INTRODUCTION TO

CHEMISTRY
BY
AHMAD NASIR SAJI
LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

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 UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY
 SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION
AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US.
 EGYPTIAN – MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVER
AND COPPER FROM EARTH.
 GREEKS – ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN.
 ARABIAN – AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS “BLACK SOIL FROM
THE NILE” – “THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER”
 ENGLISH – MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY.
 ENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, 1627-1691), WAS
FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED A
BOOK “THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS”.
 HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS,
COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY.

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 THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER.
 THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT.
 116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY
CHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MAN
THROUGH TRANSMUTATION
 EXAMPLE :
 THE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES AND
CLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCES
 MANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MAN
CHEMICALLY.

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 EXAMPLE :
1. NITRIC ACID – TO MAKE FERTILISERS AND
EXPLOSIVES.
2. SULPHURIC ACID – AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEAD
ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS.
3. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS – AS CLEANING AGENTS.
4. UREA – AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.
5. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) – TO MAKE PIPES,
PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN’S TOYS.
6. SODIUM CHLORIDE – TO PRESERVE FOOD
7. ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) – TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOOD
AND TO PRESERVE FOOD

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 EXAMPLE :
1. ETHANOL – TO MANUFACTURE
ALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOOD
SEASONING.
2. PAINTS AND SHELLAC – TO PROTECT
SURFACES.
3. SILVER CHLORIDE – TO MAKE
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS.
4. SILVER BROMIDE – IN PHOTOGRAPHY
5. FORMALDEHYDE – TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS
IN THE LABORATORY
6. SODIUM HYDROXIDE – TO MAKE SOAP AND
PAPER

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 THE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRY

1. OCCUPATION
2. INDUSTRY
3. EDUCATION

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 OCCUPATION

SOME OF THE OCCUPATION THAT

NEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE :
1. DOCTORS
2. HEALTH OFFICERS
3. DENTISTS
4. BIOCHEMISTS
5. PHARMACISTS
6. NUTRIONISTS
7. FORENSIC SCIENTISTS
8. GEOLOGISTS
9. LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS
10. PHYSIOTHERAPISTS
11. CHEMISTS

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 OCCUPATION

1. METALLURGISTS
2. AGRICULTURISTS
3. GENETIC ENGINEERS
4. PHARMACOLOGISTS
5. TOXICOLOGISTS
6. CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
7. BIOTECHNOLOGISTS
8. POLYMER SCIENTISTS
9. FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS
10. MICROBIOLOGISTS
11. HAEMATOLOGISTS

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 OCCUPATION

A FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION AND

THEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY :
1. ECOLOGISTS – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.
2. GEOCHEMIST – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES ON EARTH.
3. GENETIC ENGINEERS – THE STUDY YHE GENETIC AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THE
EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION.
4. PHARMACOLOGISTS – TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEW
MEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUS
DISEASES.
5. BIOCHEMISTS – TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY.
6. DOCTORS – TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS.

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 OCCUPATION

CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED :

1. TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF
MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES.
2. TO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS.
3. TO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON
FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES IN
FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES.
4. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES
AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOOD
INDUSTRIES

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 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

1. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

2. OLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUS

PRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS.

3. DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS – WHICH CONVERT NATURAL

GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX.

4. RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER,

ALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLE
PRODUCTS.

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 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
1. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS – WHICH SUPPLIES
FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES.

3. PLASTIC INDUSTRY – WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENT

FOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICAL
DEVICES.

5. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH

PRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.

8. PHARMACEUTICAL – WHICH PRODUCES BOTH

MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS.

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 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES

1. HAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMY

THROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUS
PRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS,
DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS,
FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OIL
PALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND
PETROCHEMICALS.

2. HEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBY

SAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGE

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 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES
THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES :

1. FOOD AND BEVERAGES – FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOOD

STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI-
OXIDANTS.

3. DRUG AND MEDICINES – ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS,

HORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONAL
MEDICINES.

5. AGRICULTURE – FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTH

HORMONES AND HERBICIDES.

4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS – CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITE

MATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISION

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 CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES

THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE

CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :

5. TRANSPORT – FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FOR

VEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS AND
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

6. TEXTILE – NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALS

7. MANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS – RAW MATERIALS SUCH

AS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA AND
CATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

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 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRY

1. THE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCH

AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY,
PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE.

2. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE

IN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE
CEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICH
ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL.

3. THE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD AND

MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER,
PESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROM
DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES.

4. TO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS

RECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF
HARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIES

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN.
THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

3. A SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHEN

CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION.

5. A SCIENTIFIC STEPS :
1. OBSERVATION
2. INFERENCE
3. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES
5. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS
6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
8. COLLECTING DATA
9. INTERPRETING DATA
10. DRAWING A CONCLUSION
11. WRITING A REPORT

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SITUATION :

You are required to study the solubility of calcium

chloride, CaCl2 , in water. You are given 10 cm3
water
and 100 g CaCl2 . After adding the salt, little by little
to the water and stirring it, you find some salt
remaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more water
is added, the salt dissolves.
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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. OBSERVATION
ANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITY
FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEEN
DURING THE EXPERIMENT.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
2. MAKING AND INFERENCE
THE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT IS
MADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION AT
THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES
VARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONS
WHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN AN
INVESTIGATION. ALL

3 TYPES :
1. MANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT)– THE VARIABLE
THAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOW
SUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY OR
FACTOR.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
2. RESPONDS (DEPENDENT) – WHICH
CHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLE
THAT IS MANIPULATED.

3. CONSTANT – THE FACTOR OR

CONDITION OR QUANTITY THAT
REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT
THE INVESTIGATION.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
5. FORMING A HYPOTHESIS
A GENERAL STATEMENT THAT
STATES THE CORRELATION
BETWEEN THE RESPONDING
VARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATED
VARIABLE.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING
STUDIED AND THE NUMBER OF
TIMES THE EXPERIMENT IS
REPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN
AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION
PROCEDURES
THIS INCLUDES :
A. DETERMINING AND PREPARING THE
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
THE EXPERIMENT.
B. STATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKEN
TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONE
CORRECTLY.
C. THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OF
PRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETING
DATA.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
8. COLLECTING DATA
ALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGH
THE OBSERVATION MADE DURING
THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE
RECORDED ACCURATELY IN THE
FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
9. INTERPRETING DATA
THE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BE
CHANGED AND PRESENTED IN A
MORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THAT
THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
10. DRAWING CONCLUSION
AFTER EXAMANING AND
INTERPRETING THE DATA , A
CONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADE
ON THE RESULTS OF THE
EXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS IS
THE ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR
REJECTED AS INCORRECT.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
11. WRITING A REPORT
A COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHERE
ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED:
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 HYPOTHESIS
 VARIABLES (ALL THREE)
 APPARATUS USED
 MATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIES
 PROCEDURE
 RESULTS AND DATA
 ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
 INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
 DISCUSSION OF THE DATA
 CONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESIS

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVED
WHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDER
TO ENSURE :

1. VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.

2. A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL.
3. THE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY
AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES.
4. ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED.
5. AN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSION

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
THE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING A
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION :

1. USING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND

MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.
2. DRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORY
SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY.
3. CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY.
4. STORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARE
NECESSARY :

1. PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING.

2. ENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THE
LABORATORY.
3. INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY,
HONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE AND
REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS.

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 CONCEPT MAP
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC METHODS

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
Origin of
the word
Chemical Scientific
Industries attitudes
Uses

Contribution to Procedures
Occupation development

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