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Askhseic Laplace 2
Askhseic Laplace 2
4 2007
1 Laplace
3 Fourier
4 Laplace
15
6 Fourier
18
1 Laplace
1. , , Laplace
eat h(t) (a C) C .
, Laplace cos(t + )h(t),
> 0, R.
2. , , Laplace
() te2t cos(t)h(t)
() tet sin(2t)h(t)
C .
3. , Laplace,
5. h(t)
2,
0 t < 1,
2,
1t<2
v(t) =
0, t < 0, t 2.
, Laplace y(t), t 0,
dy
+ 2y = v(t)
dt
v(t), y(0) = 1.
6. h(t)
v(t) =
1,
0 t < 2,
1,
2t<4
0, t < 0, t 4.
, Laplace y(t), t 0,
dy
+ 3y = v(t)
dt
v(t), y(0) = 2.
7. , Laplace, :
()
d2 y
dy
+ 6 + 5y = 4et 2,
dt2
dt
y(0) = 2,
()
()
t0
dy
(0) = 1.
dt
d2 y
dy
+ 2 + 4y = e2t sin(3t),
dt2
dt
y(0) = 0,
d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 3y = 2t + e(t1) h(t 1),
dt2
dt
dy
(0) = 2
dt
y(0) = 1,
dy
(0) = 0.
dt
8.
d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 4y = u(t),
2
dt
dt
dy
u(t) = e2t t,
t0
9.
d2 y
dy
+ 3 + 2y = u(t),
2
dt
dt
u(t) = t + 3et ,
t0
dy
dy
d2 y
+ 6 + 8y = u(t),
2
dt
dt
t0
dy
d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 8y = et cos 3t,
dt2
dt
t0
dy
d2 y
dy
+ 2 + 10y = e2t cos t,
dt2
dt
t0
dy
d2 y
dy
+ 7 + 10y = 2u(t).
dt2
dt
, Laplace
, y(t), t 0, y(0) = 2, y(0)
= 1
u(t) = 2 (h(t) h(t 2)), t 0. ,
u(t).
14. u y :
d2 y
dy
+ 5 + 6y = 3u(t).
2
dt
dt
, Laplace
dy
, y(t), t 0, y(0) = 1, dt (0) = 1
5 : u(t) =
h(t 5)e(t5) , t 0. ,
u(t).
3
15. u y :
d2 y
dy
+ 8 + 12y = 2u(t).
2
dt
dt
Laplace , y(t), t 0,
y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
u(t) = 5 (h(t) h(t 3)), t 0. ,
u(t).
16. u y :
d2 y
dy
+ 7 + 12y = u(t).
dt2
dt
Laplace , y(t), t 0,
y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1
d2 i R di
1
1 de
+
i=
,
+
2
dt
L dt LC
L dt
L, C > 0
RLC , R , i
e (L , C .)
Laplace,
() ,
R = 0 e(t) = 0,
di
(0).
0 = 1/ LC i(0) dt
() i(t) (t 0) R > 0
e(t) = cos t. :
(i)
R2
R2
1
1
>
<
(ii)
.
LC
4L2
LC
4L2
, i(t)
, t .
2
1.
x 1
x 2
2
2
0 1
x1
x2
x1 (0)
x2 (0)
1
1
() Euler
() Laplace.
.
2. x = Ax,
x=
x1
x2
A=
1
2
0 3
x(0) =
1
2
() Euler
() Laplace.
.
3. x = Ax,
x=
x1
x2
A=
2 1
0 1
x(0) =
2
1
() Euler
() Laplace.
.
4. ..
d3 y
dy
+ 4 + 5 sin y = 0.
3
dt
dt
B=
3
0
2 2
x(0) =
2
1
3 Fourier
1. Fourier 2
[2, 0) :
f (x) = 2x,
x [2, 0).
f (x) [2, 2]
f (x) 2 .
2. [4, 4) f (x) 2 [, ) :
f (x) =
, 0 x <
x , x < 0
, Fourier . Fourier
x = 0; f (0);
3. [2, 2) f (x) 2 [, ) :
f (x) =
2x ,
0x<
2x , x < 0
, Fourier . Parseval, :
a2 X 2
|f (x)| dx = 0 +
an + b2n ,
2
n=1
Fourier -
PN
a2
0
a20 +
n=1 (an cos nx + bn sin nx) , 2 +
PN 2
2
n=1 an + bn , f (x) 1%.
4 Laplace
1 ( 1)
, , Laplace
eat h(t) (a C) C .
, Laplace cos(t + )h(t),
> 0, R.
Z
at
L{e h(t)} =
Z
at st
e e
dt = lim
T 0
T
1
e(sa)
,
= lim
=0+
T (s a)
sa
e(sa)t dt
( C <(a).)
, Euler,
cos(t + ) =
1 i(t+)
e
+ ei(t+) =
e eit + e eit .
