1: EI

1.1

( ),
.
( 1.1):
-

(transmitter)

(feeder)

(transmitting antenna)

(path)

(receiving antenna)

(feeder)

(receiver)

(tower) ( )

1.1: .

( 1.2) (modulator)
(carrier) ,
(frequency up-converter)
, (output amplifier)


(circulator)
.

1.2: .

( 1.3) (circulator)

, (frequency down-converter)
(demodulator)
.

 1.3: .

,
, ,
. (point to
point) .

. ,

.
,
, , ,
( ) .

.


.
,
.

,

 , .
, ,
,
.
,
.
:
-

,
.
, ,

.
-

,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
= 60/l , l
. , 1 ,
l = 60. f = 1 MHz,
l = 18 Km (!), f = 1 GHz l = 18 m ( = c/f, c = 3108
m/s ).

.
-

 ,
.
,
, :
-

,
(gain)
. .

,
.

,

.

,
.

1.2

1.1.
( )
c=3108 m/s. To f
= c/f = 3108/f, m f Hertz.
O
. ,
,
(diffraction) .
,
,
.
,
(reflection), (refraction), (diffusion)
(absorption). M 1.4.

 1.1:

()

()

3 30 Hz

10010 Km

30300 KHz

10 1 Km

0,3 3 z

1Km 100m

3 30 z

100 10 m

Y
()

30 300 MHz

10 1 m

()

0,3 3 GHz

100 10 cm

E
()

UHF
(Ultra
High Freq)

3 30 GHz

10 1 cm
10 1 mm

SHF
(Super
High Freq)
EHF
(Extra
High
Freq.)

30 300 GHz

Y
()
Y

()

X
()
M
()

VLF
(Very low
freq.)
LF
(Low freq)
F
(Medium
freq.)
F
(High
Frequency)
VHF
(Very High
Frequency)

T/

M
M

FM ,
, /

,

, /

,
,

,
,
/

 1.4: , .

(attenuation)
.
3 GHz ,
. 3 GHz,
,
. ,
20 GHz.
20 GHz,
,
km. , ,
.
km ,
,
80 1000 km. 30 z

, ,
.

 .

. ,
,
.

,
.

2:

2.1

, .

2.1.1

()
(FM), FM.
30 z 6 GHz, FM
2400 .
() (Single Side Band - SSB).
30 z, SSB, 6000

. , FM
2.1 2.2.

2.1: .
.

2.2: F.

.

 block
2.3. (baseband input)
(equaliser)
FM (FM modulator).
(IF) 70 z,
up-converter.
. O
(IF) 70 z down-converter.
(gain control)
.
(discriminator) .
,
24 2700 .

10

 2.3: T FM.

2.1.2

1970.
(phase shift keying-PSK, 2.4)
(quadrature amplitude modulation=QAM).
1344 30 z
3 bits/Hz.
64 QAM 2014 30 z
4,5 bits/Hz.

2.4: 4 2 bits/Hz.

11

 2.5 .
.
(line code converter)
(PCM) non-return to
zero (NRZ). E
[Forward Error Check (FEC) coder]
.
(serial to parallel converter)
: () (q)
.
(differential coder)
. pre-distorter ,
. (digital
modulator) (baseband
signal). To ,
(up-converter), o
o
. (highpower amplifier) (waveguide) .

.

12

 2.5: .

O
: 2 Mbits/s, 2x2 MBits/s, 4x2
MBits/s, 8x2 MBits/s, 16x2 MBits/s, 34 MBits/s, 51 MBits/s 155 its/s.

:
R (Bit Error Rate):
FS (Error Free Seconds):
S (Errored Seconds):
SES (Severely Errored Seconds:
DM (Degraded Minutes):
US (Unavailable Seconds): M
bits 2.1.
, BER 10-3.

