Magnetism

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1 9;T"

P 'E 539 U % FQ P 'E J U % FQ

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 Magnetism

12 .
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1 j 5† P. 74 R Q= 7%& 'E ! O V - $ %& 'E R;& 5C4 U :;. J"# i)C $ %& '4… 9 7%& 'E ! O J 4
3(4'! 5 !"$6 78 .
1 P%7%& '4 ;9ph 5@A` 9V e>45 8A >"]JD E ! . 7%& '4! ‡ C ˆA6 •‚LJD 4R 9;T = %Z= ;4 5C
‰%YA7E V )7 P . R 7%& 'E ! O v k J"# ‰%YA7E = %A 12
9 5(A3Z V )7 i)C Nj (C b A74_ ;E 5oA4 ; jJ"# i)C * "6
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P% A PI3 / 7. : V )7 >C P Y Nj (3

µ U
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πB :

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Ž 2• Ž B • ‰. ep
:

1“(% 5% 5C h 5@A` 9V )7 ! . 7%& 'E ! O WX j5”

1+ “(% 5% 5C
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7%& 'E ! O v k J"# J9YE J"M 6
1+
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N; 5 a)E ; a+ •Š` A4 = u %.
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 Magnetism
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B
I7Z h’‘6 ‰. n % 5.

1 ; < 3(4'= 5 ->&? 12 < < @ A B-

9
9 7%& '4 ! ‡ R ^ Q 4 9;T = %Z 9;]V )` N
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1+ 1 P. AgE “(% 5% 5C >4 TbX 565–
1+ ‰. 5% F9D U ~p M6h d•
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1 = %A ^ Y• P ;, >C U oM a A9 7%& 'E ! O ! _61B
1 $ %& 'E >C —# 7%& 'E ! O = %A >C —# 7%& 'E ! O 9 b 7%& '4 ! ‡ R ^ Q 4V )` ˜<;3A6r Y 1[
1 P% 9;T" U oM >C P™# P%7%& 'E Uc O P)+ † b = %A >C —# 7%& 'E ! O 1|
1 P% 9;T" U oM i)C ;šE › Y P)+ † b V )7 R ;šE › Y 1{
PC;7 ^ „Ž^•! ž „’• •U * œ N Ž ! Ž ‰. Ž U • G
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‰. Ž ^ Ž • • = ’ B^ Ž Ÿ • G
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 Magnetism
1+
ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ 9 ?4 * K < L'M
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P ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ 1 P% 6_%g = fA R T45@A`c PC;7 $ g•
U oM) =5+4 „ T} J(C PY6;&
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Z Y <;3AAL 11 ‰. 11 7%& '4 11 ? 11 9;T >6543A4 O
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1N; j= 74 R :;o 6* oME
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1 ?= ¤ ~pPfA4P= › A74i)C 6j (C * "6 45C 7%& 'E ! f() _4;Z ? Ž • • ‰. Ž ^ Ž •
9;T" ! O ? ‰. ’ ? • ^
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1 „ T} >4 ‘3Zc :;o Z ¢‚LJ ‘ TAC;` r U (%7}
&! N O<
1 P•oME U (%7} P)A n %Y h5@A76„ T b
„ T} J(C PY6;&
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P% A PI3 >4‰%7} P)A / 7¡ 1 * oME ‰%7} P)A i)C b= : +•
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n Ž • Ž B‰.
n 7, ‰)g 9h 5 Dc P Y• ! k5 P Y• 9PL7E n ^;7E 5T} G;L £ • Ÿ
£ Ž¥
N; 5 = 7E ; a+ • = =B•n

n 7. ‰)L Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
n
1+ Ž 5Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
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Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
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Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
P ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ
Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
U oM) =5+4
ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž
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 Magnetism

C" >&? D4E D ; R 3(4'! D ; S( 5 ;<

D; 3(4'! D ;
ŠYLP ;oAE U oM i)C ;šZ P 7 P ;oAE U oM i)C ;šZ
PoM P ;. WX 'Z ^= 7Z PC;` PoM / 7"Z
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P ;, WX i)C Nj (C Y WX * J'M9h YZc ˜YA• / 7Z ¢ ;. Po# i)C ;šZ 45C J'# !-Z

S L <T 5 -S( ,8 D ;
BU 2U BU ¦ 2U BU 2U

n : :

: n n : n

WXc R 7 3A4 6„ A4>6= %Z 5. WX R 6„ A4 >6= %Z

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P)+ † T%La30 = %A) ; ")7 ?= k P Y•Ÿ b P)+ † T%La30 = %A) ; ")7 9P Y•Ÿ b
;gD • ‰. ;gD • ‰.

