
udk tajccHum &Srf;jynftrsKd;om;tzGJYcsKyf (SSNO) tjzpf zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ wyfrsm;udkvnf; &Srf;jynf
wyfrawmf (SSA) tjzpf jyefvnfzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ (SURA) udk ,cktcg &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifydkif;)
(SSA-S) tjzpf vlodrsm;vmcJhonf/
(4) csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D - Chin National Front (CNF)

,cif Edik if aH &;ygwDa[mif;jzpfaom Zdrk ;D trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfO;D trnftpm; (CNF)
csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D tjzpf ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;cJo
h nf/ pwifzpYJG nf;olrmS ylw;D ,m;cg; (Pu Tiakhel) jzpfonf/
if;onf ,cif wnfNrJzqyvtzGJYrS zvrf;NrdKUe,frSL;a[mif; jzpfonf/ tEd,rS vlrsKd;wl EdkifiHa&;tzGJU
wzGjYJ zpfonfh rDZt
kd rsKd ;om;wyfO;D jzifh 1968 avmufu yl;wGJ vIy&f mS ;oljzpfonf/ csi;f trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;
tzGJY (Chin National Deference - CND) zGJYpnf;&mwGif yg0ifcJhzl;onf/
1989 ckESpfwGif OuX ZifBuHK; (Zing Cung) (c) aZmf0dwf? 'kOuX aomrwfpfxefEdk (Thomas
Thangnou) twGif;a&;rSL; (Paul Sitha) wdkYu OD;aqmifaeonf/ 2004 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (17) &ufrS
(29) &ufaeYtwGi;f etzppftyk pf Ek iS hf awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;cJah omfvnf; oabmwlnrD I r&&Scd ahJ cs/ ,ckvuf&dS
umv OuXrSm aomrwfpfxefEdk (Thomas Thangnou) jzpfonf/
(CNF) wGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJYtjzpf (CNA) csif;trsKd;om;wyfrawmfudk zGJYpnf;xm;onf/
OD;pD;csKyrf mS aomrwfpx
f efEkd jzpfonf/ (CNF) \ Edik if aH &; &nfreS ;f csurf mS 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;? ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf
&&Sad &;ESihf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk xlaxmifa&;wdYk jzpfonf/ (CNF) onf trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pD wyfaygif;pk
(NDF)ESifh jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJYcsKyf (DAB)wdkYwGif tzGJY0ifjzpfonf/
36
(5) &cdik v
f w
G af jrmufa&;ygwD - Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)
&cdik v
f w
G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) ESit
hf wl &cdik v
f w
G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf (ALA) udk wNyKd ief uf
wnf; cdkifrdk;vif;rS OD;aqmif zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1974 ZGef rS 1976 ZGefxd (KNU) ESifhtwl
ppfa&; wGJzufvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ rqv ppftpdk;&vufxufwGif &cdkifodkYjyefNyD; EdkifiHa&;? ppfa&;vIyf&Sm;&ef
(KNU) e,fajrrS &cdi
k jf ynfe,foYkd OD;wnf xGucf mG cJo
h nf/ &Sr;f ? ucsi?f csi;f jynfe,frsm;udk jzwfoef;Ny;D
c&D;&Snf csDwuf&mwGif 4-6-77 &ufaeY cdkifrdk;vif; usqkH;oGm;cJhonf/
,cktcg OuX cdkif&Jcdkif? 'kOuX (1) cdkifpdk;Edkifatmif? 'kOuX (2) cdkifrsKd;rif;? taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL; atmifr;kd a0 (c) apmjr&mZmvif;wdu
Yk OD;aqmifaeonf/ (ALP) onf etzppftyk pf t
k ay:
ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;enf;rsm;jzifh qufvuf wkdufyJG0ifaeonf/ trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF)ESifh
jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJYcsKyf (DAB) wdkYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf/
37
tcef; (5)
ppftyk pf Ek iS hf wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t

f zGrUJ sm;tMum;
oabmwlncD surf sm;
1989 ckEpS w
f iG f ppftpd;k &ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;
pwifjyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ vlrsK;d pk Nird ;f csr;f a&;tusK;d aqmifqo
kd rl sm;\ Mum;0ifaphpyfrjI zifh ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uftMum;
tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI EIwfuwdrsm;ESifhom typftcwf &yfpJcJhMuonf/ typftcwf&yfpJrI &cJhaom
tzGJYaygif; (17) zGJY&Sdonf[k ppftpdk;&rS ajymMum;onf/
(1) ucsifvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (KIA) ESifh vufrSwfa&;xkd;oabmwlnDcsuf

xdt
k ypf&yftzGYJ (17) zGw
YJ iG f ucsiw
f ikd ;f &if;om;wk\
Yd vufeufuikd t
f zGt
YJ pnf;jzpfaom ucsif
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (KIA) wzGJYwnf;omvQif (e0w-etz) ppftkyfpkESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk; csKyfqdkEkdifcJhonf/ (aemufqufwGJ u)
ppftpdk;&bufrS (3) OD;? (KIA) bufrS (3)OD;? tusKd;aqmif (3) OD;? pkpkaygif; (9) OD; vufrSwf
a&;xd;k Muonf/ ppftpd;k &bufrS Akv
d cf sKyf at;ausmf (tzGaYJ cgif;aqmif)? Akv
d cf sKyf apmvGiEf iS hf Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
ausmo
f ed ;f ? (KIA) rS rvdZyG af Zmfrikd f (acgif;aqmif)? vrkew
f ;l *sKid Ef iS hf Akv
d cf sKyf a*:&DaZmfqikd ;f ? tusK;d aqmif
rsm;rSm OD;v0rf? OD;ZbGJY*RefESifh OD;cGefjrwfwkdY jzpfMuonf/
oabmwlnDcsufrSm tydk'f (6) ydk'fyg&Sdonf/ tydk'f (4)\ tydk'fcGJ (u) rS (#) xdtcsuf(11)
csuyf g0ifonf/ 1993 ckEpS w
f iG f jrpfBu;D em;NrKd U ppftpd;k &ESihf (5) Burd w
f ikd f awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;Ny;D typftcwf
&yfpaJ &; oabmwlcMhJ uonf/ ucsiaf 'o? ,if;ESiq
hf ufpyfaeaom &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f typf&yf Nird ;f csr;f
a&;wnfaqmuf&efESifh a'ozGHYNzdK;rIrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef? xdkrSwqifh EkdifiHw0Srf; jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;
wnfaqmuf&ef? 1993 ckEpS ?f pufwifbm (27) &ufaeYwiG f jyKvyk af om yrtBurd af qG;aEG;yGJ EIwt
f m;
jzifh typf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufudk xyfrHtwnfjyKcJhonf/
(KIA) \ wyfzUJG wyf&if;rsm; wyfpx
JG m;rI? qufqaH &;pcef; csxm;rIrsm;? wyfvyI &f mS ;oGm;vmrIEiS hf
&Jabmfrsm; cGijhf yefaq;uk oGm;vma&;udpr sm; aqmifu
G &f mwGif ESpzf ufnEd idI ;f vkyaf qmif&efEiS hf jyem
wpHw
k ck jzpfay:vmygu ESpzf uftwlwuG yl;aygif;uGi;f qif; avhvmajz&Si;f oGm;&ef? zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'
ay:aygufa&;twGuf Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS 0ifa&mufyg0ifaqmifu
G af &;ESihf (KIA) wyfz0YJG ifrsm; jyefvnf
38
ae&mcsxm;a&;tm; 'kw,
d tqifh qufvufnEd idI ;f aqmifu
G af &; ponfwjYdk zpfonf/ txufyg oabmwl
nDcsufrsm;udk udk,fpm;vS,f (9) OD;u 1994 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (24) &ufaeYwGif jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU
vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJMh uonf/
(KIO/ KIA) ESifh oabmwlnDcsufwGif t"dutm;jzifh wyfwnfae&m? qufqHa&;pcef;rsm;
wnfae&mESifh c&D;oGm;vma&;qdkif&m udp&yfrsm;ESifhqdkifonfh oabmwlnDrIrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh
oufqikd o
f nft
h csurf mS typf&yfxm;jcif;r&Sad o;aom wjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd rf sm;ESihf ppftyk pf k
tMum; aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif (KIO) rS tultnDay;&ef? ppftyk pf rk aS &;qGrJ nfh zJUG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya' ay:xGe;f
a&;twGuf ]Oya'abmif} twGif;rS yg0ifaqmif&Guf&efqdkonfh tcsufjzpfonf/
(2) tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdiftiftm;pkrsm;ESifh
(Gentlemans Agreement) EIwt
f m;jzifh oabmwlncD suf
e0wêtz ppftyk pf Ek iS hf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;tMum; typftcwf &yfpaJ &;rsm;
onf pmESiahf yESihf rSww
f rf;wif ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uf vufrw
S x
f ;kd oabmwlnrD I ,lcMhJ u&onfh typftcwf&yfchJ
Mu&jcif;rsK;d r[kw/f Nird ;f csr;f a&;ud,
k pf m;vS,f trnfcrH sm;\ Mum;0ifaqmif&u
G rf ?I ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;rS
wm0ef&o
dS rl sm; EIwt
f m;jzifh tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;ajymqdrk ?I EIwu
f wdpum;rsm;ESio
hf m typf&yfcMhJ u&jcif;
jzpfonf/
1994 ckEpS w
f iG f typftcwf&yfpaJ &; jyKvyk cf ahJ om (KIO/ KIA) wzGrYJ v
S v
JG Qif wjcm; typf&yftzGUJ
rsm;rSm w&m;0if oabmwlncD sut
f jzpf rnfonfph mcsKypf mwef;udrk Q vufrw
S x
f ;kd xm;jcif;r&Sad y/ ESpzf uf
EIwfuwdrsm;? yg;pyfoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh typf&yfpJcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ ]EIwfuwd oabmwlnDcsuf}
(Gentlemans Agreement) [k ppftpdk;&u oHk;EIef;onf/ tvGefqHk; tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESifh
aemufyikd ;f ]Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&mufjcif;} tcrf;tem;rsm;[kqNkd y;D jynfwiG ;f rD',
D mrsm;wGif tenf;
tusOf; az:jyjcif;rsKd;om awGU&onf/
w&m;0if pmGupf mwef;ESihf oabmwltwnfjyKxm;cJch surf sm; r&Sad omfvnf; typf&yftzGUJ rsm;
udk xdef;csKyfuefYowfEkdif&ef ppftkyfpkonf ]wzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm; vdkufem&ef} qdkaom tcsuf (10)
csufyg jy|mef;csufudk xkwfvmonf/ if;tcsufrsm;onfyifvQif ueOD; pwifaqG;aEG;pOfuwnf;u
ESpfOD;ESpfbuf oabmwlxm;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf[k ppftkyfpku ajymonf/ trSefrSm xdk (10)
csuu
f kd typf&yftzGUJ rsm;taejzifh vH;k 0 awGUzl;jcif;r&Scd ahJ y/ aemufyikd ;f wGif if; ]wzuftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
vdu
k ef m&ef} qdak om xdk (10) csuu
f kd twif;tMuyf vufrw
S af &;xd;k &ef apcdik ;f cJo
h nf/ onfyifvQif
e0wêtzwdkYajymaom ]EIwfuwdoabmwlnDcsuf} jzpfonf/
xdk ]wzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm; vdkufem&ef} (10) csufrSm ...
1/ owfrSwfe,fajrtwGif;om wyfzGJUrsm; aexdkif&rnf/
2/ wyftiftm; wdk;csJUjcif;rjyKvkyf& (wyfom;opfrpkaqmif;&? ppfoifwef;ray;&)/
3/ jynfov
l x
l x
k rH S qufaMu;aumufcjH cif;? emrnftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh tcGet
f aumufrsm; aumufcjH cif;
rjyK&/
39
4/ jynfolvlxkxHrS &dum? oD;ESHrsm; raumufcH&/

