B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

HOP PHN KIM SOT NHIM TAI CC KHU VUC NG DN NGHO

HNG DN KY THUT
LP BN CAM KT BO V MI TRNG
D N XY DNG KHO XNG DU QUY M NH
(Dung tch di 1.000m3)












H Ni, 9/2009

2
MC LC
Trang
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT 4
M U 5
1. Gii thiu 5
2. Cc c s php l v k thut i vi vic lp bn CKBVMT d n xy dng kho
xng du quy m nh (dung tch di 1000m
3
)
5
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT 6
4. Ni dung ca bn CKBVMT d n xy dng kho xng du quy m nh (dung
tch di 1000m
3
)
7
5. i tng s dng bn hng dn lp bn CKBVMT d n xy dng kho xng
du quy m nh (dung tch di 1000m
3
)
8
CHNG I. THNG TIN CHUNG V D N 9
CHNG II. A IM THC HIN D N 9
2.1. V tr a l 9
2.2. Din tch v hin trng h tng k thut khu vc thc hin d n 9
2.3. iu kin kinh t x hi 9
2.4. Ngun tip nhn nc thi, cht thi rn 10
2.5. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc thc hin d n 10
CHNG III. QUY M SN XUT, KINH DOANH 11
3.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh v khi lng xy lp 11
3.2. Phng php xut nhp v vn chuyn xng du 12
CHNG IV. NHU CU NGUYN, NHIN LIU S DNG 12
4.1. Nguyn liu 12
4.2. Nhu cu v ngun cung cp in, nc, nhin liu cho sn xut 12
4.3. Nhu cu v lao ng nhn cng 12
4.4. Cc nhu cu khc 13
CHNG V. CC TC NG MI TRNG 13
5.1. Ngun gy nhim ca D n 13
5.2. Tc ng mi trng vt l 14

3
5.3. Tc ng mi trng sinh thi 18
5.4. Tc ng mi trng kinh t-x hi 19
5.5. nh gi ri ro, s c 19
CHNG VI. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG TIU CC 21
6.1. Cc bin php gim thiu v x l nhim nc 21
6.2. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim khng kh 28
6.3. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim ting n 28
6.4. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim t 28
6.5. Cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng 28
CHNG VII. CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG, CHNG
TRNH GIM ST MI TRNG
30
7.1. Cc cng trnh x l v phng chng s c mi trng 30
7.2. Chng trnh qun l, gim st mi trng 30
CHNG VIII. CAM KT THC HIN 33























4
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT

CKBVMT Cam kt bo v mi trng
TM nh gi tc ng mi trng
TCVN Tiu chun Vit Nam
WHO T chc Y t th gii
UBND y ban nhn dn
PCDA Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho
T&TM Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng
TNMT Ti nguyn mi trng
DANIDA T chc H tr pht trin quc t an Mch
NTND Nc thi nhim du



5
M U

1. Gii thiu
Vit Nam hin ang phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc v nhim mi trng v
suy thoi ti nguyn thin nhin. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v ang xy dng v
t chc thc hin cc nhim v nhm gii quyt nhng vn ny, trong s c vic
xy dng cc vn bn php quy v nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng cc cp. Hp
phn Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn c ngho (PCDA) do Chnh ph an
Mch ti tr thng qua T chc H tr pht trin quc t an Mch (DANIDA) v
ang gp phn nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng cp Trung ng v a phng
cng nh xut xy dng v ban hnh cc vn bn php quy, cc hng dn thc hin
v gii quyt cc vn mi trng lin quan.
Vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) dn dn tr thnh thng l
Vit Nam sau hn 16 nm p dng cc quy nh v TM theo Lut Bo v mi trng.
Hin nay, theo quy nh ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP v hng dn thi hnh Lut
Bo v mi trng nm 2005 v Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP sa i mt s iu ca
Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP, cc d n xy dng kho xng du quy m cng sut thit
k t 1000 m
3
tr ln phi thc hin lp bo co TM trc khi trin khai thc hin,
nhm gp phn gim thiu nhim mi trng t cc hot ng ny.
Cng theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 v cc Ngh nh nu trn,
cc d n xy dng kho xng du quy m nh (dung tch di 1000m3) khng thuc
danh mc phi lp bo co TM nhng phi lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng
(CKBVMT) - mt hnh thc bo co TM n gin.
CKBVMT s c ng k v c UBND cp huyn hoc UBND cp x c
u quyn cp giy xc nhn. Quy nh ny gip n gin th tc xin cp giy php hot
ng ca cc ch u t cng nh th tc xt duyt ti cc c quan qun l mi trng
c thm quyn. Tuy nhin, y l quy nh mi trong Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, v
vy vic thc hin gp nhiu kh khn, lng tng cp a phng, c bit l cp
huyn v cp x.
Vi s tr gip ca Chnh ph an Mch thng qua Hp phn PCDA, Cc Thm
nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng (T&TM) ca Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng (TNMT) d kin son tho v ban hnh Hng dn k thut lp
CKBVMT i vi cc d n xy dng kho xng du quy m nh, loi hnh xy dng rt
ph bin ti nhiu tnh ca Vit Nam, trong c 4 tnh tham gia Hp phn PCDA.
2. Cc c s php l v k thut i vi vic lp bn CKBVMT d n xy dng kho
xng du quy m nh (c dung tch di 1000m
3
)
2.1. C s php l
1. Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua
ngy 19/11/2005;
2. Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh
chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;

6
3. Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/2/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b
sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic
quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng
4. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht thi
rn;
5. Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/12/2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo
v mi trng;
6. Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k cp php hnh ngh,
m s qun l cht thi nguy hi;
7. Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn
mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l
cht thi rn.
8. Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi;
9. Quyt nh s 29/1999/Q-BXD ngy 22/10/1999 ca B trng B Xy dng
ban hnh Quy ch bo v mi trng trong ngnh xy dng;
10. Quyt nh s: 04/2008/Q-BXD, ngy 03/04/2008 ca B Xy Dng v vic
ban hnh Quy chun k thut Quc gia v Quy hoch xy dng QCXDVN 01:
2008/BXD (Qui chun xy dng Vit Nam- Qui hoch xy dng).
11. Cc quy chun, tiu chun v mi trng v xy dng kho xng du
12. Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n
2.2. Cn c k thut
Cc ti liu c s dng khi lp bn CKBVMT cho cc d n xy dng Kho
xng du bao gm:
1. D n u t hay bo co nghin cu kh thi ca chnh d n;
2. Quy hoch thit k xy dng ca chnh d n;
3. Thuyt minh thit k v qui trnh hot ng ca chnh d n;
4. Bo co a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn ca chnh d n;
5. Bo co hin trng mi trng ca tnh/thnh ni d n trin khai thc hin.
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT
Do yu cu v ni dung trnh by trong bn CKBVMT n gin hn ni dung yu
cu trong bo co TM, qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT ch p dng mt s phng php
TM sau y:
1. Phng php thng k: nhm thu thp v x l s liu kh tng thy vn, kinh t
- x hi cng nh cc s liu khc ti khu vc thc hin d n;
2. Phng php k tha: k tha cc kt qu nghin cu TM ca cc d n kho
xng du c;
3. Phng php nh gi nhanh: xc nh v nh gi ti lng nhim t cc hot
ng ca d n cng nh nh gi cc tc ng ca ca chng n mi trng;

7
4. Phng php so snh: so snh cc kt qu o c, phn tch, tnh ton d bo
nng cc cht nhim do hot ng ca d n vi cc TCVN v mi trng v
Tiu chun ngnh;
4. Ni dung ca bn CKBVMT d n xy dng Kho xng du quy m nh
Theo quy nh ca iu 26, Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, cc d n xy dng
Kho xng du quy m nh ch c trin khai hot ng kinh doanh, dch v sau khi
ng k bn CKBVMT. U ban Nhn dn (UBND) cp huyn c trch nhim t chc
ng k bn CKBVMT; trng hp cn thit c th u quyn cho UBND cp x t chc
ng k.
Ni dung ca bn CKBVMT phi p ng cc quy nh ca Thng t s
05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/12/2008, bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
1. Thng tin chung
1.1. Tn d n: (ng nh tn trong bo co u t/bo co kinh t - k thut/phng
n sn xut - kinh doanh hoc ti liu tng ng ca D n)
1.2. Tn c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.3. a ch lin h ca c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.4. Ngi ng u c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.5. Phng tin lin lc vi c quan, doanh nghip ch d n: (s in thoi, s Fax,
E-mail...).
2. a im thc hin
3. Quy m xy dng ca D n
4. Nhu cu nguyn, nhin liu s dng
5. Cc tc ng mi trng
5.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh
5.2. Cc tc ng khc
6. Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc
6.1. X l cht thi
6.2. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc
7. Cc cng trnh x l mi trng, chng trnh gim st mi trng
7.1. Cc cng trnh x l mi trng
7.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng
8. Cam kt thc hin
Trong bn Hng dn ny s trnh by c th cc vn cn lu khi thc hin
cc ni dung 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 nu trn.

