2

1. ( ) = 2 2 + 2

2. 2 2 = ( )( + )
3

3. ( ) = 3 3 2 + 3 2 3

4. 3 + 3 = ( + ) 2 + 2
5. 3 3 = ( ) 2 + + 2
2

6. ( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
3

7. ( + + ) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3( + )( + )( + )
8. (x + )(x + ) = x 2 + ( + )x +
9. (x + )(x + )(x + ) = x 3 + ( + + )x 2 + ( + + )x +
10. 3 + 3 + 3 3 =

1
( + + )( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
2

11. + + = 0 = = 3 + 3 + 3 = 3

12. * : = ( ) 1 + 2 + 32 + ..... + 1

13. = 2 + 1, + = ( + ) 1 2 + 32 ..... +

1!

14. ( + ) = + 1 +

( 1) 2 2
( 1)....( + 1)
+ .... +
+ .... +
2!
!

15. 2 + 2 2
16. , 0 : + 2

)(

17. 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 (x + y )

)(

18. 2 + 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (x + y + z )

19. , , 0 : 3 + 3 + 3 3

20. 1 : (1 + ) 1 +

1. , R = < >
2. , R =
3. > + > +
4. > 0 > >
5. < 0 > <
6. > > + > +

( )

7. , , R > > >

8. , , x, y R *+ > x > y x > y
9. , R *+ * > >
10. , R * > 2 +1 > 2 +1

[,] = {x : x }

[,+ ) = {x : x }

[,) = {x : x < }

(,+ ) = {x : x > }

(,] = {x : < x }

( , ] = {x : x }

(,) = {x : < x < }

( , ) = {x : x < }

0
1. =
< 0

2. 0

3. =
4.
2

5. = 2 = 2
6. > 0 x = x = x =
7. x = x = x =
8. > 0 x x
9. > 0 x x x

=
0

10. = ,

11. +
12. 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + 1 + 2 + .... +
13. 1 2 3 ...... 1 2 ...

1. x 0 , * :
2. , 0 :

( )

= x x =

= = ,

( )

3. , 0

4. , 0

= ,

= *

, =

5. , 0 < =
6.

x 2 = x ,

2 +1

x 2 +1 = x x 0

x =
x =
= 2 + 1, *

0
R
x=

<0

x =

= 2, *

x =

1. = = ,
2. : 2 +1 = 2 +1 =
3. * : 2 = 2 =
4. = + = +
5. 0 : = =
6. 0 : = =
7. = , = =
8. = , = =
9. = , = , , 0 =
10. 0 = 0 = 0 = 0
11. 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 , , , * = 0 = 0 = 0
12. , , 0

= = =

13. , 0

=
=

14. , 0

=
=

( , 0)

15. , 0

+ +
=
=

( , 0 )

16. , 0

+
= =

+

( + 0 )

2 2

x + y =
/
, / , , / 0 :
/
/
x + y =

i.

D 0 : x =

, y=

ii.

D
D = 0 (D X 0, D y 0 )

iii.

D = D x = D y = 0

Dy
D

: f (x ) = x 2 + x + , , , R 0

= 2 4

, 1 + 2 = , 1 2 =
f 2 1 2 =

0 < 1 < 2 > 0, > 0, - > 0

> 0

1 < 2 < 0 > 0 > 0 , < 0

f (x ) = (x 1 )(x 2 )
f x (- , ) ( ,+ ) <
1
2
1
2

, x (1, 2 )

1 = 2 = 2

= 0 f (x ) = x +

f x =

< 0
x R

OA = 1, OB = 1, O = 1 , O = 1
= ,
= ,
= ,
=

- 1 x 1 x 1
- 1 x 1 x 1
2 x + 2 x = 1
x
x
x =
, x =
x
x

x
0
1
2

x
0

2
2

x
1
3
2
2
2
1
2

x
0

x
-

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( x ) = x

( + x ) = x

( + x ) = x

( + x ) = x

( + x ) = x

x = x
2

x = x
2

x = x
2

x = x
2

x = 2 +

1. x =
x = 2 +
(
)

3. x = x = + ,

x = 2 +

2. x =
,
x = 2

4. x = x = + ,

x > (1) 1 1

x < (2) = , 0

(1) ( , ] : < x < .

