J o h n We s t e l l

Reearc| Paper 20112012

|ea| Sc|War|z
Thesis Abstract
[ Premise ]
::: Digital Beings
we ru| | ru| | areou| ] re| || r| our re| a| | or|| p | o | |e p|]| ca| Wor| d, a| or| de our reW| ] perce| ved ard ol | er | | re
'ooe| ve add| c| | or W| | | | |e d| | | a| . 0ur currer| cord| | | or| r | oWard | |a| ol ar l rl orra| | or Soc| e| ], | r W|| c| | |e cor
urp| | or ol | rl orra| | or ard oc| a| red| a |a | a|er over aror| our da| | ] | | ve, |a crea| ed a reW cu| | ure ol 'uer | |a|
e| | | rd| v| dua| | ] W| | || r cor| e| ol | |e c| | ]. w| | | d| | | a| | ec|ro| o| e peed| r up, ro| or| ] |oW l a| We oo| a| r | rl orra| | or
ou| a| o |oW qu| c|| ] We produce | | , | |e Wor| d |roW| ede |a roW oecore ea| | ] oo| a| rao| e. T|| reW | ]pe ol ' re| Wor|ed
cu| | ure' , |a | |e ao| | | | ] | o rap| d| ] | rarl orr | |e Wa] | r W|| c| We | earr ard oo| a| r reW | ]pe ol |roW| ede ard | rl orra| | or.
Soc| a| red| a p| a] a | are ro| e reard| r | |e Wa] | |a| ' o| | ' ol | rl orra| | or are | rarpoed ard corrur| ca| ed l ror ore
oe| r | o aro| |er, ard W| | | a ra| ve l o| | oW| r ol or| | re cor| er| , our oe|av| or are oecor| r dra| | ca| | ] c|ared | r currer|
cu| | ure | oda].
Arc|| | ec| ure |a | rad| | | ora| | ] p| aced | | e| l a red| a| or, oe| Weer |urar oe| r ard | |e| r dr| ve | oWard | |e corurp| | or ol
|roW| ede ard | rl orra| | or. l | |a | |rou|ou| | | re rar| l e| ed | | e| l | |rou| | |e l orr ol educa| | ora| | r| | | u| | or ard c| v| c
| | orar| e, W|ere ac| | v| | | e ol uc| ra| ure | o oe carr| ed ou| . l dea| | ], educa| | or ard |roW| ede W| | || r | |e d| | | a| | rl orra
| | ora| rea| r, |a crea| ed a reW rear| r | oWard W|a| ro| e arc|| | ec| ure p| a], ard |oW We oo| a| r ard produce reW l orr
ol |roW| ede l or ar | rl orra| | or dr| ver cu| | ure. l r oc| e| ] | oda], d| | | a| cor| er| |a rerdered | |e reed l or p|]| ca| puo| | c
| r| | | u| | or l or | |e educa| | or ol | |e rae, a a| ro| ror e| | er| . Arc|| | ec| ure' ro| e ru| | |er evo| ve ard deve| op
| oWard a reW l | e| o| e | ]po| o] | |a| W|| c| | adap| ao| e ard re| a| e rore | o | |e | ruc| ure | r|erer| W| | || r | |e v| r| ua| , d| | | a|
rea| r, o a | o re| a| e rore c| oe| | | o | |e reW oe|av| or ard ac| | v| | | e | |a| are oe| r produced ard W|| c| |urar are cor
| ar| | ] eraed W| | |.
Soc| a| Ved| a ard l rl orra| | or | ec|ro| o| e |ave | |e ao| | | | ] | o | rac| ard deror| ra| e pa| | err | r|erer| | o | |e ac| | v| | | e ol
uer | r oo| | v| r| ua| ard p|]| ca| rea| r. T|ere | | e rea| po| er| | a| | r | |e ep| ora| | or | r| o | |e | ruc| ure ard procee ol
oc| a| red| a ard | rl orra| | or p| a| l orr - l aceooo|, | W| | | er ard oo| e- | |a| car po| er| | a| | ] prov| de reW Wa] l or arc||
| ec| ura| pace | o oe del | red. T|rou| ar | rdep| | urder| ard| r | r| o | |ee | ruc| ure ol cor| ro| , | |ere | | |e po| er| | a| | o
evo| ve reW pa| | a| re| a| | or|| p | |a| del | re par| | c| pa| or] ard co| | aoora| | ve prac| | ce ol puo| | c educa| | or ard |roW| ede,
ard | |e ao| | | | ] | o crea| e rore | rrer| | ve erv| rorrer| W|ere educa| | or car | a|e p| ace.
T|| | |e| W| | | e| ao| | | a l rareWor| | |a| p| ace | | e| l oe| Weer oo| | v| r| ua| ard d| | | a| rea| r | o ep| ore |]or| d re| |odo| o
| e ard prorar l or puo| c educa| | ora| | r| | | u| | or. l r del | r| r uc| l rareWor|, | |e l o| | oW| r que| | or W| | | or| r l or| | a
er| e ol que| | or| r | |a| l ar par| | cu| ar| ] | r| ere| ed | r reearc|| r, reard| r | || | op| c. w|a| ro| e car arc|| | ec| ure p| a]
| r del | r| r puo| | c | r| | | u| | or l or | |e educa| | or ard corurp| | or ol |roW| ede | r ar | rl orra| | or oc| e| ]? loW r| || | |e
| ruc| ure W| | || r | |e d| | | a| rea| r oe urder| ood ard | rp| erer| ed | r del | r| r ard crea| | r arc|| | ec| ura| pace? loW car
oc| a| red| a po| er| | a| | ] del | re reW re| a| | or|| p reard| r our percep| | or ard occupa| | or ol arc|| | ec| ura| pace? w|a| |
| |e ro| e ol arc|| | ec| ure | r deve| op| r oc| e| | e l or | |e re| Wor|ed ae? loW doe | |e | rl orra| | or ae el l ec| oo| | deve| op
| r cu| | ure ard roderr cu| | ure ard W|a| ro| e car | |e arc|| | ec| ure ol puo| | c educa| | ora| | r| | | u| | or p| a] | r oc| e| ] | oda]?
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Proposal
[ Method of Inquiry ]
T|e re| |od ol | rqu| r] W| | | | r| | a| | ] rourd | | e| l or | ruc| ure | r|erer| | r oo| | v| r| ua| pace ard rea| pace, ard | oo| l or ar
arc|| | ec| ure | |a| cou| d po| er| | a| | ] evo|e reW app| | ca| | or l or pa| | a| erv| rorrer| | |a| crea| e reW Wa] ol | earr| r ard
educa| | or l or | |e puo| | c.
l r | oca| | r a par| | cu| ar | | e l or | |e de| r ol r] | |e| , l War| | o | eave | | a a oreW|a| l a| r| ] oper | | e r| || roW, a l | || r|
| |a| | |e Wor| car po| er| | a| | ] opera| e | r | Wo d| l l erer| rea| r. T|e l | r| | | e l Wou| d propoe Wou| d oe a | | e | r a deve| op| r
corrur| | ], | |a| cou| d oe eer a | || rd Wor| d. Area | |a| | oca| e | |ere| ve | r rura| Cer| ra| Arer| ca W|ere reource are
| | r| | ed oecore ol ar | r| ere| l or deve| op| r ar educa| | ora| | rl ra| ruc| ure l or area. l a| o | || r| deve| op| r corrur| | | e
W| | || r Al r| ca cou| d a| o prove | o oe a area l or | rve| | a| | or ard |oW ar educa| | ora| | rl ra| ruc| ure r| || p| ace | | e| l | r uc|
cor| e| . T|e o| |er | | e Wou| d oe rore uroar, | oca| | r | | e| l | r a der| ] popu| a| ed area ard opera| | r a a ra| | er ca| e
| ]pe ol educa| | ora| | rl ra| ruc| ure. l | || r| | |a| po| er| | a| | ] de| | r ar educa| | ora| | rl ra| ruc| ure | | Wou| d |ave | o a| ar]
ca| e oe eraed W| | | | | | | e ard urrourd| r cor| e| .
l r del | r| r a prorar l or ue, l ar | r| ere| ed | r educa| | ora| p| a| l orr uc| a c|oo| , | | orar| e, ard ar] o| |er | ]pe ol
educa| | ora| | rl ra| ruc| ure. T|| Wou| d opera| e | r | |e puo| | c rea| r | r | |e |ope | o erae a | are ruroer ol uer. l a| o
| || r| | |a| a | | cou| d po| er| | a| | ] deve| ope | r| o ar educa| | ora| rode| l or | earr| r | |ere | a po| o| | | | ] ol | | oecor| r a pro| o
| ]pe | |a| car oe reproduce ard ued | r rar] d| l l erer| cor| e| .
T|ere | a oroad rare ol | ec|r| que | |a| l l ee| cou| d oe ued | o ep| ore | || rore l ur| |er. l r| | a| | ] l | || r| | |a| deve| op| r
a ol | Ware | |a| | | r| erac| | ve or| | re | o produce reu| | l ror uer | r | |e d| | | a| rea| r cou| d oe oer| l | c| a| l or | ud]. Vap
p| r | rl orra| | or ard pa| | err | |a| occur or| | re | o urder| ard uerao| | | | ] ard | |e | ]pe ol peop| e | |a| | | r| || oe ued o]. l
| || r| a er| e ol v| deo | r| a| | a| | or ard oc| a| red| a dr| ver | ud| e | |rou| reW | ]pe ol educa| | ora| | ec|ro| o| e cou| d oe
ued a We| | . l | || r| | |a| a | | oecor| r ore| || r | |a| erae W| | || | |e puo| | c | | r| || a| o oe oer| l | c| a| | o al | er |av| r
| ud| ed | |e | op| c | |orou|| ], oe| r | o pro| o| ]pe | are ca| e rode| ol | |e de| r.
T|e reearc| | |a| l |ope | o cor| | rue, Wou| d oe | o ear| re pa| arc|| | ec| ura| proj ec| | |a| red| a| e oe| Weer | rl orra| | ora|
| ec|ro| o| e ard educa| | ora| p| a| l orr ard ear| re c| oe| ] |oW | |e] r| || oe ued | r var]| r cor| e| . l | || r| | |a| | |
Wou| d oe | rpor| ar| | o oe| r | o urder| ard l ur| |er, our currer| 're| Wor| cu| | ure a We| | a | |e '| rl orra| | or Ae ard | |e
| r|erer| | dea, oo| | ood ard oad, | |a| are aoc| a| ed W| | | | | prac| | ce. l a| o | || r| | | Wou| d oe va| uao| e | o eper| rer| W| | |
repor| ve d| | | a| | ec|ro| o| e, | |rou| | |e ue ol ce| | p|ore, | |a| a| | oW l or | rac|| r ard rapp| r ol o| |er ard a | are
rae ol o| |er ue | |a| erae | |e uer. C| arar are o| r | o oe | r|erer| | r ruc| ol | |e reaearc| | |a| l | oo| | o produce
| r order | o or| r ar urder| ard| r | o | |e | op| c a| |ard. l Wou| d a| o | | |e | o l ur| |er r] reearc| ard | ud| e | r| o | r| erre|
cal e' ard o| |er | ]pe ol pace | |a| coro| re puo| | c pace ard | ec|ro| o].
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Protocol, Control, and Networks
4v|||s 4|e\)1e| 0)||o)j 8 Fvee !|):\e| V|! |ess
[ Summary ]
T|e l ocu ol | |e ea] oe| r W| | | a d| cu| or reard| r | |e preerce ol re| Wor| | r currer| oc| e| ] | oda]. T|e au| |or
| a| e | |a| | |e] |ave ro| or| ] a| red a rap| d preerce | |rou| | |e advarcerer| | r | ec|ro| o], ou| | |e] |ave '| rl ec| ed
a| ro| ever] apec| ol oc| a| cu| | ure, l ror | |e r| | | | ar] | o ar] | ]pe ol ecoror| c or po| | | | ca| roup, W|ere corp| e re| Wor|
del | re | |e || erarc|| e W| | || r (0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}. T|e ea] l ur| |er | oo| | o ear| re c| oe| ] | |e | ruc| ure | r|erer| | r
re| Wor| | |eor], cor| der| r | |e rec|ar| r l or cor| ro| , | |rou| | |e ara| ]| ol o| o| o| ca| re| Wor| | r re| a| | or | o | rl orra
| | ora| re| Wor|, ard | dea l or re| | arce | r reard | o | |e| r | ruc| ure. To ore e| er| | |e] oe| | eve | |a| | |rou| ar ep| o|
| a| | or ol | |e | dea ol | |e pro| oco| , We car oe| r | o | der| | l ] | |e po| | | | ca| l | ure | r|erer| | o re| Wor| | oda], ard po| er| | a| | ]
a| | oW l or rore eraerer| .

l r | |e l | r| par| ol | |e ea] er| | | | ed 'T|e Po| | | | c ol A| or| | |r| c Cu| | ure, | |e au| |or poe | |e que| | or: h|)| | s | |e
|| :| | e | | | | | :)| |)| c)| | | :| || | |)| s| | | :|es ) e| o|\ | e| |e|? To rel ererce | |e que| | or, | |e] | ve | |e e
arp| e | |a| | |e | ooa| pr| rc| pa| ol orar| za| | or | | r| | ar | o | |a| ol | |e ar 'Erp| re | r W|| c| | | carro| oe reduced | o a | r| e
| a| e poWer or l o| | oW ar] p]rar| da| || erarc|]. T|e] | a| e, ' Erp| re are l | u| d, l | e| o| e, d]rar| c, ard l ar reac|| r. T|e]
arue | |a| | |e | ooa| cr| | occurr| r r| || roW | ar a]rre| r| ca| cr| e, oe| Weer cer| ra| | zed || erarc|| ca| poWer ard
d| | r| ou| ed, |or| zor| a| re| Wor| (0a| | oWa] &T|ac|er}. To epard | || ro| | or | |e Word || :| | orou|| | r| o d| cu| or a
a rear l or overr| r ard e| ao| | || r a oreW|a| aro| uou orar| za| | ora| re| |od | r reard | o |oW re| Wor| opera| e.
T|e] | r| roduce | |e Word pro| oco| W|| c| or| | ra| | ] a| red | | p| ace | r | ec|ro cu| | ure, ard | del | red a | |e l o| | oW| r:

| | | s ) | | )| | c| :| || ))|)| vs | |)| v| 1es | | | |e | e:|| :)| )1 | | | | :)| | |)| | | :v| e| e| o|\s
| | | :)| sjs| es )1 | |e| e1| ) v| s| | j || :| s )|e )| | | |e :|e| | )| |v| es )1 s| )1)|1s | |)| |
e| |e| )| | s|| s o| | || e| o|\s "
!
Pro| oco| car oe l ourd | |rou|ou| | |e | r| erre| a | |e ore ource | |a| overr era| | , Weo pae, l P addree e| c. 8u| | |
car a| o oe l ourd | |rou|ou| o| o| o| ca| re| Wor|, | |rou| ere epre| or re| Wor|, ard re| aoo| | c re| Wor|, | r par| , our
C|A. T|e ro| | or ol | |e re| Wor| |a oeer va| | ] | ud| ed | |rou| re| Wor| c| erce ard cor| a| r rar] | |ere re| a| | r | o
r|]zora| | c, d| | r| ou| | or, ar| | au| |or| | ] ard ararc|]. T|e au| |or e| ao| | | 4 | rpor| ar| qua| | | | e ol a pro| oco| :

