VAN E 10

Tm m e he bat phng trnh vo

nghiem, co nghiem, co duy nhat
nghiem.
259

Van e 10

Tm m e he bat phng trnh vo

nghiem, co nghiem, co duy nhat
nghiem.
A. TOM TAT LY THUYET
I. He bat phng trnh :
He bat phng trnh la mot tap hp gom nhieu bat phng trnh.
Nghiem cua he bat phng trnh la tap hp cac gia tr cua an so
nghiem ung ong thi tat ca cac bat phng trnh cua he.
II. He bat phng trnh tng ng :
Hai he bat phng trnh (I) va (II) c goi la tng ng neu
moi nghiem cua he (I) eu la nghiem cua he (II) va ngc lai :
III. e giai mot he phng trnh :
Ta thc hien mot so cac phep bien oi tng ng e a t
mot he a cho ve mot he mi tng ng vi he a cho o. Khi thc
hien cac phep bien oi ta thng s dung cac tnh chat cua bat ang
thc.
VD :
Nhan hai ve cua bat ang thc cho cung mot so am ta c mot
bat ang thc mi tng ng vi bat ang thc a cho. Vi chieu
bat ang thc c thay oi ngc lai.
Li khuyen
e c bien oi tot trong qua trnh giai cac bat phng trnh cac em
phai xem lai tat ca cac tnh chat cua bat ang thc trc khi vao giai
bat phng trnh .
IV. Cac he bat phng trnh thng gap :
He bat phng trnh bac nhat.
He bat phng trnh bac hai.
260

He bat phng trnh hon hp. (co the cha can, logarit, mu, cac ham
so lng giac )
V. Tm m e he thoa mot yeu cau nao o .
Chang han cho he co dang sau :

A > B
C D

He (E) :

(1)
(2)

Goi S1 la tap nghiem cuabpt (1) va S2 la tap nghiem cua bpt (2).
He (E) co nghiem S1 S2
He vo nghiem S1 S2 =
He co duy nhat nghiem S1 S2 = {x 0 } vi x0 la 1 gia tr nao
o .
T o ta thng gap cac Cac bai toan co lien quan en
Tm m e he thoa :
1) Co nghiem
2) Vo nghiem ( tc la khong co nghiem chung)
3) Co nghiem tren R .
4) Co duy nhat nghiem.
5) Tap nghem nay la con tap nghiem kia
6) V.v

261

B. BAI TAP CO HNG DAN GIAI

Bai 1

4 x + 4 y 1

a./ Giai he bat phng trnh :

x + y 1

(Trung tam ao tao boi dng can bo y te , nam 1998)

Giai

4 x + 4 y 1

(1)

x + y -1

(2)

He

De thay la :

(4

4y

) 0 4 +4 2
2

4 x .4 y

Hay 4x + 4y 2 4 x+ y (*)
T (2) va (*) ta suy ra : 4x + 4y 2 4 1 = 1
Ket hp vi (1) ta c 4x + 4y = 1
Vay (*) xay ra dau bang , nen 4x = 4y

1
1
x=y=2
2
x 2 + 5 x + 4 < 0
b./ Giai he bat phng trnh : 3
x + 3 x 2 9 x 10 > 0
Do o 4x = 4y =

(ai hoc kinh te quoc dan Ha Noi , nam 1998 1999)

Giai

x 2 + 5 x + 4 < 0
(1)
Bat phng trnh 3
2
x + 3x 9 x 10 > 0
Ta co : (1) -4 < x < -1 x [-4 ; -1]
Xet ham so y = x3 + 3x2 9x 10 tren [-4 ; -1]
y = 3x2+ 6x 9 = 3(x2 + 2x 3)

x = 1 y = 15
x = 3 y = 17

y = 0

y(-4) = 10 ; y(-1) = 1
T bang bien thien cua y tren [-4 ; -1] ta thay
262

y = x3 + 3x2 - 9x 10 > 0 x [-4 ; -1]

Vay nghiem cua bat phng trnh la 4 < x < -1
Bai 2
Cho he bat phng trnh :

