* .

* NA .

:NA NA = 6.02 * 1023 /mol

* ) ( :n N NA
N
NA

-1 :

=n

6.02 * 1023 /mol 12 g .

-2 :

1-2 : .

2-2 :
.

M(H2O) = 2*M(H) + 1*M(O) :

-3
m

M

=n

-4 :

: ) ( ) ( .
V
:
Vm

=n

* :

Vm = 22.4 L/mol : 0 0C , p = 1.013 bar

Vm = 24.4L/mol :20 0C , p = 1.0bar
-5 :

C
n
.
V

=C

-6 :

Kg/m3
m
V

=.

 :
.A Fe= 56 g / mol : . = 7800 kg /m 3 :
-1 . m = 150 g

- 2 ) (
.B :
Al = 27 g / mol ; = 2700 kg /m 3 . Cu = 63.5 g / mol ; = 8900 kg /m 3

-1 ) ( 1 mol .

.C
:

O2

)(L
1.5

)(g
2.01

CH4

1.5

1.01

CO2

1.5

2.78

-1 .

-3 .
.
C = 12 g / mol , H = 1 g / mol , O = 16 g /mol
:

-2 .

) (C 0.8 mol . = 2700 kg /m 3

. Al = 27 g / mol :
-1 .
-2 .

-3 ). (C
:
) 4.67 mol : (r :
. = 7800 kg /m 3

-1 .
-2 .
3 ) . ( V = 4/3 r 3

 :
)(C6H12O6
). (CH4N2O

-1 .
-2 1 g .
C = 12 g/mol , H = 1 g/mol , O = 16 g/mol, N = 14 g/mol , Na = 6.02*1023mol-1
:
Cl

35

Cl

37

)(g/mol

35
34.9688
Cl
37
36.9659
Cl
.

)(%
75.78
24.22

:
:
)(g/mol

24
23.9850
Mg
25
24.9858
Mg
26
25.9826
Mg
-1 .

)(%
78.99
10.00
11.01

-2(
: m e =9.1*10-31 kg; NA = 6.02*10+23 mol-1

( 2mol .
-3 . Mg+2
:

2 L .
-1 ) (O2 .

-2 20 0C 1 bar
. Vm = 24.4 l/mol , O = 16 g/mol

 :
50 cm3 CO2 20 0C 1 bar
. O = 16 g/m C = 12 g/mol Vm = 24.4 l/mol :
-1 .

-2 .
:
. H2SO4 :
20 0C 1.013 bar

1.83 .

-1 .
-2 .
-3 3 ml .
S = 32 g/mol , O = 16 g/mol , H = 1 g/mol
:
100 g ) (C6H12O6 500 ml
-1 .

-2 200 ml 25 0 C

-3 ) 3.89 mol / l ( .

. 25 0 C

( 2 ml .
( ) (2

:
NaOH :
Na+ . OH- . 40 g/mol :

250 ml 5 g
250 ml .
-1 .

-2 Na+ . OH-
-3 0.1 mol / l : OH-
. :

 . 100 ml . :
:

). (NaH2PO4,2H2O
-1 .

-2 3.12 g .

-3 0.050 mol .
Na = 23 g/mol , O = 16 g/mol , H = 1 g/mol , P =31 g/mol
:
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol .
-1 8.24 g ). (Fe
( .

(
-2
Fe = 55.8 g/mol , S = 32.1 g/mol , N A= 6.02*10+23
:
) (MgCl2 . 94.3 g/mol
.
-1 .
-2 .

18.86 g 250 ml

: Na2CO3 12 H2O :
M = 286.14 g/mol :
-1 .

-2 .
-3 Na+ CO32- 100 ml
0.1 mol/l . CO32-
( .

( . Na+

( CO32- 20 ml
:
) (m 1 L 1.013 bar
): (
40
60
80
31
22
14

30
36

20
43.5

10
55

0
69.5

(0C)
m
)(mg

-1 m .
-2 1 L . 25 0C

-3 25 0C 1.013 bar . 24.5 l/mol:

1 L .

:
65 Cu, 63 Cu,
. 64.9278 g/mol , 62.9296 g/mol :
.

M = 63.5463 g/mol :

100 ml 90 ml
20 0C 1.013 bar . 24 l/mol :
-1 .

-2 16 mg/l : . 90 ml
.
:
) (KCl K+ Cl- 20 0C

100 ml . 34.2 g

-1 .
-2 100 ml Cl- . 0.1 mol/l :
( .

(
-3 20 ml 100 ml

. Cl-