c tnh k thut du DO

Nhin liu diesel (Diesel oil - DO)

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Khi chng ct s cp du th ta thu c phn on si gia 200 C v 320 C. Phn on ny c gi l gas oil hay du diesel. Du gas oil thu c t cc sn phm cracking nhit v cracking xc tc rt khc vi gas oil thu c t chng ct trc tip du th do thnh phn ca chng b bin i. Hm lng parafin b gim i do s hnh thnh cc hirocacbon khng bo ho v hirocacbon thm, cht lng n v ch s cetan ca du b gim i. Tn gi du gas oil c ngun gc t vic dng du ny sn xut kh thp sng bng cracking v mc du ngy nay ngi ta khng cn dng na nhng tn phn on ny vn c gi nguyn v nhng lng ln du vn c dng sn xut kh t. V mc ch ny, du gas oil phi c c trng parafin khi cracking nhit ngi ta thu c hiu sut cao kh c nhit tr ln. Bi vy, du gas oil phi l distillate ct trc tip t du m parafin. Nhin liu diesel (Diesel fuel) c cng mt khong nhit chng ct (200 320 C) nh du gas oil v d nhin chng l cng mt nhin liu nhng c s dng cho ng c nn - n (c gi l ng c diesel) v th chng c gi l nhin liu diesel. Cc ng c diesel c rt nhiu dng v tc , s dng mt khong rt rng cc nhin liu t cc distillat ca du th n cc phn on chng ct du than v cc du thc vt. Du gas oil V l mt sn phm thu c t chng ct nn du gas oil thay i v thnh phn tu theo bn cht ca du th nhng mt s tnh cht c trng phi c tho mn l im chp chy, khong o nhit chng ct (t 200 320 C). Bng di y minh ho mt s tnh cht ca du gas oil khc nhau ty theo khi lng ring ca chng. Bng 24. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc du gas oil T trng (15,5 / 15,5C) im chp chy, C nht Redwood 37,7C Nhit khong si thp nht, C % chng ct ti 300C Ch s cetan Cn carbon Conradson (% trng lng) im ng c, C 0,84 200 35 220 65 62 0,02 4 0,88 186 33 200 34 34 0,07 9 0,86 186 37 210 47 47 0,02 12
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Cng dng chnh ca du gas oil l dng sn xut kh t v tch benzen t kh than (coal gas), nhng du gas oil c th c dng lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel tu thuc vo ch s cetane ca n. Nu ch s cetane cao th n rt thch hp cho cc ng c diesel c nh v tc cao. Nu nht ca du gas oil cao th khng thch hp cho cc ng c diesel chy ng bin, trong cng nghip c tc thp v vic bm nhin liu kh khn. Nhin liu diesel v ng c diesel Nguyn l c bn ca ng c diesel l da trn nhit nn lm bc chy nhin liu. Nhin liu c 2 tim vo bung nn m khng kh c nn ti 1 p lc t 41,5 - 45,5 kg/cm v t ti nhit o t nht l 500 C. Nhit ny lm bc chy nhin liu v kh dn n lm tng p lc ln ti 2 trn 70 kg/cm . p lc ny tc ng ln piston v lm ng c chuyn ng. Trong chu trnh lm vic ca ng c diesel, nhin liu t bc chy trong iu kin nhit v p sut ti hn, khng cn mi la t bugi. V th tnh cht quan trng ca nhin liu diesel l cht lng chy ca n. u tin, nhin liu phi c kh nng d dng chy nhit nn thp m bo s chy, thm ch khi xut pht iu kin nhit thp. Th hai, thi gian gia khi tim nhin liu vo xilanh v chy phi khng c qu di hay qu nhiu du trong xilanh khi s chy xy ra v nh th p sut cao khng cn bng s sinh ra v ng c hot ng khng tt. Khi cht lng chy c th trong mt ng c diesel chun th kt qu c biu th bng ch s cetane. Mt s php th cn thit cho nhin liu diesel nh: php th tinh khit ( sch), hm lng tro, cht sa lng, hm lng nc v hm lng asphalt. Hm lng tro thp l rt quan trng trong vic lm gim s hao mn ng c. Trong du chng ct hm lng tro khng c qu 0,01%. Hm lng cht sa lng v nc phi khng c trong du, nhng thc t hm lng nc ch cn khng vt qu 0,25%. Cc asphalt l nhng cht c thnh phn rt phc tp. Chng c trng lng phn t ln v c khuynh hng b chy khng hon ton, gy nn cn cacbon bm vo ng c. C hai kiu asphalt chnh. Mt kiu c gi l asphalt cng, n khng tan trong ete du ho. Mt kiu khc c gi l asphalt mm, n c kt ta t mt dung dch trong ete ca du khi thm alcohol vo dung dch . Asphalt mm gn nh khng gy nn s kh chu nh asphalt rn. Cc ng c diesel c th chy rt tt khi trong du c cha hm lng cao asphalt mm. Cc ng c diesel tc rt thp c th dng du c cha t 4 8% asphalt rn, nhng cc ng c tc cao th hm lng asphalt rn phi nh hn. Vi th tch bung t gii hn, thi gian cn thit cho s chy l ngn th du c cha hm lng asphalt rn > 0,1% l khng m bo. Ni chung, cc du chng ct cn phi khng cha cc vt asphalt mi dng tt cho cc ng c diesel. Cc ch tiu phn tch thng thng ca GAS OIL/ DIESEL OIL Density @ 15 C 1 Density @ 15 C 2 Viscosity @ 40 C
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ASTM D1298 99(2005) ASTM D4052 96(2002)e1 ASTM D445 09

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Ash content Total Sulfur content Pour point Flash point by PMCC Water by distillation Water content by Coulometric KFC Gross heating value Net heating value Conradson Carbon Residue Carbon Residue at 10% residue Distillation (full range) Cetane index

ASTM D482 07 ASTM D4294 08a ASTM D97 09 ASTM D93 08 ASTM D95 05e1 ASTM D6304 07

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ISO 8217 05(E) ISO 8217 05(E) ASTM D189 06e2 ASTM D189 06e2 ASTM D86 09e1 ASTM D976-06 ASTM D4737-04 ASTM D2500-09 ASTM D1500 07 EN12662-2008 BS EN12662-2008 AAS/ICP ASTM D4807-05e1

14 Cetane index 15 16 Cloud point ASTM color Total Sediment content 17 (Total contamination content) 18 Metals Total Sediment by Membrane filtration Water and sediment content Appearance

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ASTM D2709-96(2006) ASTM D4176-04e1