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مفاتيح العربية على متن الآجرومية
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api-3738627Copyright:
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ﻼﻣﺔ
ﺦ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﱠ
ﻟِﻠﺸﻴ ِ
ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﹶﻟ ٰﻰ
ﺭ ِﺣ ﻤﻪ ﺍ ُ
)ﺕ ١٣٧٦ﻫـ(
ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻏﻴﺜﺮ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﻖ
ﻭﺧﻄﺐ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﻬﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻭﺻﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻭﻻ ﻧﺼﺐ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ) :(١ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ
ﰲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ،ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻏﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻋ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ
ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ :ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺋﲔ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ.
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﱂ :ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،
ﻭﻋﺎﱂ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ﻭﺑﻜﺮًﺍ :ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻭﺑﻜﺮًﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺑﻜﺮًﺍ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ( ،
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﲔ ﻣﱳ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻭﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺪ
ﻼ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﻬﻞ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ،ﻭﲰﻴﺘﻪ :
ﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨ ﹰ
ﻋﻠﻘ
ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﱳ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻭﻣﻴﺔ
ﻭﺃﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﲏ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺃﻩ ] ﺃﻭ ﲰﻌﻪ [ ﻭﺇﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ
ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﺇﻧﻪ ﲰﻴﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ .
***
) (1ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺃﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﶈﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﲟﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ـ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺣﺮﳝﻼﺀ ـ ،ﻭ ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ
[ ،ﻭ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﻖ . ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ "ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ " ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻓﺘﲔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ] :
)(٢
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﻼ ﲝﺪﻳﺚ :
ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻒ ﺭﲪﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺴﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﻋﻤ ﹰ
» ﻛﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺫﻱ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺒﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻗﻄﻊ « .ﺃﻱ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ .
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ :ﺑﺴﻢ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺩﺑًﺎ .ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ :ﺻﻔﺔ ﷲ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ :ﺻﻔﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
] ﻗﻮﻟﻪ [ )) :ﺍﻟﻜﻼ ﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹾﻔ ﹸ
ﻆ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﺮ ﱠﻛﺐ ، ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ (( ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ
ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﲔ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ :ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ
ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ] ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ [ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳍﺠﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ
ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺳﻜﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ
)) ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ (( :ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﰊ .
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﻭﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﲎ (( :
)) ﻭﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺴﺎ ﻣ ﻪ ﺛﹶﻼﹶﺛﺔﹲ :ﺍ ﺳﻢ ﻭ ِﻓ ﻌﻞﹲ ﻭﺣ ﺮﻑ ﺟﺎ َﺀ ِﻟ ﻤ ﻌ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ :
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﱠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺰﻣﺎﻥ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺰﻣﺎﻥ .
] ﻭ [ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﱠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻞ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ،
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻫﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ] ﻭ [ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)(٣
ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼ ِﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ (( .
ﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻨﻮِﻳ ِﻦ ،ﻭ ﺩﺧﻮ ِﻝ ﺍﻷِﻟ ِ
)) ﻓﹶﺎﻻ ﺳﻢ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳋﻔ ِ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳋﻔﺾ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺭﻗﻪ ﺧﻄﹰﺎ ﻭﻭﻗ ﹰﻔﺎ ؛
ﻭﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﻮ :ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺟﻠﺲ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ .
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ، ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺟﻠﺲ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) ،ﰲ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ (( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ )) ،ﰲ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،
ﻭ)) ﻣﺴﺠﺪ (( ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،
ﻭ)) ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺏ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺒﺎﺀُ ،
ﺾ ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ ِ :ﻣ ﻦ ،ﻭﺇﱃ ،ﻭ ﻋ ﻦ ،ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ،ﻭﻓِﻲ ،ﻭ ﺭ
ﺨ ﹾﻔ ِ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ
)) ﻭ ﺣﺮﻭ ِ
ﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻼ ﻡ (( .
ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﺎ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ] ﻋﻦ ﻗﺴﻴﻤﻴﻪ [ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳋﻔﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ؛ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ :
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺧﺮﺟﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﻣﻦ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ .
)) ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ (( ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ ) ﻣﻦ ( ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﺍﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﺮ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺮًﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
)) ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ (( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ،ﻭ[ )) ﺇﱃ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭ )) ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ (( ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺑﺈﱃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)(٤
ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ ) ﺇﱃ ( ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﺍﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﺮ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺮًﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ .
ﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺭﻣﻴ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺭﻣﻴﺖ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣ ّﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﻣﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭ )) ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ (( ] ﺍﺳﻢ [ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻌﻦ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ؛ ] ﻭ ) ﻋﻦ ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺎﻭﺯﺓ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ
ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ [ .
ﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺭﻛﺒ
ﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﻛﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺭﻛﺒ
ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ )) ،ﻋﻠﻰ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭ)) ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ (( ] ﺍﺳﻢ [
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻌﻠﻰ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺍﳌﺎ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﻮﺯ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺍﳌﺎﺀ (( ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺯ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ )) ،ﰲ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ )) ،ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺯ (( ] ﺍﺳﻢ [ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺑﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺏ ﺭﺟ ٍﻞ ﺻﺎﱀﹲ ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺭ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﺭﺏ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﺮ .
)) ﺭﺟﻞ (( ] :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪّﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ
ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ [ .
)) ﺻﺎﱀ (( :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ] ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ )) ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻘﻲ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ] ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ [ .
)(٥
ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﺑﺰﻳﺪ (( ﺟﺎﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭ)) ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪﺭ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪﺭ (( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﺮ ،ﻭ )) ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭ (( ] ﺍﺳﻢ [ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
] ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ [ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﺍﳌﺎ ﹸﻝ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺍﳌﺎﻝ (( ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻟﺰﻳﺪ (( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭﺯﻳﺪ ] ﺍﺳﻢ [ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ] ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ [ .
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)) ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ (( .
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ] ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ [ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﻮ :
ﻭﺍﷲ ﻭﺑﺎﷲ ﻭﺗﺎﷲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻭﺍﷲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮ
ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺩﺑًﺎ .
)) ﻭﺑﺎﷲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺑﺎﷲ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭﺟﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ
ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺩﺑًﺎ .
)(٦
)) ﻭﺗﺎﷲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺗﺎﷲ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ،ﻭ[ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻭﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺩﺑًﺎ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻘﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ،ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ،ﻭﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ (( .
ﳌﺎ ﺃﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ،ﻗﺪ :ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﳐﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ
ﳐﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺿﻲ .
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻗﺪ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ )) :ﻗﺪ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ،ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ (( :ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ )) .ﻳﻘﻮﻡ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) .ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺳﻮﻑ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺳﻮﻑ (( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻒ .ﻭ )) ﻳﻘﻮﻡ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ
ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) .ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻗﺎﻡ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ )) ،ﻫﻨﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
)(٧
)) ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻻ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ (( .
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮﻱ
ﺭﲪﻪ ﺍﷲ ﰲ )) ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ (( :
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ *** ﻓﻘﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﱄ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ
)(٨
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌﻮﺍ ِﻣ ِﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ِﺧ ﹶﻠ ِﺔ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴﻬﺎ ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﹶﺃ ﻭ
ﺏ ﻫ ﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﹶﺃﻭﺍ ِﺧ ِﺮ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ ِﻠ ِﻢ ﻻ ﺧﺘِﻼ ِ
)) ﺍ ِﻹ ﻋﺮﺍ
ﺗ ﹾﻘﺪِﻳﺮﺍ (( .
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ
ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ .
ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ :ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ
ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ
ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ )) ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ،
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ
ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺭﺃﻯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ )) ،ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ )) ،ﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ )) ﺯﻳﺪﹰﺍ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛
ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ )) ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ )) ﺯﻳﺪﹰﺍ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺕ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣ ّﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻮﺽ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﺑﺰﻳﺪ (( :ﺟﺎﺯ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭ )) ﺯﻳﺪ (( :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)(٩
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ
ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ .
***
ﻚ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ﻊ ،
ﻸ ﺳﻤﺎ ِﺀ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺫِﻟ
ﺼﺐ ، ﻭ ﺧ ﹾﻔﺾ ، ﻭ ﺟ ﺰﻡ ، ﹶﻓ ِﻠ َ
)) ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔﹲ ،ﺭ ﹾﻓﻊ ﻭﻧ
ﺠ ﺰ ﻡ ،
ﺐ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﺼ
ﻚ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨ
ﻸ ﹾﻓﻌﺎ ِﻝ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺫِﻟ
ﺾ ،ﻭﻻ ﺟ ﺰ ﻡ ﻓِﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭِﻟ َ
ﳋ ﹾﻔ
ﺐ ،ﻭﺍ ﹶ
ﺼ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨ
ﺾ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ (( .
ﻭﻻ ﺧ ﹾﻔ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ :ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﲑ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺏ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ :ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺾ :ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ
ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻡ :ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ .
ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﳉ ّﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ
ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﻳ ٍﺪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ] ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ .ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺃﻯ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﺯﻳ ًﺪﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣ ّﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳ ٍﺪ :ﻣﺮﺭ ﻣﺮﺭ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﺑﺰﻳﺪ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ :ﻳﻘﻮ ﻡ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﻟ ْﻦ ﻳﻘﻮ ﻡ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘ ْﻢ ﺯﻳ ﺪ .
)(١٠
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :
)) ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ (( :ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ
ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ] .ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ) ﻟ ْﻦ ( ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ )) ،ﻳﻘﻮﻡ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺑﻠﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) ،ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﹶﻟ ْﻢ ﻳ ﹸﻘ ْﻢ ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( ﱂ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ )) ،ﻳﻘ ْﻢ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ )) ،ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
)(١١
ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ
ﻀ ﻤ ﹸﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻭ ،ﻭﺍ َﻷِﻟﻒ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮ ﹸﻥ .
ﺕ :ﺍﻟ
)) ﻟﻠﺮﻓﻊ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺿ ﻊ :ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ِﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹾﻔ ﺮ ِﺩ ،ﻭ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ
ﻀ ﻤ ﹸﺔ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ِﻊ ﻓِﻲ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑ ﻌ ِﺔ ﻣﻮﺍ ِ
ﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ
ﺼ ﹾﻞ ﺑﺂ ِﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ ﺷ ﻲﺀٌ (( .
ﻉ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳﺘ ِ
ﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِﻢ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﲑ ،ﻭ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺆﻧ ِ
ﺴِﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﻜ ِ
ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﲎ ﻭﻻ ﳎﻤﻮﻋًﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ
ﳓﻮ )) ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (( ،ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ .
ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ِﻩ .ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ )) ،ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )) ،ﻭﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ (( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،
)) ﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ (( ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﻭﺗﺎﺀ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺗﲔ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﺕ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ )) ،ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﺕ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺼ ﹾﻞ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻩ ﺷﻲﺀ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻳﻀﺮ
ﺏ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﳜﺸﻰ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،
ﻭﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺯﻳ ﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺏ (( ﻓﻌ ﹲﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،
ﺏ ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( )) :ﻳﻀﺮ )) ﻳﻀﺮ
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﳜﺸﻰ ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( )) :ﳜﺸﻰ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ )) .ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)(١٢
)) ﻭﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( )) :ﻳﺮﻣﻲ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ )) ،ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( )) :ﻳﺪﻋﻮ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ )) ،ﺯﻳ ﺪ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺿ ﻌ ﻴ ِﻦ :ﻓِﻲ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹶﺬ ﱠﻛ ِﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِﻢ ،ﻭﻓِﻲ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻮﺍ ﻭ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ِﻊ ﻓِﻲ ﻣ ﻮ ِ
ﺴ ِﺔ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ ﹶﺃﺑﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﹶﺃﺧﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭ ﺣﻤﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﻓﹸﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﺫﻭ ﻣﺎ ٍﻝ (( .
ﳋ ﻤ
ﺍ َﻷ ﺳﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍ ﹶ
ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ :ﻫﻮ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺩ ﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺩ
ﻭﻋﻄﻒ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ .
ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ] ﻧﻜﺮﺓ [ ﻣﻜﱪﺓ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ،
ﻓﻠﻮ ﺛﻨﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋ ﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺄ ﹾﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ .ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﺟﺎ َﺀ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻙ ﻭﺃﺧﻮ ﻙ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺃﺑﻮﻙ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ )) ،ﺃﺑﻮ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ )) ،ﻭﺃﺧﻮﻙ (( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ )) ،ﺃﺧﻮﻙ (( ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
)) ﺃﺑﻮﻙ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ )) :ﺃﺧﻮ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ .
)(١٣
)) ﺟﺎﺀ ﲪﻮﻙ (( )) :ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﲪﻮﻙ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ )) ،ﲪﻮ ((
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ .
)) ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻮﻩ (( )) :ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺢ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﻓﻮﻩ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ )) .ﻓﻮﻩ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ .
)) ﺟﺎﺀ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺎﻝ (( )) :ﺟﺎﺀ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )) ،ﺫﻭ ﻣﺎﻝ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،
)) ﻣﺎﻝ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
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ﺻ ﹰﺔ (( .
ﻒ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ِﻊ ﻓِﻲ ﺗ ﹾﺜﻨِﻴ ِﺔ ﺍ َﻷ ﺳﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺧﺎ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ َﻷِﻟ
ﺍﳌﺜﲏ :ﻟﻔﻆ ﺩ ﱠﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻭﺃﻏﲎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻃﻔﲔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﻄﻒ
ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳓﻮ )) :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺟﺎﺀ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ .
)) ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ (( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲏ .
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ﺿ ِﻤﲑ ﺗ ﹾﺜﻨِﻴ ٍﺔ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ
ﺼ ﹶﻞ ِﺑ ِﻪ
ﻉ ِ ،ﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﺍﺗ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ِﻊ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﺿ ِﻤﲑ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺆﻧﹶﺜ ِﺔ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﺨﺎ ﹶﻃﺒ ِﺔ (( .
