CHNG 3

LY THUYET ANTEN
1. CAC PHNG TRNH MAXWELL VA QUAN HE NGUON - TRNG
( ) ( ); ( ) ( ) ( ) E r j B r H r j D r J r e e V = V = +
. ( ) 0; . ( ) ( ) B r D r r V = V =
( ) E r
| |
/ V m
- vect cng o ien trng
( ) H r
| |
/ A m - vect cng o t trng
( ) D r
2 2
/ ( / ) Coulomb m C m - mat o thong lng ien
( ) B r
2 2
( / ) m T Wb m =
- mat o thong lng t Tesla = Weber/
( ) J r
2
/ A m (

- mat o dong ien tong
( ) r
3
/ C m (

- mat o ien tch
V
- The vector quan he vi trng:
( ) ( ) H r A r = V
- Qua cac bien oi suy ra phng trnh song cho the vector A:
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) A r A r J r e c V + =
- Nghiem cua phng trnh song:
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4
jkR
V
J r e
A r dv
R t

=
}}}
' R r r =
'
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4 '
jk r r
V
J r e
A r dv
r r t

=

}}}
'
1,
( '). 1
( ) .
4 '
i
jk r r
i
i
i N
i
J r e
A r v
r r t

=
A

( )
1
' J r
( )
2
' J r
( )
3
' J r
1
' r
2
' r
3
' r
r
M
y
x
z
'
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4 '
jk r r
V
J r e
A r dv
r r t

=

}}}
'
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4 '
jk r r
V
J r e
A r dv
r r t

=

}}}
- Vi ieu kien iem quan sat rat xa anten: ' r r
' '. R r r r r r = ~
' r
r
'. r r
' R r r =
'. r r r
- oi vi he so mau so co the xap x:
' R r r r r = ~ =
. '.
'
1 ( '). .
( ) '
4
jk r jk r r
V
J r e e
A r dv
r t

~
}}}
. '.
'
1
( ) ( '). . '
4
jkr
jk r r
V
e
A r J r e dv
r t

(
~
(

}}}
, : , r hay u |
Khong phu thuoc vao khoang cach r thu thuoc vao hng:
2. DIPOLE HERTZ (nguyen to anten thang)
u
' dl
l
z
A
A
u
r
A
r

u
M
u
O
R
r
I
'
1 .
'.
4
jkR
C
I e
A dl z
R t

=
}
- Vi ieu kien iem quan sat rat xa anten:
' r r
' '. R r r r r r = ~
- Vi ieu kien:
l
' R r r r r = ~ =
'
1 . . .
'. .
4 4 .
jkr jkr
C
I e I l e
A dl z z
r r t t

= =
}
0
I
I
z
2
l
2
l

- Vi
( ) ( ) H r A r = V
2
. 1

( ) .sin .
4
jkr
I l jk
H r e
r r
u |
t

(
= +
(

1
( ) ( ) E r H r
jec
= V
2 3
2 3
. 1

( ) .sin .
4 .
. 1
.cos .
2 .
jkr
jkr
I l j
E r e
r r j r
I l
e r
r j r
e q
u u
t ec
q
u
t ec

(
= + +
(

(
+ +
(

2
. 1

( ) .sin .
4
jkr
I l jk
H r e
r r
u |
t

(
= +
(

2 3 2 3
. 1 . 1

( ) .sin . .cos .
4 . 2 .
jkr jkr
I l j I l
E r e e r
r r j r r j r
e q q
u u u
t ec t ec

( (
= + + + +
( (

.

( ) .sin . ( ).
4
jkr
I l j
E r e E r
r
u
e
u u u
t

(
~ =
(

( ) .

( ) .sin . ( ). .
4
jkr
E r I l jk
H r e H r
r
u
|
u | | |
t q

(
~ = =
(

* Cac ac trng cua trung bc xa t dipole Hertz:
- Cng o bc xa:
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 .
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) . .sin
2. 32.
k
U F F I l
u |
q
u | u | u | u
q t
(
= + =
(

- Cong suat bc xa: ( )
2
2
2
3
2
0 0
.
( , ). . .sin . .
32.
R
k
P U d I l d d
t t
u |
q
u | u u |
t
= =
= O =
}} } }
( )
2
2 .
.
12
R
k
P I l
q
t
=
- ien tr bc xa:
2
2
2
.
6
2
R
R
P k
R l
I
q
t
= =
- o nh hng:
2
( , ) 3
( , ) sin
2
4
R
U
D
P
u |
u | u
t
= =
- Dien tch hieu dung:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
, , . , . , . , ( )
4
e inc inc
A p G p p m

u | u | u |
t
=
( )
2
2
2
3

, , . . sin . .
4 2
e inc inc
A p e p

u | u u
t
=
3. ANTEN DIPOLE NGAN
Gia s anten co chieu dai rat nho so vi bc song va co phan bo dong
dang tam giac: L
0
. ( , ).
2
L
I I T z z =
2
1 ,
( , )
2
2
0 ,
z
L
L z
T z
L

