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02 Cell Selection and Re Selection
02 Cell Selection and Re Selection
Measurement fundamentals (Spreading and De-spreading, Ec/No, RSCP, RSSI) Call Setup RACH/Paging procedure Power Control
UE Access and Idle Mode Behavior Cell Selection + Reselection Handover Events + IRAT R99 Data + HSDPA FOA and Training network test results
Admission Control Radio Resource Management Capacity management Statistical Performance and Fault analysis KPIs, Counters Parameters (HO, Admission..) Nokia OSS CM Editor, KPI Monitor, Optimizer UMTS Optimization Routine O&M Tasks
Objectives
At the end of this module, you will be able to Understand the cell syncronisation process List the motivations for cell selection and reselection Understand the cell selection criterion S Outline the measurement rules Explain the ranking criterion R
Cell Synchronisation
When a UE is switched on, it starts to monitor the radio interface to find a suitable cell to camp on. But it has to determine, whether there is a WCDMA cell nearby. If a WCDMA cell is available, the UE has to be synchronised to the downlink transmission of the system information transmitted on the physical channel PCCPCH before it can make a decision, in how far the available cell is suitable to camp on. Initial cell selection is not the only reason, why a UE wants to perform cell synchronisation. This process is also required for cell re-selection and the handover procedure. Cell synchronisation is achieved with the Synchronisation Channel (SCH).
During the cell search, the UE searches for a cell and determines the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronisation of that cell. The cell search is typically carried out in three steps: Slot synchronisation During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the SCH's primary synchronisation code to acquire slot synchronisation to a cell. This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary synchronisation code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
Frame synchronisation and code-group identification During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the SCH's secondary synchronisation code to find frame synchronisation and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step. This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronisation code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronisation is determined.
Cell search procedure: Step 3 Scrambling-code identification During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-bysymbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read. If the UE has received information about which scrambling codes to search for, steps 2 and 3 above can be simplified
9 10 15 7 5
8 10 16 3 10 6 11
7 15
5 16 1 15
3 14 16 5 12 16
5 12 14 12 10 2 16 11 15 12
1
1 1
1
6 7
8
6 4
3
11 6
7
2 8
2 16 3 4
11 15 1 5
5 12 5 3
1 15 12 16 6 2 8 7
11 12 15 12
9 13 13
9 12 10 15 13 14
9 14 15
11
15
PLMN available
RRC tasks:
if the UE is in the RRC idle mode
The mobile phone tries to find a suitable cell to camp on. With a suitable cell, all network services are available. If it is unable to find such a cell, it attempts to camp on any non-barred cell. It enters an internal "limited service" state. In this state, only emergency calls can be carried out. The same state is given, when no USIM was inserted in the UE or the location registration failed.
PLMN Selection
Switch on Last registered PLMN
Home PLMN
User controlled PLMN list Operator controlled PLMN list HPLMN Search Period Timer
6 .. 480 minutes Default: 60 minutes
Cell status and special reservations acceptable cell is a cell, which offers limited services (i.e. the origination of an emergency call) to the subscriber. suitable cell is a cell, where the full service set can be offered to the subscriber. This cell must fulfil a set of requirements, such as being part of the selected PLMN. It must also fulfil the cell selection criterion S, which is covered later on in this chapter. barred cell is a cell, where the mobile phone is not allowed to camp on. reserved cell is a cell, where ordinary mobile phones are not allowed to camp on. The IE Cell Access Restriction is used to indicated cell status and cell reservations.
Random Assignment to different users Use to restrict emergency calls For PLMN Use Security Services; Public Utilities (e.g. water/gas suppliers) Emergency Services PLMN Staff
Squal delivers the cell Selection quality value (dB). The UE determines it according to this formula: Squal = Qqualmeas Qqualmin The UE measures the received signal quality Qqualmeas of the cell. It is based on CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for FDD cells. (CPICH Ec/N0 is averaged.) The operator determines for each cell the minimum required received level Qqualmin (dB) at the UE. This value is the broadcasted. Its integer value can range between 24 and 0 dB. A cell is not suitable for cell selection and re-selection, if the measured received signal quality level is below Qqualmin. Srxlev stands for the cell selection receive level value (dB). The UE determines it this way: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin Pcompensation Qrxlevmeas is the cell RX level measured by the UE, based on the CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm), and the averaged received signal level for GSM cells (dBm). (All values get averaged!) The operator sets the value Qrxlevmin as minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm), which is sent to the UE via the BCCH. Its integer value can range between 115 dBm and 25 dBm (2 dB step size).