2 x 2 5x + 9
>1
(1)
2
x 6x + 8
x 2 2mx + m 2 1 < 0 (2)

nh m e (1) va (2) khong co nghiem chung

Hng dan :
(1) x < 2 hay x > 4
(2) co S = (m 1 ; m + 1)
(1) va (2) khong co nghiem chung khi S1 S2 la rong

m 1 2
m 3

m=3
m + 1 4
m 3

Bai 3

x 1
< 0 (1)

Cho he x 3
x 2 2 x m 2 + 1 0 (2)

a) Tm m e he co nghiem
b) Tm m e he co nghiem duy nhat
Phng phap :
Tm m e he co nghiem ta co the tm m e he vo nghiem .Sau o lay
phan bu cua ket qua nay.
Hng dan giai :
a) Ta co : tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh (1 ) la S1 = (1 ; 3)
Bpt (2) co the co tap nghiem la : S2 = (1 m ; 1 + m) (2a) hay
(1 + m ; 1 m ) (2b)
Van e cho chung ta cha biet c gia 1 m va 1 + m so nao ln
hn nen ta xet.
Hieu so : A = 1 m (1 + m) = -2m
m < 0 : S2 = [1 + m ; 1 m ]
He vo nghiem khi S1 S2 la rong
263

 1 m 1 hay 1 + m 3 m 0 hay m 2 m 2
ma m < 0 (ieu kien tren) do o m thuoc rong
m = 0 :S2 = {1}
De thay S1 S2 la rong nen m= 0 nhan.
m > 0 :S2 = [1 m ; 1 + m]
He vo nghiem khi 1 + m 1 hay 1 m 3
m 0 hay m -2 m 0 ma m > 0 (ieu kien tren) nen m thuoc
rong . Hp cac tap hp tren lai ta c m = 0 th he vo nghiem nen
m 0 th he co nghiem
b) e he co nghiem duy nhat , xem xet s tng giao cua 2 tap hp
trong cau a) cho ta m .(ban oc t kiem lai).
Bai 4

x 4 13x 2 + 36 0(1)
Cho he bat phng trnh : 2
x m 2 0(2)
nh m e he co nghiem duy nhat
Giai
2
at t = x (t 0)
(1) t2 13t + 36 0 4 t 9 4 x2 9

x 2 x 2
-3 x -2 hay 2 x 3
3 x 3

(2) x2 m2 0
Do a thc ve trai co 2 nghiem la m va m
m < 0 : S2 = (- ; m] [-m ; +)
He co nghiem duy nhat khi m = -3 hay m = 3 m = -3
m > 0 : S2 = (- ; m) (m ; +)
He co nghiem duy nhat khi m = -3 hay m = 3 m= 3
Vay: m = 3 m = -3 th he co nghiem duy nhat

264

Bai 5
Tm m e he sau vo nghiem :

x 2 1 < 0 (1)
2
m + 1 x < 2 (2)

Sau o tm m e he co nghiem.
Giai
(1) -1 < x < 1 (hay tap nghiem cua bat phng trnh la (1) la
S1 = (-1 ; 1)
(2) x <

2
2
hay S2 = (- ; 2
)
m +1
m +1
2

Da vao s tng giao cua 2 tap nghiem

He vo nghiem

2
-1 m2 + 3 0 m
m +1

He co nghiem

2
> 1 m2 + 3 > 0 m R
m +1

Bai 6
Tm m e he sau co nghiem :

x 2 2 x 3

(m + 1)x < 2

(1)
(2)

Hng dan :
(1) x2 2x 3 0

-1 x 3
Tap nghiem (1) : S1 = [-1 ; 3]
(2) (m + 1)x < -2

m = -1 : (2) 0 < -2 m S2 =
265

He vo nghiem nen ta nhan m = -1 (*)

m -1 :

* m > -1 : x <

2
2

: S2 = ;

m +1
m + 1

De he vo nghiem th

2
1 m 1
m +1

-1 < m 1 (2a)
* m < -1 : x >

2
2

;+
: S2 =
m +1
m +1

e he vo nghiem th
Ket luan : -

5
2
3 m
3
m +1

5
m < -1 (2b)
3

Cuoi cung : hp (2a) , (2b) va (*) ta c : -

5
m1
3

Bai 7
x 2 + 3x + 2 < 0(1)

nh m e he bpt sau vo nghiem :

2
2
x (m 1)x 2m + m 0(2)

Giai
(1) 2 < x < 1
(2). at f (x) = VT

Ta co : = m 2 2m + 1 + 8m 2 4m
= 9m 2 6m + 1 = (3m 1)2 0

m R

Do ch co 2Kha Nang la dng hoac bang 0.