ﺿ ِﻤﲑ ﺟ ﻤ ٍﻊ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ )) :ﻳﻔﻌﻼﻥ (( )) ،ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ (( )) ،ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻳﻔﻌﻼﻥ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)(١٤
)) ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
***
ﺴ ﺮﺓﹸ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎ ُﺀ ،ﻭ ﺣ ﹾﺬﻑ
ﺤﺔﹸ ،ﻭﺍ َﻷِﻟﻒ ، ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ
ﺕ :ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺘ
ﺐ ﺧ ﻤﺲ ﻋﻼﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺼ ِ
)) ﻭﻟِﻠﻨ
ﺿ ﻊ :
ﺐ ﻓِﻲ ﺛﻼﺛ ِﺔ ﻣﻮﺍ ِ
ﺼ ِ
ﺤﺔﹸ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠﻨ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮ ِﻥ .ﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺘ
ﺻﺐ ﻭﹶﻟ ﻢ
ﻉ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺩ ﺧ ﹶﻞ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻧﺎ
ﻓِﻲ ﺍ ِﻻ ﺳ ِﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹾﻔ ﺮ ِﺩ ،ﻭ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ ﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﻜﺴِﲑ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﺼ ﹾﻞ ﺑﺂ ِﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ ﺷ ﻲﺀٌ (( .
ﻳﺘ ِ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ )) :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( )) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( )) ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺃﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ )) ﺭﺃﻳ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ )) ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
)) ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪّﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
)) ﻏﻼﻡ (( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ )) :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺭﺃﻳﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)(١٥
)) ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
)) ﻭﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺏ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( )) ،ﻭﻟﻦﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻩ ﺷﻲﺀ )) :ﻟﻦ ﺃﺿﺮ
ﺃﺧﺸﻰ ﻋ ْﻤﺮًﺍ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻟ ْﻦ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
ﺏ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠ ْﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ )) ﺃﺿﺮ
ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
)) ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻟ ْﻦ ﺃﺧﺸﻰ ﻋ ْﻤﺮًﺍ (( :
)) ﻟ ْﻦ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
)) ﺃﺧﺸﻰ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠ ْﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ
ﺃﻧﺎ .
)) ﻋ ْﻤﺮًﺍ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﹶﺃﺑﺎ ﻙ
ﺴ ِﺔ ،ﻧ
ﺨ ﻤ
ﺐ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ﺳﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺼ ِ
)) ﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ َﻷِﻟﻒ : ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟِﻠﻨ
ﻚ (( .
ﻭﹶﺃﺧﺎ ﻙ (( ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺭﺃﻳ
)(١٦
)) ﺃﺑﺎ ﻙ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .
)) ﺃﺑﺎ (( :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
)) ﻭﺃﺧﺎﻙ (( :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ )) ﺃﺑﺎﻙ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .
)) ﺃﺧﺎ (( :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺖ ﲪﺎ ﻙ ﻭﻓﺎ ﻙ ﻭﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ٍﻝ (( :)) ﺭﺃﻳ
ﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . )) ﺭﺃﻳ
)) ﲪﺎﻙ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .
)) ﲪﺎ (( :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
)) ﻭﻓﺎﻙ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ )) ﲪﺎﻙ (( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ) ،ﻓﺎ ( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﻝ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﳋﻤﺴﺔ .ﺫﺍ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،
ﻣﺎﻝ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِﻢ (( .
ﺐ ﻓِﻲ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺆﻧ ِ
ﺼ ِ
ﺴ ﺮﺓﹸ :ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ُﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﻨ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ
ﳊ ِﻖ ﴾ .
ﺽ ﺑِﺎ ّﹶ
ﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭ
ﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍ ِ
ﷲ ﺍﻟ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﴿ :ﺧ ﹶﻠ ﻖ ﺍ ُ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ .
)) ﺧﻠ ﻖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﷲ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ . )) ﺍ ُ
)) ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ
ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺳﺎﱂ .
)(١٧
)) ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﺑﺎﳊﻖ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺍﳊﻖ :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺠ ﻤ ِﻊ (( .
ﺐ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﺜِﻨﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺎ ُﺀ :ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺼ ِ
ﺖ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺮﻳْﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪِﻳﻦ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﺭﺃﻳ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺖ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . )) ﺭﺃﻳ
)) ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﻦ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ
ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲎ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻳﻦ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻳﻦ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ .
***
ﺕ
ﺴ ِﺔ ﺍﹾﻟﺘِﻲ ﺭ ﹾﻓ ﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﹶﺜﺒﺎ ِ
ﺨ ﻤ
ﺐ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻷ ﹾﻓﻌﺎ ِﻝ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺼ ِ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺣ ﹾﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻮ ِﻥ ﹶﻓﻴﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻠﻨ
ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻮ ِﻥ (( .
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻟ ْﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻼ ،ﻭﻟ ْﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ،ﻭﻟ ْﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻟﻦ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
))ﻳﻔﻌﻼ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ :
)) ﻟﻦ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
)) ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠ ْﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)(١٨
ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ :
)) ﻟﻦ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
)) ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
***
ﺤﺔﹸ .
ﺴ ﺮﺓﹸ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻴﺎ ُﺀ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺘ
ﺕ :ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ
ﺙ ﻋﻼﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺾ ﺛﻼ ﹸ
ﺨ ﹾﻔ ِ
)) ﻭِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﻑ،
ﺿ ﻊ :ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻻﺳ ِﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮ ِﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺮ ِ
ﺾ ﻓِﻲ ﺛﻼﺛِﺔ ﻣﻮﺍ ِ
ﺨ ﹾﻔ ِ
ﺴ ﺮﺓﹸ :ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﹶﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻜ
ﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِﻢ (( .
ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻭﰲ ﺟ ﻤ ِﻊ ﺍﹾﻟﻤﺆﻧ ِ
ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳ ٍﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ :
ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻱ :ﺍﳌﻨﻮّﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﳓﻮ :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﺑﺰﻳﺪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﱴ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮّﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ .
)) ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﱢﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)(١٩
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ .ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
)) ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻱ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ .
)) ﻭﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻏﻠﻤﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ
ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺽ﴾ ﺕ ﻭﺍ َﻷ ْﺭ ِ
ﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍ ِ
ﻚ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﳓﻮ ﴿ ِﻟﹼﻠ ِﻪ ﻣ ﹾﻠ
ﷲ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ [ .
ﻣﻠﻚ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ] ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍﺕ .
***
ﺴ ِﺔ ،ﻭﻓِﻲ
ﺨ ﻤ
ﺿ ﻊ :ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ﺳﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺾ ﻓِﻲ ﺛﹶﻼﹶﺛ ِﺔ ﻣﻮﺍ ِ
ﺨ ﹾﻔ ِ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻴﺎ ُﺀ :ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﺠ ﻤ ِﻊ (( .
ﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﺜﻨِﻴ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ :ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺄﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﻚ ﻭﺫﻱ ﻣﺎﻝ .
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺑﺄﺑﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ .
)) ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﺑﺄﺑﻴﻚ (( :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ] ﺃﰊ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ [ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
)(٢٠
)) ﻭﺃﺧﻴﻚ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺃﺧﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻴﻚ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ] ،ﺃﺧﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ [
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
)) ﻭﺫﻱ ﻣﺎﻝ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺫﻱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ِ .ﺫﻱ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
،ﻣﺎ ٍﻝ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﲝﻤﻴﻚ :
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﲝﻤﻴﻚ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﲪﻴﻚ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ،ﺣﻤﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺑﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ :
)) ﺑﻔﻴﻪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .
ﰲ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ] ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ [ )) ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ (( ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﹶﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪِﻳﻦ ؛ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﲔ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﲔ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ )) ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲎ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪِﻳﻦ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﲔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ
ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﱂ .
***
ﺼ ِﺮﻑ. ((
ﺾ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ ِﻻ ﺳ ِﻢ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻻ ﻳ ﻨ
ﺨ ﹾﻔ ِ
ﺤﺔﹸ ﹶﻓﺘﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺘ
)(٢١
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ
ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺘﲔ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ :
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ ﺑﺈﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . )) ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﺑﺈﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ .
ﺕ ﲟﻌﺪ ﻳﻜﺮﺏ (( . ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . )) ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﲟﻌﺪ ﻳﻜﺮﺏ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻣﻌﺪ ﻳﻜﺮﺏ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺰﺟﻲ .
ﺕ ﺑﻌﻤﺮ (( .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﻌﻤﺮ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ
ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺜﻤﺎﻥ (( .
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﻌﺜﻤﺎﻥ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ
ﺗﺴﻊ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟ ﻌﹶﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .
ﺕ ﺑﻔﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﻭﻃﻠﺤﺔ (( . ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . )) ﻣﺮﺭ
)(٢٢
)) ﺑﻔﺎﻃﻤﺔ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ
ﺗﺴﻊ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﻭﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻱ .
)) ﻭﻃﻠﺤﺔ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻃﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ .
ﺕ ﺑﺄﲪﺪ ﻭﺯﻳﺪ (( : ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﺄﲪﺪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ
ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .
)) ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﲪﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .
ﺕ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﹸ ﺧ ﺮ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ (( .ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺍﻥ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺳﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .
)) ﻭﺃﹸﺧﺮ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ .
)(٢٣
)) ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ (( :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .
ﺕ ﲝﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺣﺒﻠﻰ (( . ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﳓﻮ )) :ﻣﺮﺭ
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﲝﻤﺮﺍﺀ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﲪﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ .
)) ﻭﺣﺒﻠﻰ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺣﺒﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ
ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ .
ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﳓﻮ :ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﲟﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ .
ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣ ﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
)) ﲟﺴﺎﺟﺪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ
ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻮﻉ .
)) ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻮﻉ .
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ :
ﺍﲨﻊ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﻻ ﺃﻧﺚ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ *** ﺭﻛﹼﺐ ﻭﺯﺩ ﻋﺠﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻛﻤﻼ
)(٢٤
] ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ [ :
ﳏﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻀﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍ ﹾﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺃﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﺕ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻠﻜﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﻓﻀﻞ .ﺍﻝ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﳓﻮ :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻣﺮﺭﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻠﻜﻢ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻜﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ
،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
)) ﻭﺑﺎﻷﻓﻀﻞ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺴﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﹶﻓﻴﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ِﻟ ﹾﻠﺠﺰ ِﻡ ﻓِﻲ
ﻑ .ﹶﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﱡ
ﺤ ﹾﺬ
ﺴﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﺠ ﺰ ِﻡ ﻋﻼ ﻣﺘﺎ ِﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﱡ
)) ﻭِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﺢ ﺍﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ (( .
ﺼﺤِﻴ ِ
ﻉ ﺍﻟ
ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻭﺍﻭﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺎ ًﺀ ،ﳓﻮ :ﱂ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﱂ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
)) ﻳﻀﺮﺏ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
)) ﺯﻳﺪ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻌﺘ ﱢﻞ ﺍﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ ﻭﻓِﻲ
ﺠ ﺰ ِﻡ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﻑ ،ﹶﻓﻴﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻋﻼ ﻣ ﹰﺔ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﺤ ﹾﺬ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮ ِﻥ (( .
ﺍ َﻷ ﹾﻓﻌﺎ ِﻝ ﺍﹾﻟﺘِﻲ ﺭ ﹾﻓ ﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﹶﺜﺒﺎ ِ
)) ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ (( :ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﻭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺎﺀ ،ﳓﻮ :ﱂ ﳜﺶ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﱂ
ﻳﺪﻉ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮﻡ .
)(٢٥
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﱂ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
ﺶ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ )) ﳜ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .
ﻉ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ . ﻭﱂ ﻳﺪ
ﱂ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
ﻉ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺪ
.ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮﻡ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ .ﱂ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ ،ﻳﺮﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﲬﺴﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻼﻥ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ
ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻼ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻼ ،ﻭﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ،ﻭﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﱂ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
ﺗﻔﻌﻼ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻼﻥ
ﻣﺜﻠﻪ .
ﻭﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ :ﱂ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ
ﻣﺜﻠﻪ .
ﻭﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ :ﱂ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻲ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
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)(٢٦
ﻓﺼﻞ
ﻑ.
ﺤﺮﻭ ِ
ﺴﻢ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﹾﻟ
ﺕ .ﻭ ِﻗ
ﺤ ﺮﻛﹶﺎ ِ
ﺴﻢ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮﺏ ﺑِﺎﹾﻟ
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ ِ :ﻗ
ﺕ ِﻗ
)) ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﺑﺎ
ﲑ ،ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ
ﺴِﻉ :ﺍ ِﻻ ﺳﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹾﻔ ﺮﺩ ، ﻭ ﺟ ﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﻜ ِ
ﺕ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑ ﻌﺔﹸ ﹶﺃﻧﻮﺍ ٍ
ﺤ ﺮﻛﹶﺎ ِ
ﻓﹶﺎﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﹾﻟ
ﻀﻤﺔ
ﺼ ﹾﻞ ﺑﺂ ِﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ ﺷ ﻲﺀٌ .ﻭﻛﻠﱡﻬﺎ .ﺗﺮﻓﹶﻊ ﺑﺎﻟ
ﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎِﻟ ِﻢ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِﺭﻉ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳﺘ ِ
ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺆﻧ ِ
ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺨﻔﹶﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺗﺠﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ (( .
ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ
ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ .
ﻼ ﺷﺮﻉ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﳌﺎ ﺃﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺍﺕ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ .ﻭﻟﻦ ﺃﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ
ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﱂ ﺃﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ .ﻭﻣﺮﺭ
***
)) ﻭﺧﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺠ ﺰﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ (( .
ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﳜﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺘ ﱡﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳ
ﻉ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮ ِﻡ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ
ﺶ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺪ
ﳓﻮ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺄﲪﺪ ﻭﱂ ﳜ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
)) ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ :ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ،ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ :ﻳﻔﻌﻼﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻼﻥ ،ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻠﲔ ؛ ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﲣﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ؛ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻓﲑﻓﻊ
ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﳜﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ،
ﻭﲣﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﲡﺰﻡ ﲝﺬﻓﻬﺎ (( .
ﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺪْﻳ ِﻦ .
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳ
ﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺪِﻳ ﻦ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳ ِﺪﻳ ﻦ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ ﺑﺄﺑﻴﻚ . ﺖ ﺃﺑﺎﻙ ،ﻭﻣﺮﺭ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﺑﻮﻙ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳ
)(٢٧
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﻀﺮﺑﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻀﺮﺑﺎ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﻀﺮﺑﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ
ﺏ.
ﺿ ِﺮ
ﻀ ِﺮﺏ ، ﻭﺍ
ﺏ ،ﻭﻳ
ﺿ ﺮ
ﺤ ﻮ :
ﺽ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎ ِﺭﻉ ، ﻭﹶﺃ ﻣﺮ ، ﻧ
)) ﺍ َﻷ ﹾﻓﻌﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔﹲ :ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺡ ﺍﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ ﹶﺃﺑﺪﺍ .
ﻓﹶﺎﹾﻟﻤﺎﺿِﻲ ﻣ ﹾﻔﺘﻮ
ﻭﺍ َﻷ ﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﹶﺃﺑﺪﺍ .
ﻚ )) :ﹶﺃﻧ ﻴﺖ((
ﺠ ﻤ ﻌﻬﺎ ﹶﻗ ﻮﻟﹸ
ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻓِﻲ ﺃ ﻭِﻟ ِﻪ ِﺇ ﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍِﺋ ِﺪ ﺍ َﻷ ﺭﺑ ِﻊ ﺍﱠﻟﺘِﻲ ﻳ
ﺻﺐ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺟﺎ ِﺯﻡ. ((
ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻣ ﺮﻓﹸﻮﻉ ﹶﺃﺑﺪﺍ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳ ﺪﺧ ﹶﻞ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻧﺎ ِ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ :ﻣﺎ ﺩ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ .
ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ :ﻣﺎ ﺩ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮ :ﻣﺎ ﺩ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭ ﴿ ﹶﻓﹶﺄﹾﻟﻘﹶﻰ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﻋﺼﺎ ﻩ ﴾
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ .ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺃﻟﻘﻰ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ .
ﻣﻮﺳﻰ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
ﻋﺼﺎﻩ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .ﻋﺼﺎ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ :ﺍﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﺍﺿﺮﺑ ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ . ﺍﺿﺮ ْ
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺍﺿﺮﺑ ﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ :
)(٢٩
ﺍﺿﺮﺑ ْﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ .
ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺩﻯ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ :ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺃﻗﻮﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﳓﻦ
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭ
ﻫﻲ .
***
ﺸ ﺮﺓﹲ
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺻﺐ ﻋ
ﺏ
ﺠﻮﺍ
ﺠﺤﻮ ِﺩ ،ﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﹶﺃ ﹾﻥ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻦ ،ﻭﺇِﺫ ﹾﻥ ،ﻭ ﹶﻛ ﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ﻡ ﹶﻛ ﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﺑﺎﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻮﺍ ِﻭ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﻭ (( .
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ :
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺃ ﹾﻥ ،ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺎ ﻟﻜﻮﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻳﻌﺠﺒﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻳﻌﺠ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﺒﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺃﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ .
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻟﻦ .ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻟ ْﻦ ﻳﻘﻮ ﻡ ﺯﻳ ﺪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻟ ْﻦ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ .
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ﻳﻘﻮﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻠﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﺇﺫﻥ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﹸﻛﺮﻣﻚ .ﺟﻮﺍﺑًﺎ ﳌﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻙ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺇﺫﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ .
ﺃﻛﺮﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻛﻲ .
ﺖ ﻛ ْﻲ ﺃﻃﻠ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻢ . ﻼ ﺗ ﹾﺄ ﺳﻮْﺍ ﴾ .ﻭ ﴿ ﹶﻛ ْﻲ ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﺮ ﻋْﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﴾ .ﻭﺟﺌ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ِ ﴿ :ﻟ ﹶﻜْﻴ ﹶ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻟﻜﻴﻼ ﺗﺄﺳﻮﺍ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻻﻡ ﻛﻲ ،ﻭﻛﻲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ .
ﺗﺄﺳﻮﺍ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻜﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻛﻲ ﺗﻘﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ :ﻛﻲ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ .
ﺗﻘ ّﺮ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻜﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻋﲔ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻋﲔ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺟﺌﺖ ﻛﻲ ﺃﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ :ﺟﺌﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻛﻲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﺮ .
ﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻃﻠ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺱ﴾. ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﻻﻡ ﻛﻲ .ﳓﻮ :ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ ِﻟﺘﺒﱢﻴ ﻦ ﻟِﻠﻨﺎ ِ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻻﻡ ﻛﻲ .
ﺗﺒﻴﱢﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻻﻡ ﻛﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
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ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﻻﻡ ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ﻪ ِﻟﻴ ﻌ ﱢﺬﺑﻬْ ﻢ ﴾ ،ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﱠﻟ ْﻢ ﻳﻜﹸ ِﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ﻪ ِﻟﻴ ْﻐ ِﻔ ﺮ ﹶﻟ ﻬ ْﻢ ﴾ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ
ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺍﷲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻟﻴﻌﺬﻢ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻻﻡ ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ .ﻳﻌﺬﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻻﻡ
ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ
ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻴﻐﻔﺮ ﳍﻢ :
ﱂ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
ﻳﻜ ْﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﲔ .
ﻭﺍﷲ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻟﻴﻐﻔﺮ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻻ ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ،ﻳﻐﻔﺮ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻻﻡ
ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﳍﻢ ﺟﺎﺭ
ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺣﱴ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳ ْﺮ ِﺟ ﻊ ِﺇﹶﻟْﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﴾ ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻚ :ﺃ ْﺳﹶﻠ ْﻢ ﺣﱴ
ﺗﺪﺧ ﹶﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺔ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺣﱴ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ :ﺣﱴ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺮ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﱃ .
ﻳﺮﺟﻊ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﱴ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ .ﻧﺎ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺈﱃ .
ﻣﻮﺳﻰ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
ﺃﺳﻠﻢ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺔ :
ﺃﺳﻠﻢ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﺣﱴ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﺮ ،ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ .
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ﺗﺪﺧﻞ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﱴ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﺍﳉﻨﺔ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻓﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ .
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺃﻗﺒﻞ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﻓﺄﺣﺴﻦ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
ﺇﻟﻴﻚ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ .
ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ :
ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻭ
ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺏ ﻭﻓﻘﲏ ﻓﺄﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﳊﹰﺎ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ : ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺭ ﱢ
ﺏ :ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺭ ﱢ
ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﺭﺏ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻳﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﻓﻘﲏ :ﻭﻓﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﻓﺄﻋﻤﻞ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
ﺻﺎﳊﹰﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺏ ﻭﻓﻘﲏ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﳊﹰﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ . ﺭ ّ
ﻀﺒِﻲ ﴾ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺤﻞﱠ ﻋﹶﻠْﻴ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﹶﻏ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﴿ :ﻭﻻ ﺗ ﹾﻄ ﻐﻮْﺍ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﹶﻓﻴ ِ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ :ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ .ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺔ .
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ﺗﻄﻐﻮﺍ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ
ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﰲ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ .
ﻓﻴﺤﻞ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ .
ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ
ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﻏﻀﱯ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﻏﻀﺐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻻ ﺗﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ *** ﻋﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ
ﺃﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺭ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺗﺄﰐ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .ﺗﺄﰐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ
ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻫﻞ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺄﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻫﻞ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﻓﺄﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ] .ﺃﺫﻫﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ [ .
ﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﻫﻞ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺃﺫﻫ
ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺃﻻ ﺗﱰﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﺘﺼﻴﺐ ﺧﲑًﺍ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺃﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ .
ﺗﱰﻝ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ
ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ :ﻋﻨﺪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻧﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻓﺘﺼﻴﺐ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ .
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ﺃﻻ ﺗﱰﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺧﲑًﺍ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻓﻴﺸﻜﺮ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ : ﻼ ﺃﻛﺮﻣ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﻫ ﹼ
ﻫﻼ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﲢﻀﻴﺾ .
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . ﺃﻛﺮﻣ
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻓﻴﺸﻜ ﺮ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ؟
ﻫﻼ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﺮ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﻟﻴﺖ ﱄ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻓﺄﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﻣﻨﻪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻟﻴﺖ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﲤ ﻦ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﱄ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻓﺄﺗﺼﺪﻕ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ .
ﻟﻴﺖ ﱄ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺃﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻓﻴﻔﻬﻤّﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺝ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﻞ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺮ ّ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﻞ .
ﺃﺭﺍﺟﻊ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻓﻴﻔﻬﻤﲏ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ .
ﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻭﻳﻔﻬﻤﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﴿ ﻻ ﻳ ﹾﻘﻀﻰ ﻋﹶﻠْﻴ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﴾ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ .
ﻳﻘﻀﻰ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺒﲏ ﳌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ .
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
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ﻓﻴﻤﻮﺗﻮﺍ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ .
ﺠﻨ ﹶﺔ ﻭﹶﻟﻤﺎ ﻳ ْﻌﹶﻠ ِﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ﻪ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻳ ﻦ ﺟﺎ ﻫﺪﻭﹾﺍ ﻣِﻨ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﻭﻳ ْﻌﹶﻠ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎِﺑﺮِﻳ ﻦ ﴾ ،
ﺴْﺒﺘ ْﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗ ْﺪ ﺧﻠﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﺍﹾﻟ
﴿ ﹶﺃ ْﻡ ﺣ ِ
ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ .
] ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ [ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺾ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﲏ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ :
ﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻋﺮﺽ ﳊﻀﻬﻢ *** ﲤ ّﻦ ﻭﺍﺭﺝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻛﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ :ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺻﺐ :ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :ﻷﻗﺘﻠ ّﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻷﻗﺘﻠ ّﻦ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ .
ﺃﻗﺘﻠﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ .
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺮ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﻻ .
ﻳﺴﻠﻢ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ
ﻫﻮ .
ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻷﻟﺰﻣﻨﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻀﻴﲏ ﺣﻘﻲ .
ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻷﻟﺰﻣﻨّﻚ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ .ﺃﻟﺰﻣ ّﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ
ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻀﻴﲏ :ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮ ﻋﻄﻒ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﱃ .ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)(٣٦
ﺣﻘﻲ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ
ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .ﺣﻖ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
***
ﺸ ﺮ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :
ﺠﻮﺍ ِﺯ ﻡ ﹶﺛﻤﺎِﻧَﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻋ
)) ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﹶﻟ ﻢ ،ﻭﹶﻟﻤﺎ ،ﻭ ﺃ ﹾﱂ ،ﻭﺃﳌﱠﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﻡ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ِﺮ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﺪﻋﺎ ِﺀ ،ﻭ ) ﻻ ( ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﻨ ﻬ ِﻲ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱡﺪﻋﺎ ِﺀ ،ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ،
ﻭﻣﺎ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﻦ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺇِﺫﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻱ ،ﻭ ﻣﺘﻰ ،ﻭﹶﺃﻳﺎ ﹶﻥ ،ﻭﹶﺃﻳ ﻦ ،ﻭﹶﺃﻧﻰ ،ﻭ ﺣ ﻴﹸﺜﻤﺎ ،ﻭ ﹶﻛ ﻴ ﹶﻔﻤﺎ ،
ﺸ ﻌ ِﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ (( .
ﻭﺇِﺫﹰﺍ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺟﺎﺯﻣًﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺴﻢ ﳚﺰﻡ
ﻼ ﻭﺍﺣﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﻗﺴﻢ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ .
ﻓﻌ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯﻡ :ﱂ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﻟ ْﻢ ﻳِﻠ ْﺪ ﴾ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﱂ (( :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
)) ﻳﻠﺪ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﹰﺍ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﱠﳌﺎ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺬﹸﻭﻗﹸﻮﺍ ﻋﺬﹶﺍ ِ
ﺏ﴾.
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﳌﺎ (( :ﳌﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
)) ﻳﺬﻭﻗﻮﺍ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﻋﺬﺍﺏ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ
ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
)) ﻋﺬﺍﺏ (( :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻓﺔ ﲣﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ
ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺃﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺫﺍﻗﻮﺍ ﻋﺬﺍﰊ .
ﺻ ْﺪ ﺭ ﻙ ﴾ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻚ
ﺡ ﹶﻟ )) ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ (( :ﺃﱂ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﺃﹶﻟ ْﻢ ﻧ ْ
ﺸ ﺮ ْ
)) ﺃﱂ (( :ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ،ﱂ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
)(٣٧
)) ﻧﺸﺮﺡ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﳓﻦ .
)) ﻟﻚ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﺻﺪﺭﻙ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .ﺻﺪﺭﻙ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺃﹶﻟﻤﺎ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺃﳌﺎ ﺃﹸﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ .
)) ﺃﳌﺎ (( :ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ،ﳌﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ .
)) ﺃﹸﺣﺴﻦ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻠﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ
ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
)) ﺇﻟﻴﻚ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ِ ﴿ :ﻟﻴﻨ ِﻔ ْﻖ ﺫﹸﻭ ﺳ ﻌ ٍﺔ ﻣﱢﻦ ﺳ ﻌِﺘ ِﻪ ﴾ ،
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻟﻴﻨﻔﻖ (( :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﱂ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
)) ﺫﻭ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .ﺫﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ .
)) ﺳﻌﺔ (( :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ] ،ﻣﻦ
ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﻦ ،ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ [ .
ﻚ﴾ ﺾ ﻋﹶﻠْﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺑ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ِ ﴿ :ﻟﻴ ﹾﻘ ِ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺍﻟﻼﻡ (( :ﱂ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﻳﻘﺾ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .
] ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺭﺑﻚ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻘﺾ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ [ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻻ ﲣﻒ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻻ (( :ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺔ .
)(٣٨
)) ﲣﻒ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ
ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﻻ ﺗﺆﺍ ِﺧ ﹾﺬﻧﺎ ﴾ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻻ (( :ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
ﺗﺆﺍﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻡ ﺑﻼ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻧﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺇﻥ .ﳓﻮ :ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻳﻘﻢ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻳﻘﻢ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺇﻥ ﻳﻘﻢ (( :ﺇﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ
ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ،ﻳﻘﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﻥ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
)) ﺯﻳﺪ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
)) ﻳﻘﻢ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ (( :ﻳﻘﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﻥ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﻣﺎ .ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗ ﹾﻔ ﻌﻠﹸﻮﹾﺍ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺧْﻴ ٍﺮ ﻳ ْﻌﹶﻠ ْﻤ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ﻪ ﴾ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ،ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)) ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﷲ (( :ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﺎ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .ﺍﷲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺠ ﺰ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﴾ .
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :ﻣﻦ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﻣﻦ ﻳ ﻌ ﻤ ﹾﻞ ﺳﻮﺀﹰﺍ ﻳ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻣﻦ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻣﺒﲏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
)(٣٩
)) ﻳﻌﻤﻞ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﹰﺍ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
)) ﺳﻮﺀﹰﺍ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
)) ﳚﺰ (( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺒﲏ ﳌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ
)) ﺟﻮﺍﺯﹰﺍ (( :ﺗﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﺤﻦ
ﺤ ﺮﻧﺎ ِﺑﻬﺎ ﹶﻓﻤﺎ ﻧ ْ
ﺴﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ :ﻣﻬﻤﺎ .ﳓﻮ :ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ ﻭﻗﹶﺎﻟﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﻣ ْﻬﻤﺎ ﺗ ﹾﺄِﺗﻨﺎ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻣِﻦ ﺁﻳ ٍﺔ ﱢﻟﺘ ْ
ﲔ﴾، ﻚ ِﺑﻤْ ﺆ ِﻣِﻨ
ﹶﻟ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ
ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
)) ﺗﺄﺗﻨﺎ (( :ﺗﺄﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﻬﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻧﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)) ﺑﻪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﻣﻦ ﺁﻳﺔ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﻟﺘﺴﺤﺮﻧﺎ ﺎ (( :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻻ ﻛﻲ ،ﺗﺴﺤﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻻﻡ ﻛﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻧﺎ
ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﻓﻤﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻟﻚ ﲟﺆﻣﻨﲔ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﳓﻦ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .ﲟﺆﻣﻨﲔ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﺟﺰﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ .
ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻣﺎ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﻭﺇﻧﻚ ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺁ ﻣ ﺮ *** ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﹾﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺗﺄ ﻣ ﺮ ﺁﺗﻴﺎ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)(٤٠
)) ﻭﺇﻧﻚ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ
ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ،ﺇ ﹾﺫﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ
ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ .
)) ﺗﺄﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺫﹾﻣﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻧﺖ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ .
)) ﺁﻣﺮ (( :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺗﻠﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺫﻣﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .ﺇﻳﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ
)) ﺗﺄﻣﺮ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ .ﺁﺗﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﱐ ﻟﺘﻠﻒ .
ﻼ ﻟﻪ .
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﲎ :ﻭﺇﻧﻚ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺁﻣﺮ ﻏﲑﻙ ﺑﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﲡﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ
ﺴﻨﻰ ﴾ .ﺤْﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺃﻱ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﺃّﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ْﺪﻋﻮﹾﺍ ﹶﻓﹶﻠﻪ ﺍ َﻷ ْﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺃﻳﺎ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹲﻝ ﻣﻘﺪ ﻡ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻣﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ .
)) ﺗﺪﻋﻮﺍ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻓﻠﻪ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻳﺎ .
)) ﻟﻪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ .ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ .
)) ﺍﳊﺴﲎ (( :ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﲰﺎﺀ ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﰲ ﳏﻞ
ﺟﺰﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﻣﱴ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﻣﱴ ﺃﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﱐ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)(٤١
)) ﻣﱴ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻣﺒﲏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
)) ﺃﺿﻊ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﱴ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﻭﺣﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
)) ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻣﺔ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
)) ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﱐ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲟﱴ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺃﻳﺎﻥ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﻓﺄﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺗﻨﱰﻝ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ .
)) ﺃﻳﺎﻥ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ،
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
)) ﻣﺎ (( :ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ .
)) ﺗﻌﺪﻝ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
)) ﺑﻪ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺗﱰﻝ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﺎﻥ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﻱ.ﻭﺣﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭ ّ
ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺃﻳﻦ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﺃﹶﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﹸﻮﻧﻮﹾﺍ ﻳﺪﺭِﻛﻜﱡ ﻢ ﺍﳌﹶﻮ
ﺕ﴾
ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺃﻳﻦ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺎ
ﺻﻠﺔ .
)) ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)(٤٢
)) ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻜﻢ (( :ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﻦ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﺕ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﺍﳌﻮ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺃﻧﻰ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻧﻰ ﺗﺄﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ *** ﲡﺪ ﺣﻄﺒﹰﺎ ﺟﺰ ﹰﻻ ﻭﻧﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺗﺄﺟﺠﺎ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ٍ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ .
)) ﺃﻧﻰ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
ﺕ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﱏ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ )) ﺗﺄ ِ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)) ﺗﺴﺘﺠﺮ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺕ ،ﻭﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﺰﻭﻡ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
)) ﺎ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﲡﺪ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺄﱏ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
)) ﺣﻄﺒًﺎ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
)) ﺟﺰ ﹰﻻ (( :ﺻﻔﺔ ﳊﻄﺒﺎ ،ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
)) ﻭﻧﺎﺭًﺍ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻧﺎﺭًﺍ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻄﺒًﺎ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ )) ﺗﺄﺟﺠﺎ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ِ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻢ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻟﻚ ﺍﷲ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﻥ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)(٤٣
)) ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
)) ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻢ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﻴﺜﻤﺎ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
)) ﻳﻘﺪﺭ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲝﻴﺜﻤﺎ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
)) ﻟﻚ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)) ﺍﷲ (( :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
)) ﳒﺎﺣًﺎ (( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ .
)) ﰲ ﻏﺎﺑﺮ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﻏﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﲡﻠﺲ ﺃﺟﻠﺲ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ (( :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
)) ﲡﻠﺲ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
)) ﺃﺟﻠﺲ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻤﺎ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ .
) ﻗﻮﻟﻪ :ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ( ﻳﻌﲏ :ﺃﻥ ﳑﺎ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻻ
ﳚﺰﻡ ﺎ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻏﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺑﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﲎ *** ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺒﻚ ﺧﺼﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺘﺠﻤﻞ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
)) ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻦ (( :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
)) ﺃﻏﻨﺎﻙ (( :ﺃﻏﲎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)) ﺑﺎﻟﻐﲎ (( :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
)(٤٤
)) ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺒﻚ (( :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺫﺍ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
)) ﻓﺘﺠﻤﻞ (( :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﲡﻤﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﻙ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ
ﳏﻞ ﺟﺰﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ .
***
)(٤٥
ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
)) ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳ ﺒ ﻌﺔﹲ
ﺴ ﻢ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﻋﻠﹸﻪ ، ﻭﹾﺍﹸﻟ ﻤﺒﺘ ﺪﹸﺃ ،ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ، ﻭﺍ ﺳ ﻢ )) ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ((
ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ِﻋﻞﹸ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻔﻌﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ
ﺖ،
ﻉ ،ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑﻌ ﹸﺔ ﹶﺃ ﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ :ﺍﻟﻨ ﻌ
ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮِ )) ﺇ ﱠﻥ (( ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑ ﻊ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ ِ
ﻒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻮﻛِﻴ ﺪ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺒ ﺪﻝﹸ (( .
ﻭﺍﻟﹾﻌ ﹾﻄ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺿﺮﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﳌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ .
ﺯﻳ ﺪ :ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﱴ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ] ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ :ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ [ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ :ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤًﺎ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻛﺎﻥ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤًﺎ :ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ :ﺇﻥ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺇ ﱠﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﺧﱪ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
] ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻓﻮﻉ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ .
)(٤٦
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﺧﻮﻙ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺃﺧﻮﻙ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ .ﺃﺧﻮ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺯﻳ ﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻧﻔﺲ :ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﺮﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ
ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ [ .
ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﺧﻮﻙ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ .
ﻋﻤﺮ :ﻋﻄﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ .
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ :ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ .
ﺃﺧﻮﻙ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ .
ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ ،ﻋﻤﺮﻭ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ .
***
)(٤٧
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺴ ﻤﻴﻦ :ﹶﻇﺎِﻫ ٍﺮ ،
ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﺬﻛﹸﻮ ﺭ ﹶﻗ ﺒ ﹶﻠﻪِ ﻓ ﻌﻠﹸﻪ . ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻋ ﹶﻠﻰ ِﻗ
)) ﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ِﻋﻞﹸ ﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ
ﻀ ﻤ ٍﺮ .
ﻭﻣ
ﻚ :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ، ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ، ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﺍ ِﻥ ،ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﺍ ِﻥ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ
ﻓﹶﺎﻟﻈﱠﺎ ِﻫ ﺮ ؛ ﹾﳓ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺖ ِﻫ ﻨﺪ ، ﻭﺗﻘﹸﻮﻡِ ﻫ ﻨﺪ،
ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﻭ َﹶﻥ ،ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﻭ ﹶﻥ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻝ ،ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻝ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻣ
ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻬﻨﻮ ﺩ ،
ﺕ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻣ ِ
ﺕ ،ﻭﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻬ ﻨﺪﺍ
ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻬ ﻨﺪﺍ
ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻬ ﻨﺪﺍ ِﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻬ ﻨﺪﺍ ِﻥ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻣ ِ
ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻣ ِ
ﻭﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻬﻨﻮ ﺩ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﹶﺃﺧﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﹶﺃﺧﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﻏﹸﻼﻣِﻲ ،ﻭﻳﻘﹸﻮ ﻡ ﻏﹸﻼﻣِﻲ ،ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ
ﻚ (( .
ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺐ ،ﻗﻮﻟﻪ :ﳓﻮ
ﳌﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
ﻗﻮﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ
ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ .
***
ﺖ،
ﺿ ﺮﺑ ِ
ﺖ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻨﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺖ ، ﻭ
ﻚ :
ﺸ ﺮ ،ﹾﳓ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﻀ ﻤ ﺮ ﺍِﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
)) ﻭﹾﺍﻟﹸﻤ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻮﺍ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻦ (( .
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺖ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑ
ﺏ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺘ ﻦ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺘ ﻢ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭ
ﻭ
ﳌﺎ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺿﻤﲑًﺍ :
ﺖ :ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ :ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻈﱢﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻏﲑﻩﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺿﺮ ،ﻭﲬﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺐ ،ﺿﺮﺑ
ﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﺘﻤﺎ :ﻟﻠﻤﺜﲎ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﺘ ْﻢ :ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﲔ ،
ﺖ :ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺐ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑ ِ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑ
ﺖ :ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﺎ :ﻟﻠﻤﺜﲎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ ،ﺏ :ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺐ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑ ْ ﱳ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺿﺮ ﻭﺿﺮﺑ
ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻮﺍ :ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺒﲔ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻦ :ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺋﺒﺎﺕ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺿﺮﺑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻭﻧﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
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ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ . ﺿﺮﺑ
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺿﺮﺑ ِ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺿﺮﺑﺘﻤﺎ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ .
ﺿﺮﺑﺘﻢ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﺿﺮﺑﱳ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲨﻊ ﻟﻨﺴﻮﺓ .
ﺯﻳﺪ ﺿﺮﺏ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﺿﺮﺏ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
ﻫﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﺑﺖ :ﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍ ًﺯﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻲ .
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ :ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ] ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛
ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲎ [ ،ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﺘﺎ :ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺿﺮﺑﺘﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺖ
ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﻮﺍ :ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺿﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﺮﺑﻦ :ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺿﺮﺑﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ .
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ :ﻓﻬﻮ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ :ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺎ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﳓﻦ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ
ﺖ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺘ ْﻢ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧ ِ
ﱳ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻲ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﳘﺎ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻢ ، ﺃﻧ ّ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫ ﻦ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
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ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺎ :ﻣﺎ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺣﺼﺮ ،ﺃﻧﺎ
ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﳓﻦ ،ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .ﳓﻦ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺖ :ﺃﻧﺖ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ، ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ .
ﺖ :ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧ ِ
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺘﻤﺎ ] :ﺃﻧﺘﻤﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ [ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺘﻢ :ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .
ﱳ :ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻮﺓ . ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧ ّ
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻮ :ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺣﺼﺮ ،ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻲ :ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﳘﺎ :ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺣﺼﺮ ،ﳘﺎ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻢ :ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .
ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻫ ّﻦ :ﻣﺎ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺿﺮﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺣﺼﺮ ،ﻫﻦ :ﺿﻤﲑ
ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺏ ،
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ :ﺃﺿﺮ
ﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ . ﺏ ،ﻭﺗﻀﺮ ﻭﻧﻀﺮ
***
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ
ﺿ ﻢ ﹶﺃ ﻭﻟﹸﻪ
ﺿﻴﺎ
ﻉ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﹾﺬ ﹶﻛ ﺮ ﻣ ﻌﻪ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﻋﻠﹸﻪ . ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌﻞﹸ ﻣﺎ ِ
)) ﻭﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ
ﺢ ﻣﺎ ﹶﻗ ﺒ ﹶﻞ ﺁ ِﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ .
ﺿ ﻢ ﹶﺃ ﻭﻟﹸﻪ ﻭﻓﹸِﺘ
ﺴ ﺮ ﻣﺎ ﹶﻗ ﺒ ﹶﻞ ﺁ ِﺧ ِﺮ ِﻩ ،ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻣﻀﺎ ِﺭﻋﺎ
ﻭﻛﹸ ِ
ﻀ ﻤ ٍﺮ .