<
=

2
2
1
( ) ( '). '.
4
L
jkr
L
e
A r I r dl z
r t

(
(
~
(
(

}
0
1
( ) . .
8
jkr
e
A r I L z
r t

~
0
I
I
z
2
L
2
L

L
0
1
( ) . .
8
jkr
e
A r I L z
r t

~
0

( ) . .sin .
8
jkr
e jk
E r I L
r
q
u u
t

~
0

( ) . .sin .
8
jkr
e jk
H r I L
r
u |
t

~
( )
2
2 2
0
2
, ( . ) .sin
128
k
U I L
q
u | u
t
=
2
2
0
( . )
48
R
k
P I L
q
t
=
( )
2
2 .
6
R
k
R l
q
t
=
So sanh vi ien tr
bc xa cua dipole
Hertz:
-> e tang ien tr bc xa can phai thay oi phan bo dong ien
tren anten: dung cac tai khang gan them vao anten.
( )
2
2 .
24
R
k
R L
q
t
=
4. ANTEN DIPOLE NGAN CO TAI KHANG
0
I
I
z
2
L
2
L

Tai cam
0
I
I
z
2
L
2
L

Tai dung
0
I
I
z
2
L
2
L

Tai khang ket hp

.
2
L
o
0
.I |
L
0
. ( , , ).
2
L
I I R z z o | =
Phan bo dong tren anten:
0
I
I
z
2
L
2
L

Tai khang ket hp

.
2
L
o
0
.I |
2(1 )
1 , .
2
2
( , , ) , .
2 1 (1 ) 2 2
0 ,
z
L
z
L
z
L L L
R z z
L
|
o
o
|
|
o | o
o o

s

= < s

2
2
1
( ) ( '). '.
4
L
jkr
L
e
A r I r dl z
r t

(
(
~
(
(

}
0
1
( ) . .
4
.
jkr
e
A r I L z
r
K
t

~
1
( )
2
K o | = +
0

( ) . . . . .sin .
4
jkr
jk e
E r I L
r
K
q
u u
t

~
0

( ) . . . . .sin .
4
jkr
jk e
H r I L
r
K u |
t

~
( )
2
2 2 2
0
2
, . ( . ) .sin
32
k
U K I L
q
u | u
t
=
2
2 2
0
. ( . )
12
R
k
P K I L
q
t
=
( )
2
2
2
.
.
6
R
k
R K L
q
t
=
5. ANTEN DIPOLE CO CHIEU DAI HU HAN (so sanh c vi bc song)
* S phan bo dong tren anten
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
~
x
I
/ 2 L
~
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
-
1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2 0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8 1
z
I
L
0
.sin .
2
L
I I k z z
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .

/ 2
. '.
/ 2
( ) . . .
4 .
L
jkr
jk r r
L
e
A r I e dz z
r t

(
~
(

}
: , Do L r L
' '. R r r r r r = ~
'
'
1 ( ').
( ) '
4 '
jk r r
V
J r e
A r dv
r r t

=

}}}
- oi vi he so mau so co the xap x:
' R r r r r = ~ =
- oi vi he so pha khong the bo qua thanh
phan :
'. r r
/ 2
. '.
0
/ 2
( ) .sin . . .
4 . 2
L
jkr
jk r r
L
e L
A r I k z e dz z
r t

(
(
| |
~
(
|
(
\ .


}
| |
0
2
cos ( / 2).cos cos( / 2)
2
( ) .
4 . sin
jkr
kL kL
I e
A r z
r k
u
t u

~
' r
r
'. r r
' R r r =
'. r r r
L
z
M
0
| |
0
2
cos ( / 2).cos cos( / 2)
2

( ) . . .sin . . .
4 sin
jkr
kL kL
e jk
E r I
r k
u
q
u u
t u

~
`
)
| |
0
2
cos ( / 2).cos cos( / 2)
2

( ) . . .sin . . .
4 sin
jkr
kL kL
e jk
H r I
r k
u
u |
t u

~
`
)
Trng c dien ta bi 2 he so:
0
. . .sin
4
jkr
e jk
I
r
q
u
t

Giong trng c sinh ra bi

anten dipole Hertz.
| |
2
cos ( / 2).cos cos( / 2)
2
.
sin
kL kL
k
u
u

`
)
He so khong gian
Cng o bc xa:
| |
2
2 2
0
2 2
cos ( / 2).cos cos( / 2)
( , ) sin .
8 sin
kL kL
U I
u
q
u | u
t u