2
2
, Laplace,
L {cos(t + )h(t)} =
1
2
ei
ei
+
s i s + i
1 ei (s + i) + ei (s i)
=
2
s2 + 2
s
ei + ei
i(ei ei )
s
+
= cos 2
sin 2
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
s +
2
s +
s +
s + 2
2 ( 1)
, , Laplace
() te2t cos(t)h(t)
() tet sin(2t)h(t)
C .
.
Euler,
1
1
te2t cos(t) = te2t (eit + eit ) = t(e(i2)t + e(i+2)t ).
2
2
,
Z
1 (i2)t
1 (i2)t
(i+2)t
L
t(e
+e
) =
t(e
+ e(i+2)t )est dt =
2
2 0
"
#
!
Z
1 e(s+2i)t
1 te(s+2i)t
te(s+2+i)t
e(s+2+i)t
+
+
=
dt.
+
2 (s + 2 i) (s + 2 + i)
2 0
(s + 2 i) (s + 2 + i)
0
( = .) s <(s) > 2,
t = 0 .
:
2t
L te
1
cos(t) =
2
"
e(s+2i)t
e(s+2+i)t
+
(s + 2 i)2 (s + 2 + i)2
(i)
te2t h(t 5) = e10 te2(t5) h(t 5) =
= e10 [(t 5)e2(t5) + 5e2(t5) ]h(t 5).
L{te
2t
5s10
1
5
.
+
(s + 2)2 s + 2
h(t 5)} = e
1.
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
5e05
1: ( 3)
(ii)
t
t sin2 t = (1 cos 2t).
2
L{t sin2 t} =
d
s
1
s2 + 4
1
+
=
+
.
2s2 ds s2 + 22
2s2 (s2 + 22 )2
5 ( 2) 6 .
h(t)
v(t) =
2,
0 t < 1,
2,
1t<2
0, t < 0, t 2.
, Laplace y(t), t 0,
dy
+ 2y = v(t)
dt
v(t), y(0) = 1.
v(t) , ,
:
2
V (s) = L{2h(t) 4h(t 1) + 2h(t 2)} = (1 2es + e2s ).
s
Laplace ..
1
2(1 2es + e2s )
+
.
s(s + 2)
s+2
a
b
2
= +
,
s(s + 2)
s s+2
2
a=
= 1,
s + 2 s=0
2
b=
= 1.
s s=2
(1 2es + e2s ) . ,
d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 8y = et cos 3t,
2
dt
dt
t0
dy
dy
s+1
2
s Y (s) sy(0) (0) + 4(sY (s) y(0)) + 8Y (s) =
.
dt
(s + 1)2 + 32
9
1
s+1
Y (s) =
+ 2s + 9 .
(s + 2)2 + 22 (s + 1)2 + 32
, :
s+1
A(s + 2) + 2B C(s + 1) + 3D
=
+
.
2
2
2
[(s +
+ 2 ][(s + 1) + 3 ]
(s + 2)2 + 22
(s + 1)2 + 32
s+1
1 + 2i
1 4 + 7i
R1 =
=
=
.
2
(s + 2 + 2i)[(s + 1) + 9] s=2+2i 4i(1 4 4i + 9)
2 52
2)2
s+1
3i
1 4 + 6i
=
R2 =
=
.
2
[(s + 2) + 4](s + 1 + 3i) s=1+3i (1 9 + 6i + 4)(6i)
2 52
4
7
, B = 2=(R1 ) = ,
52
52
6
4
C = 2<(R2 ) = , D = 2=(R2 ) = .
52
52
A = 2<(R1 ) =
2s + 9 = 2(s + 2) + (5/2) 2
y(t) =
e2t
et
5
(4 cos 2t 7 sin 2t)
(4 cos 3t 6 sin 3t) + e2t (2 cos 2t + sin 2t),
52
52
2
y(0) = 2.
y(t) 0 t .
13 ( 3)
u y :
d2 y
dy
+ 7 + 10y = 2u(t).
dt2
dt
, Laplace
, y(t), t 0, y(0) = 2, y(0)
= 1
u(t) = 2 (h(t) h(t 2)), t 0. ,
u(t).
4(1 e2s )
.
s Y (s) sy0 y(0)
1
Y (s) = 2
s + 7s + 10
4(1 e2s )
+ (2s + 15) .
s
10
s2 +7s+10 (s+2)(2+5).
(1 e2s ) .
4
a
b
c
= +
+
,
s(s + 2)(s + 5)
s s+2 s+5
4
2
a=
= ,
(s + 2)(s + 5) s=0 5
4
2
b=
= ,
(s(s + 5) s=2
3
4
4
c=
= .
s(s + 2) s=5 15
2s + 15
a
b
=
+
,
(s + 2)(s + 5)
s+2 s+5
2s + 15
11
2s + 15
5
a=
= , b=
= .
s + 5 s=2
3
s + 2 s=5
3
Laplace,
:
2
4
2
y(t) = (h(t)h(t2)) (e2t h(t)e2(t2) h(t2))+ (e5t h(t)e5(t2) h(t2))+
5
3
15
+(
11 2t 5 5t
e
e )h(t),
3
3
t 0.