2.1: E bits

13


(BER)
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
5x10-2

Y bits
.
,

,


,

3:

3.1

Maxwell

Maxwell,
14

 D, ,
J
:
xE =

B
t

xH = J +

D
t

(3.1)

D =

B= 0

. [ (bold) ].
, , D
: D = = ,
. =(36109)-1 F/m =410-7
/m. ,
,
.
, ,
, , ,
Maxwell J=0 =0. ,
:
2E =

2E
t2

(3.2)

2H
t2

(3.3)

:
2H =

, (3.2) 2/ t2
-2, :
2E +2E = 0

(3.4)

2E + k2E = 0

(3.5)

15

k = =/ c ,

, c =
3108 m/sec (x,y,z) (phasor)
. (3.5) elmholtz.
z
x (3.5)
:

2E x
+ k2 E x = 0
2
z

(3.6)

M :
Ex(z) = Ae-jkz

(3.7)

E , ejt,
:
Ex(z,t)=Re[Aej(t-kz)]=A cos(t-kz)=Exo cos(t-kz)

(3.8)

Exo Ex(z,t) z=0 t=0 ( Re Real Part,

). O Ae-jkz
z c=/k. H
z
k=2, =2/k=(2/)c=c/f k=2/. ,
,
=1/f t
.
, :
H = ay

E xo

ej (tkz)

(3.9)

ay y =/=120 =377
( ).
(3.9) :
Hy =

(3.10)

( 3.1):
16

 3.1: ) . )
.

3.2

V
S. To V
, .
S :

P dS = E H dS = t (
S

H B E D
+
)dV J EdV
2
2
V

(3.11)

/2 D/2
V:
W =
V

H B

dV = 2dV
2
2
V

17

(3.12)

We =
V

E D

dV = 2dV
2
2
V

(3.13)
O J E=2 V.
E (3.11)
S
S V. To
P = E x H Poynting
.
, .
,

.
Poynting:
Pc =

1
(E H* )
2

(3.14)

:
Pav =

1
Re(E H* )
2

(3.15)

Poynting
x(z)
:
2

Pav =

3.3

1 E xo
2

(3.15)

.
,
( 3.2).

18

 3.2: .

1 2
Snell:
sin1
=
sin 2

2
1

(3.16)

E = sin=sin1 =1,
1.
:

( )
( ).
I.

:

( 3.3):

19

 3.3: .

,
E+E=E /E=1+(/E)
Fresnel:
E
=
E

1 cos1 2 cos 2
1 cos1 + 2 cos 2

(3.17)

Ro=E/E Snell,
:
E cos1 2 / 1 sin2 1
Ro =
=
E cos1 + 2 / 1 sin2 1

(3.18)

Ro , = E / E
:
To = 1+ Ro =

II.

2cos 1
cos 1 + ( 2 / 1) sin2 1

(3.19)

:
( 3.4):

20

 3.4: .

,
(-)cos1=cos2 /=[1-(/)](cos1/cos2)
Fresnel:
E
=
E

2 cos1 1 cos 2
2 cos1 + 1 cos 2

(3.20)

Snell /=Rk (3.20)

:
Rk =

2
E a ( 2 / 1) cos 1 ( 2 / 1) sin 1
=
E ( 2 / 1) cos 1 + ( 2 / 1) sin2 1

(3.21)

Rk .
,
:
T =

= (1 R )

cos1
cos 2

(3.22)

A (3.21) 1,
Rk . :

21

tan1 =

2
1

(3.23)

, 1 rewster. ,

Brewster, .
. (3.18)
Brewster
. ,
1 .

4:
, ,
,

22

.
4.1.

4.1: .

,
, ,
. ,
:

23

Wa =

1
Ra I 2
2

(4.1)

H D(,) (,)

(,)
. U(,) :
U ( , ) = r 2 Pr

(4.2)

Pr r .
:
Uo =

Wa
4

(4.3)

W,

:
D( , ) =

U ( , ) U ( , ) 4r 2 Pr
=
=
Uo
Wa / 4
Wa

(4.4)

H ,
, ,
.

.

, (
Poynting) ,
,
,
. G(,) :

Pr
4r 2Pr
G( , ) =
=
WT
(Wa + W ) / 4r 2

(4.5)

WT=Wa+ Wa Wa
.
:

24

G=

4r 2 Pr ( .)
WT

(4.6)

, , decibel, :
G = 10log

4r 2 Pr ( .)
WT

(4.7)

, ,
Poynting ( ) ,
r , [ (4.6)]
:

Pr =

WT G
4r 2

(4.8)

.

(radiation efficiency) :
a=

Wa G
=
WT
D

(4.9)

H
R, . R
WR
P
:
AR =

WR
P

(4.10)

O ( )
:

Ra=0, :

A 2
=
D 4

(4.11)

A 2
=
G 4

(4.12)

5:

5.1

25


WR,
WT, ,
. Friis
, .

5.2

Friis. A
(4.8) (4.10) d

( 5.1),
:

WR = AR P = AR

WT GT
AG
= WT R 2T
2
4d
4d

(5.1)
GT . H
Friis.