5/ Ekid if aH wmftyk cf sKyaf &;wGif 0ifa&mufrpGuzf uf& (a'otkycf sKyaf &;rcs&? a'o&J? w&m;k;H ? tusO;f
axmif rxlaxmif&? jynfolYppfrzGJU&)/
6/ NrdKUrsm;&Sd ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh rqufoG,f&/
7/ rw&m;toif;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh rqufoG,f&/
8/ wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;\ BudKwifcGifhjyKcsuf r&,lbJ tjcm;Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh rquf
oG,&f /
9/ NrKd Ursm;odYk 0ifxu
G o
f mG ;vm&m vufeufuikd af qmifjcif;? qufo,
G af &;puf aqmif,jl cif;rjyK&/
10/ NrdKUrsm;odkY 0ifxGufoGm;vm&m ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tm; BudKwiftaMumif;Mum; cGifhjyKcsuf ,l
&rnf/
txufyg tcsuf (10) csu\
f tESpo
f m&rSm typf&yf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tzGt
YJ pnf;
rsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;t& odumcs&ef? EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm; rvkyfEkdif&ef? vlxkESifh tquftoG,fjzwf
xm;&ef? wyfpnf;H;k a&;ESihf wyfwnfaqmufa&;ukd xde;f csKyu
f efo
Y wf&ef? t"du Ekid if aH &;tiftm;pk
rsm;ESifh tqufjzwfxm;&ef &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
1989 ckEpS f tapmqH;k typftcwf&yfprJ I jzpfpOfrsm;wGif e0wêtzwdb
Yk ufrS t"duusaom
ZmwfaumifrmS ppftpd;k &\ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;tBu;D tuJ (xdt
k csed u
f ) Akv
d rf LS ;csKyf cifeG yYf ifjzpfonf/
rlvyxrwGif if;\ uRrf;usifydkifEkdifpGm okyfaqmifEkdifrIaMumifh wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUrsm;\ wpHkw&m
,HkMunfrIudk &cJhonf/ olESifhtay;t,lrsm; vkyfcJhMuonf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifGefYuvnf; wdkif;&if;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; nD&if;tpfuykd rm zufvw
JS uif; aEG;axG;jyvdu
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f nf/ t&ifO;D qH;k typftcwf&yfpaJ &;
Ak d v f r S L ;csKyf cif G e f Y E S i f h Ad k v f c sKyf a rmif a t;wd k Y

]0} acgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h oG m ;a&muf a wG U qk H p Of
40
vkyfcJhMuaom udk;uefYESifh ]0}acgif;aqmifrsm;udkqdkvQif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ol&Jaumif;rsm;tjzpfavmufyif

ajymqdo
k ;kH EIe;f cJo
h nf/
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tBuD;tuJ AkdvfcsKyfcifGefYESifh ol\ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUudk etz
ppfaumifprD S zsuo
f rd ;f z,f&mS ;vdu
k Nf y;D aemuf typf&yfwikd ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd rf sm;ESihf ppftpd;k &wkt
Yd Mum;
qufqaH &;rSm t&ifavmuf racsmarGaY wmhay/ ppftyk pf u
k vnf; typf&yfwikd ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGYJ
rsm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D vdu
k ef m&rnfh ]wzuftzGt
YJ pnf;rsm; vdu
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(10) csufrSae tcsuftvufwcsKdUudk jyifqifjznfhpGuf aygif;pyf tcsuf (13) csuftjzpf xyfrH
xkwfjyefum vdkufemapcJhonf/ (aemufqufwGJ c)
,if; (13) csufrSm ...
1/ tpdk;&qefYusifaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vHk;0 rqufoG,f&/
2/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfudk pGefYvTwf&ef/
3/ vuf&dS wyftiftm;tjyif xyfrrH wd;k csUJ &ef? vlopfrpk&ef? ppfoifwef;zGiv
hf pS
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rsm; rjyKvkyf&ef/
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ay;&ef/
5/ qufaMu;aumufjcif;? bdef;cGefaumufjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef/
6/ "g;jywdkufjcif;? vk,ufjcif;? vlxkudk tEkdifusifhjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef/
7/ tpd;k &uGyu
f rJ EI iS hf oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;&ef? owfrw
S ef ,fajrtwGi;f oGm;vm&aomfvnf; tjcm;
ae&modkY oGm;vmygu pcef;rsm;odkY owif;ydkY vufeufrJh oGm;vm&ef/
8/ ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh uif;&Sif;pGm aexdkif&ef/
9/ tpd;k &\ tkycf sKyaf &;? pDrcH efcY aJG &;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tydik ;f rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufjcif; rjyK&ef/
10/ e,fajrjyefYusJ uefYowfjcif;rjyKbJ zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfudkifaqmifGufvdkonfh ae&mrsm;tm;
owfrw
S af y;&ef/
11/ aexdkifpm;aomufa&;twGuf EkdifiHawmfrS twwfEdkifqHk; ulnDyHhydk;oGm;&ef/
12/ Ekid if aH wmf OD;aqmifraI tmufwiG f a'o&Sd jynfov
l x
l \
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onfh vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;tjzpf zGJUpnf;oGm;&ef/
13/ EkdifiHawmf\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm taxmuftuljyK
aqmifu
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typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;tay: rnfoo
Ykd abmxm;onfukd awGUjrifEidk o
f nf/ wef;wl
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vufatmufcH tzGJYtpnf;? vlyk*dKvfrsm;ozG,f qufqHonfudk awGYjrifMu&onf/
41
yk
d qk;d onfrmS eHygwf (6) tcsuw
f iG f ] ..... "g;jywdu
k jf cif;? vk,ufjcif;? vlxu
k kd tEkid u
f sihf
jcif; rjyKvkyf&ef} wkdYukd xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;jzifh ppftpkd;&onf typf&yf tiftm;pkrsm;tm; oufqkdif&m
vlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKolrsm;tjzpf rowfrSwfkHrubJ? aomif;usef;olrsm;? olckd;? "g;jyrsm;ozG,f
owfrSwfqufqH apmfum;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
xkd (13) csufxJwGif ,cif (10) csufwGif ryg0ifaom? ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwcsuf yg0if
vmonfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;rSm eHygwf (12) ]EkdifiHawmf OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif a'o&Sd jynfolvlxk\
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,if;tcsuo
f nf ppftpd;k &u typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;udk tem*wfwiG f if;wdjYk yKvyk f
rnfh vrf;aMumif;udk BuKd wif t&dyt
f >ruf ay;xm;vdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf/ ,aeY ppftpk;d &\ e,fjcm;apmifh
wyftoGifajymif;a&;tpDtpOfonf tqdkygvrf;aMumif;rS xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
42
43
tcef; (6)
EIwu
f wdoabmwlncD suf &&SNd y;D
jyefvnfysujf ym;oGm;aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
(1) u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tkH; (KNU) ESifh
typf&yf EIwfuwdoabmwlnDcsuf &&Sd? ysufjym;ykH
1995 ck azaz:0g&Dv (27) &ufaeYwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&; tusKd;awmfaqmif[kqdkaom u&if
trsK;d om;yk*Kd vBf u;D (5) OD;yg0ifonfh tzGrYJ w
S qifh typftcwf&yfpaJ &; jyKvyk &f ef ppftyk pf u
k qufo,
G f
vmcJhonf/ tqdkyg u&iftrsKd;om;yk*dKvfBuD; (5) OD;rSm (1) atpdk;jrifh
- u&ifjynfe,f ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;
(2) ygarmu apmxGef;atmifcsdef
- &efukefwuodkvf ordkif;okawoeXme
(3) apm&pfcswf
- opfawmt&m&Sda[mif;
(4) apmrma*BuD;
- odumawmf&q&m? ESpfjcif;c&pf,eftoif;awmf
(5) [efqifwa'g
- &efukefwuodkvf uxdua[mif;
wdkY jzpfMuonf/
e0wppftkyfpkonf Nidrf;csrf;a&;tusKd;aqmifrsm;rSwqifh
(1) nDGwfa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk trSefwu,fvdkvm;aMumif; ay:vGifapzkdY autJef,lu ,m,D
typftcwf &yfpJxm;aMumif;?
(2) usaemfwkdY trsKd;om;ta&;? nDGwfa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tav;xm;wJhtaeeJY autJef,lonf
Ekid if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGYJ (e0w) eJY nDw
G af &;&wJt
h xd awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;rnf
jzpfaMumif; xkwfjyefaMunm&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ (aemufqufwGJ-*)
1995 ckEpS f rwfv (24) &ufaeYwiG f (KNU) u if;wdv
Yk ufatmufcH wyfrsm;odYk trde
Yf eT Mf um;
csuw
f &yf xkwjf yefco
hJ nf/ Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D apmbdjk r vufrw
S Ef iS hf xkwjf yefonfh tqdyk g trdeaYf Munmcsuf
wGif (1) (KNLA), (KNDO) 0,faumf(umuG,af &;) wyfrsm;tm;vH;k ,m,D typftcwf&yfpx
J m;&ef?
(2) tawmtwGif; &efolwyfrsm; xdk;ppfqif vIyf&Sm;vmygu wkdufcdkufoGm;&rnf?
44
(KNU)
Ou X Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; apmbd k j rES i f h taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ; z'd k r ef ; &S m vm;zef ;
(3) e0wwyfrsm; vIy&f mS ;rIrvkyb