1. Pro| oco| l ac| | | | a| e re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer | r| ercorrec| ed ou| au| ororou er| | | | e.
2. Pro| oco| v| r| ue | rc| ude, roou| re, cor| | rerc], | r| eroperao| | | | ], l | e| o| | | | ] ard |e| eroere| | ].
3. A oa| ol a pro| oco| | | o accorroda| e ever]| || r, ro ra| | er W|a| ource or de| | ra| | or, ro ra| | er W|a| or| rar]
del | r| | | or or | der| | | ].
4. w|| | e pro| oco| | ur| vera| , | | | a| Wa] ac|| eved | |rou| reo| | a| | or (rear| r l u| ure pro| oco| car ard W| | | oe
d| l l erer| }
5. Pro| oco| | a ]| er l or ra| r| a| r| r cor| ro| ard orar| za| | or | r re| Wor|.
T|rou| | || approac| | |e au| |or c| a| r | |a| pro| o| o| ca| cor| ro| | r | e | o c|a| | ere ard crea| e reW corver| | or ol | |e
re| Wor | | |a| | ru| | | aer| , cor| | | r ol rar] d| l l erer| rode. Pro| oco| | ro| aoou| poWer ou| ra| |er rore aoou| cor| ro|
(0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}.
T|e ar| | c| e or| r aoou| | |e ue ol rap| | |eor] a a re| |odo| o] l or cor| ro| | r re| Wor| c| erce. E| aoora| | r | |rou| | |e
| dea ol a rap|, cor| | | r ol po| r| (rode} ard | | re (ede}, | r W|| c| | |e] car oe| r | o decr| oe d| l l erer| c|arac| er| | | c
ol a re| Wor| uc| a | |e| r orar| za| | or, | |e| r correc| | v| | ], ard | |e| r | opo| o] (0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}. 0l | er | r | |e de| r ol
re| Wor| | |e repor| vere ard correc| | v| | ] ol | |e rode oecore | |e overr| r l ac| or.
l r | |e ecord ard | || rd par| ol | |e ea], | |e au| |or ear| re l ur| |er, | |e re| a| | or|| p ol pro| oco| | r corpu| er re| Wor|
ard o| o| o| ca| re| Wor|. Aror| corpu| er re| Wor|, pro| oco| car oe orar| zed | |rou| d| l l erer| | a]er | r W|| c| | |e | a]er
oecore re| ed W| | || r eac| o| |er; l or | r| arce, | |e | rl orra| | or | a]er, | rarpor| | a]er, e| c. T|ere are 3 | opo| o| e l or | ]pe
ol re| Wor|, ore | |a| are cer| ra| | zed (p]rar| d, || erarc|| ca| c|ere}, | |ere are a| o decer| ra| | zed re| Wor| ( a ra| r
|uo or 'oac|oore W| | | rad| a| | r per| p|er| e} ard d| | r| ou| ed re| Wor| (a co| | ec| | or ol rode | o rode re| a| | or W| | | ro oac|
oore or cer| er} (0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}.
1 0a| | oWa], A T|ac|er, E. || :| C| || )1 |e| o|\s 0re] Roor |o. 17 (l a| | 2004} pp. o29. Vl T
Pre
l r | |e cae ol o| o| o| ca| re| Wor|, | |e ea] ep| a| r | |a| pro| oco| are a rear l or o| o| o| ca| reu| a| | or ard cor| ro| | r | |e
erore ard | |e ce| | . T|| car oe eer | |rou| a | rarl orra| | or ol a ce| | , | r W|| c| var| ou re| Wor| are | r| erac| | r W| | |
ore aro| |er uc| a | |e corver| or ol uar ro| ecu| e | r| o erer] or l | || | r a v| ru. 8| o| o| ca| re| Wor| a| o opera| e | r
| |e or| | r ol C|A ard d| | r| ou| | or ol pa| | erred re| Wor|.
T|e au| |or o or | o d| cu | |e | r|erer| qua| | | | e ol pro| oco| ard |oW | rl orra| | or oecore | |e dor| rar| l ac| or. T|e]
or| r l or| | | |e | dea | |a| '| rl orra| | or car oe d| v| ded | r| o | Wo ca| eor| e. T|e l | r| | | |a| | rl orra| | or car oe eer a
ao| rac| , quar| | | a| | ve, reduc| o| e | o a ca| cu| u ol raraerer| ard reu| a| | or (0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}. 0r | |e o| |er |ard, c]
oerre| | c, | rl orra| | or | |eor], ard ]| er | |eor] a| | |oW |oW | rl orra| | or | | rrarer| | ] ra| er| a| , corl | ured | r| o r| | | | ar]
| ec|ro| o], corrur| ca| | or red| a e| c. T|e] ep| a| r | || dua| v| eW a oe| r oo| | | rra| er| a| ard ra| er| a| , ao| rac| ard
corcre| e, ar ac| ard a | || r.
|e| Wor| car | |u oe decr| oed | |rou| | |ree pr| rc| pa| | |a| a| | oW l or a cr| | | que ard decr| p| | or ol re| Wor|
1. l rd| v| dua| | or | |e proce | r W|| c| area| e are raraed over | | re
2. Vu| | | p| | c| | ] | |e] are orar| zed, a| | oW| r l or roW| | ard recorl | ura| | or
3. Voverer| | |e] are '| | ve roverer| ol ec|are, Warr, | rar| | | ora| c| | | e, | rarra| | ora| ecoror| e
F| ra| | ] | |e ea] propoe | |e ro| | or ol FRXQW HUSURW RFRO , | r re| Wor| | o re| Wor| corl | | c| . T|e] poe que| | or: +RZ GR QHW
ZRUNV W UDQVI RUP W KH FRQFHSW RI SRO L W L FDO UHVL VW DQFH" T|e] oe| r cor| der| r | |e ro| | or ol re| | arce W| | || r | |e cor| e| ol
re| Wor| | ec|ro| o]. T|e] | a| e:

'l l re| Wor| are ro| j u| | ec|r| ca| ]| er ou| are a| o rea| | | re, d]rar| c, eper| er| | a| '| | v| r re| Wor|, | |er | |
Wou| d ra|e ere | o cor| der re| | arce a a| o | | v| r, a | | l ere| | arce. T|| | W|a| lard| ard |er| ca| | 'oe| r
aa| r| ; | |a| | , | |e va| po| er| | a| ol |urar | | l e | o cour| er l orce ol ep| o| | a| | or. 22 T|ere are (a| | ea| } | Wo
rear| r ol | |e p|rae | | l e re| | arce: (1} | | l e | W|a| re| | poWer; ard (2} | o | |e e| er| | |a| | | | coop| ed o]
poWer, '| | l e | | e| l ru| oe re| | ed o] | | v| r ]| er.
T|e au| |or l o| | oW up W| | | a quo| e l ror Ce| uze, | r W|| c| |e c| a| r, ' l| l e oecore re| | arce | o poWer, W|er poWer | a|e
| | l e a ooj ec| . T|e ea] corc| ude or | |e ro| | or | |a| cour| erpro| oco| car po| er| | a| | ] oe a reW Wa] | r W|| c| We o aoou|
| | l e. T|e] | ve l | ra| ue| | or | o | |e ro| | or ol cour| erpro| oco| | r | |e l o| | oW| r:
1. oppo| | | ora| prac| | ce W| | | ro| l ocu or a | a| | c rap ol ore | o ore re| a| | or|| p ou| rar] | o rar] re| a| | or|| p.
| |e] W| | | ro| avo| d doWr| | re. T|e] W| | | re| ar| ol | er.
2. T|e corcep| ol re| | arce | r po| | | | c |ou| d oe uperceded o] | |e corcep| ol |]per| rop|]. we ru| ca| e up ro|
urp| u.
3. oppo| | | ora| prac| | ce W| | | l ocu | e or | |e c|arac| er| | | c ol | |e rode ard rore or | |e qua| | | ] ol ede
W| | |ou| rode.

J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Protocol, Control, and Networks
4v|||s 4|e\)1e| 0)||o)j 8 Fvee !|):\e| V|! |ess
[ Critique ]
l r ara| ]z| r | |e arurer| preer| ed | |rou|ou| | |e ea], l | r| | a| | | ] apprec| a| e | |e d| c|o| or] preer| ed | |rou| | |e
corpar| or ol corpu| er re| Wor| | o o| o| o| ca| re| Wor| ard v| vera- a | | | ve a oe| | er ere ol dep| | | o | |e earp| e
| |e] prov| de | |rou|ou| | |e ea]. l a| o apprec| a| e | |a| | |e ea] | oo| | o ro| recear| | ] prov| de a pec| l | c op| r| or or
l | ra| del | r| | | or ol | |e | Wo | ]pe ol re| Wor| ou| ra| |er provo|e a re| |odo| o] ol que| | or| r l or oe| | er urder| ard| r | |e
po| er| | a| po| | | | ca| 'l | ure | |a| are | r|erer| W| | || r re| Wor| | oda].
l r| | | a| | ] W| | | | || ar| | c| e, l Wa | r| ere| ed | r a| r| r a oe| | er urder| ard| r ol | |e cor| ro| rec|ar| r ol re| Wor| W|| c|
are preer| ed | |rou|ou| | |e ea], | |rou| var| ou corpu| a| | ora| ard o| o| o| ca| earp| e. loWever, l do W| | | |a| | |e
ea] Wou| d |ave provo|ed rore re| |od or | dea l or | rarl orra| | or ard ru| a| | or ard ue ol | |e pro| oco| - ro| j u| | rp| ]
| a| | r | |a| | | | capao| e ol evo|| r c|are. 0re r| || que| | or | o W|a| e| er| car | |e ue ol a cour| erpro| oco| evo|e a
reW re| |odo| o] | r | |e Wa] | r W|| c| | rl orra| | or e| d| rec| ed? l aree | |a| | r order | o re| | | |e oca| | ed |oroere
| | ] | |a| re| Wor| ol | er crea| e, We dor' | reed | o cour| er or de| ro] ar]| || r, ou| ra| |er pu| our ere ol | ec|ro| o] ard
re| Wor|| r | r| o a '|]per| rop|| c | a| e, o a | o ep| o| | ard | r| er| l ] uc| re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer | r| | ar ard d| l l erer| || rd
(0a| | oWa] & T|ac|er}.
l r l ur| |er cr| | | qu| r | |e ar| | c| e l ar a| o | r| ere| ed | r | |e ro| | or ol a '| | v| r ]| er ard W|a| po| er| | a| car evo| ve l ror
uc| l rareWor|. T|e ea] epard | |e ro| | or ol | | l e a oe| r a re| | arce | o, or ore | |a| re| | arce | prope| | ed ol l ol .
T|e] ep| a| r | |a| | |ere are (a| | ea| } | Wo rear| r | r | |e p|rae | | | e|es| s| ):e (1} | | l e | W|a| re| | poWer; ard (2} | o
| |e e| er| | |a| | | | coop| ed o] poWer, '| | l e | | e| l ru| oe re| | ed o] | | v| r ]| er. l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| | o urder
| ard | |a| | r | |e proce ol del | r| r a | | v| r l rareWor| l or re| | arce, ore ru| cor| der | |e a| read] | r|erer| po| er| | a| re
| a| | or|| p uc| a, '|oroere| | ], cara| | za| | or, ard uoj ec| | l | ca| | or, | |a| car oecore rourd l or a cr| | | que or re| Wor|.
0re ol | |e que| | or | |a| l |ave reard| r | |e | dea preer| ed W| | || r | |e ea] | : h|)| | s | |e |e| )| | s|| e| o|\ | |e|j
|)s | )|:|| | e:| v|)| |):| | :e )1 |o | || | |e || :| | es | |e|e| o| | || e| | | | | ve:e e )| |e|? l | || r| | |a| | r
| err ol addre| r | |e currer| d| cu| or | r arc|| | ec| ura| d| coure | oda] reard| r oper ource de| r re| |odo| o| e,
| | | | rpor| ar| | o rel ererce re| Wor|ed | ec|ro| o] ard corrur| ca| | or a preceder| | r| o | |e d| cu| or, a | |e] cou| d oe
arued a a pur| | | c l orr ol | |e | dea. Currer| | ], a repor| ve arc|| | ec| ura| de| r, |a preer| ed a rea| | eve| ol reed a
arc|| | ec| ure currer| | ] | oo| | o del | re reW re| |od l or pa| | a| arrarerer| | |a| car accorroda| e ard adj u| | o ru| | | p| e,
au| ororou er| | | | e, | r| erac| | r aror| eac| o| |er.
l r | oo|| r rore c| oe| ] | r| o re| Wor| | |eor] a | | re| a| e | o arc|| | ec| ura| de| r, | |ere | ar earp| e | ver aoou| | |e | dea ol
corver| | ora| cor| ro| W| | || r a re| Wor|, a | | re| a| e | o | |a| ol a || |Wa] | r | |e earp| e | ver oe| oW:
'4 :| || | s | ) 1| s:| | | e | )\| | |eeo)js | | e\)| e jv 1 | e:| se e| e v| | s| e)1 v| | | | j | |e
e)s | :| || | ) | s)j| | |)| | || s | s | |e | |eeo)j s e\:| vs| |e v|se v| | |)| e| e :) 1|| |e | | |
| | e| j )1 | |ee| j" o| | |v| e| )| )| | :| | e1 je| o|| | e s| | | | e| e|| e:| | j :| || | e1 !|| s | s v| | v| v|e" 0)| | o)j 8 !|):\
e|
For arc|| | ec| ure | o | a|e or | |e qua| | | | e ard cor| ruc| ol a corp| e re| Wor|- a a rear l or pa| | a| de| r- | |ere ru| oe
a uro| aed urder| ard| r | |a| erae oo| | | |e d| | | a, | 'corpu| er rea| r ard | |e p|]| ca| '|urar rea| r. l r po| r| , l | || r|
| |a| or| | re re| Wor| prov| de | r| | ar l rareWor| | o | |a| ol ou| | d| r ou| a| | oW l or rore uer | rpu| , are | r| erc|arao| e, ard
are ro| | a| | c ou| ra| |er d]rar| c oe| r ao| e | o pred| c| ard adj u| | o c|ar| r cu| | ure.
la| | ], | |e ea] provo|e reW | dea, | |rou| | |e | |ree corcep| (| rd| v| dua| | or, ru| | | p| | c| | ], ard roverer| } preer| ed
reard| r re| Wor| p|erorera. l | || r| | | | | rpor| ar| | o recor| ze | |ee a a Wa] | r W|| c| We cou| d po| er| | a| | ] oe| r | o
| rl | uerce | |e arc|| | ec| ura| de| r ol our puo| | c pace. T|e ro| | or ol rara| r ard orar| z| r area| e acro | | re,
cou| d po| er| | a| | ] or| r reW | r| || | r| o urder| ard| r | |e ue ol puo| | c pace acro | | re ard |oW de| r car accorro
da| e c|are | |rou|ou| .
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
E-City: From Researching the Digital Towards
Understanding the Real Urban Life
4v||| ||)\ F:\|)|1|
[ Summary ]
T|e ea]' cor| er| rourd | | e| l upor | |e | r| erWover re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer | |e 'v| r| ua| ard | |e 'rea| , ard | oo| | o e| ao
| | | reW | o| c | r| o urder| ard| r ard | |eor| z| r corcep| reard| r | |e 'e| ec| ror| c c| | ]. T|e ea] | r| | | a| | ] ear| re |oW
We a a oc| e| ] urder| ard | |e v| r| ua| | r currer| | | re, a | | produce reW Wa] | r W|| c| We urder| ard our Wor| d arourd
u. T|rou| | || , | |e au| |or ra|e apparer| , | |e ro| e ol | rl orra| | or oecor| r a reource ard | |e acqu| | | | or ol uc| re
ource oecore cruc| a| | o rar] d| l l erer| ecoror| ca| procee. T|rou| | |e urder| ard| r ol W|a| | |e v| r| ua| cor| r| ou| e
| o | |e ro| e ol | |e | rd| v| dua| , | |e ea] app| | e | o | |e ro| | or ol v| r| ua| | o p|]| ca| pace ard po| er| | a| ro| e | | |a | r | rar
l orr| r our v| eW ol | |e pace arourd u.
T|e l | r| par| ol | |e ea] or| r aoou| | |e dua| | | ] ol | |e v| r| ua| ard | |e rea| , re| a| | r oo| | | |rou| | |e ro| | or ol | |e c]oor
W|| c| evo| ve l ror a cro| r ol |urar W| | | rac|| re| | |e ]| er, ard | | ua| e | | e| l | r| o our l | c| | ora| ere ol c]oer
pace. l]or| d| | ] | a| o a |e] corcep| , | o po| er| | a| | ] |oW a Wa] oe]ord dua| corcep| . T|e l ocu | r par| , or| r l or| | | |e
ro| | or | |a| | |e | r| erac| | or oe| Weer |urar ard oca| | ed | ec|ro| o| ca| re| Wor|, |a caued ar apparer| c|are | r | |e
oe|av| or ol | |e c| | ] dWe| | er a| | acro | |e | ooe. T|| |a | |u, caued a reW | ]pe ol re| a| | or|| p | o oe l orred, ore | |a|
e| | oe| Weer | |e produc| | or ol pace ard oc| e| ]. 'Ar | rpor| ar| || l | | | a|| r p| ace | |e] | a| e, ' T|e pace ol | rl orra
| | or l | oW | over| a]| r | |e pace ol p| ace. . . . | | re ard pace are | rcrea| r| ] cordered (Ec||ard| }.
T|e ea] preer| ro| | or ol | |e v| r| ua| ard | |e re| a| | or | o pace | r oc| e| ] | oda]. T|e au| |or prov| de | |a| , | |e :)| | )| | s
| | : |es| |v:| v|| | | |e :| | j | s e|\| ) eo s| |v:| v|| | | | e | |)| | s 1ee1| ) |e || || v)| e|:e| | | s):e | |)|
| s ee|)| e1 | )|| | :v| )| j | |e | | e|e| " le oe| | eve | |a| | |e uroar reearc| proo| er |a ruc| | o do W| | | | rd| v| dua| | za
| | or veru | oca| | za| | or. T|e] or| r | o | | || | |e | rpor| arce ol oc| a| | r| era| | or W|| c| prov| de | |a| ruc| ol | |e d| coure
ol | |e oc| a| | |aped o] pa| | a| arrarerer| . T|| a| o | | e | r| o | |e ro| | or ol re| Wor|, ard | |e el l ec| | | |a or var| ou
ecoror| e | oda]. T|e ar| | c| e que| | or | || ro| | or ol re| Wor| o] | a| | r:
!|e ::e| | | v|) :| e\| | j | |e )s| s | | |e e| o|\ e| )|| )e)|s | e | sv| | | :| e| e:)vse | |
1es | :s| 1e| sv| | | :| e| | j | |e :| e\| | j | |ee| )1 | | \)| | "
!
T|e au| |or oe| | eve | |a| l ror a oc| o| o| | | ardpo| r| | |e ro| | or ol 'v| r| ua| | | ] car oe eer | |rou| a l rar| r ol rer| a|
| ruc| ure | |u oecor| r a cor| | | ve ac| . Fror | || , | |e au| |or e| aoora| e | |a| | |e orar| za| | or ol pace l or | |e oca| | ed
'c]oor ru| oe v| r| ua| | zed ard car or| ] | a|e p| ace | r | |e v| r| ua| .
Aro| |er po| r| | r | |e ea] e| aoora| e rore or |oW We a | rd| v| dua| | r|ao| | | || , 'EC| | ] l rar| r | |e | dea | |a| | |e | r| erre|
Wor| d |a | r| era| ed | | e| l | r| o | |e 'o| orap|| ca| cor| | ru| | ] ol | |e | rd| v| dua| . T|e au| |or ep| a| r | |a| v| r| ua| | | ] oper a
reW | ]pe ol reearc| re| |od W|| c| l ocue pr| rar| | ] or | |e | ruc| ure ol epec| a| | or, ero| | or, ard reror| e. le | a| e
| |a| | |e our or| | re re| a| | or|| p are l | | | ed W| | | urcer| a| r| ] ard cor| rad| c| | or, ra|| r | |er | e | ao| e ard rore | r| ere.
le ep| a| r | |a| re| a| | or|| p crea| ed or| | re are l reel | oa| | r, | rl orra| , perora| , ard pr| va| e- c| a| r| r | |a| | |e] are pro
duced ard ra| r| a| red | r | r| | ar Wa] | o | |oe | r | |e ol l | | re| | l e.
l r cor| der| r | || ro| | or ol | |e ara| ]| ol | |e or| | re | ec|ro| o| e, |e poe | |e l o| | oW| r | dea:
\| || v)| | | j es v ) |ese)|:| e|se:| | |e | |e :| | j o|| :| | :vses || )|| | j | |e s| |v:| v|es | e\e:| )| | s e| | s )1
e|| es ! o|)| e\| e| | |e - | || s | || e | |e ves| | )|| s| | | | |e ))| js| s | | | e | e:|| | es - 1 | |ej e\| e1
)||o | | |)s| | | |e s):es | ):| | )1 e| | | | | |e | 1| || 1v)| | o|)| \| 1 | |e| )| | 1 | |ej s| )1 o| | | |e |e)| "
s):es | )|eee| | :| | | :| ?"
T|e ea] proro| e | |a| | || | dea ard que| | or, cou| d oe l o| | oW| r a | o| c ol der| l | ca| | or ard | err| | or| a| | za| | or. Cor| der
| r | |a| v| r| ua| pace are ro| p| | | up o] oecor| r a red| ur, ou| ra| |er |ou| d | oo| W|ere |]or| d| z| r | r| o orard ol l | | re
oecore po| o| e.
T|e ea] | ouc|e or | |e ro| | or ol uo| qu| | ] ard | | preerce | |rou|ou| | |e ra| er| a| Wor| d, | |rou| | |e ue ol ce| | p|ore
! Ec||ard| , Frar|. FC| | j || |ese)|:|| | |e || | | )| !o)|1s |1e|s| )1| | |e |e)| ||) || | e. Ved| aC| | ]: l r| erac| | or ol
Arc|| | ec| ure, Ved| a ard Soc| a| P|erorera.
ard | |e ao| | | | ] | o cor| ar| | ] rap our | ooa| po| | | or. T|| uo| qu| | ] | deve| op| r | r| o a per| | er| | er| or oe| Weer | |e
puo| | c ard | |e pr| va| e, | |e ece| ve ard | |e ec| u| ve, ard | |e corror ard | |e | r| erperora| .
l r | |e l | ra| par| ol | |e ea] | |e au| |or arue | |a| We ru| re| | W|a| |e ca| | | ec|rode| err| r| r, a | err | |a| | de
l | red a a c| er| | l | c ecape | o l | ee | |e c|a| | ere ol ru| | | caua| | r| erl ererce | r | |e uroar l aor| c. le c| a| r | |a| ruc| ol
corcep| ua| ard re| |odo| o| ca| | dea oe|| rd | |e reW corrur| ca| | or Wor| d revo| ve arourd | |ree ra| r | op| c: uo| | | u| | or,
| ec|ro| o] ard | |e red| ur ol | |e uroar. le del | re | |a| a| | |ou| | |e |ave ]e| | o l | rd a corror rourd, ore re| |od ol
reearc| | |a| |a oecore | rpor| ar| | r | |eor| z| r | | |e rarra| | ve. T|e rarra| | ve Wor| W| | | p| o| oaed or | | re oel ore ard
al | er | ec|ro| o| ca| | rrova| | or. T|e rarra| | ve car a| o l ur| |er a | ruc| ure aoou| a | erpora| dua| | r: | |e Wor| d | r| de ard
ou| | de.
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
E-City: From Researching the Digital Towards
Understanding the Real Urban Life
4v||| ||)\ F:\|)|1|
[ Critique ]
A| | |ou| l l e| | | |a| | || ea] Wa ra| |er corp| e | r cor| er| preer| ed, draW| r l ror a va| ruroer ol | op| c ard ou| | d
| r | r a corp| e l rareWor| l or | |e | op| c preer| ed, l do oe| | eve | |a| | |e au| |or | ouc|ed or ore | r| ere| | r po| r| | |a| l
Wou| d | | |e | o l ur| |er ep| ore.
9L UWXDO YV 5HDO
l r corcep| ua| | z| r | |e corp| e| | ] ol v| r| ua| | | ], | |e au| |or preer| || | o| c oe|| rd | |e re| a| | or|| p | o c]oerre| | c ard | |e
| dea ol a c]oor, e| | | r a a rar| l e| a| | or ol oo| | rar ard rac|| re -ar | rpor| ar| | op| c | r urder| ard| r v| r| ua| d|
coure. l ar | r| ere| ed | r | || ro| | or ol |]or| d| | ] a a Wa] | o urder| ard | |e re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer v| r| ua| ard | |e rea| .