8
5. i tng s dng bn hng dn lp bn CKBVMT d n xy dng Kho xng
du quy m nh
L cc i tng trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT hoc quan tm n
s pht trin ca d n, bao gm:
- Ch d n;
- Nhm chuyn gia t vn gip ch d n lp bn CKBVMT ph hp vi quy nh
php lut Vit Nam hin hnh;
- UBND huyn, x; Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng cp huyn, x; S ti nguyn
v Mi trng a phng ni thc hin d n;
- Cc i tng khc quan tm n s pht trin ca d n.
9

CHNG I. THNG TIN CHUNG V D N
1.1. Tn d n: (ng nh tn trong bo co u t/bo co kinh t - k thut/phng n
sn xut - kinh doanh hoc ti liu tng ng ca D n)
1.2. Tn c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.3. a ch lin h ca c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.4. Ngi ng u c quan, doanh nghip ch d n:
1.5. Phng tin lin lc vi c quan, doanh nghip ch d n: (s in thoi, s Fax, E-
mail...).
CHNG II. A IM THC HIN D N
2.1. V TR A L
M t v tr a l (ta , ranh gii) ca a im thc hin d n km theo s
minh ha ch r cc i tng t nhin (sng ngi, ao h, ng giao thng); cc i
tng v kinh t x hi, cc hot ng dn sinh ti a im thc hin d n (khu dn c,
khu th; c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; cng trnh vn ho, tn gio, di tch lch
s;) v cc i tng khc xung quanh khu vc d n, c th mt s ni dung sau:
- Khong cch t v tr d n n cc cng trnh v khu dn c xung quanh
- V tr tip gip ca d n: nu r cc i tng tip gip vi d n (da trn bo co
nghin cu kh thi hay bo co u t ca d n v qua qu trnh kho st). Phi
nu r v tr tip gip theo cc hng ng, Ty, Nam, Bc ca d n.
- Vic la chn a im xy dng v vn hnh cc kho xng du phi p ng tiu
chun TCVN 5307:2002 Kho du m v sn phm du m - Yu cu thit k.
2.2. DIN TCH V HIN TRNG H TNG K THUT KHU VC THC HIN
D N (din tch s dng ca d n)
2.2.1. Hin trng s dng t
2.2.2. H thng giao thng
2.2.3. Ngun cp nc
2.2.4. Ngun cp in
2.3. IU KIN KINH T X HI
Cc iu kin kinh t - x hi ti khu vc thc hin D n v ln cn s chu nhng
nh hng trc tip, gin tip nht nh, v vy vic kho st v nh gi hin trng cc
iu kin kinh t x hi ca khu vc l mt vn rt cn thit.
10
2.4. NGUN TIP NHN NC THI, CHT THI RN
2.4.1 Ngun tip nhn nc thi
M t ngun tip nhn nc thi t cc hot ng ca d n xy dng Kho xng
du quy m nh gm nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh v sinh, dn ra kho cha,
nc ma chy trn v nc thi sinh hot pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng v vn
hnh (lm r v tr, c im a l, a hnh, ch thu vn ca khu vc x nc
thi);
2.4.2. Ngun tip nhn cht thi rn:
Ni lu tr v x l cht thi rn ch yu bao gm cht thi rn sinh hot v cht
thi rn pht sinh (cn du) trong qu trnh vn hnh kho xng du.
2.5. HIN TRNG CHT LNG MI TRNG KHU VC THC HIN D N:
Mc ch ca ni dung ny l phn tch ti liu, s liu lin quan n cht lng mi
trng xung quanh khu vc nh gi, so snh theo TCVN v mi trng hin hnh
vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
S liu mi trng nn cn t nhng tiu chun cht lng sau y:
C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly t
nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi trng quc
gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong nhiu nm c cng
b chnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh kho st, o c.
Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong
vng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n.
Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi x l s
liu d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn nh c im
ca vng nghin cu.
Phng php o lng kho st phn tch thng k phi tun th cc quy nh
ca cc tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam (TCVN), QCVN do c quan c thm quyn
ban hnh. Trong trng hp thiu TCVN, QCVN c th s dng tiu chun ca nc
ngoi c iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi tng t.
2.5.1. Hin trng cht lng khng kh
Cht lng khng kh xung quanh cn c m t r thi gian quan trc, v tr quan trc
cc thnh phn mi trng trn s a im thc hin d n.
Cc thng s quan trc ti thiu cc thnh phn mi trng trong bng 2.1 sau y:
Bng 2.1. Cht lng khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n
V tr Nng cc cht nhim (mg/m
3
)
CO CO
2
NO
x

SO
2
Bi NH
3
H
2
S TCVN 5937, 5938-
11
2005
u hng
gi



Cui hng
gi

2.5.2. Hin trng mi trng nc
Cht lng nc mt khu vc d n cn c m t r thi gian quan trc, v tr quan
trc cc thnh phn mi trng trn s a im thc hin d n.
Cc thng s quan trc ti thiu cc thnh phn mi trng trong bng 2.2 sau y:
Bng 2.2. Cht lng ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi t d n
TT Thng s n v QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT
(Ct A1, A2 hoc B1, B2)
*
1 pH -
2 BOD
5
mg/l
3 COD mg/l
4 SS mg/l
5 DO mg/l
6 Tng N mg/l
7 Tng P mg/l
8 Du m mg/l
9 Coliform MPN/100ml
Ghi ch: (*) ty thuc vo mc ch s dng nc ca thy vc tip nhn nc thi p dng
CHNG III. QUY M SN XUT, KINH DOANH

3.1. CC HNG MC CNG TRNH V KHI LNG XY LP

Trong phn ny cn i su lm r cc ni dung sau:
+ Cch t chc v cc quy nh b tr tng khu vc trong kho xng du
- H thng nh kho chnh (cc b cha, b tp trung hi, trm bm,.)
- Khu vc xut nhp xng du
- Khu vc x l cht thi
12
- Cc khu vc ph tr khc
+ Khi lng cc cng trnh thi cng
Bng 2.2 Cc hng mc v c s h tng ca kho xng du thng gm c:
1. Khu vc b cha xng du 6. Khu nh ho nghim (nu c)
2. Khu vc xut nhp 7. Sn bi
3. H thng chuyn ti 8. Khu x l cht thi
4. Nh kho bo qun 9. Nh hnh chnh (khu iu hnh kho)
5. H thng cp thot nc v phng
cha chy
10. Khu cy xanh