f J olwpYkd cef;rSm Nird Nf ird af e&if 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
kd jf cif; rjyK&?
(4) aemufxyf trdefYTefMum;csufr&rcsif; trdefYTefMum;csuf wnfap&rnf [k
yg&Sdonf/ (aemufqufwGJ- C)
1995 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYwGif (KNU) wGJbuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; (1) AdkvfcsKyf
armifarmif acgif;aqmifaom tzGJY0if (2) OD;yg yPmrudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYudk apvTwfcJhonf/ 1996
ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (13) &ufaeYwGif (KNU) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; z'dkref;&Smvm;zef; OD;aqmifonfh
(13) OD;yg ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYudk apvTwfNyD; typftcwf&yfpJa&; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/
(KNU) ESifh ppftkyfpktMum; 1995 'DZifbmvrS 1996 Edk0ifbmvtxd w&m;0if aqG;aEG;yGJ
(4) Budrf? tvGwfoabmaqG;aEG;yGJ (3) Budrf aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGif; (KNU) bufrS
EdkifiHa&;jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef wifjycJhaomfvnf; ppftkyfpkbufrS vufrcHcJhacs/ (KNU) tay:
awmif;qdkcsuf (6) ckxJwGif ]zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufvmygu vufeufpGefY&eftwGuf BudKwif
uwday;&ef} [lonfh tcsufwcsuf yg&Sdonf/
31-1-97 ckESpfwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;tusKd;awmfaqmifrsm;ukd apvTwfNyD; ]vufeufudkif vrf;pOf
pGefYvTwfNyD; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&muf&ef} odkYr[kwfygu qufvufaqG;aEG;rnf r[kwfaMumif;
ajymqdkcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf (10) &uftMumwGif wyfr (7) ckjzifh ppfqifa&;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/
2004 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifvnf; (KNU) OuX AdkvfcsKyfBuD; apmbdkjrESifh etz ppftkyfpk
axmufvrS ;f a&;tBu;D tuJ Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D cifneG w
Yf t
Ykd Mum; typftcwf&yfp&J ef (Gentlemans Agreement)
EIwu
f wd &&Scd o
hJ nf/ odaYk omf Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D cifneG Yf ta&;,lc&H Ny;D aemufwiG f etzppftyk pf o
k nf if;wd\
Yk
uwdudk vspfvsLINyD; (KNU) xdef;csKyf&ma'orsm;odkY wyfrsm;apvTwf xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
45
(2) u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) ESifh

typf&yf EIwfuwdoabmwlnDcsuf &&Sd? ysufjym;ykH
(KNPP) ESihf typftcwf&yfpa
J &; ysujf ym;oGm;onfh jzpfpOfukd Munfv
h Qif ppftyk pf \
k EIwu
f wd
oabmwlncD suu
f dk &Si;f vif;pGm oabmaygufEikd rf nfjzpfonf/ 1993 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv (17) &ufaeYEiS hf
(18) &ufaeYrsm;wGif u,m;jynfe,f? vGKd iaf umfNrKd UodYk a&muf&v
dS mNy;D wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzGrYJ sm;udk
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; aqG;aEG;&ef zdwMf um;cJo
h nf/ xdzk w
d Mf um;csut
f & (KNPP)onf ppftpd;k &ESihf aqG;aEG;
cJhonf/ aemufqHk; 1995 ck rwfv (7) &ufaeYwGif ESpfbuftMum; typftcwf&yfpJ&ef oabmwlnD
csuf &&SdoGm;cJhonf/ rwfv (21) &ufaeYwGif typftcwf&yfpJa&; tcrf;tem;udk u,m;jynfe,f?
vGdKifaumfNrdKUwGif tBuD;tus,f usif;yNyD; EdkifiHwumodkY 0g'jzefYcsdcJhonf/
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlnrD I &&dNS y;D (3) vtMum ZGev
f (14) &ufaeYwiG f ]wdik ;f vH;k [de;f }
ppfqifa&;jzifh (KNPP) xde;f csKy&f ma'otwGi;f odYk ppfwyfrsm;udk tvH;k t&if; apvTwcf o
hJ nf/ (KNPP)u
ZGefv (20) ESifh (22) &ufaeYwGif vdGKifaumf&Sd ppfwyftBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGif ajyvnfrI r&
&SdcJh/ xdkYaMumifh Edk0ifbmv (21) &ufaeYwGif &efukefodkY udk,fpm;vS,fapvTwf xyfrHaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
xdak qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f ]rwfv (21) &ufaeYu jyKvyk x
f m;aom typftcwf&yfpaJ &;onf w&m;0if typftcwf
&yfpJa&; &,lxm;onfh tqifhr[kwfaMumif;} ppftpkd;&u jyefMum;cJhonf/
typftcwf &yfpaJ &;twGuf ay;xm;onfh ppftpk;d &\ EIwu
f wdoabmwlncD suf qdo
k nfrmS
ppftpk;d &onf if;wdYk BuKd uEf pS o
f ufonfh tcsed w
f iG f wnf if;wkYd tusKd ;pD;yGm;ESihf qefu
Y siv
f monft
h cg
wzufowf zsufodrf;Edkifonfh uwdu0wfwckrQom jzpfaeonf/
46
47
tcef; (7)
typf&yfpNJ y;D aemuf

wdik ;f &if;om;tzGrUJ sm;\ pD;yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;rufvkH;ay;
wzufwiG f uefo
Y wfcsKyu
f ikd rf rI sm; jyKvyk x
f m;Ny;D wzufwiG f typf&yftzGUJ rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyf
udik cf iG t
hf csKUd csay;cJo
h nfuakd wGU&onf/ a'otvdu
k f ausmufrsuw
f ;l az:jcif;? opfxw
k v
f yk jf cif;? owK
wl;az:jcif; ponfv
h yk yf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk vkyu
f ikd af ponf/ ,if;vkyif ef;rsm;rS tusK;d tjrwf tajrmuftrsm;
&&Sv
d mMuonf/ ppftpd;k &twGuf Nird ;f csr;f a&;tusK;d aqmiftjzpf tusK;d jyKcahJ om bde;f bk&if avmfppf[ef
\ rdom;pkudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; tajrmuftrsm;ay;um csD;ajrmufcJhonf/
ppftpk;d &onf typf&yftzGt
YJ pnf;rsm;Mum;wGif NyKd urJG rI sm;jzpfap&ef pD;yGm;a&;a&m*g &nf&,
G f
csuf&Sd&Sd xnfhay;vkdufonf/ okdYjzifh tcsKdUaom typf&yfacgif;aqmifrIydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;t& tBuD;
tus,f ud,
k u
f sK;d &SmrIrsm; ay:aygufvmMuonf/ xdpk ;D yGm;a&;tusK;d tjrwfrsm;tay: ta0rwnfjh zpfNy;D
wcsKUd aom wdik ;f &if;om;typf&yftzGUJ rsm;twGi;f acgif;aqmifryI ikd ;f tuGt
J NyrJ sm;jzpfum wcsKUd qdv
k Qif
vufeufuikd f y#dyutxdyif a&muf&u
dS ek Mf u&onf/ Oyrm- ucsijf ynfe,f txl;a'o (1) tzGjYJ zpfonfh
(NDAK) tzGt
YJ wGi;f OuX pckew
f ed ,
Yf ed ;f ESihf wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom va,mufZvGe;f wdt
Yk Mum;
jyemrsm; jzpfygG ;Ny;D tzGUJ wGif tmPmodr;f rI? ykeu
f efrrI sm; jzpfygG ;cJo
h nf/ (MNDAA) tzGOYJ uX zkeMf um;&Sif
ESihf y,fapmufcsed t
f Mum; jzpfygG ;aom jyemrSmvnf; pD;yGg;a&;vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tusK;d tjrwftay: tajccH
jcif; jzpfonf/
typf&yftzGrYJ sm;taeESihf ausmufrsuw
f ;l az:jcif;? opfxw
k v
f yk jf cif;? aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;
rsm; vkyu
f ikd jf cif;? avmif;upm;krH sm;zGiv
hf pS jf cif; ponfh vkyif ef;rsm;pGmwGif 0ifa&mufvyk u
f ikd v
f mMuonf/
e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;udk w&m;0ifenf;? w&m;r0ifenf; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;ESifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvmMuonf/
typf&yftzGUJ rsm;twGi;f rSmyif ppftyk pf \
k tBuKd uu
f kd vdu
k af vsmonft
h zGUJ ESihf rvdu
k af vsmonft
h zGUJ [l
cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;ukdvnf; cHMu&onf/
&Srf;jynfawmifydkif; txl;a'o (6)? ytdk0fhtrsKd;om;tzGJUcsKyf (PNO) qdkvQif emrnfausmf
]ywjrm;e*g;} ausmufrsu&f wemukrP
u
D kd wnfaxmifxm;onf/ e,fjcm;apmifw
h yftpDtpOfukd vufcH
vdu
k o
f nfh ucsit
f xl;a'o (1) (NDAK) qdv
k Qif ]qef;vif;} oGi;f ukex
f w
k u
f ek v
f yk if ef;? ausmufprd ;f wl;
az:a&;vkyif ef;? ausmufr;D aoG;wl;az:a&;vkyif ef;? Aefarmf opfxw
k v
f yk af &;? jrpfBu;D em; a&Tw;l az:a&;
48
ponfh vkyfief;aygif;rsm;pGmudk vkyfudkifaeonf/ csDazG? yef0g? zDarmf a'owGif cJrjzL? tNzdKufeuf?

