MT S HNH THI TH VI VN HIU QU NNG LNG TRN TH GII L V Cng Th.

h.s KTS Trn th gii hu ht cc quc gia u c nhn thc su sc vai tr to ln ca vn hiu qu nng lng i vi s pht trin bn vng ca th. Nhiu l thuyt quy hoch th lin quan n vn nng lng c nghin cu v ng dng trong thc tin. Mt s l thuyt hnh thi th trn th gii nh th pht trin thng minh, th xanh, th nng lng thp, th sinh thi, th nn... lin quan n hiu qu nng lng c nghin cu ng dng ph bin trn th gii nhiu nm qua. Tuy nhin y cn l mt vn mi Vit Nam do cn c nhng nghin cu bc u lm tin cho nhng nghin cu v ng dng thc tin ti cc th Vit Nam. Vi mc ch trn, bi vit khi qut mt s hnh thi th in hnh i vi vn hiu qu nng lng ph hp vi iu kin th ti Vit Nam. th pht trin thng minh (Smart grow urban) th pht trin thng minh nhn mnh s pht trin nn v hn hp trong nhng khu vc sn c h thng h tng. Ngc li nhng khu vc mi bn ngoi khu vc sn c h thng h tng khng c khuyn khch pht trin trong th pht trin thng minh. Do th thng minh tp trung vo ci to th c, bo tn ngun ti nguyn v tit kim chi ph pht trin h thng h tng k thut mi, v nh hng khng gian v mt dn c nhm gim khong cch di chuyn (Randolph & Gilbert, 2008). V mc tiu hiu qu nng lng trong th, phng pht trin cng ng v mi trng (DCED) thuc c quan bo v mi trng M (EPA) thc hin chng trnh th thng minh p dng nguyn tc th thng minh v bn vng trong thc tin: Quy hoch s dng t hn hp Gim khong cch i li H thng giao thng hiu qu vi h thng giao thng cng cng, tuyn ng cho ngi i b v xe p Khng gian th hp l vi cc khng gian cng cng tp trung, s a dng cc cng trnh dch v cng cng nh ca hng, nh hng, cc cng trnh dch v gii tr th hiu qu nng lng ni ngi dn c th sng lm vic v gii tr S a dng nh cho nhiu mc thu nhp v nhiu giai on trong i sng ngi dn S pht trin nn gip bo tn khng gian vng ven bng cch gim s dng t mt thp, pht trin phn tn

S dng hiu qu cc dch v cng cng v h thng h tng c s do gim tiu th nng lng v gi thnh cho h thng dch v cng cng (Nelson, AICP, & EPA, 2009)

M hnh th pht trin thng minh thnh ph Chicago M nm 2020.

M hnh th pht trin thng minh thnh ph Colubus, Ohio, M n nm 2050.

H thng h tng th xanh H tng th xanh bao gm h thng t nhin v cc thnh phn ca th c chc nng tng t nh tin trnh t nhin trong qun l cc ngun khng kh, nc, vi kh hu. Thnh phn ca h thng h tng th xanh bao gm cy xanh, khng gian m, bi c, cng vin, mt nc, din tch cy xanh. H thng h tng xanh th ti to t nhin do nhng thnh phn nh knh nc, h thng vi kh hu trong th c to ra t nc, t v cy xanh. y l nhng thnh phn quan trng trong th sinh thi (Bendict & Edward, 2000). H thng h tng xanh c nhng chc nng sinh thi, gii tr v thm m trong th. H thng tng cng cht lng mi trng th, cung cp h thng t nhin, gim thiu nhng tc ng xu n cng trnh, do tng cng hiu qu nng lng trong th (Watson, Plattus, & Robert, 2003). Nhng s liu t nhiu d n th bn vng thc hin trong nhng nm gn y ch ra rng c th gim tiu th nng lng trong th t 20 n 50% bng cc phng php quy hoch th xem xt n cc yu t hng v thit k th ng.