5.1: .

(5.1)
(4.11) (4.12) .

:
WR = WT

26

GT GR 2
(4d)2

(5.2)

WR = WT

T R
d 22

(5.3)

,
d
d .
,
:
d>2a2/

(5.4)

.
A (5.2) WT/WR =(4d)2/(GTGR2)
(transmission loss)
dB:
A0 (dB ) = 10 log

WT
= Ab (dB ) G R ( dB ) G( dB )
WR

(5.5)

:
Ab = 10 log( 4d / ) 2

(5.6)

(basic transmission loss). E

d km , (5.5)
:
A0 ( dB ) = 122 + 20 log d (km) G R ( dB ) GT ( dB) 20 log (cm)

(5.7)

A (4.12) c/f :
G= A

4f 2
c2

(5.8)

,
. ,
(5.7) (5.8)

, .
A WR(min)
W
,
, (5.2), :

27

do =

GT GR 2
4

WT
WR(min)

(5.9)

,
(5.9).

5.3

RADAR
A radar , ,

WT GT WR
GR ( 5.2).
radar , radar.

5.2: , ().

, d
(4.8):

P =

WT GT
4d 2

(5.10)

A ,
:

W=

WT GT
Aa
4d 2

(5.11)

, radar
,
28


radar ,
( 5.3).

5.3: - .

, D,
, radar ,
D (D2/4). ,
radar ,
. radar
20 m2.
M ,
, , :

W=

WT GT

4d 2

(5.12)
H :

P '=

WT GT
4d 2 4d 2

(5.13)

, GR R,
:

29

WR =

WT GT
AR
(4d 2 ) 2

(5.14)

(4.12), :
GT GR 2
(4 )3 d 4

WR = WT

(5.15)

H radar
. WR(min)
, ,
radar :
dmax = 4

GT GR 2WT
(4 )3WR(min)

(5.16)

H
(S/N)min. A WR=S =kTB, k
Boltzmann, T
, (5.16)
:

dmax = 4

WT GT GR 2
(4 )3 k (S / N )min

(5.17)

kTo=4 10-21 Joule =290 .

5.4

.
.

R T,
:
w( f ) = kT

(5.18)

k Boltzmann T .
,
:

30

w = kTa

(5.19)

Ta
,
.

6:

6.1

31


.
,
()
km .

. 6.1.

6.1: M .

,
, ,
(
).

32

 .
,
(direct wave).
(refraction), (scattering)
.
(ground-reflected wave). To
.
(space waves).
(surface wave)
( ) .
,

. ,
, .
LF F ( ),
- ,
, ., .

.
,

.
(ground waves).
H ,
10 km ,
.
,
. (refractive index)
n = r ( r= /) ,

.
, -

.

33


800-1000 km.
, .

(duct), 800 km .
, ,
(tropospheric waves).
,
(sky waves)
(ionospheric waves). H
80 600 km .
.
() ,
(3-30 z)
km. ,
4000 km. ,
.
(30-100 z)
2000 km.

,
.
, ,
.

.
, ,

.

,
.

34

,
.
.

, .
, 100-200 km ,
.
30 Hz 30 GHz, .
30 z (VLF, LF, MF, HF) .
(VHF),
. , 30 z,
.

6.2

K
,

,
. Bullington
:
E = E o[1+ Re j + (1 R) Ae j ]

(6.1)

,
. ,
, R ,
,
.

(l<<) ,
.
R 1
. ,
. ..
. (3-30z) (30-300 z) ,
, ,

35

 /4.

.

6.3

,
(6.1)
( 6.2).

6.2: .

R,

. :
=

2d h1 + h2 2
2d h2 h1 2
(
) + 1
(
) +1

(6.2)

d d>5(h1+ h2),
:

4h1h2
d

(6.3)

R,

36

 .
:
'= (1+

)
j

(6.4)

. 6.2 (1)
1= (2) 2== r
-j =/ . ( 6.2) :
tan =

h1 + h2
d

(6.5)

tan=,
:

h1 + h2
d

(6.6)

(3.18) (3.21),

:
Ro =

sin ( r j ) cos2
sin + ( r j ) cos2

(6.7)

:
R =

( r j ) sin ( r j ) cos2
( r j ) sin + ( r j ) cos2

(6.8)

A
.
6.3 6.4
() ,
r=15 =1210-3 Siemens/m.
6.5
. r=80 =4
Siemens/m.