ﺴ ﻤ ﻴ ِﻦ :ﻇﹶﺎ ِﻫ ٍﺮ ،ﻭﻣ
ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ِﻗ
ﻀ ﺮ
ﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ ، ﻭﺃﹸ ﹾﻛ ِﺮ ﻡ ﻋ ﻤﺮﻭ ،ﻭﻳ ﹾﻜ ﺮﻡ ﻋ ﻤﺮﻭ . ﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ ، ﻭﻳ
ﻚ :ﺿِ ﺮ
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﻓﹶﺎﻟﻈﱠﺎ ِﻫ ﺮ ﻧ
ﺖ،
ﺖ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮﺑ ِ
ﺿ ِﺮﺑﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮﺑ
ﻚ :ﺿِ ﺮﺑﺖ ، ﻭ
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺸ ﺮ ،ﻧ
ﻀ ﻤﺮِ ﺍﹾﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻤ
ﺿ ِﺮﺑﺎ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮﺑﻮﺍ ،ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻦ (( .
ﺖ ،ﻭ
ﺏ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮﺑ
ﺿ ِﺮﺑﺘ ﻢ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮﺑﺘ ﻦ ،ﻭﺿِ ﺮ
ﺿ ِﺮﺑﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭ
ﻭ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﳌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺒﲏ ﳌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻳﻀﺮ
ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﺯﻳ ﺪ :ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺿﺮﺑ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﻗﻲ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ
ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌﺎِﺭﻱ ﻋ ِﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌﻮﺍ ِﻣ ِﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﹾﻔ ِﻈﻴ ِﺔ .
)) ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺒﺘ ﺪﺃﹸ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ
ﻚ )) :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻗﹶﺎِﺋﻢ (( ﻭ)) ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﺍ ِﻥ
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺴﻨﺪِ ﺇﹶﻟ ﻴ ِﻪ ،ﻧ
ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ
ﺨﺒﺮ : ﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﻗﹶﺎِﺋﻤﺎ ِﻥ (( ﻭ)) ﺍﻟ ﺰﻳﺪﻭ ﹶﻥ ﻗﹶﺎِﺋﻤﻮ ﹶﻥ (( .
ﻀ ﻤﺮ.
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ :ﹶﻇﺎِﻫﺮ ﻭﻣ
ﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ِﻗ
ﺖ، ﺸ ﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺃﻧﺎ ،ﻭﳓ ﻦ ،ﻭﺃﻧ
ﺖ ،ﻭﺃﻧ ِ ﻀ ﻤﺮ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
ﻓﹶﺎﻟﻈﱠﺎ ِﻫ ﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﻡ ِﺫ ﹾﻛﺮﻩ . ﻭﺍﳌﹸ
ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺘ ﻢ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺘ ﻦ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ،ﻭﻫ ﻢ ،ﻭﻫ ﻦ ؛ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ )) :ﺃﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ (( ﻭ
))ﳓ ﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ (( ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺋ ﻢ :ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﻥ :
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲎ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﻥ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﲎ .
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ :
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ
ﺳﺎﱂ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ
ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻬﻪ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺮ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ .
ﺃﻧﺎ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﳓﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ :ﳓﻦ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ
ﺳﺎﱂ .
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ﺖ،ﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺃﻧ ِ
ﱳ.ﻭﺃﻧﺘ ْﻢ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻧ
ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ .
ﳘﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﻥ :ﳘﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻫﻢ .
ﻫ ﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﺕ :ﻫﻦ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﺕ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﺕ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﳋﱪ ﻗِﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ :ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ، ﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﺮ ٍﺩ .
)) ﻭﺍ ﹶ
ﻓﺎﳌﹸﻔ ﺮﺩ ﳓﻮ )) ﺯﻳﺪ ﻗﺎِﺋﻢ. ((
ﲑ ﺍﳌﻔﹾﺮ ِﺩ ﺃ ﺭﺑ ﻌﺔﹸ ﺃﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ :ﺍﳉﺎ ﱡﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺮﻭ ﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮ
ﻑ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔِﻌ ﹸﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎ ِﻋ ِﻠ ِﻪ ،ﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺘ ﺪﺃﹸ ﻭﻏ
ﻣﻊ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ؛ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟِﻚ )) :ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ِﺭ ،ﻭﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ،ﻭﺯﻳﺪ ﻗﺎ ﻡ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ ،ﻭ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺘﻪ
ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺔﹲ (( .
ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ،ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺪﻭﻥ
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ .
ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﻓﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﻊ ﺧﱪﻩ ؛ ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ؛ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ .
ﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .
ﻋﻨﺪ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ .ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺯﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺑﻮﻩ :
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .
ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .
ﺃﺑﻮ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺃﺑﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،
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ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ .
ﺯﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺔ :
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺘﻪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺛﺎﱐ .ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺫﺍﻫﺒﺔ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﺧﱪﻩ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
***
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ
)) ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹸﺔ ﹶﺃﺷﻴﹶﺎ َﺀ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﻦ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ .
ﺨﺒ ﺮ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﻣﺴﻰ ،
ﺼﺐ ﺍﹾﻟ
ﹶﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧ ﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ :ﹶﻓِﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ ﺮ ﹶﻓﻊ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ،ﻭﺗ ﻨ ِ
ﻚ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﻓِﺘ ﹶﺊ ،
ﺲ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻧ ﹶﻔ
ﺕ ،ﻭﺻﺎ ﺭ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﺿﺤﻰ ،ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﱠﻞ ،ﻭﺑﺎ
ﺢ ﻭﹶﺃ
ﺻﺒ
ﻭﹶﺃ
ﺡ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﺍ ﻡ .
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑ ِﺮ
ﺢ ،ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ :
ﺢ ،ﻭﹶﺃﺻﺒ
ﺢ ،ﻭﻳﺼﺒ
ﺻﺒ
ﻑ ِﻣ ﻨ ﻬﺎ ﹾﳓ ﻮ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ،ﻭﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ،ﻭ ﹸﻛ ﻦ ،ﻭﹶﺃ
ﺼ ﺮ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗ
ﻚ (( .
ﺲ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺷﺎ ِﺧﺼﺎ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﺫِﻟ
ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺯﻳﺪ ﹶﻗﺎِﺋﻤﺎ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺳﺦ ﻷﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ ﳓﻮ ﴿ :ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ﻪ ﹶﻏﻔﹸﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﺣِﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﴾ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﻭﺍﷲ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻏﻔﻮﺭًﺍ :ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺭﺣﻴﻤًﺎ :ﺧﱪ ﺛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺃﻣﺴﻰ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻏﻨﻴًﺎ .
ﺃﻣﺴﻰ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .
ﻏﻨﻴًﺎ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﱪ ﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪًﺍ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴ ﻪ ﻭﺭﻋًﺎ .ﻇﻞ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﺻﺎﺋﻤًﺎ .ﺑﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﺮًﺍ .
ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌ ﺮ ﺭﺧﻴﺼًﺎ .ﻟﻴﺲ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤًﺎ .
ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻼ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻬﻪ ؟
ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻋﺎﳌﹰﺎ :ﻣﺎ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺯﺍﻝ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻚ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺟﺎﻟﺴًﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .
ﻣﺎ ﻓﺘ ﹶﺊ ﺑﻜ ﺮ ﳏﺴﻨًﺎ .
ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺡ ﳏﻤ ﺪ ﻛﺮﳝًﺎ .
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ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﻻ ﺃﺻﺤﺒﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ .
ﺃﺻﺤﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺎ :ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
ﺩﺍﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .
ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩًﺍ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺇﻟﻴﻚ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ :ﻛﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤًﺎ .
ﻛﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻭﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ
ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﺖ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻤًﺎ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
] ﻭﻗﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻲ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ .
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ﺨﺒ ﺮ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ ِ :ﺇ ﱠﻥ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﱠﻥ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ِﻜ ﻦ ،
ﺼﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﻭﺗ ﺮ ﹶﻓ ﻊ ﺍﹾﻟ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ،ﹶﻓِﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ ﻨ ِ
ﻚ.
ﺖ ﻋ ﻤﺮﺍ ﺷﺎ ِﺧﺺ ، ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﺖ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻌ ﱠﻞ ،ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ ِ :ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﻗﹶﺎِﺋﻢ ، ﻭﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﻭ ﹶﻛﹶﺄ ﱠﻥ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻟِﻠﺘﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻌ ﱠﻞ
ﻭ ﻣ ﻌﻨﻰ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﱠﻥ ِﻟ ِﻠﺘ ﻮﻛِﻴ ِﺪ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ِﻜ ﻦ ﻟِﻼ ﺳِﺘ ﺪﺭﺍ ِﻙ ،ﻭ ﹶﻛﹶﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻟِﻠﺘﺸﺒﻴ ِﻪ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﻟِﻠﺘ ﺮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻮﱡﻗ ِﻊ (( .
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻗﺎﺋ ﻢ .
ﺇ ﱠﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻗﺎﺋﻢ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺑﻠﻐﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ .
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ﺑﻠﻎ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺃ ﱠﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﺍﲰﻬﺎ .ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ .
] ﻭﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻠﻎ [ .
ﺲ.ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ﺟﺎﻟ
ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻟﻜﻦ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
] ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ :ﺍﲰﻬﺎ .ﻭﺟﺎﻟﺲ :ﺧﱪﻫﺎ [ .
ﻛﺄﻥ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺃﺳ ﺪ :
ﻛﺄﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ :
ﻟﻴﺖ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﲤ ّﻦ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ .
ﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﻡ :
ﺝ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ . ﻟﻌﻞ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺮ ّ
ﻟﻌﻞ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻫﺎﻟﻚ :ﻟﻌﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ] ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ
ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ [ .
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ﺨﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃﻧ ﻬﻤﺎ ﻣ ﹾﻔﻌﻮﻻ ِﻥ ﳍﺎ ،
ﺼﺐ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺒﺘ ﺪﹶﺃ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﹶﻇﻨ ﻨﺖ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ؛ ﹶﻓِﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ ﻨ ِ
ﺴ ﺒﺖ ، ﻭ ِﺧ ﹾﻠﺖ ، ﻭ ﺯ ﻋ ﻤﺖ ، ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ، ﻭ ﻋ ِﻠ ﻤﺖ ، ﻭ ﻭ ﺟ ﺪﺕ،
ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﹶﻇﻨ ﻨﺖ ، ﻭ ﺣ ِ
ﺕ ،ﻭ ﺟ ﻌ ﹾﻠﺖ ، ﻭ ﺳ ِﻤ ﻌﺖ ؛ ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ :ﹶﻇﻨ ﻨﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻗﹶﺎِﺋﻤﺎ ،ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﺮﺍ ﺷﺎ ِﺧﺼﺎ ،ﻭﻣﺎ
ﺨ ﹾﺬ
ﻭﺍﺗ
ﻚ (( .
ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﺫﹶﻟ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ .
ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻇﻨﻨ
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ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻇ ﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻨﻨ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻇﻨﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ .
ﺖ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﻣًﺎ .
ِﺧ ﹾﻠﺖ ﺍﳍﻼ ﹶﻝ ﻻﺋﺤًﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .ﺯﻋﻤﺖ ﺑﻜﺮًﺍ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﹰﺎ ،ﺣﺴﺒ
] ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ [ .
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﺎﻓﻌًﺎ ] .ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﻣﻨﺠﻴًﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺍﳉﻮﺩ ﳏﺒﻮﺑًﺎ ،ﻭﺟﺪ
ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ [ .
ﺕ ﺑﻜﺮًﺍ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﹰﺎ ،ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺇﺑﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ] ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﲣﺬ
ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ [ .
ﲰﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ » :ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑًﺍ ﻳﻔﻘﻬﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ « .
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :
ﲰﻌﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲰﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﲰﻌﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ
ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﺴﻤﻌﺖ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ
ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ؛ ﻷﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﻻ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﳓﻮ ﲰﻌﺖ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺑﺼﺮﺕ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﳌﺴﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ ،ﻭﴰﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﳛﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
***
)(٥٨
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ
ﲑ ِﻩ ؛ ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ
ﻀ ِﻪ ،ﻭﺗ ﻌﺮِﻳ ِﻔ ِﻪ ﻭﺗ ﻨ ِﻜ ِ
ﺼِﺒ ِﻪ ﻭ ﺧ ﹾﻔ ِ
ﺕ ﻓِﻲ ﺭ ﹾﻓ ِﻌ ِﻪ ﻭﻧ
ﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊِ ﻟ ﹾﻠ ﻤ ﻨﻌﻮ ِ
)) ﺍﻟﻨ ﻌ
ﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﹾﻟﻌﺎ ِﻗﻞﹸ ،ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﺍﹾﻟﻌﺎ ِﻗ ﹶﻞ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﺮ ﺭﺕ ﺑ ﺰﻳ ٍﺪ ﺍﹾﻟﻌﺎ ِﻗ ِﻞ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ .
ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﺔ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ :
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳ ٍﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ :
ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺑﺰﻳ ٍﺪ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺤ ﻮ :
ﺖ ،ﻭﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﹶﻠﻢ ؛ ﻧ
ﻀ ﻤﺮ ﹾﳓ ﻮ :ﹶﺃﻧﺎ ﻭﹶﺃﻧ
ﺴﺔﹸ ﹶﺃ ﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ
)) ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ِﺮ ﹶﻓﺔﹸ ﺧ ﻤ
ﺤ ﻮ :ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ،ﻭﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ،ﻭ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﱢﻱ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﺍ َﻷِﻟﻒ
ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ ﻭ ﻣ ﱠﻜ ﹶﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﺒ ﻬﻢ ؛ ﻧ
ﻒ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﻭﺍ ِﺣ ٍﺪ ِﻣ ﻦ ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ﺍ َﻷ ﺭﺑ ﻌ ِﺔ (( .