3.2. PHNG THC XUT NHP V VN CHUYN XNG DU
- Cc phng thc xut nhp xng du
- Cc phng thc vn chuyn v phn phi xng du

CHNG IV. NHU CU NGUYN, NHIN LIU S DNG

4.1. NGUYN LIU: Lm r nhu cu v vt t, nguyn liu (s lng v chng loi
bn cha, thng phuy cha xng, chng loi xng du, cc loi my bm ht) phc v
sn xut theo ngy/thng/nm v phng thc cung cp, ngun cung cp (nhp khu
hay thu mua ti a phng v cc ngun khc)
4.2. NHU CU V NGUN CUNG CP IN, NC, NHIN LIU CHO SN XUT
4.2.1. Nhu cu v ngun cp nc: Ngun nc s dng (nc mt, nc ngm hay
ngun khc); nhu cu s dng trong iu kin bnh thng v trong iu kin cao im.
Nhu cu s dng nc phc v cho hot ng sn xut bao gm nc cho sinh hot ca
cng nhn; nc d phng cho phng chy cha chy; nc dng cho v sinh kho
cha,
4.2.2. Nhu cu v ngun cung cp in:
4.3. NHU CU V LAO NG NHN CNG: Nhu cu v nhn cng lao ng trong
tng giai on xy dng v vn hnh ca d n
Bng 4.1. S lng nhn cng d kin lm vic trong d n
TT Cng vic S lng
Thi cng Vn hnh
1
Cn b qun l

13
2
Nhn vin k thut

3
Cng nhn

4
Cc cng vic khc

4.4. CC NHU CU KHC
- Ha cht v sinh kho cha, khu vc xut, nhp xng du
- Ch phm sinh hc x l cn du

CHNG V. CC TC NG MI TRNG
Da trn vic xem xt nh gi quy m, phng thc kinh doanh ca d n, c im
mi trng vng d n d bo cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Vic nh gi
tc ng mi trng phi c xem xt theo 3 giai on chnh sau:
Giai on 1: Phng n la chn v tr, quy hoch cc hng mc cng trnh gim
thiu cc tc ng xu n mi trng, c bit l vn an ton phng chng chy n
v trn du.
Giai on 2: San nn, thi cng xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh h tng k thut v
kin trc ca kho cha xng du.
Giai on 3: Giai on vn hnh kho cha xng du.
i vi mi loi cht thi cn lm r ngun pht sinh, tng lng pht sinh trn mt
n v thi gian, thnh phn cht thi, v hm lng, nng ca tng thnh phn
5.1. NHNG NGUN GY NHIM CA D N.
i vi phn ni dung ny cn phi m t k v cng nh lng cng tt cc
ngun pht sinh cht thi t hot ng ca Kho xng du bao gm kh thi, ting n,
nc thi, v cht thi rn. Ngun gy nhim v tnh cht nhim pht sinh t cc
hot ng ca Kho xng du c trnh by mt cch tm tt tham kho ti bng
5.1.
Bng 5.1: Cc ngun gy nhim v cht nhim ca Kho xng du
Cht
nhim
Ngun gy nhim Mc , tnh cht nhim


Kh thi
1. Hi xng du t qu trnh xut
nhp, tn tr, vn chuyn qua
cc ng ng, bm v bn
cha
2. T cc my pht in v pht
- Cc hp cht hu c hydrocarbon
(CxHy)


- Du t Diezel cha CxHy
14
in d phng
3. Khi thi t cc phng tin
giao thng vn ti (tu, t, xe
bn)
- Bi, SO2, NO2, CO, CO2, mui
khi
- Khi cha hydrocarbon, CO, NOx,
SOx, aldehyde.
Ting
n
Hot ng ca cc phng tin
giao thng vn ti ra vo xut nhp
xng du

- Ty thuc tng loi phng tin
vn ti khi hot ng s sinh ra ting
n v chn ng vi mc khc
nhau
Nc
thi
1. Nc thi nhim du (NTND):
pht sinh t cc qu trnh sau:
- Xc ra b cha nh k ti cc
kho xng du nhm m bo cht
lng nhin liu.
- X nc y b sau khi kt thc
qu trnh nhp du vo b cha
trong kho.
- S dng nc sch v sinh
cng nghip nh k v sau khi kt
thc sa cha cng ngh, thit b
trong kho xng du.
- Nc ma ri trn khu vc nn
bi c kh nng nhim du ti kho
v CHXD.
- Nc thi ra do phun lm mt t
ng cc bn cha nhin liu
2.Nc thi sinh ra do mc ch v
qu trnh sinh hot ca cng nhn,
CBCNV kho xng du
Khi lng NTND trong hot ng
kinh doanh xng du khng thng
xuyn v u n, ph thuc vo cc
quy nh lin quan ti xc ra b
cha, tn xut nhp hng, v sinh
cng nghip... cc thng s nhim
c trng trong nc thi ti cc kho
xng du gm: COD, cht rn l
lng, du m khong;









- pH, cc cht cn b, cc cht hu
c ha tan BOD, COD, clorua), cc
cht dinh dng (nit, photpho) v vi
trng
Cht
thi rn
1. Cht thi sinh hot:
- T cng tin, nh v sinh, khu vc
vn phng,
2. Cht thi cng nghip
-T vic bo dng, sa cha my
mc trong khu kho xng du
- V sinh, ra sc bn
- T qu trnh han r, n mn cc
ng ng v bn cha
- T h thng x l nc thi trong
khu kho xng du