=
`
)
Cong suat bc xa:
| | {
| |}
2
0
( , ).
.
. ln( ) ( ) 0.5sin( ). (2 ) 2 ( )
4
0.5cos( ) ln( / 2) (2 ) 2 ( )
R
P U d
I
kL Ci kL kL Si kL Si kL
kL kL Ci kL Ci kL
u |
q

t

= O
= + +
+ + +
}}
0
cos sin
( ) ; ( )
x
x
y y
Ci x dy Si x dy
y y

= =
} }
0.5772 = Hang so Euler
ien tr bc xa:
| | {
| |}
2
0
2
. ln( ) ( ) 0.5sin( ). (2 ) 2 ( )
2
0.5cos( ) ln( / 2) (2 ) 2 ( )
R
R
P
R
I
kL Ci kL kL Si kL Si kL
kL kL Ci kL Ci kL
q

t

=
= + +
+ + +
DIPOLE NA BC SONG:
cos cos
2

( )
2 sin
ikr
o
j e
H r I
r
t
u
|
t u

(
(

=
cos cos
2

( )
2 sin
ikr
o
j e
E r I
r
t
u
q
u
t u

(
(

=
2
2
2
cos cos
2
( , )
8 sin
o
U I
t
u
q
u
t u
(
(
(
(

( u =
(
(

{ }
2 2
(2 ) (2 2.435
8 8
R o o
P I y ln Ci I
q q
t t
t t
= + =
o nh hng:
2
cos cos
4
2
( , )
2.435 sin
D
t
u
u
u
(
(
(
(

( u =
(
(

o nh hng toi a khi : 1.643
2
t
u =
ien tr bc xa:
( )
2
0
2
73
R
R
P
R
I
= = O
Thanh phan ien khang:
( )
42.5 O
Tr khang:
( )
73 42.5
A
Z j = + O
6. ANTEN KHUNG TRON NHO
0
I
a
x
y
z
0
1

( ) . . . 1 .sin .
4 .
jkr
e
A r jkS I
r jkr
u |
t

| |
= +
|
\ .
2
. S a t =
0
2
1

( ) . . . .sin .
4
jkr
e jk
E r j S I
r r
e u |
t

| |
= +
|
\ .
0
2 3
0
2 3
1 1

( ) . . . .sin .
4
1 1
. . . .cos .
2
jkr
jkr
e j
H r j S I
r r j r
e
j S I r
r j r
ec
e u u
t q e
e u
t q e

| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
+ +
|
\ .
Trng vung xa:
2
0
.

( ) .sin .
4
jkr
k S I e
E r
r
q
u |
t

=
2
0
.

( ) .sin .
4
jkr
k S I e
H r
r
u u
t

=
4 2 2
2
0
2
( )
( , ) sin
32
k SI
U
q
u u
qt
u =
( )
2
2
0
10
R
P k SI =
2
3
( , ) sin
2
D u u u =
( )
2
2
2
2
20 31200.
R
S
R k S

| |
= =
|
\ .
( )
2
2
31200. .
R core
S
R n

| |
= O
|
\ .
7. ANH HNG CUA MAT PHANG AT
z
H
x
I
z
H
x
I
Trng sinh ra do dipole b phan xa tai be mat cua mat phang at
do o trng khong xuat hien tai mien z<0.
Theo ly thuyet anh gng, trng bc xa t nguon c ban at tren
mot mat dan ien ly tng th giong nh trng c bc xa t 2
nguon (nguon c ban va nguon anh cua no).
1
.
0
1 1
1

.sin .
4
jk r
p
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
.
0

.sin .
4
i
jk r
i i i
i
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
1
.
2
0
1
1
2. .sin .
4
jk r
jk I l e
E z
r
q
u
t

=
Gia s trng sinh ra t 2 anten
giong trng vung xa:
Xet trng sinh ra t 2 anten: primary dipole va image diople:
Nh vay tai v tr be mat mat phang
dan ien th thanh phan tiep tuyen
cua trng ien b triet tieu, tng
t trng c sinh ra t anten at
tren mot mat dan ien ly tng.
z
H
x
I
z
1
u
2
u
p
E
i
E
E
Primary
Dipole
Image
Dipole
1
r
2
r
H
H
1
.
0
1 1
1

.sin .
4
jk r
p
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
2
.
0
2 2
2

.sin .
4
jk r
i
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
{ }
.
cos cos
0
.

. .sin
4 .
jk r
jkh jkh
kI l e
E j e e
r
u u
u q u
t

+
~ +
z
1
u
2
u
p
E
i
E
E
Primary
Dipole
Image
Dipole
1
r
2
r
H
H
1
.
0
1 1
1

.sin .
4
jk r
p
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
2
.
0
2 2
2

.sin .
4
jk r
i
jk I l e
E
r
q
u u
t

=
1
.
2
0
1
1
2. .sin .
4
jk r
jk I l e
E z
r
q
u
t

=
z
H
x
I
z
H
x
I
z
Primary
Dipole
Image
Dipole
H
H
z
x
~
+
z
~
+
~
+
Monopole:
L
~
+
L
V
I
~
~
+
+
L
L
2V
I
I
Tr khang vao cua anten:
1 2 1
. .
2 2
monopole dipole
A A
V V
Z Z
I I
= = =
Trng bc xa t monopole va dipole la
giong nhau mot na mat phang z>0.
Tuy nhien tong cong suat bc xa t dipole
th gap oi monopole. Suy ra:
4 . ( , )
( , )
monopole
monopole
monopole
R
U
D
P
t u |
u | =
4 . ( , )
2. ( , )
1
2
dipole
dipole
dipole
R
U
D
P
t u |
u | = =