37

 6.3: () ()
.

6.4: () ()
.
38

 6.5: () () .

39

 ,
0, Ro=-1 R=-1,
180.
.
, (6.3) (6.5)

180 .
Ro , .

[ (6.3) (6.5)].
( 6.4 6.5),
,
. R ,
-90. , Brewster, .
Brewster -Brewster,
.
.
.
(6.1) ( 0), R -1
:
E = E o (1+ Re j ) = (1 e j ] = (1 cos + j sin)

(6.9)

, , cos 1 sin
(6.3), :
| E |= Eo = Eo

4h1h2
d

(6.10)

. A
(4.6) d (3.15)
:
2

4d 2 P 4d 2 1 Eo
2d 2 Eo
GT =
=
=
WT
WT 2
WT 120
V/m :

40

(6.11)

Eo =

60WT GT

(6.12)

E (6.10) :
| E |=

60WT GT 4h1h2
d
d

V/m

(6.13)

.

.
,
:
=

4D sin

(6.14)

D
, .

6.4

K
,

.

. 6.6.
, (6.1)
.

.

6.6: .

41

 ( )
.
,
.

,
.
H (6.1)

, , .
. ,
:
A=

1+ j

2d
(sin + z)2

2
z = cos

(6.15)

z = cos2

= r -j60, r , ,
m

.
, p b,
. 0, b
p ,
:
b tan1

r +1
,

p=

d
cosb

(6.16)

O
p b 6.7.
b (b<5) ,
2 + 0,3p

A = A1 2 + p + 0,6p2 ,
b A A1 sinb p / 2 e(5/ 8) p .

42

 6.7: .

p<1,
1, p>10 1/d. E
p f 2d/,
p fd/(r+1). A
,
.

6.5

-
,

.
d=80f

-1/3

, f MHz.

,
.

.
, ,

.

43


:
A=

0,62
3

(6.17)

dB/km m.
( 6.8) :

,
. ,
.
D,
:
1

D=
1+

2d1d2
a(h1 + h2 )

(6.18)

a=6370 km .

6.8: .

h1 h2
, h1

44

 h2
:
2

d
h = h1 h1 = h1 1
2a
'
1

(6.19)

d
h2 = h2 h2 = h2 2
2a
'

A a=6370 km
m, d1 d2 km,
:
2

d
h = h1 1
12,7
'
1

(6.20)
2

'

h2 = h2

d2
12,7

, h1 h2
h1 h2 (6.19)
(6.20) R (6.1)
RD, D (6.18),
h1 h2 h1 h2 :

D=
1+

2d1d2
'

'

a(h1 + h2 )

(6.21)

6.6

.
,
( 6.9), .

45

 , ,
:
cos 1 =

,
+ h1

cos 2 =

+ h2

(6.22)

d1 d2 :
d1 = 2ah1 ,

d2 = 2ah2

(6.23)

E, h1 h2,
:
d = d1 + d2 = 2a( h1 + h2 )

(6.24)

6.9: .

A ,
d km h1 h2
m:
d = 3,57( h1 + h2 )

(6.25)

6.9 ,

.
. ,

46

 ,
Fresnel ( 6.10) P,
PA+PB= d1+d2+/2.

6.10: Fresnel .

Fresnel
, Fresnel r :
r=

d1d2
d1 + d2

(6.26)

:
r = 17,3

d1d2
df

(6.27)

d1, d2 d km, f GHz r m. H r

d1=d2=d/2:
r=

d
2

(6.28)

H Fresnel
d (6.24) (6.25). d
, , , ,
.
Fresnel .

47


Fresnel ,
,
(5.7), ,
.

6.7

E -
,

.
( 6.11 6.12),

. , Huyghens,


.

6.11:
h .

48

 6.12:
h .

Huyghens, ,
,
,
ho/r ho
( ) r
Fresnel .
6.11 6.12,
. 6.11 ,
, 6.12
Fresnel .

, 1,18 1,4 dB.
, . ho=0, o
2,
.
d dB , ,
6.13
. 6.13

49

 ho/r. Fresnel
[. (6.27)], d
.
.
,
,
. , (knife-edge)
, ,
.
( 6.14).

do,
( 6.14).
H d
, dB :

Ad = 17+

260do
2
3

1
3

= 17+

0,756do

1
3

(6.29)

do km, a=6370 km m. A
, ,
. , , ..