(Molybdenum) owKw;l az:a&;twGuf ]yef0gtxG#t
f xdyu
f rk P
}D udk xlaxmifxm;Ny;D wkwu
f rk P
rD sm;
ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfudkifaeonf/
(DKBA) tzJUG tygt0if e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf toGiaf jymif;a&;udk vufcaH omtzGUJ rsm;taejzifh
pD;yGg;a&;vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm; &&Sx
d m;onf/ e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf zGUJ pnf;a&;udk vufrcHaomtzGUJ rsm;\ pD;yGg;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;udk ydwyf ifxm;onft
h jyif a'owGi;f odYk ukeyf pn;f wifoiG ;f cGiu
hf ykd g ydwyf ifxm;onf/ tqdyk g
tzGJUrsm; ydkifqdkifonfh NrdKUay:&Sd tdrf,mtaqmuftODrsm;udkyif jyefvnfa&mif;cscGifh rjyKawmhay/ tzGJY
tpnf;wckwnf;rSmyif e,fjcm;apmifhwyf zGJUpnf;a&;udk vufcHolrsm;ESifh vufrcHolrsm;[l cGJjcm;NyD;
tcGifhta&;rsm; ay;tyfonf/
(DKBA) tzJGYwckwnf;rSmyif e,fjcm;apmifhwyftoGifajymif;a&;udk vufcHonfh AdkvfrSL;BuD;
apmcspo
f El iS hf vufrcHonfh Adv
k rf LS ;csKyaf pmvm;AG,w
f u
Ykd kd tcGit
hf a&; cGjJ cm;ay;tyfonf/ (999) AsL[mrSL;
AdkvfrSL;BuD;apmcspfoltm; u&ifjynfe,f? zg;yGefcdkif? v*Gef;NydKa'otwGif; a&Twl;az:cGifhvkyfief;rsm;
csay;cJhaomfvnf; AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvm;AG,f\ um;rsm;udk vdkifpifrJhum;rsm;tjzpf odrf;,lcJhonf/
u&if j ynf e ,f ? zg;yG e f c d k i f ? v*G e f ; Nyd K a'o&S d a&T w G i f ;

pD;yGg;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ay;jcif;jzifh ppftkyfpkonf wdkif;&if;om; typf&yftzGJUrsm;tay:
xdef;csKyfjcif;? aoG;cGJjcif;rsm;ukd pepfwus aqmif&GufcJhonf/
bdef;vkyfief;jzifh zsufqD;
ppftyk pf o
k nf wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGrYJ sm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlnrD ,
I Nl y;D
aemuf tqdyk gtzGrYJ sm;tm; Ekid if aH &;udpr v
S v
JG Qif tukev
f yk cf iG ahf y;xm;onfukd awG&Y onf/ bde;f pdu
k yf sK;d
49
jcif;? bdef;jzLcsufvkyfjcif;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,fazgufum;jcif;rsm;udkyif rodusKd;uRHjyKaecJhonf/

rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,fo,faqmifjcif;udk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;? ppfwyfrsm;\ taxmuftuljzifh
wGifus,fpGm jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiH\ rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,frIwGif jrefrmppfwyfrS
yg0ifywfoufrI &Sdaeonf[k EkdifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u pGyfpGJajymqdkrIrsm; &SdvmMuonf/
1989 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f jrefrmjynfajrmufyikd ;f wGif bde;f pdu
k yf sK;d rI odoo
d mom wd;k wufvmonf/
tmz*efepwefNy;D vQif jrefrmEkid if o
H nf rl;,pfaq;0g; trsm;qH;k xGu&f &dS ma'otjzpf ae&m&vmonf/
,if;a'o&Sd ppftpd;k &ESihf typftcwf&yfpx
J m;aom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGrYJ sm; yg0ifywfoufrI
&So
d nf[k tar&duefEidk if H (D.E.A) tzGEYJ iS hf urmu
h v
k or* (UNODC) wk\
Yd tpD&ifcpH mrsm;u qdo
k nf/
(UWSP) ]0} acgif;aqmif ayguf,c
kd sr;f ESihf a0ha&SmufcrfwEYdk pS Of ;D udk rl;,pfaq;0g; a&mif;0,fr?I aiGrcJ 0gcs
rIrsm;ESihf tar&dueftpd;k & w&m;k;H rS zrf;0&rf;xkw&f onftxdyif jzpfonf/ tdref ;D csi;f xdik ;f Ekid if u
H vnf;
if;wkdYEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmaom rl;,pfaq;0g;trsm;pkrSm jrefrmppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJ
xm;Muaom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;xHrSvmonf[k ajymqdkMuonf/
xdu
k mv typftcwf &yfpaJ &;vkyx
f m;aom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGt
YJ csKd Uonf rl;,pf
aq;0g;ukefoG,frIwGif yg0ifywfoufrIrsm;&Sdonf[k EkdifiHwum rl;,pfaq;0g; avhvmapmifhMunfhol
rsm;u qdkMuonf/ urmhukvor*? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh EkdifiHwumwkdY\ jypfwifa0zefoHrsm; rsm;jym;
vmaomtcgrS bde;f pdu
k yf sK;d a&;udk avQmch sum bde;f tpm; pdw<f uaq; (ac:) &mbaq;jym;rsm; xkwv
f yk f
rIbufokdY ajymif;vJ xkwfvkyfvmMuonf/ xdktajctaetm;vHk;udk ppftkyfpku xda&mufpGm
wm;qD;rIrjyKvyk cf ahJ y/ &nf,
G cf su&f &dS dS rsuEf mS vTx
J m;jcif;om jzpfonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g; arSmifcrkd rI sm;wGif
ppftkyfpkrS wdkufdkufyg0ifjcif;&Sdonfh taxmuftxm;udk rawGY&Sd&aomfvnf; ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;
taejzifh vmbfaiG&,lonfh owif;rsm;? wOD;csif;yg0ifonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGY&Sd&onf/
xkdenf;wl aiGrJrsm;udk aiGjzLtjzpf c0gcsjcif;rsm;udk ppftkyfpku rsufuG,fjyKxm;jcif;jzifh tm;ay; ulnD
cJo
h nf/
xdkuJhodkY pD;yGg;a&;tcGifhxl;rsm; ay;xm;jcif;ESifh bdef;vkyfief;rsm;ukd oG,f0kduftm;ay;aejcif;
rsm;onf typf&yftzGrYJ sm;twGi;f Ekid if aH &;? trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f gwfrsm; avQmyh g;aysmufu,
G
f pD;yGm;a&;
tusifhysufjcpm;rIatmufokdY avQmusoGm;ap&ef &nf&G,faqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUtypf&yftzGJY
acgif;aqmifrsm;qdv
k Qif Ekid if aH &;&nf,
G cf suf vH;k 0aysmufu,
G Nf y;D ppftmPmydik rf sm;ESihf aygif;um ud,
k u
f sK;d
pD;yGm;twGufom vHk;yrf;aeMuonfhtqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/
typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ acgif;aqmifrsm;\ "eOpm&if;ESjD rK yEf rHS I ydrk rkd sm;jym;wd;k yGm;
atmif zefw;D ay;jcif;jzifh ppftpk;d &onf xdt
k zGrYJ sm;tm; Ekid if aH &;t& ydrk x
kd ed ;f csKyEf idk &f ef pDrx
H m;jcif;jzpf
onf/ 1989 ckEpS rf S ESpf (20) twGi;f jyefMunfv
h Qif ppftpd;k &\&nfreS ;f csuf tawmftwef xda&mufonf
udk awGY&ayrnf/ okdYjzifh wdkif;&if;om; typf&yftzGJYwkdY\ acgif;aqmifrIydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;aemuf
vdu
k cf siaf omtpkEiS hf trsK;d om;a&;? Ekid if aH &; qufvyk cf siaf om tpk[
l odoo
d moma&m? rodromyg
uGJvmMuygonf/
50
EkdifiHa&;t& csKyfukdif
ppftkyfpku typf&yftiftm;pkrsm;tm; jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh
a':atmifqef;pkMunf OD;aqmifaom trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGcYJ sKyEf iS hf qufqaH &;rsm;udk ydwyf ifxm;onf/
odaYk omfvnf; typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;onf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;\ yifra&pD;aMumif;wGi;f odYk
tajctaeay;vQif ay;oavmuf 0ifa&mufajymqdkavh&Sdonf/
1998 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f (14) &ufaeYwiG f typftcwf &yfpx
J m;aom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f
tzGYJ (3) zJUG jzpfonfh &Sr;f jynf vlrsK;d aygif;pHk jynfov
Yl w
G af jrmufa&;tzGUJ (&vvz)? u,ef;jynfopfygwD?
u&ifejD ynf vlrsK;d aygif;pkH jynfov
Yl w
G af jrmufa&;tzGUJ (uvvw) OuXrsm;u ]trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nDw
G f
a&;twGuf tBujH yKwifjyjcif;} qdo
k nfh pmwapmifukd etzOuX Adv
k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D oef;a&TxH ay;ydcYk o
hJ nf/
Oya'jyXmef;csufESifhtnD vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pk a&G;cs,fwif
xdkpmxJwGif ]Oya'jyXmef
ajrmufxm;jcif;cHcJh&aom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyftaejzifh vuf&Sd tajctae tcsdeftcg
wGif wifjyawmif;qdkxm;aom jynfolYvTwfawmfac:,lay;a&; awmif;qdkcsufonf Oya'aMumif;
t& w&m;rQwonf [ k d k ; om;pG m ,H k M unf o nf / }
Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &rS uruxjyKum aqmif & G u f a eonf h tajccH O ya' a&;qG J a &;ud k
]Ed
taumif t xnf a z:aeaom trsKd ; om;nD v mcH o nf vuf & S d t ajctaewG i f usKd ; aMumif ;
qD a vsmf j cif ; r&S d a wmh [ k yG i f h v if ; pG m oH k ; oyf r d y gonf / }
xdkYaMumifh jyemaygif;pkH? y#dyuaygif;pHktm; ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfh t"duusonfh EdkifiHa&;
]xd
aomhcsufjzpfaom wyfrawmftiftm;pk (vuf&SdtmPmydkiftzGJYtpnf;)? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD
tzGJYcsKyftygt0if 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifaom awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;jcif;omvQif vuf&SdtajctaeESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaumif;rGefvSaMumif; tEl;tGwf
tBuHjyKwifjytyfygonf/ } [k az:jyxm;onf/
xdkay;pmudk ay;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif tqdkygtzGJU (3) zGJUwkdYtm; etzppftkyfpku jyif;xefpGm
zdtm;ay;cJo
h nf/ xdt
k zGUJ rsm; vkyaf qmifaeaom pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk ydwyf ifwm;qD;cJo
h nf/ ppfa&;t&
vnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf/
51
tcef; (8)
e0w - etz trsK;d om;nDvmcHEiS hf