Ta xet : (*) TH1 : = 0 m =
266

1
3

Bat phng trnh (2) co duy nhat nghiem x =

1
1
va (2; 1)
3
3

1
3

Vay he vo nghiem. Nen m = thoa YCB (a)

(*) TH2 : > 0 m

1
3

Ta co bang xet dau cua f(x) la :

e he vo nghiem th kha nang xay ra :
2 < 1 < x1 < x 2
1 < x1 < x 2 (*)
x < x < 2 < 1 x < x < 2 (*)
2
2
1
1
(*) 1 < x1 < x 2

2m(m 1) < 0 0 < m < 0

f (1) > 0
1 + m 1 2m 2 + m > 0

1
1
1
1

m
m
m
m
3
3
3
3

S
m 1+ 2
m + 1 > 0
m > 1
>0
2 > 1

2
1
0 < m < 1 \ (b)
3
(**) x1 < x 2 < 2

f (2) > 0
4 + 2(m 1) 2m 2 + m > 0

1
1

m
m
3
3

S
m 1
2 + 2 < 0
2 + 2 < 0
1
2m 2 + 3m + 2 > 0 2 < m < 2

1
1

m (c)
m
m
3
3

m 1 + 4 < 0
m < 3

267


1
m =
3

Hp (a) (b) (c) : m

0<m<1

0 < m < 1 \ 1

Bai 8
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he bat phng trnh sau ay co

nghiem :

5x 2 + 2xy y 2 3

2
m
2
2x + 2 xy + y
m 1

Giai

m
= n . Ta co he :
m 1

at

5x 2 + 2xy y 2 3
5x 2 2xy + y 2 3(1)

2
2x 2 + 2xy + y 2 n
2x + 2 xy + y 2 n (2)

Sau khi nhan 2 ve cua (2) vi 3 va cong tng ve vi (1); ta c :

(x+2y)2 -3 + 3n
ieu kien can e he co nghiem la : -3 + 3n 0 n 1
Th lai : vi n 1 ; e chng minh he aa cho co nghiem , cch can
chng minh he sau co nghiem :

5x 2 + 2 xy y 2 3
2
2 x + 2xy + y 2 1

Tng t cach lam tren ta i en (x+2y)2 0 x + 2y = 0

x = -2y . The vao he tren ta c :

268

15 y 2 3
2
5y 1

y2 =

He ro rang co nghiem :

1
;
5

Vay he a cho nghiem n 1

1
5

y=

1
5

2
1

;
.
5
5

m
1
1
0 m>1
m 1
m 1

Bai 9
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so a e he sau co nghiem (x ; y) thoa

man ieu kien :

x4 :

x + y = 3

x + 5 + y + 3 a
Giai

x + y = 3(1)

x + 5 + y + 3 a (2)

Ta co :
T (1)

y = 3 x

V y 0 3 x 0
Vi x 4
The

x 2 . Vay 2

x 3
x 3

y = 3 x vao (2) , ta c :

x + 5 + 12 6 x + x a
at t =

x , ta c :
t 2 + 5 + t 2 6 t + 12 a ;

2t3
269

Xet ham : f(t) =

f(x) =

t
t2 + 5

t 2 + 5 + t 2 6 t + 12 a ; 2 t 3

t 3
t 2 6 t + 12

t t 2 6 t + 12 + ( t 3) t 2 + 5
t 2 + 5 t 2 6t + 12

f(t) = 0 t t 2 6 t + 12 + ( t 3) t 2 + 5 = 0

t t 2 6 t + 12 = (3 t ) t 2 + 5

(v 2 x 3 3 t 0)

2t2 30t + 45 = 0 (vo nghiem )