, ,
40 100 z .

50

 6.13: dB .

51

 6.14: ,
.

6.8

A back-to-back

.
.
,
(
back-to-back, 6.15). ,
,
back-to-back.
1 dB. back-to-back
,
120.

52

 6.15: back to back.

,

( 6.16).

6.16 (passive reflector).

H
:

APR

300 D1D2
f D1 + D2
= 20log

aScos
2

(6.30)

APR dB, D1, D2 km

, f
GHz, a=0,8 S m2. H
6.16.
,
53

 120.
back-toback.

6.9

10 km .
, ,
.
,
. ,

.
, . , ,
. ,
,
.
500-600 km .


.
, 20-30% .


.

6.10

, :
n=

54

= r

(6.31)

 , r
. r
,
n ,
1,00033. n ,
=(n-1)106 :
N = (n 1)106 =

77,6
e
p
e
( p + 4810 ) = 77,6 + 3,73 105 2
T
T
T
T

(6.32)

:
N = (n 1)106 = 77,6

p
e
e
5,6 + 3,73 105 2
T
T
T

(6.33)

p millibars, e millibars T
Kelvin. A s ,
kg , :
e=

sp
0,00161sp
623 0,377s

(6.34)

H
(standard atmosphere),
, :
dn
= 39106
dh

(km-1)

(6.35)

O :
P=1013 mb

dp/dh=-0,121 mb/m

T=288oK (t=15oC)

dT/dh=-0,0065 oK/m

e=10 mb

de/dh=-0,0033 mb/m

, ,
. :
n(h) = 1+ 289106 e0,136h

(6.36)

h km . km
.

6.11

55

 n
h. ,
, .
r1, r2, r3, n1, n2, n3,
( 6.17), Snell :

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

'

(6.37)

6.17: .

PQ , :

sin 2 sin 2
=
r1
r2

'

(6.38)

A (6.37) (6.38) :
r1n1 sin1 = r2n2 sin 2

(6.39)

:
nr sin =

(6.40)

H (6.40) Bouguet
.

56

 6.18 Bouguet,
:
=

1 n
dn sin
dh

(6.41)

6.18:
.

A sin 1 n 1,
:
1

dn
dh

(6.42)

, ,
.
, (6.35) (6.42) 25,6103
km=4a, =6370 km .
1/
.
,
1/.

57

 1/=-dn/dh,
:
1
1 1
=

(6.43)

E, , ,
=,
. (6.43),
:
1
1 1
=
a a

(6.44)

1/
.
,
. , (6.44), (6.42) (6.35) :
4
a = = 8490km
3

(6.45)

H =/ 0,5
5.
(modified refractive index)
:
h
M = (n 1+ )106
a

(6.46)

, 12 100 m
330 .
. 6.19
6.20

.

58

 6.19: .

6.20: T
6.19.

dM/dh=0,118 m-1 (=4/3),

(=4/3, 6.20).

.

59

 , (h)
, (substandard).
dM/dh
. (dn/dh=0),
dM/dh=0,157 m-1, = =1
( 6.20). 0<<1, 1/
( 6.20).


. h
, (h)
dM/dh<0,118 m-1. ,
>4/3.


( 6.20).
(h) .
= =,
( 6.20).
(superstandard)
. .. ,
,
.

6.12

-
( 6.19)

n h,
,
.
,
.

60

 , ,
. (6.24)
:
d = 2Ka ( h1 + h2 )

(6.47)

(6.19) h1 h2
, :
h1' = h1

d1 2
2 K

(6.48)

d22
h2 = h2
2 K
'

O
,


. ,
. =4/3 (6.47)
:
d = 4,12( h1 + h2 )

(6.49)

d km h1, h2 m. 3,57 (6.25)

4,12.

,
,
4/3
50%, 1% 2%
. ,
99%
=1. ,


d r,
d + r
d - r.

61


,
.
,
. ,

,
.

6.13

(<0, 6.19)
,
( 6.21). , dM/dh
,
<,
.

.

62

 6.21: K .
.

, ,
(duct)
,
.

.
( ).
.
,
.
70%,
,
.

,
,
.
1 -1,5
.
,
,
,
. m 100 m
10 GHz 500 z (
6.22). c cm c 0,085 hc3/2, hc
m.


.

63

6.22: M
.

,
,
.

.

.
,
.
. ,

,
. 6.21
,
.

64

6.14

, .
,
km, dB

. ,
,
. ,
70-100 dB,
500-600 km.