!|e | | e|):| | e| oee | |e || || v)| s):e )1 |e)| | | e" | s )1e ss| | e | ||v| | )| :|ss| s o| | || :je|
s):e )1 | ||v| :|)|):| e|| s| | : | | v|es | | |e )e | | |e || || v)| " |1v:| eo s)| | )| e| )||s "
A We oe| r | o ear| re | |e ro| e ol | |e v| r| ua| | r | |e cor| e| ol p|]| ca| pace, | |e au| |or | a|e a | arce, | |a| ro| erp| r|
ca| l orr ol reearc| reard| r | |e 'v| r| ua| c| | ], |a | ed | o a dead erd | ]pe ol | || r|| r, | |a| re| ap|or| ca| | ] crea| e ar
au| ororou p|ere ol | |e v| r| ua| , | |a| | || || ] ur| rue. T|e au| |or arue | |a| ruc| ol | |e deoa| e reard| r | |e v| r| ua|
|a | o do W| | | | |e | r| erac| | or oe| Weer |urar ard | ec|ro| o| ca| re| Wor|, ard | |a| | |e c| | ] cou| d oe urder| ood a a 'reu
ro| o| ca| | rl orra| | or ard corrur| ca| | or orar| za| | or. Fror | || | |e ro| | or ol | |e o| o| o| ca| ood] | oreW|a| Waved ard
oecore rore ol a oe| r | |a| | ued l or | |e proce| r ol | rl orra| | or or | o rel ererce Ce| uze, ' 8od] W| | |ou| orar.
l aree W| | | | |e au| |or arurer| | |a| | rl orra| | ora| deve| oprer| |a | rarl orred | |e c| | ], crea| | r a reW re| a| | or|| p
oe| Weer produc| | or, pace ard oc| e| ]. Fur| |er | |a| ore car arue | |a| | rl orra| | ora| deve| oprer| | | r oreWa] l orr| r
a reW | ]pe ol roderr | rdu| r| a| | za| | or | |a| |a ped up a| | ol our procee ard l ror | || , de| r ol pace car ard ru|
evo| ve a We| | . T|e au| |or | a| e,

| | |)| | | s | e| | j | |e :)||| e| | \o| e1e | | | |e |1v:| | |:ess | |e ee|)| | )1 ):v| s| | |
| | | |)| | e:es :|v:| )| | | e:| : |:esses | | |)| | e:es ) |esv|:e )1 | || s :|)es | |e
s| )| vs | | |)s |)1 e| |e | | e:es | || )| )s | |e )s| s | | |)| | |:esses )1 | | | s | e| | j )
|1v:| | | 1vs| |j "