Squal > 0
S-Criterion fulfiled
Squal >0 AND Srxlev > 0
Qqualmin (24...0)
Qrxlevmin (115...25)
Pcompensation
suitable cell?
Srxlev > 0
or
After a mobile phone camps on a cell, it periodically look for a better cell to camp on. But what is a better cell? On the BCCH, parameters for cell reselection are broadcasted. If a cell meets the cell selection criteria of these parameters, it is a better cell to camp on. The cell re-selection may result in the change of the UTRA carrier or even the RAT. If the UE camps normally on a cell, it is responsible to monitor the BCCH and to obtain the system information; listen to its paging channel and its paging channel resource; perform serving cell measurements periodically; perform neighbouring cell measurements as far as this is required by the cell re-selection evaluation procedure; conduct the cell re-selection evaluation procedure, when BCCH information has changed or internal threshold measures indicate it.; execute a cell reselection, if a better cell has been found after the cell re-selection evaluation process; Move the UE to the internal state Any cell selection, if no suitable cell can be found. The UE performs its measurements based on the BCCH. The BCCH also delivers the neighbourhood list to the UE. Given this information, the UE decides, on which RATs and frequency bands it has to perform its measurements which cells are candidate cells for measurements within one frequency band and RAT (HCS), and ranks the cells to determine the best suitable cell for cell reselection.
Cell Reselection
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency
Intrafrequency
serving cell
The serving cell and the candidate cells are ranked according to criterion R. The cell ranked with the highest value R is the best cell for the UE to camp on.
Qhysts gives a hysteresis value to make the serving cell more attractive and thus delay the cell re-selection. It exists in two versions: If the quality measure is based on CPICH Ec/No, Qhyst2s is used in (FDD cell only); otherwise the hysteresis value Qhyst1s is used (if the quality measure for FDD cells is based on CPICH RSCP, for TDD cells and GSM cells). It ranges between 0 and 40 (step size 2).
The value Qoffset is an offset given for each individual neighbouring cell, which ranges between 50 and 50 dB, with default set to 0.
Is the cell re-selection initiated immediately after the UE ranks a neighbouring cell to be the best? If so, we could face a ping-pong effect a UE often performing cell reselection between two neighbouring cells. To avoid this, the operator uses the time interval value Treselection, whose value ranges between 0 and 31 seconds. Only when a cell was ranked Treselection seconds better then the serving cell, a cell reselection to this cell takes place. In addition to this, a UE must camp at least 1 second on a serving cell, before the next cell re-selection may take place. .
Qmeas,s Qhysts
Qoffsets,n
Treselection
Rs
S-Criterion fulfilled
The cells are ranked using the ranking criterion R
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
Serving Cell At least once every DRX cycle, the UE must - measure the CPICH Ec/Io and CPICH RSCP level of the serving cell and - evaluate the S criterion. If the serving cell is not fulfilling the cell selection criterion S for Nserv consecutive DRX cycles, the UE has to start measurements on all neighbouring cells. The Nserv is known by the UE with the DRX cycle length. The UE has to find a suitable cell within 12 seconds. If it fails, and the UE is in the RRC idle mode, it initiates the cell selection procedures for the selected PLMN. If it fails to find a suitable cell within 12 seconds, it is considered to be out of service area.
start measurement on
all neighbouring cells if UE RRC idle UE initiates cell selection procedures for the selected PLMN
Nserv 12 seconds
DRX cycle
At least one
CPICH Ec/Io measurement CPICH RSCP measurement S criterion evaluation
Figure shows a cell and the associated broadcast parameter values for Qqualmin, Qrxlevmin and UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH. It also shows values for Qqualmeas and Qrxlevmeas for three positions in the cell, A, B and C.
1.
For position A, B and C calculate whether the cell selection criteria are fulfilled for a power class 4 UE(21 dBm)
2.
For position A, B and C calculate whether the cell selection criteria are fulfilled for a power class 3 UE(24 dBm)
3.
What might you adjust to ensure that the cell appears suitable for both types of UE in all locations?
Pcompensation
Class 3 UE = 24 24 = 0 Class 4 UE = 24 21 = 3
References
For this module, following 3GPP specifications were used: TS 23.122 V3.08.0 TS 25.133 V3.11.0 TS 25 304 V3.11.0 TS 25.331 V3.12.0