Vay f(t) > 0 vi moi t [2;3] f(t) luon tang vi moi t [2;3]

f(t) f(2) = 5
Vay ieu kien bai toan a 5
Bai 10

Tm nhng cap so nguyen (x, y) nghiem ung he bat phng trnh sau
1

y x 2 2x + > 0

2
y + x 1 < 2
(e ai Hoc Giao Thong Van Tai )
Giai
1

1
y x 2 2x + > 0
Ta co :
x 2 2x < y < 2 x 1
2
2
y + x 1 < 2
1
<y<2
2
V y Z , nen ta lay y = 0 hoac y = 1
* Vi y = 0 , ta co he :
1
2
1
2
(1)
x 2x <
x 2x <

2
2
( 2)
1 < x < 3
x 1 < 2
Xet (2) : v x Z nen x ch co the la 0 ; 1 ; 2 .
270

Ket hp vi (1) , ta lay x = 0 ; x = 2 .

* Vi y = 1 . Tng t ta c : x = 1.
Vay : x = 0; x = 2 ; x = 1
y = 0 y = 0
y = 1
Bai 11
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he bat phng trnh sau co
nghiem :
1 m
2
x + 2 xy 7 y 2

1
+m
3x 2 + 10 xy 5 y 2 2
Giai
1 m
ieu kien can : at a =
. ta co he sau:
1+ m
2
2

x 2 + 2xy 7 y 2 a
22x 4xy + 142y 2a
2
2
3x + 10 xy 5 y 2
3x + 10 xy 5y 2
Ta co : x 2 + 6xy + 9 y 2 2a 2 ( x + 3y) 2 2a 2
Bat phng trnh tren co nghiem khi 2a 2 0 a 1
ieu kien u : Vi a 1
Xet he phng trnh:
x 2 + 2xy 7 y 2 = 1
x 2 + 2xy 7 y 2 = 1

2
2
3x + 10xy 5 y = 2
( x + 3y) = 0

3
x = 2

1
y =
2
4 y = 1
2


x
3
y
=

x=3

1
y =
2

ieu o chng to he co nghiem .

1 m
Chuyen ve m : a 1
1 m < 1
1+ m
Ket luan : He sco nghiem m 1 .
271

Bai 12

Tm tham so m e he bat phng trnh sau co nghiem :

x 2 + (2 3m 2 ) x 6m 2 < 0
2
2
x (2m + 5) x + m + 6 0
(e H Bach Khoa Ha Noi )
Giai
2 < x < 3m 2
x 2 + (2 3m 2 ) x 6m 2 < 0

x m + 2
2
2
x

(
2
m
+
5
)
x
+
m
+
6

x m + 3
He a cho co nghiem khi m + 2 > 2 hoac m + 3 < 3m2

m > 4

1 37
m >
m R
2

m < 1 + 37
2

Bai 13

Tm a e he sau co nghiem :
15x 2 + 2 y 2 = 11xy 7

x < y
2a 2 x + 3ay < 0
(e ai Hoc Dc Ha Noi )
Giai
2
2
V 15x + 2 y = 11xy 7 11xy = 15x2 + 2y2 + 7 > 0 xy > 0
at x = ky ( k > 0 ) , ta co :
(15k2 11k +2) y2 = 7 15k2 11k + 2 < 0

1
2
<k<
(1)
3
5

Lai co x < y ky y < 0 k 1 < 0 y > 0.

Ghep vi phng trnh th ba , ta c :
3
3
<a<0 k<
(2)
ay (2ka + 3) < 0
2k
2a
272

T (1) , (2)
Bai 14

9
<a<0
2

x + y 2
x + y + 2x ( y 1) + a = 2

Tm a e he sau co nghiem :

Giai

x + y 2
x + y 2

2
2x ( y 1) + a = 2 ( x + y)
2 x ( y 1) + a = [2 ( x + y)]
y 2 x ( 2)

2
2
( x 1) + ( y 2) = a + 1(3)
(2) la mien nam di ng thang y = 2 x , (3) la ng tron tam I
(1 ; 2) ban knh R = a + 1 ( a -1). Khoang cach t I en ng
thang y = 2 x la :
d=

1+ 2 2
2

2
2

e he (2) , (3) co nghiem ta phai co :

Rd
Bai 15

a +1

2
1
a .
2
2

Vi nhng gia tr nao cua m th he bat phng trnh sau co nghiem :

x 2 ( m + 2) x + 2 m < 0
2
x + ( m + 7) x + 7 m < 0

(e Hoc Vien Quan He Quoc Te )

Giai
x 2 ( m + 2) x + 2 m < 0
(I) ( x 2)( x m) < 0
2
x
+
(
m
+
7
)
x
+
7
m
<
0
( x + 7)( x + m) < 0

Ro rang vi m = 2 , m= 7 th (I) vo nghiem .