typf&yf Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tajctae
&Spfav;vkH; 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHBuD;\ EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft[kefrSm tvGefBuD;rm;cJhygonf/
xkaYd Mumifh ppftpk;d &rS tmPmodr;f tNy;D wGif ygwDp'Hk rD u
kd a&pDpepf usio
hf ;Hk a&;qdo
k nfh &Spaf v;vk;H 'Dru
kd a&pD
ta&;awmfykHBuD;\ EdkifiHa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk rvTJra&Smifom jyKvkyfay;cJh&onf/ ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepf
usio
hf ;Hk Edik &f ef Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; wnfaxmifciG jhf yKjcif;? ygwDp'kH rD u
kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f yay;
jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfay;cJh&onf/
1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (27) &ufaeYwiG f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; rSwyf w
kH ifjcif;Oya'udk xkwjf yefchJ
onf/ xdt
k cGit
hf vrf;atmufwiG f Edik if aH &;ygwDaygif; (235) ygwD wnfaxmifciG &hf &Scd o
hJ nf/ e0wppftpd;k
&u OD;ae0if;\ rqvygwDudk toGifajymif;xm;onfh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;ygwD (wpn)
tEdkif&rnf[k ,lqxm;aomaMumifh 1990 ckESpf ar (27) &ufaeYwGif ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxG
a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;cJhonf/
Edik if aH &;ygwDaygif; (93) ygwD 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd icf o
hJ nf/ a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pD
tzGUJ csKyf (NLD)u jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f ae&maygif; (392) ae&m? wdik ;f &if;om; ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;
u (67) ae&m toD;oD; a&G;aumufccH &hJ onf/ ew0ppftyk pf rk S tEdik &f rnf[ak rQmv
f ifx
h m;onfh (wpn)
ygwDurl (10) ae&mom tEdik &f cJo
h nf/ xifxm;onft
h wdik ;f jzpfrvmaomaMumifh (e0w) ppftpd;k &onf
a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& (NLD) ygwDtm; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf/ xdkaemuf ppftpdk;&onf
Edik if aH &;tmPm qufvuf xde;f csKyEf ikd af &;twGuf Oya'rsm;? trderYf sm; xkwjf yefum Edik if aH &;ESyd u
f yG rf rI sK;d pkH
(Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; zsuo
f rd ;f jcif;? Edik if aH &; wuf<uvIy&f mS ;olrsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;) udk tqufrjywf vkyv
f mcJh
onf/
(e0w)ppftpkd;&onf EdkifiHa&;tmPm vufrvTwfa&; ueOD;ajcvSrf;tjzpf 1990 jynfhESpf
Zlvikd v
f (27) &ufaeYwiG f aMunmcsut
f rSwf (1^90) tm; xkwjf yefco
hJ nf/ xdak Munmcsu\
f tyk'd (f 12)
vT
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wGif ]jynfov
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T af wmf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'yk'rf (3) wGif
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufvkdufaom vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;&rnf [l jyXmef;yg&Sdonf/
,if;jyXmef;csuEf iS t
hf nD vTwaf wmf ac:,lzpYJG nf;jcif;ukd Ekid if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGu
YJ
aqmif&u
G af y;rnf} [k az:jyxm;Ny;D ? tyk'd f (20) wGirf l ],aeYtajctaewGif jynforl sm;u a&G;aumuf
52
wifajrmufvdkufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tem*wf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk

a&;qGMJ u&ef wm0ef&o
dS nfh yk*Kd vrf sm;jzpfonf} [k azmfjyxm;jyefonf/ xkad Munmcsu\
f tESpo
f m&rSm
a&G;aumufyGJNyD;vQif tEkdif&ygwDukd tmPmvTJNyD; wyfrawmfu ppfwef;vsm;jyefrnf[k ajymqkdcJhaom
e0wOuX\ uwdpum;udk zsufodrf;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
aMunmcsuftrSwf (1^90) \ aemufqufwGJ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tjzpf trsKd;om;nDvmcHwck
usi;f y&ef trdet
Yf rSwf (9 ^ 92) udk 28-5-92 &ufaeYwiG f xkwjf yefvu
kd o
f nf/ 1992 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd m
2 &ufaeY&ufpGJjzifh trdefYaMunmcsuftrSwf (13^ 92) udk xkwfjyefNyD; trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;
aumfr&Sifudk zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ ppftpkd;&u OD;pD;vkyfaqmifonfh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk 1993 ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv (9) &ufaeYwGif pwifusif;ycJhonf/
nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,f&mwGif tpktzGJU (8) ck cGJum ppftpdk;&u vufa&G;pif
a&G;cs,fxm;oltrsm;pkudk yg0ifwufa&mufapcJhonf/ trdefYtrSwf (1^90) wGif tem*wf 'Drdkua&pD
Edik if aH wmf zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udak &;qG&J ef wm0ef&o
dS nfh yk*Kd vrf sm;jzpfonf[k qkx
d m;aom jynfov
Yl w
T f
awmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukdrl nDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,frsm;\ 13.9 &mckdifEIef;om wufa&mufcGifhjyKcJhonf/
atmufazmfjyyg nDvmcHu,
kd pf m;vS,f tpktzGUJ rsm;\ tiftm;tcsK;d tpm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh ppftpk;d &
u nDvmcHwGif rnfrQ tay:pD;&,lxm;onfudk awGYjrifMu&ygvdrfhrnf/
etz trsKd ; om;nD v mcH w uf a &muf a eaom ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;
53
54
2004 ckEpS f arvwGif jyefvnfpwifaom nDvmcHwiG rf l jynfov

Yl w
T af wmf uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;
onf 1.37 &mckdifEIef;om wufa&mufcGifh&awmhonf/
nDvmcHu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tpktzGpYJ m&if;wGiyf g&Sad om txl;zdwMf um;oifah om ud,
k pf m;vS,f
tpktzGq
YJ o
kd nfrmS e0w ppftpk;d &ESihf typftcwf &yfpx
J m;cJMh uaom wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f iftm;
pkrsm; jzpfMuonf/
xdt
k iftm;pkrsm;onf typf&yfpcJ MhJ upOfu Edik if aH &;jyemudk Edik if aH &;enf; (awGq
Y aHk qG;aEG;
tajz&Sma&;enfvrf;) jzifh ajz&Si;f Mu&ef tBurd Bf urd f wifjycJMh uonf/ xdt
k csed u
f ppftpk;d &acgif;aqmifrsm;
onf Edik if aH &;jyemrsm;udk aemufwufvmonfh tpd;k &ESio
hf m ajz&Si;f Mu&ef taMumif;jyefMum;cJo
h nf/
trsKd ;om;nDvmcH ay:vmaomtcgwGirf l Ekid if aH &;jyemrsm;ukd trsKd ;om;nDvmcHwiG f aqG;aEG;Mu&ef
ppftpkd;&u wrsdK;ajymif; ajymqkdvmygonf/
odaYk omf trsKd ;om;nDvmcHoYdk wufa&mufciG hf jyKaomtcgwGiv
f nf; typf&yftiftm;pkrsm;tm;
txl;zdwMf um;oifah om ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f pktzGUJ qdak om trnfemrjzifo
h m wufa&mufapcJo
h nf/ wdik ;f &if;
om; vufeufudkiftzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ trnf&if;udk vkH;0 todtrSwfjyKazmfjyay;jcif; rjyKcJhyg/
ppftpkd;&\ nDvmcHwGif yg0ifaom tpktzGJU (8) zGJUwGif wdkif;&if;om; ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
tpktzGJUvnf; wckyg0ifonf/ if;wkdif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJUwGif typf&yf wdkif;&if;om;
tiftm;pkrsm;udk rxnfo
h iG ;f jcif;tm;jzifh typf&yf wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf oufqikd &f m wdik ;f &if;
om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm; ud,
k pf m;jyKorl sm;r[kwaf Mumif; ppftpk;d &\oabmxm;udk wbufvn
S hf azmfjyvdu
k f
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
trsdK;om;nDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcGifh&&Sdaom typf&yftzGJU (27) zGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;
74 OD; (nDvmcHNy;D qk;H onftxd) wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ nDvmcHwufa&mufvmaom typf&yf tzGt
YJ pnf;rS
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf rdrw
d EYkd iS o
hf ufqikd o
f nfh trsKd ;om;tcGit
hf a&;ESihf &ydik cf iG rhf sm;udk wzGUJ csi;f jzpfap?
tzGJUrsm;pkpnf;jzpfap wifjyawmif;qdkrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
KIO
'k - Ou X a'guf w mwl ; *smrS trsKd ; om;nD v mcH t NyD ;

armf u G e f ; wif v uf r S w f ay;tyf a epOf
55
2004 ckESpf arv (11) &ufaeYwGif typf&yfwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJYrsm;jzpfaom

(KIO), (PSLO), (NMSP), (SSA), (SSNA), (KNLP), (SNPLO), (KNPLF) wdYk yl;wG
J trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f y
a&;aumfr&Sif OuXxH ]trsKd ;om;nDvmcHEiS yhf wfoufaom tjrifoabmxm;udk wifjyjcif;} acgif;pOfjzifh

wifjycsufukd ay;ydkYcJhonf/
xdkpmwGif t"dutm;jzifh ]EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfESifh tajccHrl (104) csufonf rdrdwdkY
&nfreS ;f xm;aom pnf;vH;k nDw
G af &;? wef;wla&;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf adS om jynfaxmifppk pfppfrw
l EYkd iS hf
uGv
J aJG eygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ckusi;f yrnfh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHEiS yhf wfouf typftcwf &yfpu
J m Nird ;f csr;f
a&; &,lxm;aom rdrw
d Ykd wkid ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGt
YJ pnf;rsm;\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk atmufyg
twdkif; wifjytyfygonf}[l tpcsD az:jyxm;ygonf/ (aemufqufwGJ - i)
odaYk omf etzppftyk pf u
k typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t
f zGUJ rsm;\ wifjyawmif;qdck suu
f kd
vkH;0 vufrcHcJhyg/
nDvmcHwiG f wdik ;f &if;om; typf&yftzGUJ rsm;\ wifjyawmif;qdck suw
f ikd ;f udk nDvmcHusi;f ya&;
aumfr&Sifu tajccHrl (6) csufESifh tao;pdwftajccH&rnfh rl (104) csufwkdYESifh rudkufnD[kqdk
y,fcsjcif; (odkYr[kwf) rSwfwrf;wifxm;rnf[k taMumif;jyefjcif;rsm;jzifh jiif;qefy,fcscJhonf/
2005 ckEpS f azaz:0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwiG f typf&yftzGUJ (6) zGUJ rS nDvmcHusi;f ya&;aumfr&Sio
f Ykd
xyfrw
H ifjycJo
h nf/ nDvmcHoYkd Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;? a&G;aumufcu
H ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; tpHt
k vif wufa&mufap
oifhaMumif; xdkyl;wGJwifjycsufwGif axmufjyawmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ yl;wGJwifjyaom tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk
bmwckrS jyKjyifpOf;pm;ay;rI r&Muacs/ tacstwifajymqdck ahJ om nDvmcHu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;udk Ncrd ;f ajcmuf
tMuyfudkifrIrsm;yif vkyfcJhMuonf/
typf&yftzGUJ rsm;onf 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyt
JG Edik &f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf a&G;cs,cf H vTwaf wmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk tav;xm;Muygonf/ ppftpdk;&taejzifh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnf
az:ay;&ef vdak Mumif;? jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfac:,lay;&ef vdak Mumif; axmufjyawmif;qdck MhJ uonf/ u,ef;
jynfopfygwD? u&ifeDjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolYvTwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;ESihf &Srf;jynfvlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolY
vGwaf jrmufa&;tzGUJ wkrYd S 1998 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f (14)&ufaeY aeYpjJG zifh Adv
k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D oef;a&ToYkd pmay;ydYk
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/
ppftpd;k &bufrS xdak wmif;qdck suu
f kd xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;rI? vdu
k af vsmtaumiftxnfaz:ay;rI
vH;k 0 r&Scd hJ rkH Qomru wifjyawmif;qdck o
hJ nfh tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk tjyif;txef zdtm;ay;jcif;? tMuyfuikd f
jcif;rsm;jzifh wkefYjyefcJhygonf/
wd;k wufaom Ak'b
momu&iftrsK;d om;wyfrawmf (DKBA)ESihf ytk0Yd t
f rsK;d om;tzGcYJ sKyf (PNO)
tygt0if tcsKdUtzGJUrsm;qdkvQif trsKd;om;nDvmcHtwGif; rnfonfhawmif;qdkcsufrQ rawmif;qdkbJ
ppftpdk;&\ tpDtrHudk vHk;0 axmufcHcJhonfudk awGY&onf/ trsm;tm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;qdkif&mudprsm;udk
vH;k 0 rajymMuacs/ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;? &ydik cf iG rhf sm;? e,fajra'o ydik ;f jcm;owfrw
S jf cif;udpE iS hf
,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m udprsm;avmufom t"duxm; wifoGif;Muonfudk awGU&onf/
2004 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfpwifaom trsKd;om;nDvmcH typf&yfwdkif;&if;om; (13) zGJUrS
zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'qdik &f m Oya'jyKa&;u@? tmPmcGaJ 0a&;u@wkEYd iS yhf wfouf tcsuf (7) csuyf g
wifjycsufpmwrf;wpfapmifudk nDvmcH w&m;0if wifjycJhonf/
56