Phng n thit k h tng th xanh Toronto, Canada

 th sinh thi Theo nh ngha ca t chc sinh thi th ca Australia th Mt thnh ph sinh thi l thnh ph m bo cn bng vi thin nhin hay c th hn l s nh c cho php cc c dn sinh sng trong iu kin cht lng cuc sng nhng ch s dng ti thiu cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Theo quan im thit k th sinh thi th l cc th mt thp, dn tri c chuyn i thnh mng li cc khu dn c th mt cao hoc trung bnh c quy m gii hn c phn cch bi cc khng gian xanh. th sinh thi lin quan n hnh thi th nn hiu qu nng lng vi cc chc nng s dng hn hp, mt cao hp l, s tp trung dn c trung tm th. y l nhng im quan trng cho s pht trin dn c v vic lm trong th cng nh vn hiu qu nng lng. Theo th sinh thi c kt ni bi giao thng cng cng, u tin pht trin h thng giao thng cng cng v iu kin cho s di chuyn giao thng phi c gii, hn ch m rng cc ng cho cc phng tin c gii c nhn, bo v h thng t nhin th v kh nng sn xut lng thc. (Pacione, 2009). th sinh thi s dng hn hp tin nghi th dn n khong cch n cc phng tin giao thng cng cng, khong cch n ni lm vic, trng hc, mua sm, cc dch v hng ngy ngn hn do tit kim thi gian v nng lng (Gaffron, Huismans, & Skala, 2008). Din tch xanh trong trong th sinh thi lng ghp trong hnh thi th nn cung cp nhit ph hp v s dng nh sng t nhin hiu qu v tin nghi nhit trong nh ph hp (Gaffron, Huismans, & Skala, 2008), do s dng nng lng hiu qu i vi cng trnh thng qua quy hoch th.

th sinh thi Luala lumpur, Malaysia

 th sinh thi Florida, M th nn Nhng khi nim nh th nn, th mt xy dng cao, th chc nng s dng hn hp l mt trong nhng hnh thi hiu qu nng lng ca pht trin th, gim khong cch i li v pht huy hiu qu ti a cc phng tin giao thng cng cng, cc phng tin khng s dng nng lng (Moughtin & Shirley, 2005; Jenk & Burgess, 2000). th nn l mt hnh thi th bn vng (Jenk & Burgess, 2000; Moughtin & Shirley, 2005). C rt nhiu yu t phc tp lin quan n hnh thi ca th bn vng. Trn th gii rt nhiu nghin cu cng nh thc tin chng minh nhng li ch ca th nn i vi vn nng lng, mi trng v x hi, tuy nhin c nhng nghin cu khc a ra nhng quan im tri ngc ca hnh thi th ny trong thc tin (Frey, 1999). Li ch: Tn dng c c s h tng v qu t sn c, ti to li th tn ti trong trng hp ci to th s hiu qu hn l m rng th mi H thng gio thng nu c t chc ph hp s p ng nhu cu i li ca ngi dn m khng cn dng n cc phng tin c nhn tiu tn nhiu nng lng nh t. Do tng cng tnh lu ng v hiu qu nng lng trong th. Mt dn c cao trong th nn s dn n s a dng chc nng x hi

Nhng quan im chng li th nn:

Mt dn c cao trong th nn nu khng c nghin cu c th s chuyn t thun li sang bt li v d nh vn tc nghn giao thng, s gia tng nhim mi trng, thiu nhng khng gian tin nghi v s ring t c nhn, v d nh ti th Calcutta, Cairo Ai Cp v Rio Braxin. Khi nim th nn mu thun vi khi nim th xanh khi gim thiu khong m khng tn ti trong khng gian trong th trong khi khng gian ny rt cn thit cho cht lng mi trng th. Cng ngh vin thng ngy nay cho php ngi dn c th thc hin cc hot ng hng ngy thng m khng cn phi i li, quan im ny hon ton tri ngc vi th nn. Gim li th tn dng nng lng mt tri ca cc cng trnh trong th v khong cch gn dn n cc cng trnh b che khut. th nn khng d bo chc chn cho s pht trin m rng sau ny

Mi quan h gia giao thng, hnh thi th v tiu th nng lng c khm ph trong nhiu d n nghin cu trn th gii, tuy nhin vn cha i n kt lun cui cng tm ra m hnh th hiu qu nng lng ti u. Tuy nhin nhng nghin cu khng nh rng mt xy dng th cao trong th dn n gim khong cch i li dn n gim tiu th nng lng. Nhng kinh nghim trn th gii rt ra t th nn l nhng nghin cu tp trung vo nhng vn c lp nh hiu qu nng lng v hnh thi th hoc giao thng th v hiu qu nng lng khng th l c s cho th bn vng. Vn nng lng trong th cn cn bng vi nhng vn cc vn khc nh x hi, kinh t v mi trng. Do rt kh c th c mt cng thc chung th bn vng hay th nn cho cc th v nhng c im khc nhau ca tng th v d nh c im a hnh, iu kin kinh t x hi, kh hu (Frey, 1999). Trn th gii c mt s th nn c c nh gi hiu qu nng lng v d nh th Hng Kong v thnh ph Curitiba, Brazil. th nn Hng Kong vic s dng a chc nng khng gian Hng Kng trong v ngoi cng trnh c p dng thnh tiu chun Hng Kong. y l mt trong nhng yu t ca th nn vi mt xy dng, h s s dng t cao, khong cch i li ngn, h thng giao thng cng cng hiu qu Hng Kong. Hng Kong ch yu tp trung pht trin th theo chiu dc. Nh chc tri Hng Kong c th tnh n con s hng nghn, phn ln c chiu cao hn 200 mt. Theo quy nh nh cao tng phi c s tng t nht l 80 tng i vi vn phng v 60 tng i vi nh . H s s dng t ti a l 8 trong ni th. th tp trung vo hiu qu v thun tin s dng cho ngi dn vi cc tng a chc nng cho nhiu i tng s dng, gim tc nghn giao thng, dng ngi i b bng s tp trung pht trin th theo chiu dc. Theo UN (2000), phng php quy hoch th ca Hng Kong theo chiu dc l mt trong nhng hnh thi th hiu qu nng lng nht trn th gii (Jenks & Dempsey, 2005).