BU 2U BU 2U
• •
n+: n n : n

! Ž BU Ž 2U Ž • 2• Ž B
• G
:

BU 2U BU G 2U
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 Magnetism

12 < < @ Y # Z < &<G 5R,

A7 3A4 A6„ A4 Z Y 7%& 'E ! O F4 >6543AE a)E 3)Q <;3A6
1 a)E * = ji)C J(36? j„ h_C * "Z
: ;A4 1 >Z%• N A Ž ‰. Ž U Ž n Ž * • _C
J% A74a)4 u %.
a)E P. 74 n a)E › A74 ‰. 9P6 _ N
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: 1 %)C 6j (C 4§ ` G;A‹ r 7%& 'E u , U TfA4j5C b
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9 ;8O-
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4< &V 1B
P45@A`
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P% ;Z
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1 * = 5) J9 a)4 1B
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P)(C PY6;&
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1 4_3 › 7A%La)E *_A6¬. a)E * = jP4 YE$ 34? j„ h_C « 9 R 8M 6 1B
1 ˆ6=5A i)C = %A P(% ;A4 •g)} ;#š4 36 1[
Pq.I4
1 „ T} a)A6 « 9 a)A%L« 9 h_C >4‘ a)E h_C * "6 = %Z= ;4 5C 12
;A4 •g)} a)4 I 5 ^ @ F4 <] 1[
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9 /9 9 P45@A`
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W 1 ;A4 •g)} a)4a)A6c ¬. " = %A \N_X t5 L
ƒ5 'D P4 Y4
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 Magnetism

h P4 YE R;& 95T} G;L• ;A4 •g)} R;& 95T} G;L

2U K U h • 2U Ž •h

PgC0E Y i(7Z T` % j;E ;A4 •g)} = %ZU gC0 4/ 7. ;A4 •g)} F4 P& 9;E P` E P4 YE P(% j5– ;A%4 PC D 5C
2U K U h • 2U Ž •h
U Ž h • 2U Ž h 2U Ž •h
2U i)C P(7Y 9 U •h • h •h 2U
¯ 2U ’ U • < ® < •h • h •h
2 < ’ •h • h

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P45@A`
1 ; 5 R N„ A i)C JD 6 P% 9;T" ; 5 R A Y• 95T} G;Ln %
P% ;Z
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W 0W 1 ; 5 R = E = %A 5#
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G
;A%(A g R;& 95T} G;L• A Y 95T} G;L
P4 Y4
•h h Ž 2U • £

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4 <R] 1{
P45@A`
W 0W 1 ; 5 >4\_ N R P4 YE P(% n %
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G
P% ;Z
1 A i)C Pg)4F4P6= 9 P4 Y4 Š9;9 )653Z- ;A4 •g) b
4 < ] 1ª
1 = %Ak• j5o% = 56z ; 6;& >C h5@A7E Pm= / 7. P4 YE = 5Y4 5T} G;L = %A 5# n %Y h5@A76„ T b

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 Magnetism

<R4'! a
>"] • PLj+ E9N j= L° 3 aMA h2¥[2 h C ¬. P% %(%" U 6= m >4 9;T" = %A 5% Z>"]c • 5 7 jYACc *
1 7%& 'E L5A 'Zi)C ƒj(AC 9;T" = %A 5% Z
$ %& '4 a)4Jk jŸ;oA6N $ %& '4 §Q 6J9YE J"M
1 = %Z= ;4i)C Pcj;A4 •g)} Ÿ;– ±.I6
N j= L* • ¨ •
P ;† T%L5 AZP% 9;T ; j!Ik 7%& 'E L5A 'A6 45C
a)4
G 7%& 'E L5A 'Z!534 F4 6j;& b= 5Y4/ ` A6P6 8ZP% 9;T
1 >4_) P7 9
5Z∆
• ‰
„∆
b G H
N j= L* • R P 7 = #• j / ` ² ° 3 ;7L
²*•¨•
1 5. N- / 7 h Y6a)4 R 5 AE N 8A = %A WX *p
1$ 34 7%& '4! ‡ N 8A = %A ! . 5 ALN 8Z= %Za)E R 5 L5A 7%& 'E ! O 'Z
7%& 'E ! O R A ;. PC;` ‰ JD 4R 5 A P6 8A P ;s Y 9PI3
^ ž ‰ 9PI3
5Z 7%& '4 L5A <;3AZP% 9;T ; j 6J9YE J"M
Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž P. 74 'AZ F)0 P ;. 5C b A74 i)C Nj (C
Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž 11 P% A PI3 / 7. L5A 'A%L a)E ; 5
9
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Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž Ž 2•*
N Ž ‰. Ž n Ž * • 5Z
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^ Ž ! Ž ‰. • ‰