(1) 2 < x < 2 + ,
(2) [0,2 ) < x < 2 .
(2) 2 + < x < 2 + 2,
x < (3) 1 1

x > (4) = ,

2
2

3
(3) ,

2 2
< x < . (3)
2 + < x < + 2,
5
(4) ,

2 2
< x < 2 + . (4)
2 + ( ) < x < (2 + ) + 2,

<<
2
2

(5) , < x < .

2
2 2

(5) + < x < + ,

2
x > (5) R

x < (6) = ,


(6) ,
2 2

< x < .
2

< x < + ,
2

(6)

( ) = +

( + ) =

( + ) = +

( ) =

( + ) =

+
1

( ) =

1 +

( + ) =

1
+

( ) =

+ 1

2
2 = 2

2 = 2 2 = 2 2 1 = 1 2 2
2 =

2
, 0 2 0
1 2

2 =

2 =

2 =

2 1
, 0 2 0
2

1 + 2
2

1 2
0
1 + 2

2 =

2 =

1 2
2

1 + 2
0
1 2


1. 1 x + > 0 0

x > - > 0
x + > 0 x > -
x < - < 0

2
2. 2 x + x + > 0 0

3. 3 :

(1x 1 )( 2 x 2 )( 3 x 3 ).....( x ) > 0

1, 2 , 3 ,....,

1, 2 , 3 ,....,
. ( ,+ ) (+)

(1x + 1 ) , *

2 +1

(1x + 1 )
(1x + 1 )

4.

f (x )
0
g(x )

f (x )
0 f (x ) g(x ) 0 g(x ) 0
g(x )

5.

f (x ) 0

f (x ) < g(x ) g(x ) > 0

2
f (x ) < [g(x )]

f (x ) 0 g(x ) < 0

f (x ) > g(x )

2
f (x ) > [g(x )] g(x ) 0


1. 1 x + = 0 0

x = - 0

x + = 0 x = - = = 0
= 0 0

2. 2 x 2 + x + = 0 0 (...)
3. 3 :

Horner
4.

f (x )
= 0 f (x ) = 0 g(x ) 0
g(x )

5.
f (x ) 0

f (x ) = g(x ) g(x ) 0

2
f (x ) = [g(x )]

: +1 = + +1 =

: +1 = , 0 +1 = , 0

- : = 1 + ( 1)

- : = 1 1

, , : 2 = +
+

` =
2

, , : 2 =

( 1 + )

S = 21 + ( 1)
2

: S =

1
1
1
1
S =

=1
1

10


f (x ) = x , 0 < 1
f ( x ) = x , > 1, :

f ( x ) A = R

f ( ) = ( 0, + )
f

: x1 < x 2 ,

x1 < x2 x1, x 2 R

Cf
y / y ( 0,1)
f ( x ) = x , 0 < < 1 , :

f ( x ) A = R

f ( ) = ( 0, + )
f

: x1 < x 2 ,

x1 > x2 x1, x 2 R

Cf
y / y ( 0,1)

f ( x ) = x , 0 < 1 :

x1 x 2 , x1 x2

x1 = x2 x1 = x 2

f (x ) = log x, 0 < 1
f ( x ) = log x , > 1, :

f ( x ) = ( 0, + ) ,

x
R
f () = R
: x1 < x 2 ,
11

log x1 < log x 2 x1, x 2 ( 0, + )

Cf
x / x (1,0 )
f ( x ) = log x , 0 < < 1 , :

f ( x ) = ( 0, + ) ,

x
R
f () = R
: x1 < x 2 ,
log x1 > log x 2 x1, x 2 ( 0, + )

Cf
x / x (1,0 )

log = x x = , > 0 0 < 1

) log 1 = 0 log = 1

) log x = x x R

) log x = x x > 0
log10 = log
loge = ln

log = x = 10 x
log10 = 1
log1 = 0

ln = x =e x
ln e = 1
ln1 = 0

log ( 12 ) = log 1 + log 2 1 , 2 , >0 , 0 < 1

log

1
= log 1 log 2 , 1 , 2 , >0 , 0 < 1
2

12

log = log , 1 , 2 , >0 , 0 < 1 R

log =

1
log , > 0 0 < 1

log = log , , >0

log =

log =

log
log

, >0 , 1 >0

log
log

log =

ln
ln

x1 = x2 x1 = x 2

log x1 = log x 2 x1 = x 2

A < 90 0 2 = 2 + 2 2

A > 90 0 2 = 2 + 2 + 2

1. 2 = 2 + 2 = 90 0

2. 2 < 2 + 2 < 90 0

3. 2 > 2 + 2 > 90 0

13


2
1 : + = 2 +
2

2: 2 2 = 2
> , = ,

2 =

2 2 + 2 2 2
,
4

2 =

2 2 + 2 2 2
,
4

2 =

2 2 + 2 2 2
4

1:

2:

=
= R 2 2

= 2 R 2
= 2

2 = 2 + 2 2

=
=
= 2R

14

//

( ) = + =
2

1 , 2 ( ) =

1 2
2

, , , R
, , , ,
, ,
++
=
:
2
1

2
= ( )( )( )
=

4R
=

= ( ) = ( ) = ( )
=

1

2

: =

2 3
4

= 1 + 1 = 180 0
( ) =

( 111 ) 11 11

1)

= 6 2
o V = 3

2) R

= 4R 2

15

4
R 3
3
3) r h

o V =

= 2 r h
o = r 2
V = r 2 h

360 0

360 0
: =

: = 1800

1. 2 +

2
= R2
4

2. = 2 R

3. = R

4. 2 = 2R 2 R 4R 2 2
:

1. =

2 4R 2 22

2. 22 = 2R (R - )

= 2R

= R 1
2R

= R

R 2

1
R 2
2

2R 2

R 2 2

1
R 2+ 2
2

2R 2 2

16

R 2 2+ 2

R 3

12

R 2 3

1
R 10 2 5
2

1
R 2+ 2+ 2
2
1
R
2
1
R 3
2
1
R 2+ 3
2
1
R 5 +1
4

=
2

2
= R 2
2

2R 2 2 2
3 2
R 3
4
3 2
R 3
2
3R 2
5 2
R 10 + 2 5
8

16

: L = 2R

: S =

: =

R 2
180 0

: = R 2

R 2 0
180 0

: = .
: S = R (rad)

= ,

= =

= =

= =

, , , R :

1. + = +

17


2. + + = + +

3. + 0 =

4. + = 0

5. + = + =

6. + = = 0

7. + = 0 =

8. + = +

9. =

+ +

10.

< + = + ,

= + < + ,

11. 0 = 0 , 0 = 0

12. + = +

13. ( + ) = +


14. =

15. 1 =

18

16. = 0 = 0 = 0

17. ( ) = =

18. =

19. ( ) =

20. = 0 =

21. = 0 =

// = R 0

// ,

, R = +

= , 1

+
=
1+

+
=
)
2
G

G + G + G = 0
G

G + G+ G + G = 0

: + + = 0 , ,,

0, i , j

, = (x 1, y 1 ) x 1, y 1

= x 1 i + y 1 j

19

= (x 1, y 1 ) = (x 2 , y 2 ) , :

x = x 2
1. = 1
y 1 = y 2

2. + = (x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )

3. R = (x 1, y 1 )
4. (x 1, y 1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 )

= (x 2 x 1,y 2 y 1 )

(x 2 x 1 )2 + (y 2 y 1 )2
x 1 + x 2
1+

x + x2
( x = 1
2

(x , y ) = , 1, x =
y 1 + y 2
1+
y + y2
y = 1
2

y =

5. = (x 1, y 1 ) = (x 2 , y 2 ) , :

x
y1
= 0 x 1y 2 x 2 y 1 = 0
// 1
x2 y2

1 =

y1
y
, 2 = 2 x 1 0 , x 2 0
x1
x2

// 1 = 2

= ,

= (x 1, y 1 ) = (x 2 , y 2 ) , :

= x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2

, = =

x 1x 2 + y 1 y 2
2
1

x + y 12 x 22 + y 22

20

1. =


2. = =

3. + = +

4. = ( =

5. = 0

6. x 1x 2 + y 1y 2 = 0

7. 1 2 = 1

v = v 1 v 1 = v

(),
(x 1, y 1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 )
()
= ,

y 2 y1
, x 2 x1 0
x 2 x1

(): y - y 1 = (x x 1 )
x
y
y y1 y 2 y1
y 2 y1
(x x 1 ) x 1 y 1
=
y y1 =
():
x x1 x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x2 y2