- Rc thi hu c, snh s, nha,



- Cc ph liu, gi lau, bao b cc
loi
- Bn cn cha cht hu c, Pb
- Cn r st (rt t)
- Cn bn cha cc hu c, kim loi
nng
15
5.2. TC NG MI TRNG VT L.
5.2.1. Tc ng mi trng nc.
a. Giai on xy dng h tng c s:
Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on ny ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca cng
nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng.
- Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot thng
ln (bnh qun 60-80l/ngi/ngy m). Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht
cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh.
- Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch kh hu khu vc v
thng c hm lng cht l lng bn t cao, ngoi ra cn c nhiu tp cht
khc.
b. Giai on hot ng ca kho xng du
Cc ngun c kh lng gy nhim mi trng nc y c d bo l nc thi
sinh hot ca CBCNV v cc loi nc thi nhim du trong trng hp khng c
x l hp l.
Nc thi nhim du: Hot ng kinh doanh ca cc kho xng du thng bao gm
cc cng on: nhp khu, tn tr trong kho xng du, vn chuyn, phn phi ti ngi
tiu dng thng qua mng li ca hng xng du. Vi c th nh vy, hot ng kinh
doanh xng du khc bit vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc, l khng s dng nc
lm nguyn liu u vo cho qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh, v vy xt v nguyn tc th
s khng c nc thi pht sinh trong hot ng kinh doanh xng du.
Tuy nhin, thc t trong qu trnh vn hnh khai thc cc cng trnh xng du
(kho, ca hng) c pht sinh NTND cn phi x l do nhng nguyn nhn sau:
- Xc ra b cha nh k ti cc kho xng du nhm m bo cht lng nhin
liu.
- X nc y b sau khi kt thc qu trnh nhp tu vo b cha trong kho.
- S dng nc sch v sinh cng nghip nh k v sau khi kt thc sa cha
cng ngh, thit b trong kho xng du.
- Nc ma ri trn khu vc nn bi c kh nng nhim du ti kho v CHXD.
Trn c s phn tch ngun v nguyn nhn pht sinh NTND cho thy khi
lng NTND trong hot ng kinh doanh xng du khng thng xuyn v u n,
ph thuc vo cc quy nh lin quan ti xc ra b cha, tn xut nhp hng, v sinh
cng nghip... cc thng s nhim c trng trong nc thi ti cc kho xng du
gm: COD, cht rn l lng, du m khong;
Theo tiu chun TCVN 5307:2002 Kho du m v sn phm du m - Yu cu
thit k v trn thc t, cc kho xng du u c hai h thng rnh thot nc thi,
trong :
- H thng thot nc quy c sch: nc sinh hot, nc ma ri trn cc khu
vc nn bi khng lin quan n vic tn cha, xut nhp, bm rt xng du v khng
16
c nguy c nhim bn xng du. H thng thot nc quy c sch c php x thng
ra mi trng bn ngoi.
- H thng thot nc thi nhim du l h thng thot nc cho cc ngun sau:
nc ra nn nh xut nhp, nc thi ca nh ha nghim, nc x y v xc ra b,
nc ma ri trn khu vc nn bi c nguy c nhim bn xng du. H thng ny
thng c dn n b lng gn du trc khi a vo h thng x l nc thi. Cc
cng on pht sinh NTND cn c xem xt l:
1. Xc ra b cha: B cha thng c xc ra khi a b mi vo cha xng
du; hoc thay i chng loi mt hng cha trong b; hoc trc khi a b vo sa
cha, bo dng; hoc xc ra nh k theo quy nh m bo cht lng hng
ho... Lng nc thi s ty thuc vo dung tch tng b, loi hng tn cha v
phng php xc ra. Nc thi loi ny thng c hm lng du cao v pht sinh
bn cn du (Cht thi nguy hi - CTNH)
2. X nc y b khi xut nhp: Cc trng hp cn x nc y b l khi
nc ln hng bm t tu vo b; hoc ty theo c im cng ngh v quy nh giao
nhn ca tng kho, s phi bm nc y ht hng trong ng ng vo b o tnh.
Trng hp nc ln hng bm t tu vo b th nc thi loi ny thng c s lng
t; Trng hp ui nc trong ng th lng nc thi s ty thuc kch thc, di
ng ng xut nhp. V c tnh nc thi: nc x y lun bao gm x cn lng y
b, do pht sinh CTNH, tuy nhin hm lng du trong nc thi loi ny thng
thp.
3. Nc v sinh cng nghip ln du: pht sinh trong qu trnh v sinh nn bn
xut; bi van; nc v sinh thit b v cc phng tin; nc ra nn bi ti ca hng
xng du. Lng nc thi ty thuc din tch, lng cht thi pht sinh ti cc v tr
nu trn.
4. Nc ma ln du: Lng nc ma ln du cn x l c d bo cn c
vo s liu kh tng thy vn ca tng khu vc. Nc ma ln du ch pht sinh ti
nhng v tr d r, ri vi xng du, nh v tr x y h trong khu b, trong trng hp
sau khi xc ra b, tch nc y b m khng v sinh kp thi; bn xut b trn vi
xng du, bi van b r r m khng sa cha, v sinh kp thi; mt cu cng; ...
Vi nc thi sinh hot: cc cht c kh nng gy nhim ngun nc l cn
b hu c, cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht dinh dng v vi trng vi nng cc ch
tiu nhim c trng: BOD
5
, SS, tng ni t, tng P, Tng coliform.
Cc tc ng i vi mi trng nc khi x nc thi nhim du vo sng, h c
biu hin thng qua cc hin tng nh sau:
- Mt phn cc sn phm du lng xung v phn hy tng y ngun nc
lm nhim nc bi cc sn phm phn gii ha tan, mt phn khc li ni ln trn
mt nc cng vi cc bt kh tch ra t y ngun nc. Cn cha du tch ly y
sng, h l ngun gy nhim c nh i vi sng , gy c hi cho h sinh vt y
- thc n ca c.
17
- Khi ngun nc b nhim du, cc sn phm du ha tan v phn gii lm
gim kh nng s lm sch ca ngun nc, bi cc sinh vt phiu sinh, sinh vt y
tham gia vo cc qu trnh b cht i hoc gim v s lng hoc tham gia yu t.
- Khi nc thi nhim du x vo ngun nc, lng d tr oxy ha tan trong
nc ngun s gim i do oxy c tiu th cho qu trnh oxy ha cc sn phm du,
lm cn tr qu trnh lm thong mt nc.
- Khi hm lng du trong nc cao hn 0,2 mg/l, nc c mi hi khng dng
c cho cc mc ch sinh hot (tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh trong ngun nc mt
dng cp nc khng c du)
- nhim du giu lu hunh cn c th gy cht c nu hm lng Na
2
S trong
nc t n 3 : 4 mg/l. Mt s loi c nhy cm c th b cht khi hm lng Na
2
S
nh hn 1 mg/l;
- Ngoi ra, du trong nc cn c kh nng chuyn ha thnh cc ho cht c
loi khc i vi con ngi v thy sinh nh phenol, cc dn xut clo ca phenol. Tiu
chun phenol cho ngun cp nc sinh hot l 0.001 mg/l, ngng chu ng ca c l
10 - 4 mg/L.
Kinh nghim nhiu nc trn th gii cho thy nhim ngun nc do du v
cc sn phm phn hy ca du c th gy tn tht ln cho ngnh cp nc, thy sn,
nng nghip, du lch v cc ngnh kinh t quc dn khc. Ngoi cc tc ng tiu cc
n mi trng nc mt nh nu, du trn hoc du ri vi t khu kho xng cng s
c kh nng ngm vo t hoc b cun theo nc ma vo cc tng nc ngm v t
kh nng gy nh hng n cht lng nc ngm c s hin din ca du, nc s
c mi hi khng th dng cho mc ch n ung sinh hot.
Trn c s ly mu phn tch hoc thc hin theo phng php nh gi nhanh
ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) phn ni dung nh gi tc ng n mi trng
nc ny cn thit phi lm r :
- Lu lng pht sinh cc loi nc thi sinh hot, sn xut.
- Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong nc thi.
- V tr v kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca cc im nc mt trong khu vc.
- nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim mi trng nc c th
xy ra.
5.2.2. Tc ng mi trng khng kh.
a. Giai on thi cng:
Trong giai on thi cng cng trnh, cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu l bi sinh
ra t qu trnh san i t, bc d vt liu xy dng v khi hn c cha bi, CO, SOx,
NOx, hydrocarbon, kh thi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn. Tc ng ln mi trng
khng kh giai on ny c mc khng ln v ch mang tnh tm thi, nhng cng
cn phi nh gi c bin php gim thiu thch hp.
18
Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng
tin vn chuyn vi mc ln ti 80-90dBA.
b. Giai on vn hnh.
Kh thi ca khu kho xng du nh cp phn trn gm: hi xng du r r,
h van, cc hp cht Hydrocarbon bay hi, kh thi my pht in chy bng du
Diesel, kh thi pht sinh do s hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti trn
khu kho cng, cng nh nc thi, kh thi v hi xng du c cha mt s cht c
hi. Vic pht tn cc kh c v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim
khng kh chung cho ton vng v c bit l nh hng nghim trng n sc kho
con ngi. Do vy, trong phn nh gi v tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng
kh khu vc cn lm r cc ni dung sau:
- Cc ngun thi kh, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun.
- Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong kh thi c bit
ch nh gi cc thng s: mi, Hydrocarbon, SO
2
, CO, CO
2
, NO
2
, Pb, Fe
2
O
3
,
- Ngun pht sinh ting n, cng gy n ca tng ngun,
- Tnh ton mc lan truyn kh c, ting n nh hng mi trng khng kh
khu vc theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh lan truyn kh
(Sutton, Gausse, Screen 3, IGM.).
5.2.3. Tc ng mi trng t.
Vic xy dng Kho xng du s tc ng ti mi trng t trong khu vc. t
b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng trc
tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng. Xi mn s to ra
lng sng ngi, cng rnh thot nc v c th gy ng ngp, gim cht lng nc
mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. Ngoi ra nh hng ca cc cht kh thi,
nc thi ca nh my cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng.
V vy, cn phi nh gi chnh xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t
v xi mn i vi ti nguyn v h sinh thi nht l trong giai on thi cng v d bo
mc t c th b nhim do cc cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca D n. Cn
xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny.
5.2.4. Cht thi rn.
a. Giai on xy dng.
Cht thi rn ch yu trong giai on ny l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng
ph thi, ri vi nh gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vn lng cht thi ny l tu thuc
vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l ca D n. Ngoi ra cn mt s
lng nh rc thi sinh hot.
b. Giai on vn hnh.
19
c im, tnh cht ca cht thi rn ca Kho xng du c cp ti
phn trn. nh gi c mc tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn c bit l
cht thi rn cng nghip cn phi:
- Xc nh tng khi lng v thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn pht sinh trong
tng cng on. c bit lu cht thi c hi (nu c).
- Khi lng, thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot.