T|e ro| e ol | rl orra| | or oecor| r rore a reource ra| |er | |ar a carr| er l or |roW| ede, | ar | rpor| ar| l ac| or | r or| r| r
aoou| reW | dea ol aoou| v| r| ua| | | ], c]oerpace ard que| | or| r re| |od l or de| r. le pa| r | |e ro| | or ol | rl orra| | ora|
deve| oprer| | o oc| a| | requa| | | | e ( rac| r, pover| ], oc| a| ec| u| or, ard | rpor| ar| | ] acce equa| | | ]} | r c| | | e a a po| r|
ol depar| ure l or reearc|.
T|ere | a reW ]rc|ror| za| | or ard | ruc| ure ol | | re l ror | |e | rl orra| | ora| ae, | |a| W|| c| | ver] ruc| | | ed | o 'v| r| ua|
percep| | or ol pace, erera| ed | r par| | cu| ar o] | |e | r| erre| .
0REL O L W\
T|e ro| | or ol roo| | | | ] oecore ar | rpor| ar| l ac| or | r | |e d| cu| or ol c]oerpace, a | | | cruc| a| | o del | r| r | |e | erpora|
ac| | or | |a| occur acro oo| | l | e| d ol v| r| ua| ard rea| . T|ere | ro douo| , | |a| roo| | | | ] | r | |e ere ol | |e v| r| ua| , |a
| rarl orred | |e d| | arce (oo| | eorap|| ca| | ] ard e| ec| ror| ca| | ]} oe| Weer | rd| v| dua| ard |a po| er| | a| | ] rerdered ore
ro| | or ol | |e c| | ] ro| | r| l | car| . T|| | | rue oecaue ol | |e co| | ape oe| Weer | | re ard pace | r W|| c| apec| ol | |e c| | ]
e| | o| . T|e au| |or arue | |a| rore corp| e roo| | | | ] del | r| | | or |ave urder| | red | |e correc| | or oe| Weer corrur| ca| | or
| ec|ro| o| e, p|]| ca| roo| | | | ] ard re| ora| | ruc| ure. T|| |a | ed | o ever rore a| | er| | or oe| r pa| d | o | |e oc| o p]
c|o| o| ca| | roedd| r ol | |e l r| erre| , a a uo| qu| | ou l orra| | r| o | |e c| | ].
l apprec| a| e | |e au| |or | arce | |a| roo| | | | ] |a | ed | o | |e oc| op]c|o| o| ca| | roedd| r ol | |e | r| erre| | |rou|ou| our
puo| | c ard pr| va| e rea| r | o |eep u cor| ar| | ] correc| ed. l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| l or u a arc|| | ec| | o cor| der | |e | r
| era| | or ol | ruc| ure ol | |e | r| erre| | r| o | |e de| r ol our pace, oecaue ol | |e corp| e ro| e | |e] |ave ard |oW deper
dar| We |ave oecore W| | | | |e| r ue. we ru| ro| or| ] cor| der | |e | r| era| | or ol uc| | ec|ro| o] ]| er, ou| ru| a| o
cor| der | |e | ruc| ure | r | |e de| r ol | |ee ]| er oo| | v| r| ua| ard rea| .
0re ol | |e | dea ol v| r| ua| | | ], | | o oe| r | o or| de | |e ap oe| Weer or| | re ard ol l | | re ue. T|| | W|ere uo| qu| | ou cor
pu| | r |a oecore rore ev| der| epec| a| | ] | r | err ol corrur| ca| | or a decr| oed | |rou|ou| | |e ea], ard | deror
| ra| ed acro We| err cu| | ure | |rou| | |e ue ol | |e roo| | e p|ore. l | | crea| | r reW oourdar| e oe| Weer, ' puo| | c ard
'pr| va| e
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Brave New World of Digital Intimacy
4v||| C|||e !|s
[ Summary ]
l r | |e ar| | c| e preer| ed | r | |e |eW Yor| T| re er| | | | ed, '8rave |eW wor| d ol C| | | a| l r| | rac] C| | ve T|orpor ear| re
| |e ro| e ol oc| a| red| a re| Wor| uc| a Faceooo|, TW| | | er ard F| | c|r ard | |e po| er| | a| | |e] |ave | r evo|| r a reW ere
ol oca| | ed 'C| | | a| l r| | rac] | |a| | r| era| e | | e| l | r| o our da| | ] | | ve ard e| ao| | |e a | are preerce aror| our puo| | c
pr| va| e dora| r.
T|e ar| | c| e | r| | a| | ] oe| r decr| o| r | |e | rl | uerce l aceooo| |a |ad or | | uer, a | | Wa l | r| | r| roduced o] l ourder Var|
Zuc|erour | r 200o. l | War' | ur| | | | |e crea| | or ol | |e |eW Feed, | |a| | |e oc| a| re| Wor|| r prorar rea| | ] oear | o el l ec|
| |e | | ve ol | |e roW | |e over 500 r| | | | or uer. T|e ue ol | |e |eW Feed, prov| de ar up | o da| e l eed ol ever]ore ac| | v| | ]
a| | | r ore cer| ra| | zed Weo pae, W|erea oel ore ore Wou| d |ave | o url eac| pae | o l | rd de| a| | aoou| o| |er | | ve. T|e
au| |or rel ererce | || a, ' | | s | | \e e| )| ) | )| e )|| j o|e|e e|e|je jv \o | s | |e|e )1 | s )| e | e)|es
1| o|)| e|e|je e| se | s s)j| " A| l | r| , rar] Were al ra| d ol | |e | ue ol pr| vac] | |a| | || cor| ar| l eed v| o| a| ed
ra|| r ever]ore ac| | or v| | o| e | o ore aro| |er. 8u| qu| c|| ] ep| a| r T|orpor, ever]ore oecare aWare ol | || 'orr|
preer| |roW| ede ard |ave a| | | re ever oecore add| c| ed.
T|| | del | red a W|a| oc| a| c| er| | | ca| | )| e| )o)|eess " W|| c| car re| a| e | o | |e earp| e ol oe| r p|]| ca| | ] c| oe
| o oreore ard oe| r ao| e | o ere | |e| r rood, | |rou| | |e| r ood] | aruae, | ra] correr| ard roverer| eer ou| ol
| |e correr ol ]our e]e, ep| a| r T|orpor. T|| | ]pe ol aWarere | oreW|a| parado| ca| | r | |a| l ac| | |a| eac| ol | |ee
| r| e o| | ol oc| a| | rl orra| | or are ra| |er rurdare, ou| over | | re | |ee o| | ol | rl orra| | or ra|e up a c| ear | rae ol rar]
peop| e | | ve.
T|e ar| | c| e decr| oe | || p|eroreror ard ooe| or a a repore | o a | ]pe ol oc| a| | o| a| | or | |a| |a oeer crea| ed
| |rou|ou| roderr oc| e| ], or | r| | ar| ] a | ]pe ol d| correc| edre | |a| Rooer| Pu| rar ep| ored | r || ooo| '8oW| | r
A| ore. T|| | ]pe ol a| orere | a| | r| ou| ed | |rou| a roWr| r roo| | e Wor|l orce ard e| l erp| o]ed W|| c| are ol | er | el | | r
o| | | ude. T|| reW aro| er| aWarere oecore a Wa] | o 'l ee| | e a| ore a rar] ol | |e uer c| a| r.
T|ee var| ou oc| a| re| Wor|| r | | e |ave prov| ded | |e ao| | | | ] l or peop| e rore correc| ed W| | | | |oe | r | |e| r oc| a| rea| r
ard rore aWare ol eac| o| |er | | ve, ou| | |e ar| | c| e que| | or W|a| | ]pe ol re| a| | or|| p | || | crea| | r aror| | |e u
er. l r ro| cae | |e uer roup ol l r| erd |adr' | ac| ua| | ] oecore o| er a rar] decr| oed, ou| or| ] a| | oWed l or rore
| r| | ra| e | | e | o | |oe W| | || r ore oc| a| roup.
Cs| )| | | e :| ):| |)1 )1e | |se | | es | e)sv|)| j || :|e| v| | | |)1 | ):| v)| | j | :|e)se1 | |e ve| | | |e 1ee |e| )| |
s|| s )|e s| | | | |e1| :)| e1 | ):e | | e )1 | |e|e )|e | j s )j |v|s | | |e 1)j | | | |)| "
T|e Wea| | | e are W|ere ro| peop| e | are roup Were del | red a | | | u| ra| ed | r | |e ar| | c| e. 8u| | |e 'Wea| | | e car oe
a ver] ood | || r. A rar] oc| o| o| | del | re | |e Wea| | | e, | |e] c| a| r | |a| | |e] | ve ]ou | |e ao| | | | ] | o o| ve proo| er
qu| c|| ]. T|e ar| | c| e ue | |e earp| e | |a| | l ]ou Were | oo|| r l or a j oo ard a|ed ]our l r| erd, | |e] r| || ro| oe | |a| ruc|
ol a |e| p. 8u| , | l ]ou Were | o a| | |e | arer roup ol | |e oca| | ed 'Wea| | | e ]ou are rore | | |e| ] | o e| |e| p oecaue
| |ee aquar| arce are l ar| |er al | e| d, ard oecaue | |e] |are ar | r| | ra| e | | e | o ]ou, | |e] are rore | | |e| ] | o |e| p ]ou ou| .
T|e ar| | c| e a| o prov| de | |a| | |e Wea| | | e r| || a| o oe a oad | || r. T|ee Wea| | | e car po| er| | a| | ] | re| c| our ero| | or
a| | eve| , | eav| r | e l or our | r| | ra| e re| a| | or|| p. P]c|o| o| | |ave del | red | || a 'paraoc| a| re| a| | or|| p ore| || r
| |a| peop| e |ave eraed | r l or qu| | e ore | | re. Var] ra] |ave | |ee | ]pe ol re| a| | or|| p W| | | | |oe | r | |e red| a ard
| v, | r W|| c| We l o| | oW | |e| r | r| | ra| e de| a| | , W|| | e | |e] are oa| ca| | ] uraWare | |a| We e| | . T|e reW l eed |a oe de
cr| oed a crea| | r paraoc| a| re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer | |e uer l o| | oW| r ore aro| |er | r| | ra| e po| | r W| | |ou| | |er ever
|roW| r.
Ar | r| ere| | r | dea | orou| l or| | | r | |e ar| | c| e, que| | or| r | |e ro| | or ol W|a| | | | | | |e | o rever | oe | ouc| W| | | ar]ore?
l r rar] cae | || reW | ]pe ol aWarere a del | red o] T|orpor, |a orou|| oac| | |e d]rar| c ol ra| | | oWr | | l e, | r
W|| c| ever]ore |roW ]our ou| re. Per|ap, | || |a | r | urr rade ever]ore rore aWare | |e| r or| | re | der| | | ] ard |a
rade | | ever rore d| l l | cu| | | o c|are ore' | der| | | ] a rore peop| e are Wa| c|| r ]our ever] rove.
Ar | r| ere| | r apec| | r | || ro| | or ol e| l d| c| oure, | | |a| | | |a crea| ed a or| ol p|| | oop|| ca| ac| , W|| c| | del | red
| |rou| | a|| r | | re ou| ol eac| da] | o ooerve |oW ]ou are l ee| | r or W|a| ]ou are | || r|| r. A | r | |e Weo| | e TW| | | er |a
or | |e ra| r pae, | |a| | a| e, ' w|a| are ]ou do| r? | | |a | ver a reW Wa] | o l ror ree| d| c| ur '|roW | |]e| l . T|orp
or ep| a| r | |a| |av| r ar aud| erce car ra|e ore e| l rel | ec| | or rore accu| e, oecaue | |e] ro| or| ] War| | | | o oe ac
cura| e ou| a| o War| | o oe | r| ere| | r, c| a| r| r | |a| | |e | a| u upda| e | ore W|a| ol a | ]pe ol | | | erar] l orr. 'l r ar] cae
| | dra ]ou ou| ol ]our |ead.
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Brave New World of Digital Intimacy
$XWKRU&OLYH7KRPSVRQ
[ Critique ]
Per|ap | || ar| | c| e Wa | r| | a| | ] W|a| | r| r| ued r] reearc| | r| o | |e | |e re| a| | or|| p ol oc| a| red| a ard | |e el l ec| | | |a
or | |e percep| | or ol | |e p|]| ca| Wor| d. T|e ar| | c| e prov| de ar | r| || l u| | oo| | r| o | |e ro| e ol oc| a| red| a | oda], ard |oW
| | | | rarl orr| r ard e| ao| | || r reW re| a| | or|| p, reard| r | |e | eve| ol aWarere We |ave ard are cor| ar| | ] e| ao
| | || r oe| Weer ore aro| |er.
T|e l | r| par| ol | |e ar| | c| e del | re |oW Faceooo| o| | | | ar| | r | | pr| ra| | ve ae, | r| | | a| | ] l ror W|er | |e |eW Feed Wa
| r| roduced | o a| | oW l or uer | o e| a cor| ar| up| oda| e l eed ol | |e ac| | v| | ] oe| Weer ore oc| a| roup. T|e ro| | or ol
pr| vac] | r | || cae, | ol ar | r| ere| | o re oecaue l l ee| | |a| a a oc| e| ] We are del | r| | e| ] oecor| r rore oper | o |ar| r
our | | ve W| | | ore aro| |er ard ol | er | | re W| | | peop| e | |a| are ro| | r ore oc| a| c| rc| e. T|e oarr| er oe| Weer | |e puo| | c
ard pr| va| e are oecor| r | e ard | e apparer| a| | oW| r l or rore r| | r oe| Weer Wor| ard our oc| a| | | ve | o occur.
T|e ro| | or ol 'DPEL HQW DZDUHQHVV} | ear| red | r | |e ar| | c| e, ard l | || r| | | | ar | rpor| ar| corcep| We ru| cor| der a We
oe| r | o eper| erce | |e el l ec| or | |e | r| era| | or ol | ec|ro| o] | r| o our da] | o da] | | ve. Aro| er| aWarere |a | ver u
rore | r| || | r| o eac| o| |er | | ve | |ar ever oel ore, | r ore Wa] reprorarr| r |oW We | || r| ard oc| a| | ze W| | | ore ar
o| |er | r oo| | or| | re ard ol l | | re cerar| o . l apprec| a| e | |e au| |or earp| e ol 'L W V O L NH D VPDO O W RZQ ZHUH HYHU\RQH NQRZV
HYHU\W KL QJ DERXW HDFK RW KHU A We oecore rore | | r|ed | o | |e or| | re Wor| d ard rore re| Wor|ed W| | | ore aro| |er | r| ead
ol ore
0re ru| cor| der | |e pardo| ca| | de ol | || | ]pe ol aWarere, W|| c| | | |a| | r ear| r| r eac| o| | ol | rl orra| | or | |e]
r| || eer rurdare ou| over| | re | |e] car l rare ore | | l e (ac| | or, ero| | or e| c. } l a| r| ] ac| ura| e| ]. T|| | ruc| ur| r ol
| |ee var| ou o| | ol | rl orra| | or | |a| per| a| r | o | |e apec| ol our ever]da] | | ve, oecore ar | r| ere| | r averue l or ep| o
ra| | or | r| o |oW We r| || oe| r | o cor| ro| ard rar| pu| a| e uc| | are Wa| | ol | rl orra| | or aoou| our da| | ] | | ve. S| r| | ar| ]
r| || a| o oe | r| ere| | r | o cor| der | |e ro| | or ol rarra| | ve | r po| u| a| | r | dea reaard| r | |e orar| za| | or ol uc| o| | ol
| rl orra| | or aoou| eac| o| |er | | ve. Co| | ec| | ve| ] | |ee o| | ard p| ece aoou| are | | ve, cou| d oe po| er| | a| | ] cor| e| ua| | zed
| r| o a | | re oaed rarra| | ve ore | |a| ever]ore | cor| ar| | ] | rl orred aoou| .
T|e au| |or decr| oe | || ro| | or ol 'Wea| | | e W| | || r | |e oc| a| re| Wor| | |a| | oreW|a| ol ar | r| ere| , a |e || || | ||
| |a| | |e Wea| | | e | r | |e cae ol Faceooo| car oe oo| | oer| l | c| a| ard a| | |e are | | re |arrl u| . l ar par| | cu| ar| ] | r| ere| ed
| r | || ro| | or ol Wea|re aror| oc| a| re| Wor|| r ard oc| a| red| a a a Wa] | r W|| c| ore cou| d po| er| | a| | ] oer| l | | l ror
or | rarl orr | | ue ard ro| e W| | || r our | | ve. T|ee Wea| | | e a del | red o] T|orpor |ave | |e po| er| | a| | o o| ve proo
| er el l ec| er| | ] ard qu| c|| ]. T|| r| || oe| r | o re| a| e | o Wa] | r W|| c| We de| r our pace ard |oW our de| r proce
cou| d oe oe rore | rl orred | |rou| | |e cor| ro| ol uc| | rl orra| | or.
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Plug in City / Ideas Circus
4|:|||e:| 4|:|||) e|e| C\
[ Summary ]
Arc|| rar a| red popu| ar| | ] | r | |e ear| ] 19o0' ard a| r| | a| ed W| | | rar] ol | |e 'rea| ruc| ura| | | ol | |a| | | re. Arc||
rar | |roWr l or | |e| r ao| | | | ] | o re| || r| | |e | rl | uerce ol | ec|ro| o] or arc|| | ec| ure ard propoe rad| ca| | dea l or |oW | ||
cou| d po| er| | a| | ] | rarl orr | |e c| | ]. TWo proj ec| | ard ou| ard corve] reW corcep| ua| | dea l or | |e ro| e ol | ec|ro| o] ard
educa| | or re| a| | or | o arc|| | ec| ure ard | |e ou| | | Wor| d. T|e l | r| oe| r | |e 'P| ul rC| | ] W|| c| l W| | | | ouc| | | || | ] or, adop| ed
reW | dea l or a c| | ] | |a| Wa || || ] roo| | e, ore | |a| cou| d recorl | ure | | e| l , u| r a p| u| r | rl ra| ruc| ure.
w|a| oecore ol | rpor| arce | r de| r ol | |e 'P| u| rc| | ] | |oW | | addree | |e educa| | ve rode, W|ere ur| ver| | | e
| | ua| ed | |ere| ve, | o educa| e | |e | r|ao| | ar| ol | |e c| | ]. Vuc| ol Arc|| rar' Wor| Wa | r| ere| ed | r educa| | or ard |oW
| | cou| d oe ued a| or W| | | arc|| | ec| ure | o evo|e oc| a| c|are. l r | |e cae ol | |e ur| ver| | ], Arc|| rar War| ed | o pre
er| a reW rear l or a roo| | e, | ec|ro| o| ca| | ] prol | c| er| oc| e| ]. 'h|| | s| )e)|| | |e| )| e| ee| s | | |e | |)1| | | )| v| |e|s| | j
:)vs sv:| )s s| v1e| s| v1j e1|s se| )| |s | | |)|| es )1 s | |e 1es| oe|e )se1 ) 1| s| | :| | se| v | )|| s"
)1 )| o)js:| e| ee|e|| | | s|e1" )| v|e | |)| o)s ) s| )|\ :| |)s| | | | \e1 || |e| e1v:)| | "
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C\ !99 13 T|e de| r ol | |e
educa| | ora| rode a| o crea| ed a ere ol | rd| v| dua| | | ] W| | || r | |e c|ere. 0re e| erer| Wa | |e pr| va| e | ud] roor | |a|
eac| peror Wa a| red | o, ard cou| d oe roved arourd | |e carpu | o l | | | |e reed ol | |e | uder| . T|| Wa | r | urr a
| |e | dea ol a rorad| c de| r W|ere uer cou| d rove arourd | |e pace | o | |e| r reed.
w| | || r | |e cor| e| ol | |e 'P| ul rur| ver| | ] Wa a | |e | dea ol (rep| acerer| } ol ore l urc| | or l or aro| |er, | || rear| oc
cup]| r | |e are | oca| | or. l dea| | ] | | revo| u| | or| zed | |e ro| | or ol roo| | | | ] ard | rl ra| ruc| ure, ard |oW | | | r| era| ed W| | |
| ec|ro| o] l or educa| | ora| re| |od.
Aro| |er Wor| | |a| Arc|| rar produced dur| r | || | | re Wa ca| | ed ' l dea C| rcu, | || | ouc|ed rore or | |e ro| | or ol a
roo| | e educa| | or ard |oW | | Wa d| er| ra| ed | r| o | |e puo| | c rea| r. T|e roup l orred a re| | arce | o | ]p| ca| | ruc| ure
ol educa| | or | |a| Were ol | er eer a | a| | c ard corver| | ora| , ard Wa | are| ] W|a| | |ere Wor| Wa | r| ere| ed | r. T|e
'l dea C| rcu Wa corce| ved a a rear ol |ar| r ard ec|ar| r | rl orra| | or aror d| | ar| ard prev| ou| ] urcorrec| ed
roup ol peop| e.
2
T|e | dea Wa | |a| | |e ever| Wou| d | rave| arourd or| r| r reW re| |od l or |roW| ede | o | |e c| | | e oc
cupar| | r rura| d| correc| ed area. l | cor| a| red a er| e ol | rl | a| ao| e | er| ard p| a| l orr | |a| cou| d oe cor| ruc| ed qu| c|| ]
ard oe oro|er doWr | r | |e are arour| ol | | re.
4 :| |:vs | |)|e| s | | | o | | o | | e|| e| e|| )| e| )s | | es v| | |e )| s | | |e | 1e)s C| |:vs o)s | | |ese| e|| |):es
v| :|e)| e | | e| | e:| v)| e\:|)e C| e| e o| | | | ):| | | | | es | | sjs| v | e:| v|es )1 |ese| )| | s | || s | | e s| |v:| v|e o)s | | |)|e|
| | | ):e | | ):e e:v|)| | | e| | e:| v)| e\:|)e o| | | | :)| e| e o|e|e|e| | | s| e1 !|e | 1e)s C| |:vs ov| 1 e|e| v)| | j |e
| | | s e\| | :)| | v| |)|| || s| | e1 ) | ):e | |e e| o|\ | | :|e)| e1 ov| 1 |o |)| :)| | j :|e)| | | | \s e| oee e| e " 4|:|| |)
2005 !!5
w|a| Wa | r| ere| | r aoou| | || | dea ol |ared |roW| ede, Wa | |a| | | Wou| d cor| ar| | ] oe ou| | d| r |roW| ede upor | | e| l ,
ard l ror eac| |oW | | Wou| d a| r reW |roW| ede ard add | o | |e a| read] e| | | r re| Wor|. T|e de| r proro| ed a ore
W|a| uer| | | a | ]| e | r| a| | a| | or | |a| Wou| d ercourae | |e |ared | r| erac| | or ard |roW| ede oe| Weer | |e c| | ]' uer.
Arc|| rar oe| | eved | |a| | || de| r Wou| d corpera| e l or | |e |or| cor| r ol | oca| prov| | or ol | earr| r oppor| ur| | | e,
| |a| Were oe| r | rarl orred o] peop| e epoure | o | ooa| | rl orra| | or v| a | e| ev| | or ard o| |er reW red| a. (Se| W]r 2008.
p12} T|e] l e| | | |a| | |ere reeded | o oe a roo| | e p| a| l orr l or |e| p| r crea| e re| Wor| ol |roW| ede acro a pec| l | c re| or,
| r par| | cu| ar | |e] War| ed | o v| | | area | |a| Were d| correc| ed l ror | |e | rl orra| | ora| Wor| d, | r | urr educa| | r | |oe | r | |e
area or reW | ec|ro| o| e ard | ooa| |roW| ede.
T|e corcep| a| o | oo|ed | o ue a| read] e| | | r educa| | ora| | ruc| ure a ar area l or | a| r | |e |or| educa| | ora| ever| .
T|e | dea aoc| a| ed W| | | | |e 'l dea C| rcu ever| ua| | ] Were ep| ored l ur| |er W| | | propoa| l or | |e 'l r| ar| C| | ] W|| c|
Wa | r| erded | o or| r a| | | |e eper| erce ol | |e o| c| | ], | o ra| | | oWr | r order | o or| r | |er | r| o | |e | arer re| Wor| ol
| rl orra| | or ard educa| | or.
1 Coo|, P. (1999} 'Arc||rar' Pr|rce|or Arc|||ec|ura| Pre
2 Se|W]r, |e||. (2008} 'A C|rcu ol ldea Rev||||r Arc||rar \||or lor Educa||or lor Arc|||ec|ure |r ||e lrlorra||or Ae .lordor KroW|
ede |ao
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Plug in City/Ideas Circus
4|:|||e:| 4|:|||)
[ Critique ]
l | || r| | | | | rpor| ar| | o cor| der |oW rad| ca| | |e propoa| | |a| Arc|| rar crea| ed | r | |e 19o0' rea| | ] Were, ard |oW app| |
cao| e | |e] |ave oecore | o our currer| cu| | ura| cr| e, W|ere We are a| | erp| | r | o | oca| e arc|| | ec| ure aror| | |e | rl orra
| | or ard re| Wor|ed ae.
l r ear| r| r rore c| oe| ] | |e de| r ol | |e 'P| ul rC| | ] l ar par| | cu| ar| ] | r| ere| ed W| | | | |e | dea ol | r| erl ace a | | oe
core ar | rpor| ar| Wa] | o | |e addre | |e rap| d| ] roW| r ere ol | rd| v| dua| | | ], | |a| W|| c| | rl orra| | or ard oc| a| red| a
| ec|ro| o| e |ave crea| ed, rore | rp| ] pu| , |oW do peop| e | r| erac| ard | r| erl ace W| | | uc| arc|| | ec| ura| e| erer| ? T|e
l rareWor| | |a| W|| c| Arc|| rar de| red, Wa ore | |a| | r ore ere a| | oWed l or a | ruc| ured 'rorad| r ol pace | o
occur. w|ere | |e pace cou| d oe recorl | ured ard roved arourd W| | || r | |e | ruc| ura| l rareWor| | o accorroda| e | |e
uer reed. l r a ere | |e ao| | | | ] | o 'cu| or| ze ore pa| | a| eper| erce oecore | |e eer| | a| corcep| W| | || r | |e de| r.
T|| Wa ar | rpor| ar| | dea | |a| Pe| er Coo| ol Arc|| rar ard rar] o| |er | r | |e roup Were | rve| ed | r ep| or| r, |oW
cou| d | |e c| | ] oecore cu| or| zed | o ree| | |e reed or ever] | rd| v| dua| ?
w| | || r | |e| r | o| c, | |e] propoed | |a| eac| ol | |e ur| ver| | | e prorar cou| d po| er| | a| | ] oe rep| aced W| | | ore aro| |er | o
occup] | |e are | oca| | or. T|| | |u, Wou| d ra|e | | po| o| e l or reW pace | o a| Wa] oe erera| ed ard Wou| d cor| ar| | ]
oe c|ar| r | o d| l l erer| uer ac| | v| | | e, a ro| | or ol ar oper | ruc| ure. l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| | o oe| r | o cor| der reW
Wa] | r W|| c| l | e| o| | | | ] car oe | rp| erer| ed | r educa| | ora| pace l or | |e d| er| ra| | or ol |roW| ede. Arc|| rar Wa ore
| o pu| | |e | dea ol rore | rl orra| | ruc| ure ol | earr| r ard educa| | or.
4|:|| |) s)o | e)|| )1 | | |)| | )s :e| |)| | ee| s | 1e| s:| e| j )| s| 1e e| e|| )| ee| | e| sv|e o|\ s|| se\
)1 |e| )| | s|| s !|vs )j | | |e| | 1es| )11|esse1 e| | |e| e\| | :| | | j | | | | :| | | j | ssves sv:| )s | |e |)| 1 e\)s| | | |e 5|| | | s|
|| |e| e1v:)| | | |e o| 1e| | e1v:)| | )| )|| | :| )| | ej1 e| | | e s:| )| |vs )1 | |e :v| | | |)| | | )ss | | |)| | e)|| o| | ||
:v| | | es "
!
T|e re| proj ec| | |a| Arc|| rar produced | |a| e| aoora| ed or reW rode| l or educa| | or Wa | |e 'l dea C| rcu. T|e l dea
Wa | r ore ere a uer| | | a | ]| e opera| | ve l or | |e educa| | or ol | |e | e correc| ed ra| | er | oWr ard corrur| | | e. Ar
c|| rar propoa| Wa l or a roo| | e educa| | or | our, | |a| Wou| d or| r | earr| r ard c| aroor or | |e road | |rou| | |e ue
ol roo| | e dev| ce ard reW | ec|ro| o| e. 0re ol | |e cer| ra| | dea | |a| ore r| || po| r| ou| | r Arc|| rar' Wor| | |oW | |e]
| oo|ed | o crea| e Wor| | |a| Wou| d cor| ar| | ] oe ou| | d| r upor | | e| l a | | Wa | rarpor| ed acro var| ou | oca| | or. T|| cor
cep| Wa | rue | o | |e de| r ol | |e 'l dea C| rcu | |a| Wou| d opera| e | | |e | |a| ol ar ac| ua| | rave| | r c| rcu ou| | |e corcep|
Wou| d a| | oW | |e |roW| ede | o cor| ar| | ] oe roW| r a | |e] roved l ror p| ace | o p| ace.
l a| o | || r| | | | rpor| ar| | o addre |oW | |e] | oo|ed | o recorrec| | |e | e correc| ed or po| o| ] urder educa| ed popu| a
| | or. T|| |a | |u, oecore ar | rpor| ar| que| | or W| | | reard | o our currer| cord| | | or, | |a| a| | oW j u| aoou| ever]ore
| r | |e Wor| d | o | ap | r| o | |e | arer re| Wor| ol | ooa| |roW| ede, W|a| aoou| | |oe W|o do ro| |ave a ruc| acce | o
| rl orra| | or | ec|ro| o| e? l | || r| | |a| oel ore We car oe| r | o or| de | |e ap oe| Weer roderr cu| | ure ard deve| op| r cu|
| ure We ru| or| r aWarre | o oo| |. w|a| Wa a| o eer| | a| | o | |e 'l dea C| rcu Wa | |e ao| | | | ] l or | |e roup | o proro| e
aWarere ol a | arer ere ol |roW| ede ard educa| e W|| | e | rave| | r l ror c| | ] | o c| | ]. w|a| | ]pe ol roo| | e arc|| | ec| ure
car proro| e educa| | or, | earr| r ard | r| erl ac| r W| | | | |e oroader puo| | c | r our currer| da] ard ae?
l apprec| a| e | |e propoa| ' ao| | | | ] | o epard or educa| | or ard | earr| r a ar | rpor| ar| e| erer| ol ever]da] | | l e. T|| oe
core epec| a| | ] | rpor| ar| | o urder| ard| r Wa] | r W|| c| We car oe| ue W|a| | roW oe| r ca| | ed a '| ooa| |roW| ede.
l | || r| | |a| ruc| ol W|a| | |e | rl orra| | or ae doe | | |a| | | l ac| | | | a| e corrur| ca| | or ard | r| erac| | or a| | |e | ooa| ard
| oca| | eve| (| Wee| , W| || , oc| a| re| Wor|| r e| c. } 8u| | | a| o draW u aWa] l ror | |e p|]| ca| corrur| ca| | or ard | r| erac| | or
erv| rorrer| | |a| Were ard | | | | are ea| | ] oo| a| rao| e. loW car arc|| | ec| ure erve a a rear | o | r| erl ace oe| Weer Wor| d
ol | |e 'v| r| ua| ard | |e 'rea| | o educa| e ard produce a |ea| | |] oc| a| | r| erac| | or ard rore eraed Wa] ol | | l e?
1 Se|W]r, |e||. (2008} 'A C|rcu ol ldea Rev||||r Arc||rar \||or lor Educa||or lor Arc|||ec|ure |r ||e lrlorra||or Ae .lordor KroW|
ede |ao
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Another Pavement, Another Beach:
Skateboarding and the Performative Critique
of Architecture
4v||| |) 5|1e
[ Summary ]
T|e ra| r | dea preer| ed | r | |e ea], dea| W| | | | |e | dea ol |a| eooard| r a a cor| | rua| pa| | a| prac| | ce, ore | |a| crea| e
ar oro| r cr| | | que ol | |e c| | ] ard | | po| er| | a| l urc| | or. T|e au| |or arue | |a| |a| eooard| r | ol | er a cor| | rua| earc|
l or | |e ur|roWr, ard rel ererce lel eovre' | dea ol '1| | | e|e| | )| s):e" | r W|| c| oc| a| pa| | a| d| l l ererce are erp|a| zed
ard ce| eora| ed. S|a| eooard| r | | ua| e | | e| l aror| | |ee | dea, ard | |e prac| | ce ol uc| proro| e reW | dea | r| o | |e
ue ol | |e c| | ], ore | |a| l avor p| eaure over Wor|, ue va| ue ra| |er | |ar ec|are va| ue, ard ac| | v| | ] ra| |er | |ar pa| v
| | ] (8order}.
T|e au| |or decr| oe a | rarl orra| | or | r | |e |a| eooard| r rea| r, | |a| '|a pu|ed |a| | r ou| ol a cor| ro| | ed er| uour
oar cerar| o W|ere erp| ] W| rr| r poo| Were orce | |e ra| r l ocu, ard re| oca| ed | | | r| o | |e | ree| , c| | ] p| aza, ur| ver
| | ] carpue ard | deWa| | (8order}. le rel ererce Pau| \ar| | | o' | r|ao| | a| | or ol 'cr| | | ca| pace |op| | a| , | |ea| re' ,
ur| ver| | | e, l ac| or| e ard o or, W|ere | r W|| c| | |e |a| er oe| r | o | r|ao| | | |e |ao| | ua| | ] ur| r|ao| | ed puo| | c pace,
ep| o| | | r | |e aro| u| | ] ol oWrer|| p ard l urc| | or ol puo| | c ard er| puo| | c pace.
l r ear| r| r | |e ro| e ol | |e c| | ] | r|ao| | ar| | o | |e c| | ] | | e| l , | |e au| |or prov| de | |a| our ac| | or are ver] ruc| cord| | | ored
W| | || r | |e c| | ] ard | || | | | ed | o | |e el l ec| ol | rdu| r| a| | za| | or ard correrc| a| | za| | or, W|| c| |a over| | re | rvaded ever]
apec| W| | || r | |e puo| | c rea| r. T|| |a | ead | o a | o ol our '| aruae W| | || r uroar | | v| r, | r W|| c| We are urrourded
o] ar erp| | re l | | | ed o] | r, a |e] arurer| rade | |rou|ou| | |e ea]. T|e au| |or oe| | eve | |a| | |rou| |a| eooard
| r ore car oe| r | o cour| er | || ro| | or, era| r d| rec| | ] W| | | ever]da] pace (8order}.
| | o)s | | |e s| |ee| s | |)| | |e 1es| |)| | s | \ | ):e | | o)s | | |e s| |ee| s | |)| s| )e| | j e\|esse1 | | se| | !|e s| |ee| s |)|e
e:e | | | | :| ce1-| || s | ):| | | s v | |e | | | | :)| || 1 |e|)| | | | | |e se:| )| | ce1 )|e)s S:| )| s):e |)s )ssve1 eo e)|
!|| s e| )| | s eo e)| !|| s e| )| | s eo || s\s | | | | :)| |):| | :e | |)s| e||e1 | | |e s| |ee| s s| 1es| es | |e e:| : )1 s:| )| |):| | :e
o|| :| e))| es | | | 1e| | | | )| e | ):es "
T|rou| | |e ep| o| | a| | or ol 'ever]da] pace, |a| er prov| de a reW v| | or | r| o | |e l urc| | or ard ue ol | |e c| | ]. T|ee
pace are ol | er cor| dered | |e | el | over pace | |a| W|| c| |o| d ro rorurer| a| va| ue or ]roo| | r, ou| are | rpor| ar|
e| erer| reduced o| e| ] | o | |e re| a| | or|| p ol ore aro| |er (8order}. T|| | dea | l ur| |er ep| ored | |rou| W|a| | |e au| |or
ca| | a 'zero deree arc|| | ec| ure. l r a zero deree arc|| | ec| ure co| red o] Ro| |ard 8ar| |e, | | e|s | )|:|| | e:| v|e | |e
| ):\ | 1| s:e|| | e v)| | | )| | |e 1| | | e|e:es )1 | |e :||es1| sv|| e| | | | s| |v:| | s )1 s| )| s | s |e1e|e1 )s ) | ee| |
| | j )1 | ):\ | 1| |e|s| | j | |e v|) |)|| | s| | |e :|)|):| e|| s| | :s | | |e :|e)| | |e ev||e )1 | )||| )| | " l |
| | |rou| | || ro| | or ol | |e c| | ] | |a| | |e |a| er | ao| e ee | |e c| | ] | |rou| a reW | er, | |a| c|a| | ere | |e l urc| | or ard
ue ol our ou| | d| r ard puo| | c pace.
T|e au| |or oe or | o ep| ore | dea aoou| r|]| |r ard | |e uroar ere W| | || r | || adap| a| | or ol arc|| | ec| ura| uroar| r.
l r| | | a| | ] |e ep| a| r | |a| |a| er |ave | |e ao| | | | ] | o ee pace a a ur| l orr er| | | ], | r W|| c| a| | arc|| | ec| ura| e| erer| ol
| |e c| | ] are reduced | o a |oroereou | eve| ol |a| ao| e | erra| r. T|e] | |er are ao| e | o | rarpoe | |ere| ve oe| Weer | |e
racro | eve| ol | |e c| | ] ard | |e r| cro | eve| ol arc|| | ec| ura| e| erer| ; rov| r l ror ar oper carva ol | |e uroar rea| r | o
| |e l ocu ol a Wa| | , oerc|, curo or ra| | . T|| oe| r | o or| r aoou| | |e re| a| | or|| p | o r|]| |r oe| Weer oj ec| paceooj ec|
pace, re| a| | r | o | erpora| ro| | or ol | | re, peed, dura| | or, ard repe| | | | or.
l r | || ro| | or ol r|]| |r W| | || r | |e c| | ], | |e |a| eooarder | a| o | | ed | o a | ]pe ol r| cro eper| erce | |a| | roo| ed | r ore
ere W| | || r | |e uroar rea| r. T|e |a| eooarder' || || ] deve| oped ere ol oa| arce, peed, |ear| r, | || ard | ouc| are
a produc| ol | |e roderr re| ropo| | . T|e au| |or pu| l or| | | |a| |a| eooard| r, | |u a| | oW l or | |oe | o l u| | ] eper| erce ard
erae | |e c| | ].
!|ej || | | e s):e )1 s:| )| e| | e| |e| j :| || | | |e )|:|| | e:| v|)| sv|| ):e o| | | | |e 1j )1 )|1 )s ) |esv| | | |ej |e
1e| | e | |e :| | j )1 | | s )|:|| | e:| v|e | |e| | o s:| )| | 1e| | | j )1 1| es | |e |1v:| | |e|1v:| | e\vs | )|:|| | e:| v|e | |e e|)s| s
|1v:| | e\ :|)e )1 :sv| | )1 | |e | | |e1 )| v|e | |e|ese| )| | s "
!
1 8order, l ar. T|e ur|roWr C| | ] : Cor| e| | r Arc|| | ec| ure ard Puo| | c Space. Vaac|ue| | e Vl T. p. 207225.
R|]| |r ol | || ra| ure, erae | |e ood] d| rec| | ]. T|e ac| ol |a| eooard| r | | e| l requ| re a ru| | | p| | c| | ] ol ere,
| |ou|| ard ac| | v| | | e | o oe corpre|erded a| | a| | |e are | | re (8order}.
T|rou|ou| | |e ea], | |e au| |or deror| ra| e a reW Wa] | r W|| c| a cr| | | que or | |e c| | ] car oe rade, ard |oW | |e er
aerer| oe| Weer | |e pa| | a| ard | erpora| r|]| |r ol | |e c| | ] car po| er| | a| | ] oe re| |ou|| , or| r| r a reW rear| r | o | |e
ue ol our | r|erer| | ] corp| e c| | ].
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Another Pavement, Another Beach:
Skateboarding and the Performative Critique
of Architecture
$XWKRU,DQ%RUGHQ
[ Critique ]
l r ear| r| r rore c| oe| ] | |e | dea preer| ed | |rou|ou| | || ea], l ar par| | cu| ar| ] | r| ere| ed | r |oW | |e au| |or pre
er| |a| eooard| r a a | ac| | c | oWard re| ra| r| r | |e po| er| | a| ue ol | |e c| | ], W|| c| | || || ] dor| ra| ed o] | |e cor
rerc| a| | za| | or ard | rdu| r| a| | za| | or ol | | pace. l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| a de| rer ard arc|| | ec| | o ro| | ra| re
crea| | r a | o| a| | ] reW c| | ] | |rou| dero| | | | or ard ecava| | or, ou| ra| |er re| || r| | |e Wa] | r W|| c| our puo| | c uroar pace
are oe| r ued or cou| d oe ued | o oe| | er our | | ve ard er|arce our da] | o da] eper| erce W| | || r | |e c| | ]. T|e au| |or
c| a| r | |a| | |e c| | ] |ou| d oe ued a a '| r| rurer| | o recrea| e our eper| erce.
T|| or| r l or| | | |e au| |or arurer| | |a| | |e re| ropo| | | ar dWe| | er | u| | | ra| e| ] cord| | | ored o] a W| de rare ol l ac| or | |a|
|ave | o do W| | | ro| or| ], | oca| | or ard l | rarce, ou| a| o | | re, l r| erd|| p, erder, ae, race, cu| | ure ard | deo| o] ard ro|
| o rer| | or | |e ro| | rpor| ar| , | ec|ro| o]. le c| a| r | |a| | || |a | ed u | o |ave ro rea| | ]| e or O DQJXDJH l or | | v| r, | |a|
| r' | de| err| red o] | rdu| r| a| | zed ard correrc| a| | zed prac| | ce | |a| proro| e a corrod| l | ed '| | l e| ]| e. T|| | r ver] | rue | r
par| , | o |oW currer| oc| e| ] | perce| ved. w|a| | l We | rver| ruc| ol our oc| a| rear| r ard re| a| | or|| p, a | o produce a
rore |e| ero| op| c, | e cor| ro| | ed pace? l ar | r| ere| ed | r | o W|a| deree car puo| | c | ruc| ure oe rar| pu| a| ed/ | rver| ed | o
evo|e a reW ere ol | |e c| | ], | |a| a| | oW l or a rore oper | r| erpre| a| | or ard eper| erce l or ever] | r|ao| | ar| .
T|e ea] preer| | |e ro| | or ol |a| eooard| r a ar ac| | |a| cor| | rua| | ] a| | oW | |oe W|o par| | c| pa| e | o v| eW | |e c| | ] | r
| | ro| rorra| | ve l orr W|ere ]roo| | r ard rorurer| a| | | ] |ave ro preerce ard | |e arc|| | ec| ure ol | |e c| | ] | a ur| l orr
er| | | ] cor| | | r ol |oroereou e| erer| ard l orr, | |u ever] url ace oecore |a| ao| e. l oe| | eve | |a| | r order | o
crea| e a re| | arce or cour| erac| | or | oWard | |e cap| | a| | | | c cor| ro| , | |a| orar| ze ard d| c| a| e |oW We | r| erac| ard rove
| |rou|ou| our uroar area, ore ru| ear| re | |e | r|erer| po| er| | a| | r | |oe pace | |a| are ol | er over| oo|ed ard d| re
arded. l | | ol | er | r | |e rurdare pace | |a| a r| c|re | |a| car oe eper| erced o] | |e paero] | r a | rp| e urdo| r ol
ore precorce| ved ro| | or aoou| pace ard | |e | ruc| ure overr| r | | preerce.
T|e au| |or epard or | |e | dea ol r|]| |r ard | |e uroar ere | r | |e | a| | er par| ol | |e ea]. le decr| oe | |e pa| | a|
r|]| |r | |a| | crea| ed | |rou| |a| eooard| r a a 'paae l ror ore e| erer| | o | |e re| a ore rove | |rou|ou| | |e
c| | ]. T|| car oe decr| oed a a l rarer| a| | or ol ooj ec| | |a| are | |er p| eced | oe| |er | r| o a |oroereou pace. l do
aree | |a| | | | ar | r| ere| | r Wa] | o v| eW | |e c| | ], W|ere | |e var| ou arc|| | ec| ura| e| erer| ol | |e c| | ] oecore ooj ec| or
l rarer| | o W|| c| ore car p| ece | oe| |er var| ou e| erer| dur| r a oca| | ed 'rur, a| | oW| r l or ar]ore | o cor| ro| |oW
| || r| || occur. l r cor| der| r | || | dea, l ar | r| ere| ed | r | |e cor| ro| ol puo| | c | ruc| ure ard |oW | |e] car po| er| | a| | ] oe
adap| ed | o | |e reed or de| re ol rar] ra| |er | |ar j u| ore. l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| | o urder| ard | || a a po| er| | a|
averue l or ep| ora| | or | |a| cou| d po| er| | a| | ] crea| e a reW Wa] l or a par| | c| pa| or] ]| er- | | |e |a| eooard| r - | o evo| ve.
A | |e | dea ol our uroar ere | orou|| l or| |, | |e au| |or | ouc|e or | |e ro| | or ol ore ere | r | |e p|]| ca| pace
ard |oW | |e ac| ol |a| eooard| r or| r | oe| |er ood] W| | | | |e ou| | | Wor| d, ore| || r | |a| rar] |ave pecu| a| ed | r cur
rer| | | re | W| de| ] d| correc| ed. l | || r| | | | | rpor| ar| | o rea| | ze | || a a Wa] | o recrea| e | |e Wa] | r W|| c| We perce| ve
our Wor| d, | r a Wa] | |a| | rore || || ] era| r ard eper| er| | a| . w|a| are | |e po| er| | a| Wa] | r W|| c| ore eper| erce ol
a puo| | c pace car oe er|arced? l | || r| | |a| ara| ]z| r | |e d| l l erer| el l ec| or our ere ar ac| | or ol | || or| r| || |ave
Wou| d oe oerel | c| a| | o a| r a cor| ro| ard oe ao| e | o rar| pu| a| e or eaera| e | |ee el l ec| , | dea| | ] W| | || r | |e puo| | c rea| r.
l dea| | ], a r] | |e| | op| c dea| W| | | oc| a| red| a ard puo| | c pace, l ar | r| ere| ed | r | |e Wa] | r W|| c| | r| erac| | or cre
a| ed o] oc| a| re| Wor| cou| d po| er| | a| | ] ac| a Wa] l or eraerer| W| | || r | |e puo| | c rea| r, | r| | ar | o |oW |a| eooard
| r erae | |e puo| | c rea| r | |rou| ood] W| | | ou| | | Wor| d, produc| r a | o| a| | ] reW percep| | or ol | |e orce l oro| | er or
rurdare puo| | c pace. l | || r| | |a| po| er| | a| | ] ep| o| | | r | |ee Wa] | |a| erae uer | o pace, cou| d produce reW, ever
c|ao| | c, Wa] | o eper| erce | |e c| | ].

