Vn kin trc bn vng i vi nh x hi

L V Cng Th.S KTS Trong bi cnh hin ti, theo xu hng pht trin bn vng ton cu yu cu v th pht trin bn vng ngy cng tr nn cp thit. y l mt xu hng tt yu nhng qu trnh thc hin khng h d dng vi bt c mt th no. nc ta iu ny cng ng khi cn rt nhiu tr ngi i vi pht trin th bn vng, khi t l dn c c thu nhp thp cn cao, v ang phi i mt vi nhng vn lin quan n kinh t x hi, vn ho v mi trng, mi lin h gia pht trin th bn vng v nh bn vng cha c ch trng. Do vn nh cho thnh phn dn c c thu nhp thp l mt trong nhng ro cn khng nh cho s pht trin bn vng ti cc th ln. c rt nhiu tho lun v cc ti nghin cu v vn nh cho ngi thu nhp thp cng mt s d n thc tin v ang trin khai trn khp c nc. Tuy nhin, nhn chung ch gii quyt cc bi ton th n thun nh tnh trng thiu qu nh , qu t xy dngHu nh khng c nhng tiu chun v nh cho ngi thu nhp thp nn nhng tiu chun hay khi nim v nh bn vng vn l cu chuyn xa vi. Nh x hi l mt khi nim mi trong thc tin cng nh trong cc vn bn php lut. Gn y nh nc cng c quy nh y l loi nh do nh do Nh nc hoc t chc, c nhn thuc cc thnh phn kinh t u t xy dng cho ngi c thu nhp thp. Nh bn vng cng l mt khi nim phc tp ph thuc vo bi cnh kinh t, x hi v mi trng ca tng th, tng khu vc a l, quc gia. Bn thn khi nim bn vng i vi nh th cng c phm vi rt rng bao gm bn vng v mt kinh t, vn ho x hi, cng ngh v mi trng. Cc khi nim hp hn nh nh xanh, nh sinh thi c nhng nh hng n mi trng thp hn so vi nh thng thng. c th ho cc khi nim, nh gi v p dng nh bn vng, nh xanh hay sinh thi ti cc nc pht trin cng nh ang pht trin trn th gii c mt s cng c nh gi nh h thng nh gi cng trnh xanh cho nh LEED - M, LEED - n , CASBEE-Nht, GreenBuilding Index Malaysia bao gm cc tiu ch rt c th v s dng hiu qu nng lng, nc v ti nguyn t nhin v nhng tiu ch lin quan nhm gim thiu tc ng mi trng, tng cng cht lng mi trng , nng cao kh nng ng ph vi cc thm ho mi trng, bin i kh hu, nng cao nhn thc cng ng v pht trin bn vng, lng ghp pht trin th bn vng v nh Nh cc cng c nh gi ny cc tiu ch bn vng hon ton c th c nh lng di dng cc thng s c th v khoa hc, lm c s nhn nh mt cng trnh nh c bn vng hay khng v bn vng mc no. Nhiu nghin cu trn th gii kt lun: v mt k thut, cng ngh mi trng v xy dng hon ton c th thc hin c nh bn vng cho ngi thu nhp thp, tuy nhin kh khn ln nht xut pht t kha cnh kinh t x hi hn l k thut. V mt kinh t x hi, mt trong nhng mc tiu ch yu ca thit k bn vng nh cho ngi thu nhp thp l hiu qu kinh t. Tng chi ph t giai on xy dng, vn hnh sau l ph hu ca nh theo cc tiu ch thit k bn vng lun thp hn so vi cng trnh thng thng trong khi cc iu kin v cht lng, tin nghi mi trng cng trnh c m bo. Tuy nhin, nhn chung thit k bn vng c chi ph u t ban u c th cao hn thit k thng thng. iu ny c ngha l gi thnh nh bn vng s cao hn thng thng, dng nh khng kh thi i vi iu kin nc ta