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 Magnetism

fg <R4'! a D4de
µ´V e 7gZ (L1 P% Q = ;# 5 Z A% Z \9;T" ³ %L^_•5C ±.I•
= %ZV -C 8M %L = E = %A 5# 'ZPf%A•P% 9;T" ; 5 9Š%s 7%& 'E L5A R 'ZH 5o¶6P% 9;T" ; 5 GImp §AL5C
1 P% 9;T = ;# 5 Z~pV eNjš%L )D = %A) $ 34 " P% 9;T" ; 5 $ g•R N 8Z

N 8A = %A P% 9;T = ;# )D = %A

U ∆ ∝ 5Z∆ U ∝ 5Z
„ ∆ i)C P(7Y 9 U ∆ Ž e • 5Z∆
U∆ 5Z∆
Ž e•
„∆ „∆
U∆
Že • ‰
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P. 74 Zg j5C P & a)E ¨ +k i)C PA(% 5(A3Z N;b i(7Z 5. 9n Y6 a)() · - u , J434i(76l 9 e
P% A PI3 9i 3Z e *‚Lƒ% a)E * ep Š` ^ • P3 Y4
n Ž B* Ž µ
•e b= 5Y4 P6 8ZP ;† %L5 AZa)E· - u , • N;˜ :;36
!
P%• ’ 4 2 !53œ= E = %A 5# 'AZ 45C l L2
9 ;8O-
3(4'! \ 12
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1 * A(oL * A#;L 6;& >C P% = ¤ ; 5 9a)E
P)(C PY6;&
1 P% = k 8A9a)E = 56 12
1 ‰. WX a)E › A74 9P6 _ 'Z/ 79a)E ‘C 7%& 'E L5A 'A6 1B
1 * A(og * A#;g 6;& >C P% = ¤ ; 5) P)Y•‰A6a)E R N 8Z= %Z5 A6 1[
1; 2• ~pJ+ Z¬. U g)E j5C j6„ ‰A6l 9 )3} DC WX• l 9 P(%Y 'A45 AE = %A
1 = ;, P =j^ gZ= / 76N- T%L5 AE N 8A = %A \'• V e P6„ A4 § ;# P™%b i)C * "65 E / )
Pq.I4
9;T Ÿ;† P , W-b R i(76 9;T = %A9W•j „ epP% ;. P & ˆA6 • N 1 ƒ%3%& 7%& '4 * epn "C „ T 9;T" 5 E
1

ƒ6;YZ 5M l 9 ;(A74= %Z 5M 'A4;(A74= %Z WX• 5M 'A4 jj;A4= %Z

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 Magnetism

3(4'! i 1B
565, >4 § ;#
% ;Z
N • a)4 5A9 a)4
N • a)4;k¸ 5A9 a)4 w5. g)4
5 6c 565, § ;# >4/ ) ! . L g)4
9;T" „ T} 9;T" = %A =5+œ 5A9• a)E JD 61 (T%9! + Z N
1 9;T" „ T} 9N • a)E \9;T"
B* 2*
P)(C PY6;&
B£ 2£
1 jj;AE = %A =5+ œ 5A9• a)E JD 6 12
9;T" ! s 1 7%& '4 ! ‡ jj;AE = %A 'Z>C 8M 6 1B
1 N • a)E R P% 9;T P ;† 7%& 'E ! O / 76 1[
5A9• a)E U g j5C 2*
5A9• a)E 5T 2 £
B* 2* N • a)E U g j5C B*
•
B £ 2 £ N • a)E 5T B £

Pq.I4
1 N565, / )Y R 5 AE P6 8A P%4 5 U = %A / 79 Zg)4ŸI` P4 Y4/ 79! s = ;. P =j FgZ;Z
1 U g)E 56‘ZJ >4P@04P ` 9= 56z k l 6„ R ;('¶ZP(@0 Uc s *‚L -˜

/ k
Ve m I4p 8 k N >C mI9‚9h;"A V 4 =
U = Akc ; l %0 AA 4 F = ° ¹• -b
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