5.3. TC NG MI TRNG SINH THI.
Cc tc ng ny ch yu lin quan n vic thi cc cht nhim nc, kh, cc
cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng bin i
c bn v h sinh thi. Tu theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc h sinh
thi c th b tc ng :
- H sinh thi di nc: Nc thi ca Kho xng du nh trnh by phn trn
b nhim bi cht hu c, ho cht, rn l lng. Tnh cht nhim ca nc thi lm
cho mi trng nc b bin i bt li (DO gim, pH bin i, nhiu cht c ho hc
c bit l CxHy, SOx, NOx ) cho s sinh tn ca hu ht cc loi thu sinh v thm
ch lm mt kh nng t lm sch ca nc.
- H sinh thi trn cn: Cht thi rn v kh ca Kho xng du s c nhng nh
hng nht nh. Nhn chung, cc ng vt nui cng nh cc loi ng vt hoang d
u rt nhy cm vi s nhim mi trng. Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng
khng kh v mi trng nc thi u c tc ng xu n thc vt v ng vt, gy
nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v ngh trng vn. Biu hin chnh ca n l lm
cho cy trng chm pht trin, c bit l cc sng khi quang ho gy tc hi n cc
loi rau trng, u, la, ng, cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc thnh phn
nhim trong mi trng khng kh nh SO
2
, NO
2
, Cl
2
, v bi ngay c nng thp
cng lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu
b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht.
5.4. TC NG N MI TRNG KINH T - X HI.
i vi Kho xng du, tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot ng
u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc kho ca con ngi trong vng
chu nh hng ca D n. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tc dng ca cc cht
nhim m mc tc hi ca chng i vi sc kho cng ng s khc nhau. Do vy
cn nh gi mt cch c th mc nh hng ca tng yu t ring bit ln sc kho
con ngi nh kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn.

5.5. NH GI RI RO, S C.
Cc ri ro v s c mi trng c kh nng xy ra bao gm 3 dng chnh sau y:
S c v h thng ng dn xng du trong qu trnh nhp xut;
20
S c v bn cha xng du;
S c dn n chy n; ho hon.
5.5.1. S c v bn cha xng du
Cc nguyn nhn dn n s c v bn cha du c th l:
Cc bn cha thit k v ch to khng ng cc yu cu k thut;
Bin dng ca vt liu ch to thit b do b n mn hoc sc bn vt liu gim
theo thi gian s dng lu
Khng c ch bo dng hp l;
bay hi ca nhin liu cao dn n s gia tng p sut trong thit b cha v
do c th dn n n v;
Cui cng, mt nguyn nhn khc rt d dn n s c v bn cha xng du
l an ton ca cc supap (van th) trong qu trnh lm vic. Do ch u t
d n phi c bit quan tm vn ny v c cc ch bo tr supap thn
trng.
5.5.2. S c v h thng ng ng nhp, xut nhp
Cc nguyn nhn dn n s c c th l:
H thng ng ng b bt ngt trong qu trnh lp t hoc ngay trong giai on
vn hnh (cc van kho trn ng ng dy b ng cht trong khi my bm
nhin liu vn hot ng bnh thng);
Thit k khng ng tiu chun, hoc vt liu ch to ng ng b gim sc
bn sau mt thi gian di s dng, do chu s dao ng nhiu ln ca cc ph ti
nhit v p sut;
Cc mi ni trn ng ng dn khng m bo bn trong qu trnh lp t
hoc sau mt thi gian s dng.
5.5.3. S c ho hon
Hi xng du d chy n khi hn hp vi khng kh khong t l 4,6-4,8%. Khi
gp tia la th hn hp kh trn c th chy n. Gii hn chy n ca mt s cht kh
thng c mt trong thnh phn ca sn phm du m c dn ra trong bng 4.2.
Cc nguyn nhn chy n c th l:
- a la v cc ngun pht sinh ra la vo cc khu vc d chy n nh: khu
vc bn cha nhin liu, khu nhp xut xng du;
- La chn tit din dy dn in khng ph hp vi cng dng, khng
trang b cc thit b bo v ng quy nh.
Bng 5.2. Gii hn chy n ca mt s cht kh v hi
Cht kh Cng thc
LEL 25
0
C
(% vol)
UEL
250C
TL (
0
C) AT (
0
C)
21
(% vol)
n-Bu tan C
4
H
10
1.8 8.4 - 72 405
Propan C
3
H
8
2.1 9.5 -102 450
Etan C
2
H
6
3.0 12.4 -187 515
Metan CH
4
5.0 15.0 540
Etylen C
2
H
4
2.7 36.0 490
Hi xng - 1.2 7.1 270-440
Xng my
bay
- 1.3 8.0 240
Oxyt cabon CO 12.5 74.0 -
Sulfur
hydro
H
2
S 4.0 44.0 -
Ghi ch:
LEL: Gii hn chy di, tnh theo % th tch ca kh trong hn hp khng kh (%
vol);
UEL: Gii hn chy trn, tnh theo % th tch ca kh trong hn hp khng kh (% vol);
TL: Gii hn nhit ;
AIT: Nhit bt la;
LEL vUEL c xc nh 25
o
C v p sut tiu chun

CHNG VI. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG TIU CC
YU CU CHUNG
Cn c vo cc tc ng mi trng nu trong chng 5, xut mt cch c th cc
bin php qun l v k thut mang tnh kh thi cao nhm phng trnh, gim thiu cc
tc ng mi trng do vic thc hin d n gy nn.
Cc bin php gim thiu xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c cc tc ng
- Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu D n;
ph hp vi quy m cng trnh, ngun ti chnh cho php ca Ch u t
- C phng n ph hp i vi nhng tc ng mi trng khng th khc
phc hoc gim nh.
- Cc bin php bo v mi trng phi c thc thi sut c qu trnh chun b,
xy dng cng trnh v qu trnh hot ng ca kho xng du.

22
6.1. BIN PHP GIM THIU V X L NHIM NC
6.1.1. Cc bin php gim thiu pht sinh NTND t ngun:
- Quy hoch sc cha kho, loi hng trong cc b hp l, hn ch thay i chng
loi hng cha trong b.
- Xc ra b cha: ci tin phng php xc ra b, s dng ha cht an ton
xc ra b ph hp vi loi hng tn cha trong b, hn ch lng nc cn s dng.
- Nhp hng: ci tin phng php nhp hng, xy dng phng php o tnh
hng ha ngay trn tuyn ng, khng cn ui nc.
- Ti bn xut: lp t h thng o tnh t ng ha, thit b bo trn, t ng
dng bm, khp ni kh (dry coupling), hn ch r r xng du.
- Van chn: Bo dng, thay th cc van chn trong kho thng xuyn, kp thi.
Trong qu trnh sa cha, bo dng phi t khay hng xng du r r theo quy nh.
- Tch ring h thng thot nc mt (gm c nc ma) v nc thi nhim du
- Phng n thot nc khu b cha: tch ring h van x y v ng thot
nc thi x y vi rnh thot nc mt (ma) quanh chn b cha

- S dng phng tin xc ra b khng pht sinh nc thi: tun hon nc xc
ra v lng tch du cn, thu hi du

6.1.2. Cc bin php x l NTND: c th la chn cc phng php sau y
1. B lng gn du:
- B lng gn du l thit b x l s cp khng th thiu i vi nc thi nhim
du, c p dng tch, thu hi du ni trn b mt v lng cn xung di y. B
lng gn du c th c b tr ng thi hoc ring cho tng b, cm b v c kho.