(1)
(2)

273

Vi m 0 ( m 2 ; m 7 ) :
(1) x > min (2 , m) 0
(2) x < min ( m,7 ) 0
0 < x < 0 , vo ly . Do o (I) vo nghiem .
Vi m < 0 : (I) m < x < 2
co nghiem v m < m
7 < x < m
Vay he bat phung trnh a cho co nghiem m < 0 .
Bai 16
2
Giai he bat phng trnh : x 3 + 5x 2+ 4 < 0
x + 3x 9 x 10 > 0
(e ai Hoc Kinh Te Quoc Dan Ha Noi )
Giai
x 2 + 5x + 4 < 0

4
< x < 1

3
2
3
2
f ( x ) = x + 3x 9x 10 > 0
x + 3x 9x 10 > 0
Ta co : f(x) = 3 (x2 + 2x 3) = 3(x 1)(x 3)
Vay : x 3 + 3x 2 9 x 10 1 > 0 x [ 4,1]
Vay nghiem cua he bat phng trnh la : 4 < x < 1 .
Bai 17
x + y 1 + 3.4 2 y 1 2
Giai he : 4
x + 3y > 2 log 4 3
(e ai Hoc Kinh Te )
Giai
x + y 1
2 y 1
4
(1)
+ 3.4
2
x + 3y > 2 log 3
( 2)
4

at u = 4 x + y 1 ; v = 3.4 2 y 1 (u , v > 0)
Theo (2) : uv = 3.4 x +3 y 2 3.4 log 43 = 1 va 2 u + v 2 uv 2
Nh vay u = v = 1 . Do o he (1) va (2) tng ng vi :
1 + log 4 3

x + y 1 = 0
x + y 1 = 0
x =
4 x + y 1 = 1
2
1
2 y 1 1


2 y 1
1 log 4 3
4
=
2 y 1 = log 4
=1
3.4
y =
3
3

274

Bai 18
Xac nh moi gia tr cua tham so m e he sau co 2 nghiem phan biet :

log 3 ( x + 1) log 3 ( x 1) > log 3 4

2
log 2 ( x 2x + 5) m log x 2 2 x +5 2 = 5
Giai
Bat phng trnh au cua he c viet di dang :

x > 1

2 log 3 ( x + 1) 2 log 3 ( x 1) > 2 log 3 2

x +1
log 3 x 1 > log 3 x
x > 1

x +1
1 < x < 3.
x 1 > 2
1
Mat khac , do log x 2 2 x +5 2 =
2
log 2 ( x 2x + 5)
nen he c viet thanh

1 < x < 3

2
log
(
x

2
x
+
5
)

2
2

log 2 ( x 2x + 5) = 5

2
at t = log2(x 2x + 5) f(x) th phng trnh cua he tr thanh
g(t) t2 5t m = 0

Mat khac , f(x) ong bien trong khoang (1; 3) va co mien gia tr la
khoang :
(f(1) ; f(3)) = (2 ; 3) . Vay moi t = f(x) (2;3) tng ng vi duy nhat
x (1 ; 3) .
T o , he co hai nghiem phan biet g(t) co cac nghiem t1 , t2 thoa
2 < t1 < t2 < 3 .