: h(t), t 0
1.5
0.5
2: ( 13)
. 1.
14 ( 3)
u y :
dy
d2 y
+ 5 + 6y = 3u(t).
dt2
dt
, Laplace
dy
, y(t), t 0, y(0) = 1, dt (0) = 1
11
5 : u(t) =
h(t 5)e(t5) , t 0. , u(t).
3e5s
.
s Y (s) sy0 y(0)
1
Y (s) = 2
s + 5s + 6
3e5s
+ (s + 4) .
s+1
s2 +5s+6 (s+2)(2+3).
e5s ,
- !
3
a
b
c
=
+
+
,
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
s+1 s+2 s+3
3
3
a=
= ,
(s + 2)(s + 3) s=1 2
b=
= 3,
(s + 1)(s + 3) s=2
3
3
c=
= .
(s + 1)(s + 2) s=3 2
a
b
s+4
=
+
,
(s + 2)(s + 3)
s+2 s+3
s + 4
a=
= 2,
s + 3 s=2
s + 4
b=
= 1.
s + 2 s=3
, Laplace,
y(t) =
3 (t5)
3
e
3e2(t5) + e3(t5) h(t 5) + 2e2t e3t .
2
2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
3: ( 14)
12
17 ..
d2 i R di
1
1 de
+
+
i=
,
2
dt
L dt LC
L dt
L, C > 0
RLC , R , i e
(L , C .)
Laplace,
R = 0 e(t) = 0,
() ,
di
0 = 1/ LC i(0) dt
(0).
() i(t) (t 0) R > 0
e(t) = cos t. :
(i)
1
R2
1
R2
>
(ii)
<
.
LC
4L2
LC
4L2
, i(t) , t .
, .
,
( ) .
, -, , .
Laplace ..:
di
R
1
1
2
s I(s) si(0) (0) + (sI(s) i(0)) +
I(s) = (sE(s) e(0)).
dt
L
LC
L
() R = 0 e(t) = 0 ( E(s) = 0.) ,
di
1
2
s I(s) si(0) (0) +
I(s) = 0.
dt
LC
I(s) =
di
si(0) + dt
(0)
.
1
2
s + LC
di
LC (0) sin 0 t,
dt
1
.
LC
0 =
di
: i(0) dt
(0).
() , R > 0 e(t) = cos t, I(s)
Laplace
I(s) =
R
di
L i(0) + dt (0)
1
s2 + R
L s + LC
si(0) +
13
2
L(s2 + 2 )(s2 +
R
Ls
1
LC )
de
dt = sin t L{sin t} = s2 + 2 ( ,
s
de
L{cos t} = s2 +
2 L{ dt } = sE(s) e(0).)
1
s2 + R
L s + LC ,
s1,2
1
=
2
R
L
R2
4
2
L
LC
!
.
, =
R2
4
LC
( 4,
L2
.)
i. > 0. ,
R2
4
R2
>
.
L2
L2
LC
i(t), ,
s1 , s2 < 0.
, t ,
, .
ii. < 0.
s1,2
0 =
2 ,
i
.
=
2L
2
14
5
3 , . , :
dx1
dt
dx2
dt
= 2x1 x2
(1)
= 0 x2
(2)
x1 (t)
x2 (t)
x(t) =
, : x1 (0) = 2 x2 (0) = 1.
() Euler:
A.
det(A = I) = det
2
1
0 1
= (2 )(1 ) = ( + 2)( + 1) = 0.
: = 2, 1. ,
. ( : .)
= 2:
(A I)v = 0 =
0 1
0
1
u
v
0
0
v = 0. ,
c1 v1 = c1
1
0
, = 1:
1 1
0
0
(A I)v = 0 =
u
v
0
0
u + v = 0. ,
c2 v2 = c2
1
1
x(t) = c1 e2t v1 + c2 et v2 .
, :
2
1
c1 + c2
c2
= c2 = 1,
c1 = 2 c2 = 1.
x1 (t)
x2 (t)
15
e2t + et
et
() Laplace: :
Laplace (1) (2), x =
Ax, :
X(s) =
X1 (s)
X2 (s)
, ,
sI A.
, -- , , -
:
a b
c d
1
=
ad bc
d b
c a
ad bc 6= 0.
(sI A)
1
=
(s + 1)(s + 2)
s + 1 1
0
s+2
1
s+2
1
(s+1)(s+2)
1
s+1
!
.
X(s) = (sI A)
x(0) =
1
s+2
1
(s+1)(s+2)
1
s+1
2
1
2
s+2
1
+ (s+1)(s+2)
1
s+1
!
.
1
1
1
s+2
(s+1)(s+2)
= s+1
Laplace :
x1 (t)
x2 (t)
e2t + et
et
.
: Euler
:
x1 (t) = Aet ,
x2 (t) = Bet
,
/ :
(A I)v = 0 v =
16
A
B
, Laplace
X1 (s) X2 (s) .
( ,
[1].)
17
6 Fourier
1.
2.
3.
18
19