Thnh ph Curitiba, Brazil c xem l thnh ph thn thin vi mi trng trn th gii. Mt bng thnh ph c b tr ti to trung tm th, gim thiu tc nghn giao thng v hiu qu nng lng vi cch b tr chuyn i t mng li giao thng vng trn ng tm sang mt bng giao thng th pht trin theo cc tuyn. Nhng sng to ny gip thnh ph gim c 30% nng lng tiu th cho giao thng. S dng t hn hp, mt cao xy dng cao dc theo cc trc cu trc th, u t c s h tng cho giao thng cng cng. H s s dng t l 6, h s ny gim dn khi cng xa mng li phng tin giao thng cng cng, kt qu l s cn bng gia mt thp v mt cao trong th to ra khong trng c th b tr khng gian xanh kt hp nhng chc nng cng cng. Mt bnh qun trong th l 600 ngi /ha, din tch khng gian xanh l 50m2/ngi (Jenk & Burgess, 2000).

Thnh ph Curitiba, Brazil th nng lng thp Mc ch chnh ca thit k th nng lng thp l gim ti thiu cc ngun tiu th nng lng chnh trong th nh nh , thng mi v giao thng. Trong cc mc tiu chnh m th nng lng thp phi t c: Ti u hiu qu nng lng h tng th Gim thiu nhu cu nng lng ca cc cng trnh trong th Ti a hiu qu nng cung cp nng lng S dng ti a nng lng ti to

Gim thiu tiu th nc, khm ph tim nng nng lng cho nc thi v cht thi Gim thiu nhu cu giao thng, v ti u h thng giao thng Gim thiu tiu th nng lng h thng giao thng Ti u hiu qu nng lng h tng th B tr mt bng th

Thit k th phn tch chiu sng b mt th, kt hp vi phn tch gi nhm ti u bng , hng v khong cch gia cng trnh i vi nh sng mt tri v gi. o nhit

Nhit trong th lin quan trc tip n vn tiu th nng lng. Ti cc th ln ti M tiu th nng lng in tng t 3 n 5% cho mi 10c nhit th tng, trong t 3 n 8% nhu cu nng lng c s dng i vi vn o nhit. Cc lung kh nng thi ra t iu ha nhit t cc cng trnh trong th cng gp phn lm tng nhit th. Ti Tokyo kh nng t iu ha t cc cng trnh lm nhit th tng thm 10C. Ti Houston and Texas, M nhit tng thm 0,50c vo ban ngy v 2,50c vo ban m. Hin tng o nhit nhu cu nng lng lm mt c th gim thng qua thit k th quy hoch th. Nc thi v cht thi rn

Ti s dng nc thi v cht thi rn v s dng chng nh nhng ngun nng lng rt cn thit cho th s dng nng lng hiu qu. Cht thi rn sau khi t hoc x l, cung cp nhin liu cho cc nh my sinh ra in, iu ny gp phn quan trng cho s cn bng nng lng trong th. V d cht thi rn c th c x l sinh ra khi gas s dng cho th. iu ny c thc hin thnh ph Gothenburg, Thy in. Giao thng trong th

Giao thng trc tip hoc gin tip gp phn tiu th nng lng ch yu trong th. Ting n do giao thng chim 80% ting n trong th. Cc cng trnh phi ng kn ca trnh ting n v do phi s dng iu ha nhit nhiu hn dn n tiu th nng lng nhiu hn. Ti cc nc ang pht trin tiu th nng lng trong giao thng chim khong 35% tng mc tiu th nng lng trong th. ng ngi i b v i xe p

u tin thit k ng cho ngi i b v ngi i xe p nhm thay th cc phng tin tiu th nhiu nng lng khc, s dn n tit kim nng lng cho giao thng th. Tuy nhin, vn i vi ng cho ngi i b hoc xe p l tin nghi. S thay i kh hu v d nh qu nng hoc

qu lnh hoc tri ma cng nh hng n ngi i b. cc nc chu u, ng i b c thit k che chn trnh ma gi kh ph bin (Droege, 2008). Ti liu tham kho

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