275

 g > 0

g(2) > 0
25
g (3) > 0

< m < 6
4

2 < S = 5 < 3
2 2

Chu y :
Co the giai phan nay bang phng phap khao sat ham :
y = G(t) = t2 5t
tren khoang (2 ; 3) va xac nh v tr ng thang y = m cat o th cua
y = G(t) tai 2 iem .
Bai 19
Tm cac gia tr cua a e he bat phng trnh sau co nghiem :
2 x 3
2
log

( x 2 x + 3) 0 , 5 x +1 > 1

x 2 (a + 1) x + a 0

Giai

2
( x 2 x + 3)

x 2 (a + 1) x + a 0

2 x 3
log 0 , 5

x +1

> 1 (1)
(2)

2x 3
x + 1 > 0
2x 3
3
BPT (1)
0<
<1
<x<4
2
x
3

x
+
1
2

log 0,5
>0

x +1

( do x2 2x + 3 = (x 1)2 2 > 1).

Xet BPT (2) : = (a + 1) 2 4a = (a 1) 2 0, a

Neu = 0 a = 1 , BPT (2) thanh :

3
2

x2 2x + 1 = (x 1)2 0 x = 1 ;4
Vay vi a = 1 he vo nghiem.
Neu a 1 , tam thc f(x) = x2 - (a+1)x + a co hai nghiem phan
biet :
276

x1 =

a +1 a 1
2

; x2 =

a +1+ a 1
2

e he co nghiem ieu kien can va u la oan [x 1 ; x 2 ] phai co

3
2
x 1 < 4
a + 1 a 1 < 8

3
a + 1 + a 1 > 3
x 2 > 2

phan t chung vi khoang ;4 , ngha la:

3
2
a + 1 (1 a ) < 8
Neu a < 1 , he
khong ton tai a .
a + 1 + 1 a > 3
3
S : a >
2

Neu a > 1 ,he tren a >

Nhan xet :
Co the nham nghiem, thay f(x) co mot nghiem la mot va nghiem kia
la a .
K hieu : x1 < x2 th khi a > 1 ta co x1 = 1 ; x2 = a con khi a < 1 ta co
x1 = a ; x2 = 1.
Suy ra khi a < 1 he (1) , (2) vo nghiem ; con khi a > 1 e he co

nghiem th x2 = a, phai ln hn

3
.
2

277

C. BAI TAPTNG T
Bai 1

x 2 2x 3

Cho he :

(m + 1)x < 2

Tm m e he co nghiem.

Bai 2

2 x 2 3x 1
Cho he :
Tm m e he co nghiem .
(m + 1)x 2 4 0

e toan tham khao

e thi gia HKII Khoi 10-THPT Chuyen Le Hong Phong- 2001-2002

Bai 1
Giai cac bat phng trnh va he bat phng trnh sau : (5)

a)

x x4
2x
x3
2

2x + 3 x + 1
x + x + 2 2
b)
2
1 < 10 x 3 x 2 < 1

x 2 + 3x 2

Bai 2
nh m e he bat phng trnh sau vo nghiem : (2,5)

x 2 + 3x + 2 < 0
2
x (m 1) x 2m 2 + m 0
Bai 3
Cho f(x) = m(m + 3)x+2 mx + 2
nh m e bat phng trnh f(x) > mx2 co tap nghiem la R (2,5)
Bai 4

x 2 1 0
vo nghiem
(m x 2 )( x + m) < 0

Tm m e he :

(ai hoc giao thong van tai nam 98)

278

Bai 5

x 2 (m + 2) x + 2m < 0
2
x + (m + 7) x + 7m < 0

Tm m sao cho he sau co nghiem :

(Hoc vien quan he Quoc te , khoi D)

Bai 6

Tm m e he sau co nghiem :

x 2 2x + 1 m 0
2
x (2m + 1) x + m 2 + m 0

Bai 7

Cho he bat phng trnh :

x 2 + 2x + (m 1) 0
2
x 4x + 6(m + 1) < 0

a) Tm m e he co nghiem
b) Tm m e co nghiem duy nhat
ap so :
a) -5/3 < m 0
b) m = 0
Bai 8
nh m e he sau ay vo nghiem :

x 2 2x 3 < 0
2
2m x 9 > (5m 3)x

Bai 9

Cho hai bat phng trnh :

2
x 4x + 3 < 0 (1)
2
3x + 2(3 m)x + 5 2m < 0 (2)

nh m sao cho :
1) Moi nghiem cua (1) cung la nghiem cua (2).
2) Moi nghiem cua (2) cung la nghiem cua (1).
ap so :
1) m 25/4

2)

6<m

7
2

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