J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Seattle Central Library
4|:|||e:| |e |||)vs
[ Summary ]
T|e Sea| | | e Cer| ra| l| orar] Wa or| | ra| | ] propoed | r 1999 ard ou| | | | r 2004 urder | |e l | rr 0VA ard arc|| | ec| Rer Koo|
|au. T|e | | orar] p| ace | | e| l | r| o | |e currer| | rerd reard| r | |e | rl orra| | or ae ard | |e d| | | a| rea| r ao| | | | ] | o | rar
l orr ard peed up | |e Wa] | r W|| c| We rece| ve ard corure | rl orra| | or, | |u |av| r | r | urr rerdered | |e reed l or c| v| c
puo| | c | | orar| e a| ro| rore| | er| .
T|e de| r ol | |e | | orar] | oo| | o revere | || | rerd, ard recrea| e a ere ol ' c| v| c pace' W| | || r, a We| | a del | re a reW
Wa] | r W|| c| | |e ou| | d| r prorar car oe| r | o o| ur | |e oourdar| e oe| Weer d| | | a| ard rea| | r| erl ace, proro| | r rore
oc| a| | r| erac| | or oe| Weer occupar| .
| | |)1| | | )| :| || : )|:|| | e:| v|e v| | 1| s )|e |)| ce1 |e | :| || )| | j h| | | s| | | |e| | :| || :ess || |)je1 e\| e|)| | j | |e || eoe|
| \s | | | v| s| 1e | |e | |)e" )| | |e | : | | se| | 5j :| |)s| | Se)| | | e | |e :| || : | e:| | s | | e| | )| | j v| e | |e e\| e|| | |ev| ||
e | e | es| e1" | | | | Vv||j 2003
T|e ou| | d| r prorar | epara| ed | r| o l | ve p| a| l orr | r W|| c| l our '| roe| Weer pace epara| e eac| prorar. 0V4
| \ | |e )|):| | | | j see | |e | | |)|j )s ) | ):e | | \s )1 |e)1| )| e|| )| v| o)| e1 | :s| 1e| | | )s |e |
) | | |)| | s| |e o|e|e )| | | jes | e1| )eo )1 | 1:v| 1 e )::esse1 "
!
T|e prorar | | |er oro|er | r| o c| u| er
| |a| are del | red a (par|| r, | al l , ree| | r, ooo| p| ra| , l0} a| or W| | | W|a| 0VA ca| | | |e 'ur| ao| e c| u| er (|| d, | | v| r
roor, r| | r c|aroer, read| r roor} W|| c| | r| | | a| e a oroader ere ol correc| | or ard l | e| o| | | | ] oe| Weer | |e ou| | d| r ard
| | occupar| .
T|e re| a| | or|| p ol | |e ou| | d| r prorar Wa del | red | r | | correc| rade | o | |e | roe| Weer pace. T|ee pace
oecare cruc| a| | o | |e de| r, W|| c| Were del | red a pace | |a| Wou| d | | ru| a| e | |e occupar| |roW| ede, a| o produc| r
area ol Wor|, | r| erac| | or ard p| a].
2
l r | |e d| | | a| red| a ae, arc|| | ec| ure | cor| ar| | ] l a| | | r | r| o | |e oac|drop, W|ere | ec|ro| o| ca| dev| ce rep| ace rea|
pace ol p|]| ca| | r| erac| | or, l or re| Wor| ol ec|are (Vurp|] 200o} T|| Wa ar | rpor| ar| oa| | |a| W|| c| 0VA | oo|ed
| o redel | re. le | oo|ed | o | ru| | areou| ] correc| | |e v| r| ua| W| | | | |e rea| | r a reW | ]pe ol o| erd| r, | |a| | |e adj acerc| e | r
prorar cou| d po| er| | a| | ] Wou| d crea| e.
! || |))s | |e Se)| | | e || e:| se| s v ) 1| )| e:| | : e| oee | | se| | )s ) | 1e| | | | )| e | ):e" | | :)| | 1| s| | :| | | | |e| | ):es )1
) e s):e" | | | e e| o|\ o| | |v| v1)|| es e| oee | |e ):| v)| )1 | |e || || v)| !|vs | |e | | |)|j s e\| e|| | | e:| | | | es | | )s
) | ):e | | |e :| | j ) :| || : 1es| | )| | je| | |e | s| 1e | s ::e| v)| | ce1 )s ) | | v| 1 | | e|se:| | | s):es | ||v| o|| :| )s s:| )| ):| |s
|e |e|e)|s| | |e| | || e | :| || : | | | e "
3
0re ol | |e de| re' ol | |e ou| | d| r Wa | o recrea| e a ere ol | |e c| | ] or | |e | r| de, W| | | a| | | | , '| r| erac| | or, v| orarc],
ourd ard rardor ree| | r | |a| ore r| || eper| erce or a Wa| | | |rou| | |e c| | ]. (Ruau| | | } T|rou| | |e | a]er| r ol pro
rar ard | |e de| r ol | |e rar] po| er| | a| | r| erac| | or cerar| o | |a| | |e ou| | d| r | oo| | o crea| e, | | car oe arued | |a| a
ore pae | |rou| | |e ou| | d| r | |ere | a ere ol l orced | r| erac| | or or ooerva| | or oe| Weer | |e o| |er occupar| ol | |e
ou| | d| r.
T|| | dea a del | red o] Koo| |au, re| a| e oac| | o || | r| ere| | r | |e pr| or cerar| o | r W|| c| a| | occupar| are ooerved
o] ore, ro| | r | |e de| r ol | |e ' parop| | cor' a precerder| . l r | |e cae ol | |e Sea| | | e Cer| ra| l| orar], |e War| ed | o | rver|
| |e re| a| | or|| p o] a| | oW| r ever]ore W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r | o oe ooerved o] ore aro| |er, | r a oreW|a| vo]eur| | | c rarrer,
a| | oW| r l or rore v| ua| | r| erac| | or | o occur a ore pae | |rou| | |e ou| | d| r pace.
T|e | a| | vo| d | |a| pread | |rou| | |e cer| ra| core ol | |e ou| | d| r | del | red a ore ol | |e ro| | r| ere| | r apec| ol | |e
ou| | d| r ard car oe| | eved | o oe a cr| | | que or | |e ro| e ol c| | | zer | r a derocra| | c oc| e| ]. l r | |e ver] l | r| | | re ol ar Au
d| cu| or ol | |e | | orar] Koo| |aa | a| ed, !|e | | |)|j |e|ese| s )je )| o| | | | |e || s | |e | )s| | | |e v:| es| e1 |)|
1 Ruau||, P|||||p. 0VA 2004 '|||p://WWW.ora.eu/|rde.p|p?op||or=cor_projec|&v|eW=projec|&|d=202&l|er|d=10
2 Sa|e| , ||co . 'Sea|||e Cer|ra| l|orar] / 0VA lV| 10 Feo 2009. Arc|Ca||]. Acceed 24 Au 2011. <|||p://WWW.arc|da||].cor/11o51>
3 Vurp|], Ar]. |||p://p|ace.de|rooerver.cor/lea|ure/ea|||ecer|ra|||orar]c|v|carc|||ec|ure|r||eaeolred|a/813/
v| |e|ses :v)| )::1)| | s | | 1 | e:ess)|j ):| | || | | es. "
4
T|| oecore cer| ra| | o Rer' | dea reard| r
ro| | or ol | |e ooerver, a |e ear| e| ] | r| era| e | || | dea | |rou|ou| | |e de| r ol | |e ou| | d| r. T|e ou| | d| r | | e| l
e| ao| | |e rar] re| a| | or|| p oe| Weer | ec|ro| o] ard arc|| | ec| ura| pace a | | per| a| r | o |oW We ue ard occup] oo| |.
l | e| ao| | |e a reW l orr ol | cor| c c| v| c | rl ra| ruc| ure W| | || r | |e c| | ].
4 Koo| |aa, 0VA_wor|, p. 84.
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Seattle Central Library
4|:|||e:| |e |||)vs
5v||| 2001
[ Critique ]
T|e de| r ol | |e Sea| | | e Cer| ra| l| orar], cou| d oe a| d | o oe ore ol | |e ver] l eW, c| v| c ou| | d| r, | |a| erera| e a cr| | | que
or | |e roderr oc| e| ] | oda], ard addree a | are pec| rur ol cu| | ura| | ue reard| r | |e | rl orra| | or ae ard | |e ro| e
arc|| | ec| ure p| a] | r red| a| | r | |e v| r| ua| W| | | | |e ac| ua| .
Koo| |au | r || Wor|, | oo|ed | o ree| ao| | | | |e | rpor| arce ol arc|| | ec| ure | r a red| acer| r| c oc| e| ] | r W|| c| a| | ' p|]| ca| '
eraerer| | a| d | o oe | oW| ] d| appear| r. le | a| d | o |ave ol | er d| cued | |e perce| ved 'aau| | or ooo| | oWard
a cu| | ure ol d| | | a| | rl orra| | or. le | a| e 4s | |e| e1| ) | | | |)| | ee|e )1 e:e | )vs| | e | |e | | |)|j sees | ||e)| ee1
) | || |ess |e)1j | e | )\e j | e| | )| ee| es " |e |)s o|| | | e | | || s s:|ee | |e F| e:| || : e:e | 1e| | | | e1 o| | | | |e 5)|)|| : "
!
T|| | dea | cer| ra| | o W|a| ruc| ol re| Wor|ed ard | rl orra| | or cu| | ure | eper| erc| r ard | r]| r | o rap, | o W|a| e| er|
W| | | | |e d| | | a| | rarl orr our eper| erce ol | |e p|]| ca| ?
l | | | rpor| ar| | o cor| der | |e ro| | or ol ' eraerer| ' oe| Weer uer ard p|]| ca| pace, a l l ee| | |a| | | | a |e] l ocu
| |rou|ou| ruc| ol | |e de| r ard | Wor| | epard| r or. l r| | | a| | ], | | | | r| ere| | r | |e Wa] | r W|| c| | |e rode| l or | |e c| a
| ca| c| v| c cer| er | ol | er era| r rere| ] or | |e ou| | de ard ou| | d| r oecore 'l rared W| | || r | r | | cor| e| ard | r| erac
| | or occur or | |e ou| | de ra| |er | |ar | r (Vurp|]}. T|e de| r revere | || ro| e, | r W|| c| | r| erac| | or oe| Weer occupar|
occur or | |e | r| de, ard | l ac| | | | a| ed | |rou| | r| | ar | ra| | l ourd | r c| | ] quare ard c| v| c pace. l | | ev| der| | |a| | |e
cor| er| ard | ]pe ol | r| erac| | or occurr| r W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r oecare rore | rpor| ar| or rore ep| ored | |ar | |e re| a
| | or|| p crea| ed or | |e ou| | de, par| | cu| ar| ] | r | || de| r. T|| | | rue oecaue | |e ou| | d| r | | e| l eer | o addre | |e
adj acerc| e ol o| |er ou| | d| r ard or| er| a| | or l or ur , ard eer | e corcerred aoou| crea| | r or e| aoora| | r rore Wa]
l or puo| | c l orur or oc| a| eraerer| aror| | |e ou| | de.
Var] |ave arued aoou| ore ol | |e po| er| | a| l | aW W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r ard | |e oper r| | r ol | | puo| | c occupar| , a
| |ere are ol | er reoccurr| r | ue | |a| are crea| ed W| | || r rar] ol our puo| | c ' c| v| c' pace. T|ee corcerr W| | | | |e er
aerer| W| | | | |e |ore| e popu| a| | or, | |e | eve| ol ro| e W| | || r | |e | are oper pace, ard W|a| rar] arue a | |e
corl u| r ror|| erarc|| ca| orar| z| r ]| er l or ooo| ard red| a. l | || r| | |a| W| | | ar] | ]pe ol puo| | c arc|| | ec| ure ]ou W| | |
del | r| | e| ] rur | r| o d| l l erer| | ue | |a| evo| ve l ror | |e r| | r ol occupar| . l | || r| | |a| | | | | rpor| ar| | o cor| der | |a| | ||
| po| er| | a| | ] a l | aW crea| ed l ror | |e | rar| a| | or oe| Weer | r| erac| | or W| | || r | |e d| | | a| rea| r ard | r| erac| | or | r | |e p|]| ca| .
A uer rav| a| e | |e d| | | a| rea| r | | | oper | o ore e| er| , ard car oe raraed | o eac| uer | | || r, W|erea W| | || r
| |e p|]| ca| rea| r We are po| er| | a| | ] | |roWr | r aror| a oroad rare ol cu| | ura| , e| |r| c ard erder roup | |a| W|| c| We
r| || ro| |ave | |e c|o| ce | o d| erae W| | |, a ore r| || or| | re. T|| r| || po| er| | a| | ] oe a ood | || r a | | cou| d oe ar
ued | |a| | |e or| | re Wor| d crea| e | r|erer| | ], a d| eraed ard | o| a| ed uer W|o | | e ao| e | o eper| erce | |e acc| der| a| .
Aro| |er apec| | |a| | orou|| | r| o que| | or | | |e | dea ol '| r| erl ace a | | oecore ar | rpor| ar| e| erer| | r del | r| r ard
| r| era| | r arc|| | ec| ure aror| | |e d| | | a| rea| r ard v| cevera. l r | || cae, | |e ou| | d| r Wa de| red | o oecore a | ]pe
ol red| a | r | | e| l . l r| ead ol rere| ] | r| era| | r | ec|ro| o] ]| er | r| o | |e ou| | d| r, | |e de| r Wa oaed ol l ol | |e ro| | or
| |a| | | cou| d ac| a a p| ece ol | ec|ro| o] ard | r| erl ace W| | | | | uer, | r| | ar | o | |a| ol a corpu| er, or d| | | a| dev| ce. l ar
par| | cu| ar| ] | r| ere| ed | r |oW arc|| | ec| ure r| || po| er| | a| | ] oe a era| r a | ]pe ol | r| erl ace l ourd | r oc| a| red| a ard
| |e | r| erre| . l l arc|| | ec| ure | | r|erer| | ] corcerred W| | | ro| | or ol oc| a| eraerer| ard | r| erac| | or, or| | re pa| | err ard
| ruc| ure r| || oe a oer| l | c| a| Wa] | o a| r rore urder| ard| r | o |oW peop| e' oe|av| or | oe| r c|ared. l r | |e de| r
ol | |e Sea| | | e l| orar], | |e ro| | or | |a| | ec|ro| o] | r| erl ace or | |e | rd| v| dua| | eve| , a| or W| | | a croWd, |oW r| || | || oe
| rar| a| ed | r| o arc|| | ec| ure ard | |e de| | r ol pace.
!|e Se)| | | e || e:| se| s v ) 1| )| e:| | : e| oee | | se| | )s ) | 1e| | | | )| e | ):e" | | :)| | 1| s| | :| | | | |e| | ):es )1 ) e
s):e" | | | e e| o|\ o| | |v| v1)|| es e| oee | |e ):| v)| )1 | |e || || v)|
2
To Koo| |au, | | Wa | |e ro| | or ol 'p| ace veru 'pace W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r, | |a| e| ao| | |ed d| | | rc| re| a| | or|| p l or | |oe
W|o | r| erac| ed W| | || r | |e pace. l | cou| d eer| | a| | ] oe arued | |a| W|a| ro| ol oc| a| red| a ard oc| a| re| Wor| |ave
1 Rer Koo| |aa, 0VA_wor|, |oou]u|| Yo|| da, ed. (To|]o: Au, 2000}, p. 84.
2 Vurp|], Ar]. |||p://p|ace.de|rooerver.cor/lea|ure/ea|||ecer|ra|||orar]c|v|carc|||ec|ure|r||eaeolred|a/813/
crea| ed | a o| urred oourdar] oe| Weer | |ee | Wo, W|ere peop| e occup] cour| | e |our eraed W| | | | |e v| r| ua| . T|| |a
| |u caued a raj or el l ec| or | |e Wa] | r W|| c| We erae W| | | our p|]| ca| pace W| | || r | |e c| | ] ard urder| ard our ur
rourd| r .
l apprec| a| e Koo| |au' ao| | | | ] | o redel | re | |e | dea ol | | orar] ard | rarl orr | | l ror a | |e c| a| ca| | ]| e | | orar] ol pure| ] |ard
ra| er| a| | o || c| ever ard | |ou|| provo|| r | dea ol ar '| rl orra| | or | ore a | | erae W| | || r oo| | rea| r ol d| | | a| ard
p|]| ca| . w| | | va| arour| ol |roW| ede a| our l | rer| | p, |oW W| | | | || |roW| ede oe d| er| ra| ed or ever 'o| d | |rou|
our arc|| | ec| ure ard a| o our d| | | a| Wor| d? T|| oecore a cruc| a| po| r| , | o W|| c| arc|| | ec| ure ru| repord W| | || r
oc| e| ] | oda].
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Methodologies [1]
[ Summary ]
l r|erer| | ] eroedded W| | || r | |e l rl orra| | or Ae ard our |e| Wor|ed Cu| | ure, are | |e procee ard re| |odo| o| e | o W|| c|
ore r| || oe| r | o ear| re ard propoe reW | dea l or ar erer| r cu| | ure ol ue. A | |e ro| e ol | ec|ro| o] | r oc| e| ] |
cor| ar| | ] | rarl orr| r | | e| l , oecor| r rore uo| qu| | ou ard eroedded | r our cu| | ure, We ru| a| oure| ve W|a| pec| l | c
Wa] car We oe| | earr l ror ard evo| ve our urder| ard| r ard d| po| | | or | oWard | || | op| c. 0re r| || propoe | |a| ore
ol | |e rar] re| a| | or|| p | |a| |a core aoou| ard |a oecore predor| ra| e | r | ud]| r | |ee re| a| | or|| p, | | dea| | ] | |e
| r| erac| | or oe| Weer oo| | 'v| r| ua| ard 'p|]| ca| erv| rorrer| .
T|e Sea| | | e Cer| ra| l| orar] a| | erp| | o del | re a reW urder| ard| r | oWard | |e ro| e ol | |e puo| | c, c| v| c | r| | | u| | or, ard
| oo| | o deror| ra| e |oW d| | | a| | ec|ro| o| e ard | |e corurp| | or ol | rl orra| | or car evo| ve a reW re| a| | or|| p W| | | arc||
| ec| ura| pace.
0re ol | |e |e] l ac| or | |a| | | rpor| ar| | o | |e de| r ol | |e ou| | d| r ard | |e| r re| |od l or de| r, | | |e re| a| | or|| p
oe| Weer prorar ard | |e | ]pe ol | r| erac| | or | |a| eac| r| || proro| e ard crea| e aror| | | occupar| , ore| || r 0VA
| ud| ed | rdep| |. Eac| ol | |e recear] prorar Were | ud| ed | o a| r a |roW| ede ard cor| ro| over | |e po| er| | a| ard
po| o| | | | | e ol |av| r | |e prorar r| | r W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r. T|rou| a er| e ol d| ararr| r | |rou| co| or coord| ra| ed
o| oc| ard | rae 0VA ear| red |oW eac| prorar cou| d oe | | ua| ed aror| ore aro| |er. T|e] ear| red re| a| | or|| p
W| | || r eac| prorar, a We| | a ue, | ]pe ol red| a, ard |oW | |e] e| | ed W| | | o| |er prorar. T|e prorar Were oro
|er | r| o | ao| e prorar ard | r| ao| e prorar, a a Wa] | o urder| ard |oW eac| r| || po| er| | a| | ] oe | rarl orred | r ue
ard W|e| |er or ro| | | reeded | o | a] oreW|a| r| | d or cou| d oecore l | e| o| e. T|| e| ao| | |ed | |e ro| | or ol orar| z| r
| |e ou| | d| r cor| er| | r| o a er| e ol epara| ed p| a| l orr ol prorar, crea| | r a cer| ra| core | |a| Wou| d rur | |rou| | |e
W|o| e ou| | d| r.
T|e | dea ol l | e| o| | | | ] oecore eer| | a| | o ruc| ol | |e de| r W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r ard |oW l | e| o| | | | ] W| | | prorar ard reW
| ec|ro| o| e W| | || r, cou| d produce reW re| a| | or|| p ard | r| erac| | or oe| Weer occupar| . T|e d| arar cor| a| r pec| l | c
| ud| e | |a| | oo| | r| o | |e ro| | or ol ur| l orr l | e| o| | | | ] veru corpar| rer| a| | zed l | e| o| | | | ] l or prorar. Ar | r| ere| | r e| e
rer| | |a| | |e] crea| ed Wa 'corpar| rer| a| | zed urcer| a| r| ] a a Wa] | o | || r| aoou| l | e| o| | | | ] W| | || r | |e | | orar] c|ere.
T|| Wou| d produce a Wa] | o e|| o| | 'l | e| o| e cor| ro| W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r | |a| Wou| d | r | urr crea| ed rar] | ]pe ol | r| erac
| | or oe| Weer uer. . T|e prorar a| o cor| a| red || erarc|| ca| orar| za| | or | r a ver| | ca| | r| ead ol |or| zor| a| rarrer, | |a|
a| o oecore ev| der| W| | || r | |e de| r.
T|rou| | |e de| r ol l or 5 ' | ao| e' roup| r ol prorar ard 4 ' | r| ao| e' roup| r ol prorar, 0VA addreed | ||
| |rou| | |e ro| | or ol | |e | roe| Weer a ore Wou| d pa ver| | ca| | ] up ar doWr oe| Weer prorar. T|e | roe| Weer pace
W| | || r | |e c|ere, oecare | rpor| ar| area | |a| Wou| d proro| e | r| erac| | or ard | |e | | ru| a| | or ol |roW| ede ard | rl or
ra| | or a| |er| r oe| Weer occupar| . 0re ol | |e re| |odo| o| e | |a| Wa ued | r | || r|| r aoou| re| a| | or|| p ol | |e | r
oe| Weer Wa | |e ro| | or ol r| | r oe| Weer occupar| l or | |a| Were | r | dea| | ] | |ere l or | |e corurp| | or ol | rl orra| | or oo| |
|ard ra| er| a| ard d| | | a| .
l | | | rpor| ar| | o addre | |e ro| e ol | ec|ro| o] W| | || r | |e ou| | d| r a | | | predor| ra| e| ] | || re| a| | or|| p | |a| We are | | | |
| r]| r | o rap | r currer| oc| e| ] | oda]. A 0VA | a| e | |e de| r ol | |e l| orar] Wa | o ac| | e a | |e c| a| ca| ver| or ol
a | | orar] ard rore a W|a| | |e] ca| | ar '| rl orra| | or | ore. T|e ro| e ol | ec|ro| o] or | |e d| | | a| ]| er | |a| are eroedded
W| | || r ard | |e | ]pe ol re| a| | or|| p | |e] produce a We | r|ao| | | |e pace. T|| | oe| decr| oed reard| r | | ro| e a '
!|e 1e| | | |)|j ese:| )| | j | ) :je| :| | j sv:| )s Se)| | | e vs| | |)s| | | | se| | | | ) | | |)| | s| |e|vse )|es
s| |e| j |:|es| |)| | | |e :e\| s| e:e | )| | )|)| | )| e | e:|| | es
1
T|e r| | r ol d| | | a| ]| er ard | ec|ro| o] | oe| corc| eved | r | |e area de| ra| ed a | |e 'V| | r C|aroer | |a| a| o
oecore a cer| ra| e| erer| W| | || r | |e de| r. T|| area oecore | |e cer| ra| pace | |a| r| e | |e d| | | a| , |urar, ard
| rad| | | ora| a| | | r ore pace.
2
T|| | W|ere cour| | e | ]pe ol | r| erac| | or ard | r| erl ac| r oe| r | o | a|e p| ace. l | | | r| ere|
| r | |e re| a| | or|| p ol uc| pace a | | r| || re| a| e | o | |e Wr| | | r ol 8errard Tc|ur| , W|o addreed ro| | or ol crea| | r
1 S|er| 0| or, 'Sea| | | e Cer| ra| l| orar], Sea| | | e, Arc|| | ec| ura| Record (Ju| ] 2004}, p. 89.
2 Vurp|], Ar]. |||p://p|ace.de|rooerver.cor/lea|ure/ea|||ecer|ra|||orar]c|v|carc|||ec|ure|r||eaeolred|a/813/
pace | |a| r| ed prorar a| | | r| o ore pace, uc| a '|]d| v| r | r | |e e| eva| or, oa|e| oa| | | r | |e c|urc|, ard rar]
o| |er r| | r ol prorar ard pace.
Aro| |er | r| ere| | r re| |od | |a| Wa ued W| | || r | |e de| r Wa |oW | |e] addreed | |e ro| | or ol | |e l orr ol | |e ou| | d| r
| o redel | re | |e | ]p| ca| l | oor or | op ol l | oor | | orar] c|ere. T|e c|ere | |a| | |e] produced | ru| | areou| ] ard e| ear| | ]
addree oo| | | r| de prorarra| | c cord| | | or, reard| r orar| za| | or, c| rcu| a| | or ard ur| | || . A We| | a addre| r | |e
ou| | de a | | re| a| e | o ou| | d| r adj acerc| e, pede| r| ar l oo| | ral l | c, ard | |e overa| | | cor| c | |a| | |e ou| | d| r crea| e. A|
| |ou| | |e re| |od | rp| erer| ed | ol | er arued, 'a a | rp| e || l | | r ol prorar p| a| l orr | |e reu| | prove | o produce a
deep| ] eroedded re| a| | or|| p | |rou|ou| | |e de| r.
.
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Methodologies [1]
[ Critique ]
lr ear|r|r ||e re||od ard procee ued |r ||e de|r|r ol ||e Sea|||e Cer|ra| l|orar], ||ere are a leW |r par||cu|ar, ||a| W||c| prov|de po|er
||a| pa|| lor ep|ora||or |r|o proce, reard|r uc| |op|c.
3URJUDP
Prorar ep|ora||or cou|d po|er||a||] oerel|| lror oe|r |oo|ed a|, ro| ju| a e|erer| W||||r a ou||d|r, ou| ra||er cor|dered a e|erer| ||a| oe|
lac||||a|e, |r ||| cae, educa||or, |earr|r, ard ||e 'corurp||or ol |roW|ede. lr ||e de|r, 0VA cor|dered ||e de|re ol eac| prorar ard
|oW ||e] cou|d oe| p|aced. l| r||| oe eer||a| |o cor|der ||e Wa] |r W||c| ||e p|a|lorr ol ||e d|||a| rea|r are opera||r ard ||e Wa] |r W||c|
|rlorra||or | rav|a|ed ard rece|ved, a We|| a |oW ||e de|r ol e|erer| W||||r ||e d|||a| rea|r lac||||a|e |r|erac||or ard ec|are ol |roW|
ede. A cr|||ca| urder|ard|r ol ||ee e|erer| cou|d po|er||a||] a||oW lor ar urder|ard|r ol ||e po|||ve e|erer| a We|| a ||e rea||ve ore
||a| produce ||e po|er||a| ap W|ere rod|l|ca||or ard c|are cou|d occur.