23

M t ngn 2 ca b lng gn du
1.1. Nguyn l hot ng: Tch du ni pha trn b mt, da trn s chnh lch t
trng gia du v nc. Du c t trng nh hn, lun c xu hng ni ln trong nc
vi tc ph thuc vo t trng, kch c ca ht du; ng thi lng tch cn di
y, do t trng ca cn thng nng hn nc.
1.2. Kt cu:
- C 3 ngn thng nhau. Ngn u tch rc, lng cn v iu chnh lu lng;
ngn 2 tch du v tip tc lng cn; ngn 3 cha nc thi sau lng tch trc khi
x ra ngoi b. Cn c ly ra bng phng php th cng, nh k.
- Tch du trn b mt s dng mng thu du b mt hoc c th dng thit b
skimmer thu hi du


Skimmer thu hi du
1.3. u, nhc im ca b lng gn:
- Cho php lng gn du s b, lm gim hm lng du trong nc thi trc khi
a vo thit b x l nc thi th cp.
- Ch tch c cc ht du c kch thc t 150 micron tr ln; hiu sut tch du
t ti hm lng du sau x l khong 100ppm (tng ng 100mg/l).
- Tch bn, rc thi rn nhim du.
- Khng x l c nh tng du/nc.
2. Thit b tch du c hc:
2.1. Nguyn l
24

Cc tm lng lm tuyn ni du v lng cn

Thit b hot ng trn nguyn l tch du c hc, gn tng t nh b lng gn
du thng thng. Tuy nhin, trong thit b, ti ngn gn du ni (ngn 2) c lp t kt
cu cc tm lng t xen k, nhm tng din tch tip xc ca cc ht du trn b mt
cc tm lng. Cc ht du kch thc nh s va chm, tip xc vi nhau trn b mt cc
tm lng, to thnh cc ht c kch thc ln hn, c ni ni ln trn b mt.
Tng t nh cc ht du, lng cn (cht rn) khng tan trong nc thi i qua cc
tm lng s to cc bng cn ln hn, nng hn, to hiu sut lng cn cao hn. Cc
tm lng t trong thit b tch du c hc ny c tc dng lm tng tc lng cn,
tng tc ni ca du trong nc, tng hiu qu tch du, cn v gim chiu di so
vi cc b tch du thng thng.
2.2. u/nhc im ca thit b
- Thit b gn nh, quy trnh vn hnh n gin; khng phi s dng ha cht
- Phi thay th mng lc cht hp ph thng xuyn (khuyn co sau 200h vn
hnh)
- Cc thit b SS-OST kt cu vt liu khng ph hp vi iu kin thi tit
- Vt liu lc khng sn c trn th trng.
- Tch du kch c t 30 micron; Khng tch c du trong nc dng nh
tng
- Hm lng du sau x l t 10-20 ppm (10 20 mg/l)
3. H thng x l sinh hc:
H thng x l sinh hc c p dng nhm x l nc thi sau khi qua cc h
thng b lng gn v thit b tch du c hc x l cc cht hu c ha tan v mt s
cht v c khc c trong nc thi; da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn
hy cc cht hu c gy nhim. Mt cch tng qut, phng php sinh hc c phn
thnh 02 loi: phng php k kh v hiu kh.
3.1. Qu trnh phn hu k kh: L qu trnh phn hy cc cht bn hu c di tc
dng ca vi sinh vt k kh trong iu kin khng c xy; Phng php x l k kh yu
cu t din tch, c kh nng to ra nng lng di dng kh sinh hc biogas, chi ph
vn hnh thp.
25
3.2. Qu trnh phn hu hiu kh: L qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c di tc dng
ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh trong iu kin cung cp xy lin tc. Cc cht hu c cha
b phn hy ht ti h k kh tip tc c phn hy tip bi h hiu kh. H thng s
dng my thi kh v phn tn kh cung cp xy cho qu trnh x l hiu kh. Lng
xy a vo ph thuc vo lng xy ha tan (DO) hin c trong nc thi; Phng
php x l hiu kh cn th tch ln, sinh nhiu bn, tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho sc
kh v chi ph vn hnh cao. Sau khi phn hy hiu kh th bn hot tnh sinh ra ln, cn
phi lng tch trc khi thi ra mi trng.
3.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut x l: Trong c 2 qu trnh k kh v hiu kh,
qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt c gi l qu trnh xy ha sinh
ha. Tc qu trnh xy ha sinh ha ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: nng cht hu
c, hm lng tp cht; mc n nh ca lu lng nc thi vo h thng x l; hm
lng xy trong nc thi, nhit , pH; dinh dng v nguyn t vi lng


S h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc
3.4. Nhc im ca h thng sinh hc:
- Chi ph u t h thng x l ln; cn din tch rng; lu lng x l thp, hot ng
theo tng m, gin on (do pht sinh thm cc b cha nc thi trc x l)
- Thng xuyn phi kim sot cht lng nc thi u vo, cht lng vi sinh vt,
iu chnh lng ch phm b sung.
- Chi ph vn hnh cao do lng ch phm sinh hc; in nng dng cho my nn kh
s dng lin tc; ngun cung cp ch phm sinh hc cn hn ch.
4. H sinh hc t nhin:
H sinh hc l cc thy vc t nhin hoc nhn to, khng ln m din ra
qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht bn, tng t qu trnh t lm sch ca sng h nh vi
tr ca to v vi khun. Tuy chi ph u t thp, tn dng c t thin nhin, vn hnh
n gin hiu qu nhng yu cu din tch ln, kh iu khin qu trnh x l v
thng c mi kh chu vi khu vc xung quanh. C th chia h sinh hc lm 3 loi:
H sinh hc hiu kh; H sinh hc hiu kh ty tin; H sinh hc ym kh
4.1. H hiu kh: Trong h, xy c cung cp bng qu trnh khuych tn kh b mt
t nhin v qu trnh quang hp ca to. Vi sinh vt s dng xy phn hy hiu kh
cc cht hu c. Cc cht dinh dng v CO2 thi ra t qu trnh phn hy ny li l
26
ngun thc n cho to. u nhc im: su t 0,2-0,4m, i hi din tch t rt
ln; Chi ph vn hnh gn nh bng 0; Ti lng BOD5: 250 kg - 300 kg/ngy cho mt
din tch h rng khong 1 ha.
4.2. H k kh: H k kh c s dng x l nc thi c nng cht hu c v
hm lng cn cao. Qu trnh n nh nc thi trong h xy ra di tc dng kt hp
ca qu trnh kt ta v qu trnh chuyn ha cht hu c thnh CO2, CH4, cc cht kh
khc, cc acid hu c v t bo mi. u nhc im: Hiu sut chuyn ha BOD5 c
th t n 70% - 85%; su nc 2,4 -3,6 m; thi gian lu nc t 2-5 ngy, ti u
l 5 ngy; Din tch nh hn ch khong 10-20% din tch h hiu kh; Nhit ti u:
30-35
o
C; pH : 6,5-7,5
4.3. H ty tin: y l loi h sinh hc thng c s dng x l nc thi sau
khi tch du qua cc b lng gn s cp.Trong h ty tin tn ti c ba loi vi sinh
vt hiu kh, k kh v hiu kh ty tin; tn ti 3 vng: (1) vng b mt ni to v vi
sinh vt tn ti trong mi quan h cng sinh nh nu trn; (2) vng y k kh,
cht rn tch ly c phn hy di tc dng ca vi sinh vt k kh; v (3)vng trung
gian, mt phn hiu kh v mt phn k kh, cht hu c c phn hy di tc
dng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh ty tin. su t 1,2 - 2,4m; Thi gian lu nc dao
ng t 5 n 30 ngy; Nhit ti u: >15oC; Ti lng BOD l 100-150 kg
/ha/ngy; C th x l c 50-60% BOD
4.4. u, nhc im ca h sinh hc:
- u im: chi ph vn hnh gn bng 0.
- Nhc im: phi mt mt din tch t ln, v nu nc thi c hm lng nhim
qu cao th hiu qu x l khng trit , kh kim sot c mi.
- Mt h thng h sinh hc hon chnh cn c c 3 loi h: hiu kh, ty tin, k kh.
5. H thng x l bng phng php ha l: c p dng nhm x l nc thi sau
khi qua cc b lng gn. V c bn, phng php ha l thng c p dng nhm
loi b cc tp cht khng tan trong nc thi, c c cao. Phng php ny l
phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l hc nhm loi b cc ht cht
rn kh lng hay ci thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng
tch c hc thng thng, c khi cc tm lng t xen k, nhng trong qu trnh vn
hnh, nc thi ti u vo b lng c khuy trn thm vo mt s cht keo t nh
phn nhm (hoc st), sa vi, cht tr keo t, to iu kin y nhanh qu trnh keo
t v to bng cn, ci thin hiu sut lng.
27