(1) xyfwlOya'jyK pm&if;xm;&Sda&;?
(2) <uif;useftmPmudk jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&Sda&;?
(3) Oya'jyKu@rS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkudk oD;jcm;xm;&Sda&;?
(4) jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGif vHkNcHKa&;? umuG,fa&;qdkif&m Oya'jyKydkifcGifh &&Sda&;?
(5) jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;wGif pmay? ,Ofaus;rIESifh ywfoufaom Oya'jyKydkifcGifh&Sda&;?
(6) wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;udk jynfe,frsm; Oya'jyKjy|mef;Ekdifa&;?
(7) jynfe,fzGJUpnf;yHk oD;jcm; a&;qGJjy|mef;usifhoHk;cGifh &&Sda&;
ponfwjYdk zpfonf/
ppftpkd;&bufuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;? vHkNcHKa&;ESifh Oya'jyKa&;udprsm; ygvmvQif vufrcHbJ
y,fcsco
hJ nf/ (e0w-etz)onf 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;? wef;wla&;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiq
hf ikd &f mudpr sm;tm;vH;k
udkvnf; vHk;0 jiif;qdkxm;onf/
2005 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif jyefvnfusif;yaom trsKd;om;nDvmcH ('kwd,tydkif;) wwd,
tywfwiG f rGejf ynfopfygwDrS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf apvTwaf wmhbJ avhvmoltjzpfom apvTwcf o
hJ nf/ rGejf ynf
opfygwDrS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf vTwaf wmhonfh t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm nDvmcHwiG f wifoiG ;f onfh vlrsK;d pkrsm;
\ wifjycsurf sm;udk jiif;y,fc&H jcif;? nDvmcHonf 'Dru
kd a&pD vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf;ESihf rnDw
G jf cif;? rGejf ynf
opfygwD\ ygwDnDvmcHrS ygwD&yfwnfcsufrsm;jzifh rudkufnDjcif; ponfh tcsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
2006 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (3) &ufaeY bDbpD -D jrefrmydik ;f tpDtpOfrS xkwv
f iT o
hf nfh awGq
Y ckH ef;wGif ]usaemfwYkd
wif w J h t csuf a wG t ay: trsKd ; om;nD v mcH & J U tajccH r l a wG e J Y rud k u f n D b l ; qd k N yD ; awmh 'gud k
jyifqifjznfhpGufay;wm r&dSbl;/ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmyJ &Sdw,f} [k rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL; Edkif[Homu &Sif;vif; ajymqdkcJhonf/
rGefjynfopfygwDuJhodkY nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;r&Sdawmhonfh typf&yftzGJYtpnf;
2 zGJU &Sdonf/ yxrwzGJUrSm Shan State Army(N) (SSA-N) &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (ajrmufydkif;) jzpfonf/
if;wdyYk gwDOuX Adv
k cf sKyaf qxiftm; etzppftpk;d &u Edik if aH wmfNyKd u&JG ef BupH nfvyk af qmifrjI zifh pGypf u
JG m
axmif'Pf (106) ESpf csrSwfcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ OuX AdkvfcsKyfaqxif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
(SSA-N) A[da
k umfwED iS hf tjcm;typf&yftzGUJ (5) zGUJ rSvnf; awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ Adv
k cf sKyaf qxifukd vTwaf y;cJh
jcif;r&Sday/ (SSA-N) onf nDvmcH wufa&mufjcif;rjyKawmhay/ 'kwd,wzGJYonf Shan State National
Army (SSNA) &Sr;f jynf trsKd ;om;wyfrawmfrS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfonf/ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;odYk
jyefvnf qifETJoGm;aomaMumifh udk,fpm;vS,frapvTwfjcif; jzpfonf/
2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk tqkH;owfcJhonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'rlMurf; a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDukd ppftpkd;&rS if;pdwfwkdif;us yk*dKvf (54) OD;jzifh zGJYpnf;NyD;
trsK;d om;nDvmcHrS csrw
S cf ahJ om tajccHrrl sm;tay: rlwnf a&;qGaJ pcJo
h nf/ zGUJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'
rlMurf;wck xGufay:vmcJhonf/ nDvmcHwufa&mufaom typf&yf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY
oabmwlonfjzpfap? rwlonfjzpfap xGuaf y:vmaom zGUJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya' rlMurf;udk vufrw
S af &;
xdk;&mwGif udk,fwdkif yg0ifcJh&awmhonf/
57
tcef; (9)
2008 zGpUJ nf;ykt

H ajccHOya'ESihf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;\ tcGit
hf a&;
jrefrmjynf\ EdkifiHa&;jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;udkifwG,fMu&onfhtcg rkcsawGYBuHKMu&onfh
jyemwckrmS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;\ wef;wla&;ESihf uk,
d yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf ay: rnfuo
hJ Ykd oabmxm;
rnfqo
kd nfh udp& yfyifjzpfonf/ xdjk yemudk rSeu
f efpmG csn;f uyfajz&Si;f Edik pf rG ;f r&So
d nfh tkypf ;kd olwikd ;f
onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ESihf jzpfymG ;rnfh Edik if aH &;? ppfa&; y#dyursm;ukd ausmv
f mT ;Ekid rf nfr[kwyf g/
,ck ppftpkd;&rS jyXmef;xm;onfh 2008 zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ wef;wla&;ESifh
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrsm;ukd tmrcHxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
2008 zGpYJ nf;yHt
k ajccHOya' tcef; (4) Oya'jyKa&;tcef;rS ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf wdik ;f OD;pD;tzGUJ ESifh
ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'oOD;pD;tzGUJ acgif;pOfatmuf&dS yk'rf (196) (aemufqufwGJ p) wGif az:jyxm;
onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf a'owGif;vkyfykdifcGifhrSm jrLeDpDyg,fvkyfief;
tqifhavmufom jzpfygonf/ wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif xlxyfpGm&Sdaeaom opfawmrsm;twGuf
vkyfydkifcGifhukd vkH;0ray;bJ ]aus;&Gmxif;pdkufcif;}udkom pDrHcefYcGJ&rnf[k az:jyxm;onf/
ucsijf ynfe,fwiG f ausmufprd ;f ? &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ywjrm; pojzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pka'orsm;
wGif tzd;k wefo,HZmwrsm; xGu&f jdS cif;jzifh ausmMf um;vSonf/ 2008 zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'wGif wdik ;f a'o
Bu;D (odrYk [kw)f jynfe,fvw
T af wmf\ Oya'jyKyikd cf iG w
hf iG f ]ausmufrsu&f wemaoG;jcif;ESihf jzwfawmufjcif;}
udkom cGifhjyKxm;onf/ A[dktpdk;&u ausmufrsuf&wem vkyfydkifcGifhudk wkdufdkufcsKyfudkifxm;onf/ xdk
Oya'yk'rf rsm;\ t"dyg ,ft&qdv
k Qif wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;\ ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi[
hf q
k akd om Edik if aH &;tcGihf
ta&;udk ajAmifwm;qD;ydwfyifxm;onfudk awGY&onf/
2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr (96) wGif ]jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfonf Z,m; (1) wGif
azmfjyxm;aom jynfaxmifpOk ya'pm&if;yg udp& yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f jynfaxmifpw
k 0Sr;f vH;k twGuaf omf
vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk\ wpdwfwa'otwGufaomfvnf;aumif; tmPmoufa&mufrI &Sdap&ef
Oya'jyKciG &hf o
dS nf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ ]jynfaxmifpOk ya'jyKpm&if; Z,m; (1)}\ tyd'k f (9) vlraI &;u@
tyd'k cf JG (e) wGif ]pmay? obif? *Dw? d;k &myef;? ky&f iS ?f AD',
D }kd [kaz:jyxm;onf/ tqdyk g Oya'azmfjycsuf
t& wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;\ pmay? ,Ofaus;rIqikd &f m udpr sm;ESiyhf wfoufvnf; A[dt
k pd;k &u wdu
k f u
kd f
58
csKyfudkifxm;onf/ wdkif;&if;om;pmay oifMum;cGifh? dk;&mtEkynm vIyf&Sm;cGifhrsm;udkyif A[dktpdk;&\