ll We |a|e lor earp|e, ||e |ruc|ure ol ||e oc|a| red|a Weo||e, You|uoe, We car oe|r |o ara|]ze ard produce po|o|e re||od lor lac||||a||r
our de|re |o oo|a|r |rlorra||or qu|c||], ell|c|er||], ard oo|| |r ar |rd|v|dua||zed a We|| a co||ec||ve Wa]. l| | oe|r a|d ||a| ]ou car |earr ju|
aoou| ar]|||r or You|uoe, eer||a||] rerder|r ||e |dea ol a p|]|ca| c|aroor rore||er|. So ra]oe We car oe|r |o |rar|a|e |dea W||||r
||| ]|er, oo|| re|ap|or|ca||] ard p|]|ca||] |r|o ||e Wa] |r W||c| We de|r pace lor ||e d|er|ra||or ol |roW|ede. Crea||r a l|e|o|e, oper
lrareWor| |r||ar |o ||e ore currer||] or||re, |rar|a|ed |r|o ||e p|]|ca| pace lor |earr|r. 0ue||or|r ||e ro|e ||| Weo||e ard o||er r|||
a|o oecore oerel|c|a| |o ore' urder|ard|r or ||e reed ol a prorar lor educa||or ard |earr|r.
l| r||| a|o oe |rpor|ar| |o oe|r |o |der||l] re|a||or||p |r prorar ard orar|za||or ||rou| ||e ue ol uerleedoac| re|Wor|, |o de|err|re
|rpor|ar| e|erer| ||a| are eer||a| |r de|r|r lor puo||c ue. l |||r| W|a| | o era|r aoou| ore oc|a| red|a ard |rlorra||or re|Wor| |
||e ao||||] lor ore |o uor|| leedoac| |r|o ||e ]|er, eer||a||] |v|r ||e uer ||e ao||||] |o erae |r ||e |arer d|cu|or.
lr |oo||r a| ||e ro||or ol prorar ard |oW || l|| |r|o ||e ue W||||r or ou||de ol ||e corl|re ol a ou||d|r, l |||r| ||a| |r|erer||] ore ol ||e ro|
|rpor|ar| |||r |o cor|der | ||e cor|e| ard |]pe ol uer ||a| || ||ua|e ||e|l aror|. w||||r ||e Sea|||e ||orar] || Wou|d oe appropr|a|e |o
|oca|e advarced |ec|ro|o|ca| ]|er W||||r, cor|der|r || | a advarced cor|erporar] re|ropo|||ar area W||| lor ||e ro| par| |ec|ave] peop|e,
W|o Wou|d po|er||a||] oe v||||r ard ao|e |o rav|a|e uc| |erra|r. w||| ||| |r r|rd, |oW r||| ||e prorar oe|r |o adap| |o ||e reed ol a |e
deve|oped corrur||] |r a rore rura| area W||| |ec|ro|o] oe|r |e ol a lac|or. l| r||| oe |rpor|ar| |o crea|e pace ||a| are ro| er||re|] |rl|u
erced |r d|||a| red|a ard |ec|ro|o] ou| are a coro|ra||or ol oo|| d|||a| ard p|]|ca|. l |||r| |ud]|r |oW peop|e |earr |o ue reW |ec|ro|o|e
cou|d a|o oe oerel|c|a| |o |e|p |r crea||r ||e pace lor W||c| peop|e Wou|d carr] ou| d|llerer| |]pe ol |earr|r.
loW do d|llerer| prorar |]po|o|e erae ar |rlorra||or cu||ure ard a deve|op|r oc|e|]?
Sore ol ||e |ec|ro|o|e ||a| cou|d oe |rp|erer|ed |o ore deree ard ||a| Wou|d prove |o oe oerel|c|a| |r del|r|r ||| lrareWor| |r ||e cor|e|
ol a rura| area cou|d oe ||e lo||oW|r.
1. Ve||od ol v|ua||z|r ard |rp|erer||r aWarere ol |ec|ro|o|ca| ]|er |o a pec|l|c deve|op|r oc|e|], ||rou| ||e ue ol oc|a| red|a
rapp|r ard re|Wor|.
2. Ce|r|r ar |r|erac||ve or repor|ve arc|||ec|ure |o erae W||| ard educa|e ||e corrur||] ard a|o prov|de leedoac|.
3. S|ud]|r reW re||od ard Wa] |o educa|e ||rou| roo||e l|e|o|e p|a|lorr, |r par||cu|ar |oo||r a| ||e ue ol ]ou|uoe or ar] o||er |]pe ol
uererera|ed v|deo cor|er| a a ve||c|e |o |eac| ard educa|e deve|op|r oc|e||e.
T|ee leW |dea cou|d or|r lor|| ore |r|ere||r |ac||c |o |e|p ore or|de ||e ap oe|Weer our re|Wor|ed cu||ure ard ||e crea||or ol arc|||ec|ura|
pace.

