Movement across the Cell Membrane

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Typs of transport across membrane

Passive transport- no use of energy.
Simple diffusion
diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids high low concentration gradient

Facilitated transport
diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel
high low concentration gradient

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 Active transport- use energy

diffusion against concentration gradient
low high

uses a protein pump requires ATP

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Diffusion

Diffusion

movement from high low concentration

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Diffusion
Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
passive transport no energy needed

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diffusion

Diffusion across cell membrane

Cell membrane is the boundary between inside & outside
separates cell from its environment

IN
food carbohydrates sugars, proteins amino acids lipids salts, O2, H2O
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OUT OUT IN
waste ammonia salts CO2 H2O products

cell needs materials in & products or waste out

 molecules can get through directly

fats & other lipids
inside cell NH3
lipid salt

Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer

molecules that can
NOT get through directly..

polar molecules
H 2O

ions
salts, ammonia

outside cell
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sugar aa

H 2O

large molecules
starches, proteins

Channels through cell membrane

Membrane becomes semi-permeable with protein channels
specific channels allow specific material across cell membrane
inside cell
H 2O

aa

sugar

NH3 AP Biology

salt

outside cell

Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through protein channels
channels move specific molecules across cell membrane facilitated = with help no energy needed
high

open channel = fast transport

low
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The Bouncer

Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose transporter
Continued transport achieved by phosphorylating glucose and maintaining the glucose gradient Glut 4 is the insulin-responsive glucose transporter

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Topic 11-1

11

The Special Case of Water Movement of water across the cell membrane

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osmosis
Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
passive transport no energy needed

movement of water

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osmosis

Osmosis is diffusion of water

Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water
across a semi-permeable membrane

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Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations
Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

water hypotonic hypertonic net movement of water

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Managing water balance

Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss

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freshwater

balanced

saltwater

Managing water balance

Isotonic
animal cell immersed in mild salt solution
example: blood cells in blood plasma problem: none no net movement of water
flows across membrane equally, in both directions

volume of cell is stable

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balanced

Managing water balance

Hypotonic
a cell in fresh water
example: Paramecium problem: gains water, swells & can burst
water continually enters Paramecium cell

ATP

solution: contractile vacuole

pumps water out of cell
ATP

plant cells
turgid
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freshwater

Managing water balance

Hypertonic
a cell in salt water
example: shellfish problem: lose water & die solution: take up water or pump out salt

plant cells
plasmolysis

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saltwater

Osmosis

.05 M

.03 M

Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow? in or out of cell AP Biology

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Active Transport
Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient
shape change transports solute from one side of membrane to other protein pump conformational change costs energy = ATP low

ATP

high
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The Doorman

Active transport
Many models & mechanisms
ATP ATP

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antiport

symport

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Na-K Pump As an Active transport

Enzyme driven Na+/K+ATP-ase termed sodium-potassium pump Drives the transport of ions in one direction For each ATP hydrolysed
Three Na+ pumped out Two K+ pumped in

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sodium-potassium pump
Conformational changes in the protein change its affinity for the ions
Achieved by phosphorylation of the protein

Consider its importance!!!!

Consumes approx 1/3 of the energy of most animal cells (2/3 the energy of nerve cells
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concentration of Na-K Ions

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Step 1- attachmant of 3-Na ion to

protein

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STEP-2- Addition Of ATP To Protein

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One phosphate bond in the ATP molecule breaks, releasing its energy to the pump protein. The pump protein changes shape, releasing the sodium ions to the outside. The two potassium binding sites are also exposed to the outside, allowing two potassium ions to enter the pump

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When the phosphate group detaches from the pump, the pump returns to its original shape. The two potassium ions leave and three sodium ions enter. The cycle then repeats itself. AP Biology

Transport summary
simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

active transport
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ATP

Moving large molecules into & out of cell

through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis
phagocytosis = cellular eating. Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed. pinocytosis = cellular drinking Pinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed.

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 Exocytosis- Exocytosis is the term applied when transport is out of the cell.

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Endocytosis
phagocytosis

fuse with lysosome for digestion

pinocytosis

non-specific process

receptor-mediated endocytosis
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triggered by molecular signal

exocytosis

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