Instrumentation Measurement (input control system) And Control (output control system) Collection of instruments for: observation, recording,

monitoring..

Loop is a connection of two or more instruments. Open Loop (Recording, logging, monitoring, and displaying) Closed Loop (Controlling and manipulating) Input : can be digital (Di) or Analog (Ai) Output: can be digital (Do) or Analog (Ao) Examples of Analog signals: Milliamps Millivolts Ohms 1,2,3 volts Note: Analog can be determined by the question How Much? ex. How much is the voltage used? Digital Signals: can be 1 or 0, On or Off Types of Signals: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ai Analog input Ao Analog output Di Digital input Do Digital output Serial can be input or output (1 byte = 8 bits) Digital 0000 0001 0011 0100

Example of Serial: 4 Bits Analog 0 1 3 4

5 Controllers:

0101

1. Single Loop/multi loop panel controller 2. DCS Distributed Control System (Usually used in Process industries)) 3. PLC Programmable Logic Controller. Used in factory automation, sequencing, interlocking, safety system (for oils and gas industries), mechatronics. Note: Coaxial cable can be used for only 1,500 meters. If long enough you should use fiber optic cables. TERMS FOR TODAY: SP Set point SV Set Value PV Process variable or Process Value CO Control output MV Manipulated value I2P Current to Pneumatic converter PSE Primary Sensing Element PID Proportional Integral Device Transducer converts one physical variable to the other physical variable. Its also a raw signal. Instrumentation Signal Standards: 1. Electric Signal (4-20 mA, Standard) 2. Pneumatic (3-15 Psi, Standard) 3. Digital Signal Foundation Field Bus Question: Why current is use in signaling? Answer: Current will not change in magnitude. Note: The 4 mA is called Live Zero which is a diagnostic feature.