J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Methodologies [2]
[ Summary ]
In the expl orati on of di fferent methodol ogi es for desi gn, I am speci fi cal l y goi ng to focus i n thi s secti on
on smal l er scal e operati ons and pl atforms for educati ng the general publ i c, and that have the abi l i ty to
have an effect on devel opi ng communi ti es as wel l as i n urban areas.
An recent desi gn at MIT enti tl ed The UNI proj ect, i s a portabl e urban readi ng room for use as a publ i c
space. The goal of the UNI proj ect i s to share books, showcase the act of l earni ng, and i mprove the
publ i c sphere.
1
It defi nes a more mobi l e pl atform for educati on that i s forcused on bri ngi ng back the
use of books to faci l i tate the educati ng of the publ i c sector. Al though thi s type of i nfrastructure can be
read on a much smal l er scal e, pl aci ng i tsel f at street l evel and i nteracti ng wi th those passi ng by, i t be-
comes a new way to begi n to bri ng out educati on from i ts typi cal confi nes of the cl assroom or l i brary.
The proj ect i s bei ng done by a group of students at MIT and i s bei ng funded through grants and other
types of publ i c donati ons. The desi gn i tsel f i s rather si mpl e and at the same ti me al l ows for a great l evel
of adaptabi l i ty for use i n any type of urban space. The desi gn consi sts of 144 cubes that can be stacked
and l ocked together al l owi ng for many di fferent confi gurati ons as wel l as hei ghts to be generated.
Together the cubes when stacked, create the urban i nfrastructure for the hol di ng of books and other
types of l earni ng materi al . Each of the cubes i s desi gned to hol d 10-15 books and contai ns a protrudi ng
cover pi ece, that when removed can doubl e as a seati ng el ement that can be l i nked together to create a
bench for mul ti pl e occupants.
The i dea behi nd the content wi thi n each of the cubes was to al l ow for di fferent types of subj ects for
readi ng, that can be organi zed by any i ndi vi dual s choi ce of materi al . The desi gners have al so con-
nected wi th l ocal l i brari ans who have vol unteered to hel p run and coordi nate each of these mi ni i nfra-
structures. The Uni i s a new type of smal l -scal e, portabl e i nsti tuti on that puts books and l earni ng expe-
ri ences such as readi ngs, cl asses, and screeni ngs where we don! t regul arl y see them i n the ci ty. What
becomes i mportant wi th the desi gn of such i s i ts abi l i ty to be pl aces i n di fferent areas, such as the park,
pl aza, street corner etc. that wi l l create communi ty use and publ i c engagement.
The i dea of the desi gn al so promotes the use of physi cal books wi thi n i ts context, where because of
the di gi tal technol ogi es i n current soci ety today, books are becomi ng l ess and l ess rel evant amongst a
parti cul ar di scourse, and the goal of thi s proj ect was to begi n to reverse thi s rol e, and bri ng back the
book.
At the street l evel the proj ect engages and i nteracts on many di fferent users at varyi ng hei ghts. The
portabi l i ty and l i ghtwei ght structure i s cruci al to the desi gn and i ts abi l i ty to be pl aced qui ckl y i nto any
type of scenari o. It hopes to be a desi gn that anti ci pates the future as technol ogy i s constantl y creati ng
rapi d changes to soci ety and ci ti es thi s i n turn becomi ng more i nhabi ted each day.
Thi s desi gn of a smal l scal e structure can potenti al l y serve as an educati onal node that attracts and that
can i nstantl y have i nteracti on and engagement wi th the passer by. Thi s proj ect was i ni ti al l y i nfl uenced
by the proj ect Store Front Li brary, a whi l e back, by the same group. But thi s new desi gn al l owed them
to bri ng the concept to more communi ti es and adapt to more publ i c scenari os. And defi ne a more soci al
and mobi l e way to bri ng knowl edge to the publ i c.
1 http://www.theuni proj ect.org/. August 10,2011
J o h n We s t e l l
Reearc| Paper 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
Methodologies [2]
[ Critique ]
The design of mobile infrastructures, for education and learning has become of interest in much of society today, as mobil-
ity and the way in which we gain knowledge and information is being sped up exponentially
Ideally the UNI project operates on multiple levels and employs a certain number of methodologies for the creation of an
device that operates and engages within the public realm.
Method of Design
The design of the square shape allows for a simplistic form that creates multiple confgurations. The design is originally
based of an 8! cube in which the boxes are assembled creating a hollow center. The size of the boxes was designed
around a the width of a hand dolly so that they can quickly be moved in sets and assembled. The boxes were also further
design to have covers to protect the books from weather and other environment elements. The covers have multiple uses
that when removed from the box, can be used for a seat, bench, table, podium, or display surface. The covers are fabri-
cated out of a cast plastic, that is highly durable.
I think it is interesting to recognize the role that the design facilitates between users and the use or interaction with real
books and not just digital content. Simply put, it looks to use a more classical approach that facilitates user engagement,
conversation, and community learning, as well as bring revive the idea of physical reading, an important aspect I feel
should not be lost. I think it is important to recognize how the use of such infrastructures in developing communities, can
be deployed and have the potential engage multiple types of developing communities.
Another important design method that was implemented was the ability for it change shape to accommodate different
spatial scenarios, keeping a fexible yet rigid design overall. How can fexibility be studied within the design of such struc-
tures? I think I would be also important to consider how one might begin to implement both physical methods of learning
alongside digital. The design promotes this through its ability to create a venue for watching flms as well as an area to
accommodate seating. This thus, begins to engage digital technologies with architectural space. Thinking simply about
placing an area or surface, where flms can be displayed.
Funding
Another interesting aspect of the design is how funding for the project was achieved. The project was funded in full,
purely through a donation page on KICKSTARTER and grants within the community. I think it is crucial to consider realis-
tic ways such as this that small scale projects such as this can be funded and not cost a ridiculous amount. If the design
facilitates an inexpensive cost it is much more like to be deployed on a global scale into diverse cultures of developing
nations.
Construction
I also think in terms of methodologies the input and contributions received from the community, infuenced and shaped
the design of the building and allowed it to ft more realistic user needs. I think it is important in any context to engage in
conversation with, potential users to gain an understanding of how the design can best infuence and be shaped to ft the
needs of a community.
J o h n We s t e l l
T|e| wor| 20112012
|ea| Sc|War|z
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[ Books ]
Borden, Ian. The Unknown Ci ty: Contesti ng Archi tecture and Publ i c Space. Massachusetts: MIT
Press, 2000.
Castells, Manuel. The Ri se of the Network Soci ety: The Informati on age, Economy, Soci ety,
Cul ture. MA: Bl ackwel l . 1996.
Castells, Manuel. The Network Soci ety: A Cross-cul tural Perspecti ve.1991
Castells, Manuel. The Informati onal Ci ty. Oxford/Cambri dge.1989.
Cook, Peter. Archi gram. New York. Pri nceton Archi tectural Press. 1999