trong khi hin ti gi thnh nh x hi vn nm ngoi kh nng ti chnh ca nhng ngi c thu nhp thp. Thc t khng hn nh vy, c rt nhiu tiu ch bn vng chnh hon ton c th t c m khng lm tng chi ph u t ban u, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t x hi ca Vit Nam. Khng th bao qut trong phm vi mt bi bo, nhng c th phn no thy r iu ny i vi hai tiu ch quan trng: Hiu qu nng lng v vt liu xanh. Gii php thit k th ng da trn nn tng kin trc truyn thng tn dng v ch ng iu kin kh hu t nhin gip cng trnh hiu qu nng lng trong khi vn m bo iu kin vi kh hu trong v ngoi nh m khng phi tn thm chi ph cho cc thit b ci thin mi trng sng. ngha quan trng ca gii php ny l hiu qu kinh t ng thi p ng tiu ch bn vng quan trng hi ho gia hiu qu nng lng v cht lng cuc sng. Khu nh x hi Honeycomb Slovenia l mt v d thc tin. Khu nh c che nng v thng gi, si m t nhin quanh nm bng hnh thc ban cng c bit c cu trc hnh t ong. Thit k sng to ny gim ng k chi ph cho cc thit b lm mt vo ma h v si m vo ma ng. Bn cnh la chn vt liu sn c a phng, gi thnh thp hiu qu nng lng v thn thin vi mi trng cng l gii php quan trng lin quan n hiu qu kinh t nh cho ngi thu nhp thp trong khi vn p ng tiu ch vt liu xanh. V d trong mt s d n nh x hi trn th gii vt liu tre (d n nh bng tre Ecuador), bao ti ct (Nh tng bao ti ct Nam Phi), vt liu ph thi nh thm c, g thng cha hng c s dng nh vt liu xy dng p ng tiu ch bn vng m khng lm tng thm chi ph xy dng cng trnh ban u. Ngoi ra, thit k bn vng nh cho ngi c thu nhp thp cng tnh n hiu qu s dng lu di khi thit k ban u c quy m nh m bo chi ph thp sau c th m rng mt cch linh hot v d dng m khng nh hng n cc thnh phn chc nng khc ca cng trnh. V d nh khu nh x hi Quita Monroy Chi L, ring gi thnh t xy dng cao gp ba ln so vi kh nng ti chnh ca ngi thu nhp thp nn khu nh c thit k mt cch rt sng to vi mt na cn h c xy dng trc ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh ca ngi ngho, khi c iu kin h c th xy tip phn cn li cng trnh. y cng l mt kinh nghim rt thit thc cho Vit Nam. Gn y vin quy hoch v x hi ca c p dng cc tiu chun bn vng tng t c cc tiu ch trong cc cng c nh gi nh bn vng trn nh gi 475 nh in hnh ti H Ni. H thng nh gi rt st vi iu kin Vit Nam khi hu ht cc tiu ch bn vng c lin quan n kha cnh kinh t x hi. Kho st cng nhn nh trong mt s khu nh mi c xy dng t nm 2000 n 2002 p ng tiu chun mi nht ca b xy dng nhng hu nh khng p ng cc tiu chun v bn vng. Qua c th thy rng vic xy dng tiu chun xy dng bn vng cho nh trong bao gm nh x hi Vit Nam l rt cn thit. Chng ta c li th l cc tiu chun hay cng c nh gi nh bn vng c nhiu nc i tin phong. Hc hi v thch ng nhng cng c ny vi iu kin Vit Nam l c th thc hin c. Tuy nhin vn ch cn phi hiu c ct li ca thit k bn vng cho nh x hi l s cn bng hi ho gia cc la chn thit k bn vng v hiu qu kinh t. S cn bng ny hiu qu n u hay ni cch khc nh bn vng ph hp vi kh nng ngi c thu nhp thp mc no cn phi c nhng nghin cu v p dng thc tin t qu trnh thit k, xy dng, vn hnh cng trnh. Yu t sng to trong thit k bn vng vi mc tiu gim l thuc vo cc thit b v cng ngh gp cng phn quan trng i vi thnh cng trong thit k nh x hi. Ngoi ra tnh kh thi cao hn cng cn c nhng

chnh sch h tr ca chnh ph v cc t chc kinh t khc c th lng ghp hiu qu cc tiu chun bn vng i vi nhng d n nh x hi.

Khu nh Honeycomb Slovenia. nh internet

D n nh bng tre Ecuado. nh Internet

Nh tng bao ti ct, Nam Phi. nh Internet

Nh tng bao ti ct, Nam Phi. nh Internet

Nh x hi Quita Monroy, Chi L. nh Internet