1
1=0
1

21

 // y / y ( ) : x = x 0

// x / x ( ) : y = y 0

O(0,0 )
( ) : y = x

x / x A (,0 ) y / y B(0, )
x y
( ) : + = 1

( 1 ) , ( 2 ) y / y 1, 2
: 1 // 2 1 = 2 1 2 1 2 = 1
(x 1, y 1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 ) , (x 3 , y 3 ) Oxy , ,
=
AB

x1
y 2 y1 y 3 y1
x2
=

x 2 x1 x 3 x1
x3

y1

y2

1 =0

y3

() :
Ax + By + = 0 A + B 0 (1) ( A 0 B 0 )
(1)

22

( 1 ) , ( 2 )

1 , 2 // y / y

= ( 1, 2 ) 1 , 2
1

= 2

2
1 + 2 1

Ax 1 + By 1 +
d(A, ) =
A 2 + B2

(x 1, y 1 )

1
1 x 2 x1
= det AB, =
2

2 x 3 x1

(x 1, y 1 ) ,

( ) : Ax + By + = 0 ,

(x 2 , y 2 ) ,

x1
1
= x2
y 3 y1 2
x3

y 2 y1

(x 3 , y 3 )
y1

y2

y3

1.

x 2 + y 2 = 2 (0,0 )
(K,) :
2
2
(x x 0 ) + (y y 0 ) = 2 (x 0 , y 0 )

(K, ) :

xx 1 + yy 1 = 2 (0,0 )

(x x 0 )(x 1 x 0 ) + (y y 0 )(y 1 y 0 ) = 2

: x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0 A 2 + B 2 4 > 0
2.

()
()

23

2
p
p
y = 2px 2 ,0 : x = - 2

x 2 = 2py 0, p : y = - p

2
2

yy = (x + x 1 ) y 2 = 2px
: 1
xx 1 = (y + y 1 ) x 2 = 2py

3.


() E / E

( )

( )

2 = E / E

ME / + (ME) = 2
2 = 2 2

x2 y2
/
2 + 2 = 1 (,0 ) , E ( ,0 )

>
2
2
y + x = 1 (0, ) , E / (0, )
2 2

xx1 yy 1
x2 y2
+
=
+
=1
1

2
2
2 2

>
:
2
2
yy1 + xx 1 = 1 y + x = 1
2
2 2
2

x2 y2
+ 2 = 1 =
2

24

4.


()
E / E ( )

( )

( )

2 = E / E

(ME ) (ME)
/

= 2

2 = 2 2

x2 y2
/
2 2 = 1 (,0 ) , E ( ,0 )

2
2
y x = 1 (0, ) , E / (0, )
2 2

x2 y2
y = x , y = x 2 2 = 1

y=

xx1 yy1
x2 y2
1

=1
2
2 2
2

:
2
2
yy1 xx1 = 1 y x = 1
2
2
2 2

y2 x2
x , y = x 2 2 = 1

x2 y2

2 = 1 =
2

1 + 2 + .......... .. + =

(1 + )

(v + 1)

2

1 + , , > 1 0 ( Bernoulli)

25


, 0 , ,
= + , 0

(1) 2 2 + 1
(2) 3 3 + 1 3 + 2

(3 ) 4 4 + 1 4 + 2 4 + 3
(..) .......... ..............................

: ,
/ ( ) =

= = ( ) . / ( ) / ( )

= ( )( ) = ( ) . ( ) /

, , :
1. / / = =
2. / / /

3. / /,

/ / / ( + )

4. / / ( + )

26

5. / 0

.. ..
(, ) .. ,
:

(, ) = ( , )

(, ) =

(,0) =

(,1) = 1

/ (, ) =

(, ) = 1, ,

/ /

= (, ) :
x/ x/ x

, , , = + (, ) = (, )
= (, )

, (, )
, , / (, ) = 1 /

..
[, ] ,. :

[,] = [ , ]

i) / [, ] =
, :
ii) [,1] =
*
, (, ) [, ] =

, * (, ) [, ] = , (, ) = ( , ) [, ] = [ , ]

27