cGifhjyKcsufr&&SdbJ vkyfudkifcGifh qHk;HI;ae&onf/
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;\ Oya'jyLcGit
hf mPmrsm;udk uefo
Y wfjcif;onf ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiq
hf kd
onfh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uefYowfjcif;jzpfonf/ 2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'frrsm;onf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;\ trsK;d om;qdik &f m ud,
k yf ikd v
f Pmrsm;tm; azmfxw
k cf iG ?hf xde;f odr;f cGi?hf zGNH zKd ;wd;k wuf
cGifhrsm;udk ydwfyifvdkufonfh Oya'yk'frrsm; jzpfonf/
topf[k ajymp&mqd
k ,cifzUJG pnf;yHrk sm;wGif ryg0ifb;l aom ]ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf wdik ;f }ESihf
]ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'o} [l wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk (6) pktwGuf oD;oefeY ,fajr ydik ;f jcm;owfrw
S af y;
xm;rIudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf/
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ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'o}/
- &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f &GmiHNrKd Ue,fEiS hf yif;w,NrKd Ue,f (2) ckukd pkpnf;um ]"Ek ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf
a'o}/
- &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd [dkykef;NrdKUe,f? qDqdkifNrdKUe,f? yifavmif;NrdKUe,f (3) ckudk pkpnf;um ]ytdk0fh
ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'o}/
- &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS erfq
h efNrKd Ue,f? refwNkH rKd Ue,f (2) ckukd pkpnf;um ]yavmif ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf
a'o}/
- &Srf;jynfe,f ukefMurf;NrdKUe,fESifh avmufudkifNrdKYe,f (2) ckudk pkpnf;um ]udk;uefY
ud,
k yf ikd t
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- &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS [kyd efNrKd Ue,f? rdik ;f armNrKd Ue,f? yef0ikd Nf rKd Ue,f? em;zef;NrKd Ue,f? rufref;NrKd Ue,fEiS hf
yefqef;NrKd Ue,f (6) cktm; ckid Ef pS cf zk UJG um ]0} ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf wdik ;f } wkt
Yd jzpf zGpYJ nf;ay;cJh
onf/
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wdkif;ESifh a'orsm; e,fajrydkif;jcm;owfrSwfrIwGif ]0}vlrsKd;pkrSvGJ usef
vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm uefYuGufjiif;cHkjcif;rsKd; rawGU&yg/ ]0}acgif;aqmifrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,f [dkyef? rdkif;arm?
yef0ikd ?f em;zef;? rufref;ESihf yefqef;(yefcrf;) (6) NrKd Ue,ftjyif &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f xkid ;f e,fpyf ]0}wyfrsm;
xdef;csKyfxm;&m rkef;aygufESifh rkef;zsef (2) NrdKUe,fyg xnfhoGif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;onf/
if;topfw;kd vmaom ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf wdik ;f ESihf a'orsm;rSm ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf qdak om
pum;vH;k rSvv
JG Qif trSew
f u,f tkycf sKycf iG u
hf kd Oya't& ay;rxm;ay/ a'oqdik &f m tkycf sKyaf &;tqifh
wdik ;f wGif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyrf S wdu
k f u
dk cf eft
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xm;Muayonf/
vufawGUwGif ud,
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f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'otjzpf wd;k jri ahf y;vdu
k o
f nf[k vlMum;aumif;atmif
0g'jzefYxm;jcif;omjzpfonf/ ppfrSefjynfh0onfh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'owck\ tESpfom&rsm;udk
etzppftkyfpk\ 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif vkH;0 ryg&Sdyg/
typf&yfjyemudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf 2008 zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif yk'frwck xnfhoGif;
jyXmef;xm;onf/
59
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ tcef; (7)? yk'fr (338) wGif ]]EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd vufeuf

udkiftzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;onf wyfrawmf\ uGyfuJrIatmufwGif &Sd&rnf}} [k jyXmef;xm;onf/
xkOd ya'yk'rf \ &nf&,
G cf suo
f nf typf&yftzGUJ rsm;\ Edik if aH &;b0 &Sio
f ef&yfwnfciG u
hf kd jzwf
awmufypf&efjzpfonf/ xdkOya'yk'fr\ jyXmef;csuft& typf&yftzGJUrsm;tm; toGifajymif;ypf
onfeh nf;jzifh zsuo
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h yfzUJG ? XmaejynfoplY pf
pojzifh toGiaf jymif;zGUJ pnf;&ef zdtm;rsK;d pkaH y;cJo
h nf/ wcsKUd tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u ppftpk;d &\ tpDtrHtwdik ;f
emcHcJhMuonf/ tcsKdUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;url ,aeYtxd vufrcH jiif;qefaeqJjzpfonf/
csKyfqkd&vQif 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wef;wla&;ESifh
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh jzpfonfh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ay;xm;jcif; vkH;0 r&SdaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
awGUjrif&ygonf/
60
61
tcef; (10)

h yf (Border Guard Force)?
XmaejynfopUl pfwyfzUJG (Home Guard Force) zGpUJ nf;a&;tpDtpOfEiS hf
f iftm;pkrsm;
wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd f typf&yftzGUJ rsm;ESiyhf wfoufonfh udp& yfrsm;tm;vH;k udk ppftpk;d &\
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vnf;jzpf? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tBuD;tuJvnf;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyfcifGefYu wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 2004 ckESpf
atmufwdkbmvwGif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;oef;a&Tu AdkvfcsKyfcifGefYudk z,f&Sm;vdkufNyD;aemufwGif typf&yf
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm; ,cifaxmufvrS ;f a&;tzGUJ udk emrnfajymif; jyifqifzpYJG nf;vdu
k o
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'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; &Jjrifhonf ppftpkkd;&\ typf&yf wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm;tm;
e,fjcm;apmifhwyf toGifajymif;a&;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef t"duxm; wm0ef,lcJhonf/
if;pDrcH suw
f iG f e,fajrwnf&rdS t
I aetxm;t& jrefrmEkid if eH ,fpyfa'orsm;ESihf xdpyfaeaom wdik ;f &if;om;
typf&yf vufeufuikd rf sm;tm; e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf (Border Guard Force) tjzpf ac:qdzk UJG pnf; twGi;f ydik ;f
a'orsm;wGi&f MdS uaom wdik ;f &if;om; typf&yfrsm;udrk l XmaejynfopYl pfwyfzUJG (Home Guard Force)tjzpf
zGJUpnf;&efjzpfonf/ xdkuJhokdY e,fjcm;apmifhwyf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cdkif;jcif;ESifh ywfouf wdkif;&if;om;
vufeufudkif typf&yftzGJUrsm;tm; Tef;qdk&mwGif ppftpkd;&onf 2008 zGJUpnf;yHk\ tcef; (7) yk'fr
(338) udk az:jyavh&Sdonf/
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e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf (BGF) ESihf XmaejynfopYl pfwyfzrYJG sm; (HGF) tjzpf ajymif;vJjyifqifzUJG pnf;&ef ajymMum;
vmonf/ e,fpyfEiS ehf ;D aom typf&yftzGrYJ sm;tm; e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf zGUJ pnf;rnf/ e,fjcm;apmifw
h yf&if;
w&if;vQif ...
- t&m&Sd (18) OD;ESifh tjcm;tqifh (308) OD; pkpkaygif; ppfom; (326) jzifh zGJYpnf;&ef?
- ,if;tiftm;xJwGif ppftpkd;&bufrS t&m&Sdtygt0if tiftm; (30) yg0if&ef?
- wyf&if;tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&Sdwa,mufudk ppftpkd;&ppfwyfrS cefYxm;&ef?
- rlvtzGJUtpnf;wGif;&Sd touf (50) txuf wyfzGJU0ifrsm;udk wyfrS tem;ay;&ef?
- ajymif;vJzUJG pnf;Ny;D aom wyfzUJG rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;rsm; ay;&eftwGuf ppftpk;d &\ ppfoifwef;
ausmif;rsm;okdY apvTwfwufa&mufap&efjzpfonf/ (aemufqufwGJ- q)
62
e,fpyfa'oESiahf 0;aom typf&yftzGUJ rsm;udk XmaejynfopYl pfwyfzUJG rsm;tjzpf vltiftm;ay:

rlwnf oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm; zGJUpnf;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/
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qifrnf/ usefta,muf (30) rSm t&Htiftm;tjzpf xm;rnf/
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vufeufwyfqifay;rnf/ usef (20) rSm t&Htiftm;jzpfonf/
(3) jynfopYl pfwyfzUJG ti,fwiG f vltiftm; ta,muf (30) jzifh zGUJ pnf; (20) tm; vufeuf
wyfqifay;Ny;D usef (10) a,mufukd t&Htiftm;tjzpfxm;um zGUJ pnf;oGm;rnf[q
k o
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G af &;ygwD (UWSP)? jrefrmjynf trsK;d om;
'Dru
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ESifh (KNU-KNLA) Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD paom typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJUrsm;u oabmrwl
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2009 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
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pufEHk iS hf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwv
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udk zrf;qD;&mrS ESpfzufwyfrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefypfcwfrIrsm; jzpfyGm;awmhonf/ xdkta&;tcif;udk
taMumif;jyKNy;D ppftpd;k &wyfrsm; tvH;k t&if;ESihf ud;k uefaY 'ookYd 0ifvmum (MNDAA) XmecsKyf avmuf
udik af 'otm; xde;f csKyx
f m;vdu
k af wmhonf/ a&Smifwrd ;f oGm;aom zkeMf um;&Siaf e&mwGif ppftpd;k &tvdu
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(BGF) ajymifvJa&;udk vufcHaom y,fapmufcsdefudk tpm;xdk;vdkufonf/
ud;k ueft
Y a&;tcif;onf typf&yf wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd rf sm;twGuf ppftpk;d &tay: xm;&Sd
aom if;wkdY\ oabmxm;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef vHkavmufaom ocFef;pmudk ay;vdkufavonf/
trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ &ydkifcGifhrsm;qdkif&m EkdifiHa&;jyemrsm;udk taus
tvnf rajz&Si;f bJ ppftpd;k &u typf&yf vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;wyfrsm;ukd if;\ vufatmufcw
H yf
rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf&ef tm;xkwfjcif;omjzpfonf/
63
zk e f M um;&S i f ES i f h y,f a pmuf c sd e f

typf&yf wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUrsm;u e,fjcm;apmifhwyf? jynfolYppfwyfzGJU jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;ESifh
ywfouf if;wkv
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'kwd,tBudrftjzpf ppftpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;xHokdY ]0}acgif;aqmif ayguf,dkcsrf;udk,fwdkif pmjzifh
a&;om;wifjy aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ ayguf,dkcsrf;rS jrefrmppftpdk;&xH pma&;om; awmif;qdkcJhaom tcsuf
(8) csufrSm ...
(1) rdkif;aygufa'otm; vuf&Sd ]0}a'oydkife,fajrtwGif; qufvufxm;&Sd&ef/
(2) (BGF) toGiaf jymif;&mwGif oufBu;D ydik ;f t&m&Srd sm; touf (60) xd wm0efxrf;aqmifciG ahf y;&ef?
ajrmufydkif; ]0}e,f&Sd e,fjcm;apmifhwyf&if; (10) &if;tm; &rc vufatmufcHtjzpf xm;&dSNyD;
wyf&if;rSL;&mxl;tm; ppftpkd;&t&m&SdrS wm0ef,l&ef/
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64
(8) ]0}ydik f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? zufpyfvyk if ef; vkyu

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(2) rGef;rHppfoifwef;rsm;udkvnf; rdkif;vm;e,fajrtwGif;om jyKvkyf&ef/
(3) wm0efxrf;aqmifEidk af o;onfh touf 50 ausmf rdik ;f vm;t&m&Srd sm; &mxl;rS &yfem;jcif;rjyK&ef/
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(5) ppftpd;k &\ Xmeqdik &f m tkycf sKyaf &;,E,m;rsm; rdik ;f vm;a'otwGi;f wm0ef0ifa&mufxrf;aqmif
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twGi;f &Sd wyfrsm;tjzpf jyifqifzpYJG nf;&efut
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70
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1/ (NDA-K) 'Drdkua&pDopfwyfrawmf (ucsif)? ucsiftxl;a'o (1)
2/ (KNPLF) u&ifeDjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (uvvw)?
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&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? txl;a'o (1)
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5/ (DKBA) wdk;wufaom u&ifAk'bmomwyfrawmf
6/ (SSA -N) &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf?
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wyfr[m (7) wdkYom ppftpkd;& ay:vpDukd vufcHNyD;? AdkvfcsKyfyefzS OD;pD;onfh wyfr[m (1) rSm
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Party onf ,cifu Palaung State Liberation Army (PSLA) yavmifjynfe,f vGwa
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txl;a'o (7)? &Srf;jynfe,f jzpfonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif trsKd;om;vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;?
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71
2/ ygwDrSwfykHwiftrSwf(5) (Pa.O National Organization (PNO)) ytdkY0ftrsdK;om;tzGJYcsKyfonf