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Li fe of Great Ameri can Ci ti es. 2004.
Kwinter, Sanford. Far From Equi l i bri um: Essays on Technol ogy and Desi gn Cul ture. Actar Publ i shers,
2008.
Mitchell, William. E-topi a. Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2000.
Mitchell. William. Ci ty of Bi ts: Space, Pl ace, and the Infobahn. London: MIT Press. 1997
Papacharissi, Zizi. Networked Sel f: Identi ty, Communi ty, and Cul ture on Soci al Network Si tes.pp. 39-58.
Sakamoto, Tomoko. Verb: Connecti on. 2003
Varnelis, Kazys. Networked Publ i cs. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2008.
[ Articles/ Essays ]
Blum, Andrew. Here But Not Here Metropol oi s Magazi ne. 2011. http://www.metropol i smag.com/sto
ry/20110414/here-but-not-here
Boyd. Danah. Soci al Network Si tes as Networked Publ i cs: Affordances,
Dynami cs, and Impl i cati ons. 2010
Deluze, Giles. Postsci pt i n the Soci eti es of Control . Vol . 59. MIT Press. 1992. pgs. 3-7
Galloway, Alexander. Protocol , Control , and Networks. Grey Room No. 17. MIT Press. 2004.
Geelhaar Jens, Eckardt Frank, Rudolf Bernd. Medi a Ci ty: Interacti on of Archi tecture, Medi a and Soci al
Phenomena. Bauhaus-Uni versi tt Wei mar, 2010.
Jameson, Frederic. Postmoderni sm, or the Cul tural Logi c of Late Capi tal i sm. 1991.
Nold, Christian. The Internet of Peopl e for a Post Oi l Worl d. Si tuated Technol ogi es Pamphl et. The Ar
chi tecture League of New York. 2010.
Papacharissi, Zizi. Networked Sel f: Identi ty, Communi ty, and Cul ture on Soci al Network Si tes.pp. 39-58.
Selwyn, Neil. A Ci rcus of Ideas: Revi si ti ng Archi grams Vi si on for Educati on and Archi tecture i n the Inf
ormati on Age. London Knowl edge Lab, UK. 2008
Thompson, Clive. Brave New Worl d of Di gi tal Inti macy. http://www.nyti mes.com/2008/09/07/
magazi ne/07awareness-t.html ?pagewanted=1. 2008
Wigley, Mark. Network Fever. Grey Room, No. 4. MIT Press, 2001. pgs. 82-122.
SOCIAL MEDIA SOFT[WARES]
The tools of the information age
[SOCIAL NETWORKING] [SOCIAL BOOKMARKING]
[SOCIAL RECOMMENDATION] [SOCIAL CONTENT]
Myspace, Facebook, Twitter, Linkdin and others focus on
connecting you to others. Linking friends, employers, people
with similar interests, giving you the opportunity to constantly
connect with others and socialize with one another .
del.ic.ious, furl, ma.gnolia, allow you to organize your favorite
sites, tag them for key words, and keep them all in one place.
What makes this social is the ability to share this with others.
Flickr, Youtube, Wikis, to name a few. These sites are where
users store and mange content, from photos, to videos,
information and basically any other type of content.
.DIG, Netscape, Stumble Upon, combine social networking wtih
bookmarking to create user recommend sites. People can
vote on what is posted. There is an evolving niche for other
websites that cater to specific needs
sports
art
music
news
www.espn.com
www.vimeo.com
www.music.com
www.cnn.com
www.espn.com
www.vimeo.com
www.music.com
www.cnn.com
CONSTANT ACTIVTY
AND SHARING, PRO-
MOTES WELL BEING
AND KNOWLEDGE.
profiles as social attractors
modern day firepits
SOCIAL MEDIA [FACEBOOK]
The tools of the Information Age
[PROFILE] The well manicured garden
[SOCIAL PLUGINS] X-ray googles
Social plugins let you see what your friends have liked,
commented on or shared on sites across the web.
WHAT IF FACEBOOK WAS A SPACE?--- FACE_SPACE
Understanding Facebook
global population
individualized profiles
social plugins
INTERNET CONTENT
[WALL] The open chalkboard
Profiles as social attractors,
the personal ICONIC Architecture
SOCIAL MEDIA [FACEBOOK]
The tools of the Information Age
Icons for the facilitation of interaction, participation, and
education in public space.
DIGITAL CONTENT
ADVERTISING
ART
MUSIC /VIDEOS
NEWS
FOOD
FASHION
SPORTS
BOOKS
TRAVEL
QR (Quick Response) CODES
Is a matrixed bar code designed to be
read by smartphones. The code con-
sists of black modules arranges in a
square pattern on a white background.
The encoded information may be text, a
URL or other data. The QR code was
designed to allow the contents to be
decoded at high speed.
QR Codes as a way to engage
architectural space and create
social conversation.
URLs
ARCHITECTURE OF THE FOLLOWER
Reversing the Panoptic model
SOCIAL MEDIA [ ]
The tools of the Information Age
USER
shopping mall
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Open plaza
Open Informal
market
Current technology and digital information sys-
tems are conditioning their users into a society of
followers. Where in some sense the more you
follow, and the quicker you can follow, the more
knowledge you can obtain, thus elevating your
social status amongst society.
PUBLIC SPACES FOR OBSERVATION OF
OTHERS
Increased interaction and
participation
shopping mall
R
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Open plaza
Open Informal
market
REAL VIRTUAL
SOCIAL MEDIA [ ]
The tools of the Information Age
[Mediated Publics]
Time of Existence
Speech becomes translated
to text which is recorded online,
in which the internet extends its
existence within the virtual realm=.
Searchability
Search and discover tools help
to find basically anything in common
society. They link the world knowledge
into one space. Since text is quickly
recorded it becomes easier
to search and find in modern
soceity.
Replicability
One thing can be coppied from
another, and it becomes dificult to
determine what is the original and
the copy.
Invisible Audience
In virtual public space, audiences
cannot be totally accounted for. What
becomes problematic is that the audience
may might be in a different time and place.
Charactoristics of the Virtual
[1] [2]
[3] [3]
SOCIAL MEDIA [INTERNET CAFE ]
The tools of the Information Age
[Case study and analysis of Internet Cafe]
Internet cafe
The internet cafe is a quickly becoming the new
spatial interface, that combines technology systems
with the interaction and use of public space.
Internet cafe floor plan
EMBEDDED TECHNO-PUBLIC SPACE
OPEN TECHNO-PUBLIC SPACE
MERCHANT/SALES
TELEVISIONS WITHIN
The cafe itself contains two large screen televisions
located near the front of the entrance. One television
is placed so those waiting in line to order can watch. The
second television is located so that those within the space
can watch and view the t.v.
Internet cafe floor plan
[Mapping movement in the Internet Cafe]
[1]
[2]
[3]
SOCIAL MEDIA [INTERNET CAFE ]
The tools of the Information Age
A
R
R
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V
A
L
3
0

M
I
N
1

H
O
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R
1
.
5

H
O
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R
2

H
O
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R
2
.
5

H
O
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R
0

H
O
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R
3
0

m
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1

H
O
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R
1
.
5

H
O
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R
2

H
O
U
R
2
.
5

H
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R
3

H
O
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R
12
10
8
6
4
2
[1a]
[2a]
[3a]
[gender]
female
male
# of people
in the space
[Mapping movement in the Internet Cafe] SOCIAL MEDIA [INTERNET CAFE ]
The tools of the Information Age
[5]
[6] [4]
[4a]
[5a] [6a]
[6a]
[7a]
[User Engagement]
[DIGITAL MATERIAL] [PHYSICAL MATERIAL] [CONVERSATION WITH ANOTHER]
time (min) 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time (min) 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time (min) 0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5
10
8
6
4
2
0