ﻭﺍﻟﻼ ﻡ ؛ ﹾﳓ ﻮ :ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﺟ ﹸﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼ ﻡ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﹸﺃﺿِﻴ
)(٥٩
ﻗﻮﻟﻪ :ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻬﻢ :ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ :ﺟﺎﺀ
ﻏﻼﻣﻲ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،
ﻏﻼﻣﻲ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ
ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
ﻏﻼﻡ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
] ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ [ .ﻏﻼﻡ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
] ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ [ .ﻏﻼﻡ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ .
ﻭﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ .ﻏﻼﻡ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ] ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ [ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ] ﺇﻟﻴﻪ [ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
ﺺ ِﺑ ِﻪ ﻭﺍ ِﺣﺪ ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﺁ ﺧ ﺮ ،ﻭﺗ ﹾﻘﺮِﻳﺒ ﻪ ﹸﻛ ﱡﻞ ﻣﺎ
ﺨﺘ ﱡ
ﺴ ِﻪ ﻻ ﻳ
)) ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹸﺓ ﹸﻛ ﱡﻞ ﺍ ﺳ ٍﻢ ﺷﺎِﺋ ٍﻊ ﻓِﻲ ِﺟ ﻨ ِ
ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼ ِﻡ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ،ﹾﳓ ﻮ :ﺍﻟ ﺮﺟِ ﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ (( .
ﺢ ﺩﺧﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍ َﻷِﻟ ِ
ﺻ ﹶﻠ
)(٦٠
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﲔ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺭﺟﻞ ،ﺗﻘﻮﻝ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺭﺟﻞ
ﻋﺎﻗﻞ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .
ﺭﺟﻞ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻋﺎﻗﻞ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻭﻗﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .
ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ،ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ .
***
)(٦١
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ
ﺸ ﺮﺓﹲ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺍﹾﻟﻮﺍ ﻭ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ُﺀ ،ﻭﹸﺛ ﻢ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﻭ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﻡ ،ﻭِﺇﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺑ ﹾﻞ ،
ﻒ ﻋ
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﹾﻄ ِ
)) ﻭ ﺣﺮﻭ
ﺿ ِﻊ .
ﺾ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻮﺍ ِ
ﻭﻻ ،ﻭﹶﻟ ِﻜ ﻦ ،ﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓِﻲ ﺑ ﻌ ِ
ﺽ
ﺨﻔﹸﻮ ٍ
ﺖ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣ
ﺼ ﺒ
ﺏﻧ
ﺖ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣ ﻨﺼﻮ ٍ
ﻉ ﺭ ﹶﻓ ﻌ
ﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ ٍ
ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ﻋ ﹶﻄ ﹾﻔ
ﺠﺰﻭ ٍﻡ ﺟ ِﺰ ﻣ
ﺖ ،ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ، ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻋ ﻤﺮﺍ ، ﺖ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣ
ﻀ
ﺧ ﹶﻔ
ﻭ ﻣ ﺮ ﺭﺕ ﺑ ﺰﻳ ٍﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺮ ٍﻭ ،ﻭ ﺯﻳﺪ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﹸﻘ ﻢ ﻭﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﹾﻘ ﻌ ﺪ (( .
ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻥ :ﻋﻄﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻄﻒ ﻧﺴﻖ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ .
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ
ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ [ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻤﺮﻭ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﰒ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻲ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰒ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ .
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﺃﻭ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ .
ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺃﻡ ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :ﺇﻣﺎ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ :ﹶﻓِﺈﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑ ْﻌﺪ ﻭِﺇﻣﺎ ِﻓﺪﺍﺀ ﴾
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﺤﺔ ،ﺇﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﲣﻴﲑ
ﻣﻨﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﲤﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﺪﺍﺀ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ ،ﺇﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﲣﻴﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ] ﻓﺪﺍ ًﺀ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ [ .
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺑﻞ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ [ .
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﻻ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻻ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ] ،ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ [ .
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻟﻜ ْﻦ ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ] ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ [ .
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ :ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺃﻛﻠ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
)(٦٢
] ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻄﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻔﺺ ﻋﻤ ﺮ ؛ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺃﺑﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ﺃﺑﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺣﻔﺺ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻋﻤﺮ ﻋﻄﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﺠﻌﻞ ﱠﻟ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﹸﻓ ْﺮﻗﹶﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻭﻳ ﹶﻜ ﱢﻔ ْﺮ ﻋﻨ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ
] ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺰﻭﻡ ﴿ ﻳِﺎ ﹶﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻳ ﻦ ﺁ ﻣﻨﻮﹾﺍ ﺇﹶﻥ ﺗﺘﻘﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﺍﻟﹼﻠ ﻪ ﻳ ْ
ﺳﱢﻴﺌﹶﺎِﺗ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﻭﻳ ْﻐ ِﻔ ْﺮ ﹶﻟ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﴾
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ . ﻳﺎ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﺃ
ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻌﺖ ﻷﻱ .
ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺇﻥ ﺗﺘﻘﻮﺍ ﺍﷲ :ﺇﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ ﳚﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ
ﻭﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ،ﺗﺘﻘﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ،ﻭﳚﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ
ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻟﻜﻢ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧًﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻭﻳﻜﻔﺮ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳚﻌﻞ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺰﻭﻡ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .
ﻋﻨﻜﻢ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﺳﻴﺌﺎﺗﻜﻢ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻭﻳﻐﻔﺮ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ .
ﻟﻜﻢ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـ ) ﻳﻐﻔﺮ ( [ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ
ﻀ ِﻪ ﻭﺗ ﻌﺮِﻳ ِﻔ ِﻪ ،
)) ﺍﻟﺘ ﻮﻛِﻴ ﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊِ ﻟ ﹾﻠﻤ ﺆ ﱠﻛ ِﺪ ﻓِﻲ ﺭ ﹾﻓ ِﻌ ِﻪ ﻭﻧﺼ ﺒ ِﻪ ﻭ ﺧ ﹾﻔ ِ
ﺲ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ ،ﻭ ﹸﻛ ﱡﻞ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﺟ ﻤﻊ ، ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﹶﺃ ﺟ ﻤ ﻊ ،
ﻅ ﻣ ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ﻣ ٍﺔ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺍﻟﻨ ﹾﻔ
ﻭﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺑﹶﺄﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ٍ
ﺼﻊ ، ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹸﻝ :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻧ ﹾﻔﺴﻪ ، ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮ ﻡ ﹸﻛ ﱠﻠ ﻬ ﻢ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﺮ ﺭﺕ
ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛﺘﻊ ، ﻭﹶﺃﺑﺘﻊ ، ﻭﹶﺃﺑ
ﲔ (( .
ﺑﺎﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮ ِﻡ ﹶﺃ ﺟﻤﻌ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ :ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﺰﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ :
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻛﻠﻬﻢ :ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ] ﻛﻞ
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ [ .
ﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ : ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺕ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻣﺮﺭ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻡ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .
ﺃﲨﻌﲔ :ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﱂ ] ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﺽ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ [ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ
)) ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺑ ِﺪ ﹶﻝ ﺍ ﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﺳ ٍﻢ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ِﻓ ﻌﻞﹲ ِﻣ ﻦ ِﻓ ﻌ ٍﻞ ﺗﺒ ﻌﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﺟﻤِﻴ ِﻊ ِﺇ ﻋﺮﺍﺑ ِﻪ ،ﻭ ﻫ ﻮ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑ ﻌ ِﺔ
ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺴﺎ ٍﻡ :
ﻂ،
ﺾ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹸﻜ ﱢﻞ ،ﻭﺑ ﺪﻝﹸ ﺍﻻ ﺷِﺘﻤﺎ ِﻝ ،ﻭﺑ ﺪﻝﹸ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻐ ﹶﻠ ِ
ﺸ ﻲ ِﺀ ،ﻭﺑ ﺪﻝﹸ ﺍﹾﻟﺒ ﻌ ِ
ﺸ ﻲ ِﺀ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ
ﺑ ﺪﻝﹸ ﺍﻟ
ﻚ :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﹶﺃﺧﻮ ﻙ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ ﹾﻠﺖ ﺍﻟ ﺮﻏِﻴ
ﻒ ﺛﹸﻠﹸﹶﺜﻪ ، ﻭﻧ ﹶﻔ ﻌﻨِﻲ ﺯﻳﺪِ ﻋ ﹾﻠﻤﻪ ، ﻭ ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﻧ
ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ِﻣ ﻨﻪ. ((
ﺖ ﹶﻓﹶﺄﺑ ﺪﹾﻟ
ﺱ ﹶﻓ ﻐ ِﻠ ﹾﻄ
ﺕ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻘﹸﻮ ﹶﻝ :ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺮ
ﺱ .ﹶﺃ ﺭ ﺩ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺮ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﺧﻮﻙ .ﻗﺎﻡ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﺃﺧﻮﻙ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ
ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ] ﻣﻨﻪ [ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ،ﺃﺧﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻴﻒ ﺛﻠﺜﻪ [ :
] ﺃﻛﻠ
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ . ﺃﻛﻠ
ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻴﻒ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺛﻠﺜﻪ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻴﻒ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ] ﻣﻨﻪ [ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ
ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﺛﻠﺚ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻧﻔﻌﲏ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ :
ﻧﻔﻊ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ .
ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﻋﻠﻤﻪ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ] ﻣﻨﻪ [ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺪ ] ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ [ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
ﺼ ﺪﺭ ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﺮﻑ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥ ،ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﺮﻑ
ﺸ ﺮ ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻔﻌﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺑ ِﻪ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺴ ﹶﺔ ﻋ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺧ ﻤ
ﺴﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﻰ ﻭﺍ ﺳ ﻢ ﻻ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻨﺎﺩﻯ ،ﻭﹾﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﻔﻌﻮ ﹸﻝ ِﻣ ﻦ ﹶﺃ ﺟ ِﻠ ِﻪ ،
ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺤﺎﻝﹸ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴ ﺰ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺏ ،ﻭﻫ ﻮ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻔﹸﻌﻮ ﹸﻝ ﻣ ﻌﻪ ، ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍ ﺳ ﻢ ِﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑ ﻊ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ ِ
ﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘ ﻮﻛِﻴ ﺪ ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺒ ﺪﻝﹸ .
ﺖ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﹾﻄ
ﹶﺃ ﺭﺑ ﻌﺔﹸ ﹶﺃ ﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﺍﻟﻨ ﻌ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ :ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﺿﺮﺑًﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺿﺮﺑﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺿﺮﺑًﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺑﻀﺮﺑﺖ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ :ﺻﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ :ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﻛﺒًﺎ .
ﺽ ﻋﻴﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﴾ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﺠ ْﺮﻧﺎ ﺍ َﻷ ْﺭ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﴿ :ﻭﹶﻓ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﲎ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ :ﻗﻮﻟﻪ » : ﻻ ﺣﺴﺪ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ] ﺭﺟﻞ ﺁﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﷲ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻓﺴﻠﱠﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻫﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻖ ،ﻭﺭﺟﻞﹲ ﺁﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ [ « .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺣﺴﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ :ﻳﺎ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩ ؛ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻳﺎ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻟﻄﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺋ ًﻤﺎ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ :ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻗﺎﺋ ﻢ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺇﺟﻼ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻌﻤﺮﻭ ،ﺇﺟﻼ ﹰﻻ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ :ﺳﺮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ .ﺳﺮﺕ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ] ،ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ [
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
)(٦٦
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺼﻮﺏ :ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ،ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻭﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ،ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،
ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺃﺧﺎﻙ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﺱ.
ﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺮ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺭ ِﻛ ﺒ
ﺼﻮﺏ ،ﺍﻟﺬﱢﻱ ﻳ ﹶﻘﻊِ ﺑ ِﻪ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌﻞﹸ ،ﹾﳓ ﻮ
)) ﻭﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨ
ﻀ ﻤﺮ.
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ :ﻇﹶﺎ ِﻫﺮ ، ﻭﻣ
ﻭﻫ ﻮ ِﻗ
ﺼﻞﹲ .
ﺼﻞﹲ ،ﻭﻣ ﻨ ﹶﻔ ِ
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ :ﻣﺘ ِ
ﻀ ﻤﺮِ ﻗ
ﻓﹶﺎﻟﻈﱠﺎ ِﻫ ﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﻡ ِﺫ ﹾﻛﺮﻩ . ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻤ
ﺿ ﺮﺑ ﹸﻜﻤﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻜﹸ ﻢ ، ﻚ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻨﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻨِﻲ ،ﻭ
ﺸ ﺮ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :
ﺼﻞﹸ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
ﻓﹶﺎﹾﻟﻤﺘ ِ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻬ ﻦ .
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻬ ﻢ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑ ﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻬﺎ ،ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻪ ، ﻭ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻜﹸ ﱡﻦ ،ﻭ
ﻭ
ﻱ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎﻧﺎ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﻙ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﹸﻛﻤﺎ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﹸﻛ ﻢ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﹸﻛ ﻦ ،
ﺸ ﺮ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ ِ :ﺇﻳﺎ
ﺼﻞﹸ ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﻨ ﹶﻔ ِ
ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﻩ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﻫ ﻢ ،ﻭِﺇﻳﺎ ﻫ ﻦ (( .
ﺏ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻭﺭﻛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ :ﺿﺮ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ :ﺿﺮﺑﲏ ﺯﻳﺪ ٌ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،
ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺿﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻭﺿﺮﺑﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻱ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ :ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎ
ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻹﳚﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ
،ﺇﻳﺎﻱ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻧﺎ ،ﻭﻧﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻈﻢ
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ .
ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎ ﻙ :ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻙ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ .
ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻛ ْﻢ :ﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻛﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ
ﻑ ﺩﺍ ﱞﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ .ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻮﺓ .ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ :ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮ
ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ :ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ .ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﳘﺎ :ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻻﱠﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ .ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﻢ :ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ
)(٦٨
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﻦ :ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ
ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻮﺓ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ
ﻒ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ،ﳓﻮ :
ﺼﺮِﻳ ِ
ﺏ ،ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳﺠِﻲ ُﺀ ﺛﹶﺎِﻟﺜﹰﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺗ
ﺼ ﺪﺭ ﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
)) ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺎ .
ﻀ ِﺮﺏ
ﺏ ﻳ
ﺿ ﺮ
ﻱ.
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﻥ :ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔ ِﻈ ﱞﻲ ﻭ ﻣ ﻌﻨ ِﻮ ﱞ
ﻭﻫ ﻮ ِﻗ
ﻼ.
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗﺘ ﹾﻠﺘﻪ ﹶﻗ ﺘ ﹰ
ﻆ ِﻓ ﻌ ِﻠ ِﻪ ﹶﻓﻬ ﻮ ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔ ِﻈ ﱞﻲ ،ﻧ
ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ﻭﺍ ﹶﻓ ﻖ ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔﻈﹸﻪ ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔ ﹶ
ﻱ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺟ ﹶﻠ
ﺴﺖ ﹸﻗﻌﻮﺩﺍ ،ﻭﻗﻤﺖ ﻭﻗﹸﻮﻓﹰﺎ ، ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻭﺍ ﹶﻓ ﻖ ﻣ ﻌﻨﻰ ِﻓ ﻌ ِﻠ ِﻪ ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﹶﻟ ﹾﻔ ِﻈ ِﻪ ﹶﻓﻬ ﻮ ﻣ ﻌﻨ ِﻮ ﱞ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﹶﺫﻟِﻚ (( .
ﻼ [ ؛ ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ :ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ] ،ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﻗﺘ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﻗﻌﻮﺩًﺍ ﻗﺘﻠﺘﻪ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ،ﻗﺘ ﹰ
ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﻗﻌﻮﺩًﺍ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ
ﺤ ﻮ :ﺍﹾﻟﻴ ﻮ ﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ ﻴ ﹶﻠ ﹶﺔ ،
ﺏ ﺑﺘ ﹾﻘ ِﺪﻳ ِﺮ )) ﻓِﻲ (( ﻧ
)) ﹶﻇ ﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱠﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﻫ ﻮ :ﺍ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ ،ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎ ًﺀ ،ﻭﹶﺃﺑﺪﺍ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﻣﺪﺍ ،
ﺤﺮﺍ ،ﻭ ﹶﻏﺪﺍ ،ﻭ ﻋﺘﻤﺔ ،ﻭ
ﻭ ﹶﻏ ﺪ ﻭ ﹰﺓ ،ﻭﺑ ﹾﻜ ﺮ ﹰﺓ ،ﻭ ﺳ
ﻚ.
ﻭﺣِﻴﻨﺎ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﺏ ﺑﺘ ﹾﻘﺪِﻳ ِﺮ )) ﻓِﻲ (( ﹾﳓ ﻮ :ﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﻡ ،ﻭ ﺧ ﹾﻠ
ﻒ، ﻭ ﹶﻇ ﺮﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻫ ﻮ :ﺍ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
ﺖ ،ﻭ ِﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﻊ ،ﻭِﺇﺯﺍ َﺀ ،ﻭ ِﺣﺬﹶﺍ َﺀ ،ﻭِﺗ ﹾﻠﻘﹶﺎ َﺀ ،ﻭﹶﺛ ﻢ ،
ﺤ
ﻕ ،ﻭﺗ
ﻭ ﹸﻗﺪﺍ ﻡ ،ﻭ ﻭﺭﺍ َﺀ ،ﻭ ﹶﻓ ﻮ
ﻚ (( .
ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻟﻐﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ،ﻭﲰﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺸﺒﻬﻪ ﺑﻪ .
ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ :ﺻﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺻﻤ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺍﻋﺘﻜﻔﺖ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ ،ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻙ ﻏﺪﻭﺓ ﺃﻣﺲ ،ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﺣﻴﻨًﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ :ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ،ﺃﻣﺎﻡ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ :ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻫﻨﺎ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
ﺟﻠﺴﺖ ﹶﺛ ﻢ :ﺟﻠﺴﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﹶﺛ ﻢ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ .
***
)(٧١
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ
ﻚ )) :ﺟﺎ َﺀ
ﺕ ،ﹾﳓ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺴﺮِ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺒ ﻬ ﻢ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻬ ﻴﺌﹶﺎ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹶﻔ
)) ﺍﳊﹶﺎ ﹸﻝ ﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
ﷲ ﺭﺍِﻛﺒﺎ (( .ﻭﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺷﺒ ﻪ
ﺖ ﻋ ﺒ ﺪ ﺍ ِ
ﺴ ﺮﺟﺎ (( ،ﻭ)) ﹶﻟﻘِﻴ
ﺱ ﻣ
ﺯﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ِﻛﺒﺎ (( ،ﻭ)) ﺭ ِﻛ ﺒﺖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺮ
ﻚ.
ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﺤﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺇِﻻ ﻧ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹰﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺇِﻻ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗﻤﺎ ِﻡ ﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﻼ ِﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺻﺎ ِﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺇِﻻ
ﻣ ﻌ ِﺮ ﹶﻓ ﹰﺔ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﺭﺍﻛﺒًﺎ .
ﺟﺎﺀ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ .ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﺭﺍﻛﺒًﺎ :ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺭﻛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻣﺴﺮﺟًﺎ :ﺭﻛﺒﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .ﻣﺴﺮﺟًﺎ :
ﺣﺎﻝ .
ﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻣﺎﺷﻴًﺎ :
] ﻟﻘﻴﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻋﺒﺪ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺩﺑًﺎ [ .
﴿ ﻭﻫـﺬﹶﺍ ﺑ ْﻌﻠِﻲ ﺷﻴْﺨﹰﺎ ﴾ :ﻫﺎ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ،ﺫﺍ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ .
ﺑﻌْﻠﻲ :ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻊ
ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﺑﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺷﻴﺨًﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ
ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺷﻴﺨًﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﺤ ﻢ ﹶﺃﺧِﻴ ِﻪ ﻣﻴْﺘﹰﺎ ﴾ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﺎﺭﻱ .
ﺐ ﹶﺃ ﺣﺪﻛﹸ ْﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳ ﹾﺄﻛﹸ ﹶﻞ ﹶﻟ ْ
ﺤ ﴿ ﹶﺃﻳِ
ﳛﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺯﻡ ] ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ
ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﺃﺣﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ
ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﺃﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻳﺄﻛﻞ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺄﻥ
)(٧٢
]ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍ ًﺯﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﳊﻢ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﳊﻢ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺃﺧﻴﻪ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ،ﺃﺧﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ،ﳏﻠﻪ ﺟﺮ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﻣﻴﺘًﺎ :ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
)(٧٣
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ
ﻚ :
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺕ ﻧ
ﺴﺮِ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺒ ﻬ ﻢ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱠﺬﻭﺍ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹶﻔ
)) ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴ ﺰ :ﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
ﺤ ﻤﺪ ﻧ ﹾﻔﺴﺎ (( ﻭ )) ﺍ ﺷﺘ ﺮﻳﺖ
ﺏ ﻣ
ﺤﻤﺎ (( ﻭ )) ﻃﹶﺎ
ﺐ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻋ ﺮﻗﹰﺎ (( ﻭ )) ﺗ ﹶﻔ ﱠﻘﹶﺄ ﺑ ﹾﻜﺮ ﺷ
ﺼﺒ
)) ﺗ
ﺠ ﹰﺔ (( ﻭ )) ﺯﻳﺪ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ﺮﻡِ ﻣﻨﻚ ﹶﺃﺑﺎ (( ﻭ )) ﹶﺃ ﺟ ﻤﻞﹸ
ﲔ ﻧ ﻌ
ﺴ ِﻌ
ﺸﺮِﻳ ﻦ ﻏﹸﻼ ﻣﺎ (( ﻭ )) ﻣ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻜﺖِ ﺗ
ِﻋ
ﻚ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎ (( .
ِﻣ ﻨ
ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺇِﻻ ﻧ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹰﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺇِﻻ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗﻤﺎ ِﻡ ﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﻼ ِﻡ (( .
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻃﺎﺏ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻧﻔﺴًﺎ .ﻃﺎﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﳏﻤﺪ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻧﻔﺴًﺎ :ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ] ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻏﻼﻣًﺎ ] :ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻳﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ [ .ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﲜﻤﻊ
ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ،ﻏﻼﻣًﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ .
ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺃﺑًﺎ :ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ] ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ [ ،ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﺧﱪ ] ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ [ ،ﻣﻨﻚ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺃﺑًﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
***
)(٧٤
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﻑ ﺍﻻ ﺳِﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﺎ َﺀ ﲦﹶﺎِﻧﻴﺔﹲ ؛ ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺇِﻻ ،ﻭ ﹶﻏ ﻴﺮ ، ﻭ ِﺳﻮﻯ ،ﻭ ﺳﻮﻯ ،ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﺀٌ ،ﻭﺧﻼ ،
ﻭ ﺣﺮﻭ
ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍ ،ﻭﺣﺎﺷﺎ .
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮﻡ ﺇِﻻ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ (( ﻭ
ﺼﺐِ ﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﻼ ﻡ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ ِﺟﺒﺎ ،ﻧ
ﺴﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﻰ ﺑِﺈﻻ ﻳ ﻨ
ﻓﹶﺎﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺐ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺱ ﺇِﻻ ﻋ ﻤﺮﺍ (( .ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻜﻼ ﻡ ﻣ ﻨ ِﻔﻴﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﺟﺎ ﺯ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﺍﹾﻟﺒ ﺪﻝﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ
ﺼ ﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ
)) ﺧ ﺮ
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻣﺎ ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮﻡ ﺇِﻻ ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻭ )) ﺇِﻻ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ (( ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﻼ ﻡ ﻧﺎِﻗﺼﺎ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ
ﺍﻻ ﺳِﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﻧ
ﺿ ﺮﺑﺖ ﺇِﻻ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ (( ﻭ )) ﻣﺎ
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻣﺎ ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺇِﻻ ﺯﻳﺪ (( ﻭ )) ﻣﺎ
ﺐ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌﻮﺍ ِﻣ ِﻞ ﻧ
ﺴ ِ
ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺣ
ﻣ ﺮ ﺭﺕ ﺇِﻻ ِﺑ َﺰﻳ ٍﺪ (( .
ﻗﻮﻟﻪ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺗﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒًﺎ ﺃﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻬﺔ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ؛
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ .
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺪّﻣﻪ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻬﺔ ﺟﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ .ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺯﻳ ﺪ :ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ
ﺖ
ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﴿ .ﻭ ﹶﻻ ﻳ ﹾﻠﺘ ِﻔ ْ
ﻚ ﴾ ،ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺗﻚ :ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ . ﻣِﻨ ﹸﻜ ْﻢ ﹶﺃ ﺣ ﺪ ِﺇﻻﱠ ﺍ ْﻣ ﺮﹶﺃﺗ
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ :ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .
ﺖ ﺇﻻ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ . ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺑ
ﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ :ﺇﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺑﺰﻳﺪ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ : ﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
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ﺴﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﻰ ﲞﻼ ،ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍ ،
ﺴﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﻰ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻭ ِﺳﻮﻯ ،ﻭﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻻ ﻏﲑ ؛ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮﻡ ﺧﻼ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ،ﻭ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ (( ،ﻭ )) ﻋﺪﺍ ﻋ ﻤﺮﺍ
ﺼﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺟ ﱡﺮﻩ ، ﻧ
ﻭﺣﺎﺷﺎ ،ﻳﺠﻮ ﺯ ﻧ
ﻭ ﻋ ﻤ ٍﺮﻭ (( ﻭ )) ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ﺑ ﹾﻜﺮﺍ ﻭﺑ ﹾﻜ ٍﺮ (( .
ﺼﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺟ ﱡﺮﻩ ، ﻧﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻮﻡ ﺧﻼ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ،
ﺴﺘ ﹾﺜﻨﻰ ﲞﻼ ،ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍ ،ﻭﺣﺎﺷﺎ ،ﳚﻮ ﺯ ﻧ
ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﻭ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ (( ،ﻭ )) ﻋﺪﺍ ﻋ ﻤﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻋ ﻤﺮٍﻭ (( ،ﻭ )) ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ﺑ ﹾﻜﺮﺍ ﻭﺑ ﹾﻜ ٍﺮ (( .
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ﻏﲑ ﻭ ِﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺳﻮﺍ ًﺀ :ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺑﺈﻻ ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺯﻳﺪ ،
ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻏﲑ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺯﻳﺪ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻏﲑ :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ .
ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﲞﻼ ﻭﻋﺪﺍ ﻭﺣﺎﺷﺎ :ﳚﻮﺯ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺟﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺧﻼ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :ﺧﻼ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺑًﺎ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .
ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺧﻼ ﺯﻳﺪ :ﺧﻼ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺯﻳﺪ :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲞﻼ .
ﺃﻻ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼ ﺍﷲ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ *** ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﻞ
ﺃﻻ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺡ ،ﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺷﻲﺀ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻣﺎ :ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ،
ﺧﻼ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺍﷲ :ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ،ﺑﺎﻃﻞ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .
] ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﻞ :
ﻛﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ
ﻣﺒﲏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻭﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻻ ﺣﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ،ﺯﺍﺋﻞ :ﺧﱪ
ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﺃﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﻞ [ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﻻ
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻭﹶﻟ ﻢ ﺗﺘ ﹶﻜ ﺮ ﺭ )) ﻻ ((
ﺕ ِﺑ ﻐ ﻴ ِﺮ ﺗ ﻨﻮِﻳ ٍﻦ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺷ ﺮ ِ
ﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜﺮﺍ ِ
ﺍ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻢ ﹶﺃ ﱠﻥ )) ﻻ (( ﺗ ﻨ ِ
ﹾﳓ ﻮ )) :ﻻ ﺭﺟ ﹶﻞ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ِﺭ (( .