Quy trnh x l theo phng php ha l
Hiu sut ca thit b ph thuc vo: c tnh, lu lng nc thi u vo: BOD5,
COD; T l ha cht pha trn, tc khuy trn ti cc ngn: phn st, sa vi, tr keo
t PAA
Nhc im ca thit b: - S dng nhiu ha cht, my bm ha cht, my khuy trn,
tiu tn nhiu chi ph (ha cht, in nng);
- Phc tp trong vn hnh v t l pha trn ha cht vo nc thi ty thuc vo thng
s nc thi u vo (pH, COD, BOD); v do cc thit b hin c cha kim sot c
cc thng s ny nn s nh hng n kt qu x l.
- Thit b nhanh xung cp do kt cu, vt liu cha ph hp vi mi trng lm vic.
- Pht sinh lng bn cn nhim du; cha c nh gi v gii php thch hp x l
cht thi nguy hi ny.

6. Thit b tuyn ni: Phng php tuyn ni c th tch cc tp cht l lng ( dng
ht rn hoc lng), cc ht nh, nh, lng chm, trong thi gian ngn. y l thit b
thng c p dng tch du th cp, sau khi nc thi c tch du s cp
bi thit b tch du c hc thng thng. Ph hp vi tch du dng ht v th nh
tng.
Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng.
Cc bt kh ny s kt dnh vi cc ht cn, ht du ni ln b mt v c th d dng
tch khi nc thi bng thanh gt hoc cc loi skimmer khc.

28

S cu to l thit b tuyn ni

Hiu sut qu trnh tuyn ni ph thuc vo s lng, kch thc bt kh, hm
lng du, cn l lng. C th b sung thm vo nc thi cht to bt v ha cht keo
t to bng (tng t phng php ha l) khuy trn vo nc thi trc khi a vo
thit b tuyn ni, nhm tng hiu sut ca thit b.
C nhiu phng thc cp khng kh vo nc, nhng hin nay, qu trnh tuyn
ni thng p dng kh ha tan (Dissolved Air Flotation): Sc khng kh vo nc p
sut cao (2-4atm), sau gim p gii phng kh. Khng kh thot ra to thnh bt kh
c kch thc rt nh 20 - 100 m.
29
6.2. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM KHNG KH
gim thiu lng xng du bc hi trong qu trnh hot ng ca khu kho cha xng
du, mt s bin php gim thiu c a ra nh sau:
Bn b lun tnh trng kn, cc thit b tnh trng hot ng tt;
Rt nhin liu vo bn v xut hng ch nhng chm;
p dng cc bin php k thut kim sot v chng nng cho cc bn cha.
Thng xuyn kim tra v bo tr nhng khe h, nhng ch r r trn h thng ng
dn gim thiu lng nhin liu tht thot v bay hi.
p dng h thng thu hi hi (h thng nhp kn). H thng nhp kn xng du ngn
chn c cc nguy c mt an ton trong qu trnh nhp hng v pht tn hi xng ra
mi trng xung quanh. Thi gian nhp hng bng h thng ny thng nhanh so vi
phng php nhp h. Tuy nhin, phi c s phi hp ng b gia Ca hng xng
du v trang b ng b cho cc xe vn ti xng du ca n v vn ti xng du.
6.3. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM TING N
- Cc phng tin vn ti phi c thng xuyn bo dng v vn hnh ng tc
quy nh cho tng khu vc nhm m bo khng gy n cho khu vc xung quanh, hn
ch vic s dng ci trong khu vc kho cha.
- My mc c bo tr bo dng nh k m bo cht lng khi vn hnh, gim
ting n v gim rung. i vi cc thit b vn hnh c nh nh my bm, my pht
in t phng c th s dng tng cch m gim n.
6.4. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM MI TRNG T
- Hn ch, ngn chn hin tng ri vi, chy du thm xung t lm nhim t;
- Cc loi cht thi rn gm cht thi rn sinh hot, ph liu sau khi bo dng, sa cha
my mc thit b, gi lau dnh du m, bao b cc loi, phi c thu gom hng ngy x
l v thi b ng qui nh;
- Cn thi t vic sc ra bn cha phi c lu tr v x l hp l.
6.5. CC BIN PHP PHNG CHNG S C MI TRNG
6.5.1. S c v bn cha xng du
a) Bin php phng nga: Thit k cc bn cha tun th theo ng cc Tiu Chun
Vit Nam v Tiu Chun Quc T v kho cha sn phm du m, ng thi tun th theo
cc nguyn tc sau:
- La chn vt liu ng qui cch v yu cu k thut, tnh ton thit k ph hp
vi mi loi hng ha d kin lu tr, vt liu phi chu c mi mn cao v khng
b n mn bi loi nhin liu s dng;
- Tt c cc bn cha nhin liu u c h thng bo trn t dng, cc thit b ny
phi m bo chnh xc cao v lun tnh trng sn sng lm vic;
- Thng xuyn kim tra cc hot ng an ton ca cc supap (van th);
30
- Trc khi a vo s dng kho xng du phi hp vi cc c quan chuyn mn
lin quan t chc kim tra an ton ca tt c cc loi bn cha. V ch a thit b vo
s dng khi c chp thun ca cc c quan c thm quyn.
- Trong sut thi gian s dng, tin hnh kim tra an ton nh k t nht 2 ln
trong mt nm. Nu pht hin thy khng m bo an ton th nhanh chng tin hnh sa
cha hoc thay th di s gim st k thut ca cc c quan chuyn mn. Trc khi a
vo s dng li s tin hnh cc th tc cn thit nh lc u.
b) X l s c v bn cha xng du:
- khng ch khng cho lng xng du trn lan ra khu vc v mi trng xung
quanh khi xy ra s c v bn cha xng du, ton b khu vc t cc bn cha phi
c cch ly vi bn ngoi bng h thng bao quanh. Mt khc, ton b khu vc nn
bn trong vng bao phi c y bng b tng v tri nha trnh s thm nhin
liu vo t khi xy ra s c.
- Khi s c xy ra, tin hnh ngay cc bin php thu gom nhin liu trong vng
bao bo v trnh s bay hi ca nhin liu. Lng nhin liu thu hi ny s c
tch loi cc tp cht v s dng li.
6.5.2. S c v h thng ng ng nhp xut xng du
a)Bin php phng nga
- Thit k v thi cng lp t h thng ng ng ng theo tiu chun dnh ring cho
vn chuyn xng du; m bo hnh lang vn hnh h thng ng ng nhp xut;
- Trc khi a vo hot ng, tt c h thng ng dn s c kim tra th thng
thong v th p lc bng nc.
- Xy dng chi tit cc bng ni qui v qui tc an ton lao ng i vi khu vc xut
nhp xng du;
- Lp ch tun tra, kim tra v bo tr nhng mi ni, van kho trn h thng ng
ng, m bo tt c cc tuyn ng c bn v kn kht an ton nht, ng thi kp
thi pht hin s c v x l ngay.
b) X l s c: s c v h thng ng ng nhp xut xng du c x l bng cch
thit k lp t h thng dn trong cc ho k thut bng b tng ct thp. Tt c cc
tuyn ho k thut ny u c thit k vi mt dc nht nh v pha b thu gom
xng du tp trung c np y kn. Khi xy ra s c v, xng du s theo cc ho k
thut ny t chy vo b thu gom qua cc ca van c th ng m c. Thng thng
cc ca van ny lun ch m v ch c ng kn li trong trng hp xy ra s
c ngay sau khi lng nhin liu trong ho c chy ht. B thu gom xng du l
mt b kn t ngm di t, phn di y b c lng ct s b li pha trc ca
van. Vic tho nc ra khi bn thu hi c thc hin nh bm ht nc hot ng
ch t ng theo h thng phao iu khin mc nc bng in t lp t trong b v
dn nc n cng trnh x l cc b nc ma nhim du trc khi thi vo mi
trng.
6.5.3. S c chy, n
31
a) Bin php phng nga: phng nga chy n ti cc kho xng u cn p dng
ng b cc bin php v k thut, t chc hun luyn, tuyn truyn gio dc v php
ch.
- Cc my mc thit b lm vic mi trng nhit v o sut cao phi c h
s l lch c ng kim nh k ti cc c quan chc nng
- Trong khu vc kho xng du phi lp t h thng bo chy t ng v cc h
thng bo chy t ng khn cp. Cc phng tin phng chy cha chy, kho ha cht
cha chy c thit k theo tiu chun API;
- Tuyt i cm ht thuc, cm s dng cc dng c pht ra la, cm i giy ng
inh di nhm trnh pht tia la do ma st.
- Lp t h thng chng st v thu st ti cc im cao nht ca khu vc kho cng
xng du.
b) X l s c ho hon: Cng vic ny nn c tin hnh theo cc hng dn c th v
phng chy cha chy do B Cng an ban hnh. Trong trng hp ny, thc trch
nhim ca mi cn b, cng nhn ti kho cha l rt ln. Khi pht hin thy la v nguy
c gy chy, bt k ai cng u phi lm theo ng cc tiu lnh cha chy c ch
dn sn trn tng hng mc cng trnh trong khu vc kho cha. Ngoi vic loan bo v
gi in n i PCCC chuyn nghip ti khu vc kho cha, phi tin hnh ng cu ngay
s c bng cc phng tin v dng c cha chy.
CHNG VII. CC CNG TRNH X L MI TRNG, CHNG TRNH
GIM ST MI TRNG
7.1. Cc cng trnh x l v phng chng s c mi trng
- Lit k y cc cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc cht thi rn, lng, kh
v cht thi khc trong khun kh ca d n; km theo theo tin thi cng c th cho
tng cng trnh;
- Cc cng trnh x l mi trng phi c lm r v chng loi, c tnh k thut,
s lng cn thit.
7.2. Chng trnh qun l, gim st mi trng:
Yu Cu: Phn ni dung ny phi xut c cc bin php qun l v gim st mi
trng nhm m bo thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng c
nu trong chng 6 ng thi kp thi pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh
thc hin cng nh nhng biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do D n gy ra
iu chnh, ngn chn.
Do vy nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp
vi trnh t chc, qun l ca c s.
32
- Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch nn tp trung vo nhng thnh phn
mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng ca D n.
- iu cn lu l D n phi chu hon ton kinh ph cho nhng hot ng ni
trn, nn trong phn ny cng cn nu ln nhng d ton kinh ph cn thit nhm m
bo cho cc hot ng ny.