,cifu Pa.O National Organization (PNO) ytdkY0ftrsdK;om;tzGJYcsKyf? txl;a'o (6) &Srf;jynfe,f
typf&yftzGYJ jzpfonf/ ppftpk;d &\ toGiu
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2011 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 7 &ufaeYwGif (KIA) wyf&if;(27) ESifh ppftpdk;& wyf&if; cv& (15)
wdYk Aef;armfNrKd Uawmifbuf refpND rKd Ue,fwiG f wem&D Mumwdu
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k af 'o&Sd Edik if aH &;? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeonf
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pDrcH sucf s? taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif typf&yftzGUJ tpnf;wdik ;f tm; Edik if aH &; t&? ppfa&; t&? pD;yGm;a&;
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ppfwyftiftm;ukd tqrwef wkd;csJUaeonf/
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(6) {&m0wD tifwmeufowif;rsm;
(7) u&ifowif;pOf? ucsifowif;pOf? vGwfvyfaom rGefowif;at*sifpD? aomoDck tGefvkdif;owif;
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(9) jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm? aMu;rkHowif;pm
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(14) cspfMunfa&; pmpOfrsm;
(15) NEITHER WAR NOR PEACE (Transnational Institute)
(16) Janes World Insurgency and Terrorism
(17) Armed conflicts Report 2006
(18) Chinese investment in Myanmar tops $8 bln this year-data (The Star online)
(19) Aljazeera News
(20) Burma cease-fires at risk (TNI)
(21) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Army#Air_Defence_Command
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KNU umuG,fa&;Xmevufatmuf&Sd wyfrsm;odkY xkwfjyefonfh trdefYnTefMum;csuf
&ufpGJ 24-3-95
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(1)
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(2) tawmtwGif; &efolwyfrsm; xdk;ppfqifvIyf&Sm;vmygu wdkufcdkufoGm;&rnf?
(3) e0w wyfrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIrvkyfbJ olwdkYpcef;rSm NidrfNidrfae,if 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;
rjyK&?
(4) Aemufxyf trdefY nTefMum;csuf r&rcsif; trdefYnTefMum;csuf wnfap&rnf/
KNLA, KNDO
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; apmbdkjr
umuG,fa&;Xme wm0efcH
u&iftusKd;aqmifvlBuD;rsm; odom&ef/
aemufqufwGJ (i)
121
123
aemufqufwGJ (p)
125
aemufqufwGJ (q)
aemufqufwGJ (Z)
2010 atmuf w d k b m 15 &uf a eY x k w f jref r mh t vif ; owif ; pmrS
127
tcsyfydk (1)
129
tcsyfydk (2)
131
tcsyfydk (3)
133
tcsyfydk (4)
tcsyfydk (5)
135
tcsyfydk (6)
tcsyfydk (7)
137
Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;aqG ; aEG ; zuf r sm;tay: tjyef t vS e f av;pm;tod t rS w f j yKrI

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(17? 8? 2011 &ufaeY OD;odef;pdef rdefYcGef;rS)
139
tcsyfydk (8)
tzGt
UJ pnf;trnf tnTe;f
ALA
Arakan Liberation Army
(&cdkifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf)
ALP
Arakan Liberation Party
(&cdkifvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD)
BGF
Border Guard Force
(e,fjcm;apmifhwyf)
CEFU(Burma) Committee for Emergence of Federal Union(Burma)
(z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpkay:xGef;a&;aumfrwD)
CNA
Chin National Army
(csif;trsKd;om;wyfrawmf)
CND
Chin National Defense
(csif;trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tzGJU)
CNF
Chin National Front
(csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD;)
DAB
Democratic Alliance of Burma
(jrefrmjynf 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJUcsKyf)

DKBA
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army
(wdk;wufaom Ak'bmom u&iftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf)

HGF
Home Guard Force
(e,fajrapmifhwyfzGJU? XmaejynfolYppf)
KCO
Kachin Central Organization
(u&ifA[dktpnf;tkH;)
KDA
Kachin Defence Army
(ucsiftrsKd;om;umuG,fa&;wyfrawmf)
KIA
Kachin Independence Army
(ucsifvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf)
KIO
Kachin Independence Organization
(ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU)
KNDO
Karen National Defense Organization
(u&iftrsKd;om; umuG,fa&;tzGJY)
KNG
Kayan National Guard
(u,ef;trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tzGJU)
KNLA
Karen National Liberation Army
(u&iftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf)
KNLP
Kayan New Land Party
(u,ef;jynfopfygwD)
KNPLF
Karenni National Peoples Liberation Front
(u&ifeDjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; - uvvw)

KNPP
Karenni National Progress Party
(u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD)
KNU
Karen National Union
(u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;tkH;)
KPC
Karen Peace Council
(u&ifNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD)
KPF
Karen Peace Force
(a[mifoa&mNidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU)
KRGF
Kachin Regional Guard Force
(ucsifa'ovHkNcHKa&;wyf)
141

KSDDP
Kayin State Democracy and Development Party
(u&ifjynfe,f 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD)

KSPP
Kachin State Progressive Party
(ucsifjynfe,fwdk;wufa&;ygwD)
KYO
Karen Youths Organization
(u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;tkH;)
LDF
Lahu Democratic Front
(vm;[ljynfolYppf)
MIADS
Myanmar Integrated Air Defense System
(jrefrmhyl;aygif;avaMumif; umuG,fa&;pepf)
MNDAA
Myanmar National Democracy Alliance Army
(jrefrmjynftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wyfrawmf)

MNLA
Mon National Liberation Army
(rGeftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf)
MNDO -
Mon National Defense Organization
(rGefumuG,fa&;wyfzGJU)
MPF
Mon Peoples Front
(rGejf ynfow
Yl yfO;D )
MTA
Mong Tai Army (Shan Land Army)
(&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf)
NDA-K
New Democratic Army-Kachin
('Drdkua&pDopf wyfrawmf-ucsif)
NDAA
National Democratic Alliance Army
(trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wyfrawmf (c) rdkif;vm;tzGJU)

NDAA-ESS
National Democracy Alliance Army-Eastern Shan State
(trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wyfrawmf)
NDF
National Democratic Front
(trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk)
NLD
National League for Democracy
(trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf)
NMSP
New Mon State Party
(rGefjynfopfygwD)
NUPA-AA
National United Party of Arakan - Arakan Army
(&cdkifwyfrawmf)
PLF
PaO Liberation Front
(ytdk0fhvGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;)
PNF
Palaung National Force
(yavmiftrsKd;om;wyfzGJU)
PNO
PaO National Organization
(ytdk0fhtrsKd;om;tzGJUcsKyf? ytdk0fhjzLtzGJU)
PSLA
Palaung State Liberation Army
(yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf)
PSLF
Palaung State Liberation Front
(yavmifjynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;)
SOC
Sector Operation Center
(ppfqifa&;e,fajrtydkif;tjcm;)
SNPLO
Shan State Nationalities Peoples Liberation Organization
(&Srf;jynfvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolUvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJU - &vvz)

SSA
Shan State Army
(&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf)
SSA-N
Shan State Army-North
(&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf - ajrmufydkif;)
143

SSA-S
Shan State Army-South
(&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf - awmifydkif;)
SSNA
Shan State National Army
(&Srf;jynftrsKd;om;wyfrawmf)
SSNO -
Shan State National Organization
(&Srf;jynftrsKd;om;tzGJUcsKyf)
SSPC
Shan State Peace Council
(&Srf;jynfNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD)
SSPP
Shan State Progressive Party
(&Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&;ygwD)
SURA
Shan United Revolutionary Army
(&Srf;jynfawmfvSefa&; wyfaygif;pk wyfrawmf)

UNFC
United Nationalities Federal Council
(nDnGwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; zuf'&,faumifpD)

UNODC
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(ukvor* rl;,pfaq;0g; wdkufzsufa&;kH;)

UTLA
United Tai Liberation Army
(nDnGwfaom &Srf;jynf vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf)

USSPC
United Shan State Patriotic Council
(nDnGwfaom &Srf;jynf rsdK;cspfaumifpD)

UWSA
United Wa State Army
(0} jynfaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wyfrawmf)
UWSP
United Wa State Party
(0} jynfaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ygwD)
145

အစိုးရသစ္ႏွင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသားအင္အားစုမ်ားအၾကား အၾကပ္အတည္း

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အစိုးရသစ္ႏွင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသားအင္အားစုမ်ားအၾကား အၾကပ္အတည္း

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tpkd;&opfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; tMuyftwnf;

ESihf vlrsK;d pHk jrefrmjynforl sm;tay: xdk (2) csut

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tpkd;&opfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; tMuyftwnf;

Oya'rJph mG zrf;qD; axmifcsypfco

vlYabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD? okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme

tpkd;&opfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; tMuyftwnf;

aemif (9) ESpftMum 1989 ckESpfwGif jynfwGif; tMuyftwnf;ESifh&ifqkdifae&aom e0w

vlYabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD? okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme

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tpkd;&opfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; tMuyftwnf;

(1) rw&m;toif;tjzpfrS y,fzsufay;aom tzGJYrsm; (8) zGJY - (1989 rS 1991 txd)

(1) MNDAA (jrefrmjynf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;wyfrawmf)

vlYabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD? okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme

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tpDtpOfudk vufcHchJNyD; (4-12-09) &ufaeYwGif

udk e,fjcm;apmifhwyf (1006) tjzpf

typf & yf p J j cif ; ES p f (20) jynf h *k P f j yKtcrf ; tem;

(2) UWSA (]0} jynf aoG;pnf;nDGwfa&;ygwD)

vlYabmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD? okawoeESifh avhvma&;Xme

tpkd;&opfESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; tMuyftwnf;

(901) ppfqifa&;twGuf ndEIdif;aeMuaom e0w wyfrSL;rsm;ESifh ]0} wyfrSL;rsm;

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(u,ef;trsK;d om;vHNk cKH a&;wyf)

1991 'DZifbmvwGif u,ef;jynfopfygwD (KNLP) rScx