ﺐ ﺗ ﹾﻜﺮﺍ ﺭ )) ﻻ (( ﹾﳓ ﻮ )) :ﻻ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ِﺭ ﺭ ﺟﻞﹲ ﻭﻻ
ﺐ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﹾﻓ ﻊ ﻭ ﻭ ﺟ
ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﺗﺒﺎ ِﺷ ﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟ
ﺍ ﻣ ﺮﹶﺃﺓﹲ (( .
ﺖ )) :ﻻ ﺭ ﺟﻞﹲ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺪﺍ ِﺭ
ﺖ ﻗﹸ ﹾﻠ
ﺕ ] ﻻ [ ﺟﺎ ﺯ ِﺇ ﻋﻤﺎﹸﻟﻬﺎ ﻭِﺇﹾﻟﻐﺎ ﺅﻫﺎ ،ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ِﺷ ﹾﺌ
ﹶﻓِﺈ ﹾﻥ ﺗ ﹶﻜ ﺮ ﺭ
ﺖ )) :ﻻ ﺭﺟ ﹶﻞ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ ِﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺍ ﻣ ﺮﺃﹶﺓ (( .
ﺖ ﻗﻠ
ﻭﻻ ﺍ ﻣ ﺮﹶﺃﺓﹲ (( ،ﻭﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺷﺌ
ﻼ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻻ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳏ ﹰ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻏﻼﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺧﱪ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻞ :ﻻ ﺭﺟﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇ ﹼﻥ
ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺭ
ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﻻ [ .
ﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ :
ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺇﻟﻪ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺍﷲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪ ﻻ ،ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ :ﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺇﻻ
ﺍﷲ .
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻭﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻻ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﻻ
ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :
ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻻ ﻋﻤﻞ ﳍﺎ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ،ﺭﺟﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ،
ﻭﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ] ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ [ .
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﻻ ﻭﺑﺎﺷﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﺟﺎﺯ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻫﺎ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ :ﻻ ﺭﺟ ﹶﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ
ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :
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ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺭﺟﻞ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ :ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻞ
ﺭﺟﻞ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻻ ﺭﺟ ﹲﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ،ﻻ :ﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻻ ﻋﻤﻞ ﳍﺎ ،ﺭﺟ ﹲﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :
ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ] ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺤﺬﻭﻑ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ [ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺟﻞ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻑ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
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ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ
ﻉ :ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﹶﻠﻢ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹸﺓ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜ ﺮ ﹸﺓ ﹶﻏ ﻴﺮ
ﺴﺔﹸ ﹶﺃﻧﻮﺍ ٍ
)) ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺧ ﻤ
ﻑ .ﹶﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻤ ﹾﻔ ﺮﺩ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻌ ﹶﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ِﻜ ﺮﺓﹸ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻘﺼﻮ ﺩﺓﹸ ،
ﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴ ﻪ ﺑﺎﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ ِ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﹾﻘﺼﻮ ﺩ ِﺓ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻀﺎ
ﺤ ﻮ )) :ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ ، (( ﻭ )) ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻞﹸ (( .ﻭﺍﻟﺜﱠﻼﹶﺛﺔﹸ
ﻀ ﻢ ِﻣ ﻦ ﹶﻏ ﻴ ِﺮ ﺗ ﻨﻮِﻳ ٍﻦ ،ﻧ
ﹶﻓﻴ ﺒﻨﻴﺎ ِﻥ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﻟ
ﺍﹾﻟﺒﺎ ِﻗﻴﺔﹸ ﻣ ﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔﹲ ﻻ ﹶﻏﻴﺮ (( .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ :ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ :ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻞ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ .
ﻼ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻪ .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻳﺎ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻏﺎﻓ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ :ﻳﺎ ﻏﺎﻓ ﹰ
ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ :ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ] .ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻳﺎ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻋﺒﺪ :ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ [ .
ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ :ﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﻨًﺎ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ .
***
)(٧٩
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ
ﻚ:
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﻉ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌ ِﻞ ،ﻧ
ﺐ ﻭﻗﹸﻮ ِ
ﺴﺒ ِ
ﺏ ،ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳ ﹾﺬ ﹶﻛﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ ِﻟ
)) ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﻨﺼﻮ
ﻚ ﺍﺑِﺘﻐﺎ َﺀ ﻣ ﻌﺮﻭﻓِﻚ (( .
ﺼ ﺪﺗ
)) ﻗﹶﺎ ﻡ ﺯﻳﺪِ ﺇﺟﻼ ﹰﻻ ِﻟ ﻌ ﻤﺮٍﻭ ،ﻭ ﹶﻗ
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :ﺇﺟﻼ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،
ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﻐﺎﺀ .
ﺕ﴾ﺼﻮﺍ ِﻋ ِﻖ ﺣ ﹶﺬ ﺭ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ْﻮ ِ
ﺠ ﻌﻠﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ﹶﺃﺻْﺎِﺑ ﻌﻬْ ﻢ ﻓِﻲ ﺁﺫﹶﺍِﻧﻬِﻢ ﱢﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ ﻳ ْ
ﺣﺬﺭ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ .
ﻭﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ :
ﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺌﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﻣﺎ
ﻭﹶﺃ ﹾﻏ ِﻔﺮ ﻋﻮﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺍﺩﺧﺎ ﺭﻩ *** ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮ
***
)(٨٠
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ
ﻚ:
ﺤ ﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﻭﻫ ﻮ :ﺍﻻ ﺳ ﻢ ] ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤﻨﺼﻮﺏ ، [ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳ ﹾﺬ ﹶﻛﺮِ ﻟﺒﻴﺎ ِﻥ ﻣ ﻦ ﻓﹸ ِﻌ ﹶﻞ ﻣ ﻌﻪ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻔ ﻌﻞﹸ ،ﻧ
ﺸﺒ ﹶﺔ (( .
ﺨﺶ (( ﻭ )) ﺍ ﺳﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﹾﻟﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﺠ ﻴ
)) ﺟﺎ َﺀ ﺍ َﻷ ِﻣﲑ ﻭﺍﹾﻟ
ﺍﳉﻴﺶ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ .
ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ،ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .
***
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ )) ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ (( ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍ ﺳ ﻢ )) ِﺇ ﱠﻥ (( ﻭﹶﺃ ﺧﻮﺍِﺗﻬﺎ ،ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﻡ ِﺫ ﹾﻛ ﺮ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻓِﻲ
ﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ .
ﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻊ ؛ ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﻣ
ﺕ ،ﻭ ﹶﻛ ﹶﺬِﻟ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓﹸﻮﻋﺎ ِ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،
ﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺼﻮﺏ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺣﻠﻴﻤًﺎ ،ﻭﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ﻛﺮﱘ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳ
ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻭﻋﻤﺮًﺍ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺪًﺍ ﺃﺧﺎﻙ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
***
)(٨١
ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻮﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ
ﺨﻔﹸﻮﺽ ﺑﺎ ِﻹﺿﺎ ﹶﻓ ِﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺎِﺑﻊ
ﻑ ،ﻭ ﻣ
ﺤ ﺮ ِ
ﺨﻔﹸﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﹾﻟ
ﻉ :ﻣ
ﺨﻔﹸﻮﺿﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹸﺔ ﹶﺃﻧﻮﺍ ٍ
ﺍ ﹶﳌ
ﺽ.
ﺨﻔﹸﻮ ِ
ِﻟ ﹾﻠ ﻤ
ﺺ ِﲟ ﻦ ،ﻭِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ،ﻭ ﻋ ﻦ ،ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ،ﻭﻓِﻲ ،
ﺨﺘ ﱡ
ﻑ ،ﹶﻓﻬ ﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﻳ
ﺤ ﺮ ِ
ﺽ ﺑﺎﹾﻟ
ﺨﻔﹸﻮ
ﹶﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﹾﻟ ﻤ
ﺴ ِﻢ ،ﻭ ِﻫ ﻲ :ﺍﹾﻟﻮﺍ ﻭ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺒﺎ ُﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎ ُﺀ ،
ﻑ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ
ﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻼ ِﻡ ،ﻭ ﲝﺮﻭ ِ
ﺏ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﺒﺎ ِﺀ ،ﻭﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶﺎ ِ
ﻭ ﺭ
ﺏ ،ﻭ ﲟ ﹾﺬ ،ﻭﻣ ﻨﺬﹸ .
ﻭﺑﻮﺍ ِﻭ ﺭ
ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺠ ِﺪ . ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ِ
ﲔ﴾ ﺿ ﻲ ﺍﻟﱠﻠ ﻪ ﻋ ِﻦ ﺍﹾﻟﻤْ ﺆ ِﻣِﻨ ﴿ ﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ْﺪ ﺭ ِ
ﺤ ﻤﻠﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ﴾ ﻚ ﺗ ْ ﴿ ﻭ ﻋﹶﻠْﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹸﻔ ﹾﻠ ِ
ﺴﻤﺎ ِﺀ ِﺭ ْﺯﻗﹸﻜﹸ ْﻢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻮ ﻋﺪﻭ ﹶﻥ ﴾ . ﴿ ﻭﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ
] ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻄﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺭﺯﻗﻜﻢ .
ﺭﺏ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ .
﴿ ﻗﹸﻮﻟﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﺁ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑِﺎﻟﹼﻠ ِﻪ ] ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻧ ِﺰ ﹶﻝ ِﺇﹶﻟْﻴﻨﺎ ﴾[ .
﴿ ﻭﺍ ﹾﺫ ﹸﻛﺮﻭ ﻩ ﹶﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﺪﺍ ﹸﻛ ْﻢ ﴾ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻣﺎ :ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻫﺪﻯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯًﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
،ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻬﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻳﺎﻛﻢ .
ﺽ ﴾ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ . ﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ْﺭ ِ ﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍ ِ ﴿ ﻟﱢﱠﻠ ِﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﳓﻮ :ﻭﺍﷲ ﻭﺑﺎﷲ ﻭﺗﺎﷲ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﻭﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺃﺭﺧﻰ *** ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳍﻤﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺒﺘﻠﻲ
ﻟﻴﻞ :ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺏ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺭﺏ ﻟﻴﻞ ،ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﺒﺘﻠﻲ ﺳﻜﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺒﺘﻠﻴﲏ .
ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺬ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ :ﻣﺬ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻳﻮﻡ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﺬ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ
ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
)(٨٢
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﲰًﺎ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺟﺌﺖ ﻣﺬ ﺩﻋﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺟﺌﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻣﺬ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﲏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺩﻋﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ،
ﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺩﻋﺎ .
***
ﺴ ﻤ ﻴ ِﻦ :ﻣﺎ
ﻚ )) :ﻏﹸﻼ ﻡ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ (( .ﻭﻫ ﻮ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ِﻗ
ﺤﻮ ﹶﻗ ﻮِﻟ
ﺨ ﹶﻔﺾ ﺑﺎ ِﻹﺿﺎ ﹶﻓ ِﺔ ،ﹶﻓﻨ
)) ﻭﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳ
ﻳ ﹶﻘ ﺪﺭ ﺑِﺎﻟﻼ ِﻡ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳ ﹶﻘ ﺪﺭ ﲟ ﻦ ؛ ﻓﹶﺎﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳ ﹶﻘ ﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻼ ِﻡ ﹾﳓ ﻮ )) :ﻏﹸﻼ ﻡ ﺯﻳ ٍﺪ (( ،ﻭﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻳ ﹶﻘ ﺪﺭ
ﺝ (( ﻭ )) ﺧﺎﺗﻢ ﺣﺪِﻳ ٍﺪ (( ﻭﺍﷲ ﺃﻋﻠﻢ (( .
ﺏ ﺳﺎ ٍ
ﺏ ﺧ ﺰ (( ،ﻭ )) ﺑﺎ
ﺑِﻤ ﻦ ،ﹾﳓ ﻮ )) :ﺛ ﻮ
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ ،ﳓﻮ :ﻏﻼﻡ ﺯﻳﺪ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ
ﳓﻮ :ﺟﻞﱡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ ﳓﻮ ﲪﺪ ﺍﷲ .
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ،ﳓﻮ :ﺛﻮﺏ ﺧﺰ ،ﻭﺑﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﺝ ،ﻭﺧﺎﰎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ،
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ :ﻣﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ] .ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ [ ،ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ :ﻣﺮﺭ
ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ] ﻣﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺧﻴﻚ [ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ .
ﺏ ] ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ [ :ﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ،ﺫﺍ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺎﻭﺭﺓ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﺤﺮ ﺿﺐ ﺧﺮ ٍ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻠﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ،ﺟﺤ ﺮ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،
ﺐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ، ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﺟﺤﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ،ﺿ ٍ
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮﻩ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﺧﺮﺏ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﳉﺤﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ،ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﻞ ﲝﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﷲ ﺃﻋﻠﻢ .
ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﻭﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ] ﻭﺳﻠﻢ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﰊ
ﻣﺒﲔ .
***
)(٨٣
ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
٢ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ...........................................................
٣ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ .....................................................
٩ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ....................................................
١٢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .....................................
٢٧ ﻓﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺑﺎﺕ ..........................................
٢٩ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ .....................................................
٤٦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ............................................
٤٨ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ......................................................
٥١ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ...................................
٥٢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ .................................................
٥٥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ .............................
٥٩ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ......................................................
٦٢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ .....................................................
٦٤ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ .....................................................
٦٥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ .......................................................
٦٦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ............................................
٦٨ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ...................................................
٧٠ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ......................................................
٧١ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ..................................
٧٢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ .......................................................
٧٤ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ......................................................
٧٥ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ....................................................
)(٨٤
٧٧ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻻ ..........................................................
٧٩ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻱ ......................................................
٨٠ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ...............................................
٨١ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ .................................................
٨٢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﳐﻔﻮﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ...........................................
٨٤ ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ...............................................
***
)(٨٥
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