7.2.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng.

Vi tm quan trng ca cng tc qun l mi trng nu trn, phn ni dung ny cn
cp n cc hot ng ca c s di gc BVMT v thng thng bao gm:
- M hnh t chc, c cu nhn s cho cng tc qun l mi trng.
- Lp k hoch qun l, trin khai cc cng tc bo v mi trng tng ng cho
cc giai on: Chun b mt bng, thi cng cng trnh v vn hnh cng trnh.
- K hoch o to, gio dc nng cao nhn thc mi trng.
7.2.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng.
Chng trnh gim st mi trng i hi phi gim st lu lng/tng lng thi
v gim st nhng thng s nhim c trng cho cht thi ca d n theo tiu chun,
quy chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam, vi tn sut ti thiu 06 (su) thng mt ln, trong
cn xc nh r:
- i tng, ch tiu cn gim st; thi gian v tn sut gim st.
- Nhu cu thit b, nhn lc phc v cng tc gim st; D tr kinh ph cho gim
st mi trng.
Cc im gim st mi trng phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r
rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh; s liu gim st mi trng phi c cp nht,
lu gi.
Do c trng ca kho xng du, chng trnh gim st mi trng phi c lu
thc hin nhng v tr sau y: Khu vc tip nhn xng du vo kho; Khu vc phn
phi xng du cho xe bn v wagon; Khu vc bn cha xng du; Khu vc trm bm;
Khu vc vn phng; Khu ln cn xung quanh.
Ty theo tng yu t mi trng c th v c im v v tr, quy m ca kho
xng du, chng trnh gim st mi trng kho xng du vi cc ni dung c th v
mng li gim st, thng s gim st, tn sut gim st, phng php ly mu phn tch
v tiu chun so snh nh gi c trnh by chi tit di y.
a. Gim st nc thi: bao gm nhng ni dung chnh nh sau:
Gim st hot ng ca mng li thot nc: nhm bo m ton b lng nc
thi nhim du trong khu vc kho c thu gom trit . Cng tc quan trc c
thc hin ti khu vc cc bn cha xng du; khu vc trm phn phi xng;
Thng s gim st mng li thot nc trong khu vc kho xng du l nh gi
33
kh nng thot nc (khu vc xung quanh c b ngp nc t ng nc khng,
mng thot nc c b lng cn v tt nghn khng, nc c c dn v trm
x l nc thi khng) v cht lng ca mng li thot nc (mng thot
nc c b nt, b hoc r r khng).
Gim st hot ng ca cc trm x l nc thi, lu lng, cht lng nc thi
sau x l: Ch d n c trch nhim vn hnh v gim st thng xuyn hiu qu
hot ng ca cc trm x l nc thi trong khu vc kho. Thng s gim st: pH,
SS, DO, BOD
5
, COD, du khong, phenol, ch, ni t tng, phtpho tng; Tiu
chun so snh:Tiu Chun Vit Nam TCVN 5945-2005.
b. Gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh
Mng li quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh trong khu vc kho xng du
c b tr ti cc v tr sau: Khu vc bn cha; Khu vc xut; Khu vc trm bm; Khu
vn phng; Khu nh dn gn nht pha u v cui hng gi
S lng mu ti nhng v tr trn c th thay i ty theo quy m ca tng khu vc.
Thng s gim st cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc kho xng du bao gm
nhit , tc gi, n, bi, SO
2
, NO
X,
CO, C
X
H
Y
phenol v hi ch.
Tiu chun so snh: TCVN 5937- 2005
c. Gim st mi trng t
Mng li quan trc cht lng mi trng t trong khu vc kho xng du c b tr
ti cc v tr sau: Khu vc bn cha; Khu vc nhp, xut; Khu vc trm bm.
S lng mu ti nhng v tr trn c th thay i ty theo quy m ca tng khu vc.
Cc thng s gim st cht lng mi trng t khu vc kho xng du bao gm cht
hu c v du khong.
d. Thi gian v tn xut gim st, quan trc: Hot ng gim st, quan trc mi trng
phi c thc hin theo nhng tn sut nht nh trong sut qu trnh thc hin D n.
Chng trnh quan trc cc thnh phn mi trng phi tht c th v thng thng theo
tn sut 4 thng/ln cho nm hot ng u tin v 6 thng/ln cho nhng nm hot ng
tip theo.
e. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng: Vic d tr kinh ph cho hot ng
quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng th thiu, do vy trong phn ni
dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng khon kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan
trc tng thnh phn mi trng nu trn.
34
CHNG VIII. CAM KT THC HIN

Cam kt v vic thc hin cc bin php x l cht thi, gim thiu tc ng khc nu trong
bn cam kt; cam kt x l t cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut hin hnh v mi trng;
cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng khc theo quy nh hin hnh ca php
lut Vit Nam.



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