, (scattering)
,
. ( 6.23)
.

. ,
.



. (fading)
.
Rayleigh
.
log- (log-normal).

65

 6.23: .

,
,

. Poynting P ( )
:

P ( ) =

Po
4

(6.50)

Po =WT GT/(4r1)2. H ,
, ,
,
.
R
:
ao =

2d
3a

66

(6.51)

 ( 6.23), d
.
T R ( 6.23)
,
, . ,
>, V
V. <,

,
V, V
T
R. To

. Go,
d
. 6.1 d
, LCT LCR
GS
.
6.1: A
d(km)
200

Go(dB)
34

Gs(dB)
33,5

LCT(dB)
0,5

LCR(dB)
3,8

400

42,5
34

39
31,2

3,5
2,8

7
4,5

600

42,5
34

36,3
30,5

6,2
3,5

11
8

42,5

34

8,5

17,5

E ,

. d
.
, . 6.24

67


, 50%
.

6.24: .

dB
:
L = 122+ 20logd 20log GT GR + Ld + LCT + LCR = Lo + Ld + LCT + LCR

(6.52)

Lo dB, Ld
dB LCT , LCR
dB .
,
V 6.25.
(>)
, .
(<),


.
68

 6.25: .

150-2000 MHz 4 GHz. 150 z
.

40 dB W. Z
500-600 km
24
.
200-300 km.

6.15

69

 , ,
,
.
(fading) dB

, dB. O

( )

.
.
,

.
.

.

, ,
.


.

,
,
. ,
.

.
Rayleigh. To , 40 dB.

: ,
. ( 6.26)
70

 ,
.
, .

6.26: .

( 6.27)

.
.

6.27: .

71

 ( 6.28)
, .
.

6.28: .

.
,
.

.

6.16

3 GHz ,

. ,
3 GHz,
,
,
.

72



dB/km. 6.29
.
5 mm (f=60 GHz) 2,5 mm
(f=120 GHz). A
13,5 mm (f=22,5 GHz) 1,5 mm (f=200 GHz).

6.29: .

H
,
. , , ,

73


.
, ()
(), ,

,
. ,
.
6.30
(mm/hr) . ,
,
.

6.30: ( )
( ).

74

,
,

.
,
10 GHz km,
20 GHz 10 km.

6.17

Io
30 MHz, 100 z,

,
.
30 MHz
100 z,
30 MHz. 1,6 30
z, .

,
,
.
,
80-400 km. H
, ,

3-30 MHz. K 50 km ,
.
, .

6.31.
.
D, E, F1 F2.
F1 F2
F. , D
75

 50 70 km, C. K ,
D 60 90 km.
D .
100-140 km, F1 180-200 km F2
230-400 km. E
-.
,

.

,
, ,
.

6.31: .

6.18

Io

76

 . ( 6.32).
Snell, :
nsin = no sin

(6.53)

n. n=no
no=1, .

6.32: .

, sin=1,
.
6.53 :
n = sin

(6.54)

, :
n = 1

81N
f2

(6.55)
/cm3 f z.
A (6.54, 6.55),
:

77

f 2 cos2
N=
81

(6.56)

E
, .
(6.56),
.
fv,
, =0, (6.54)
n=0 (6.55) :
1

81N
=0
f2

(6.57)
H
, fv .
:
fv = 81N

(6.58)

(6.56, 6.58) :
f =

fv
cos

(6.59)

f
fv ,
.
fc
, max,

,
:
fc = fvmax = 81Nmax

(6.60)

f fc
.
fc =0
.

78

 (6.60)
(maximum usable frequency) ,

, (6.58, 6.59).
(6.60)
=max :
FMUF =

81Nmax
cos

fc
cos

(6.61)

fc.
fMUF .
.
(6.33)
:
sin (max) =

a
a+h

(6.62)

F ., (max) 74 fMUF = fc/cos74

3,6 fc.

6.33: M .

79

Y , fMUF
50% .
, fFOT (Frequency of Optimum Traffic), fFOT

0,85fc.
,
,
fMUF. fLUF
(lowest usable frequency),
. f,
fLUF < f fFOT.
To (virtual height)
,
( 6.34).

6.34:

:
t=

AB
c

(6.63)

80

A
f,
f c . ,
h ,
.

:

d = 2acos1(

6.19

a
)
a + h'max

(6.64)

Io

40-70 Hz .


,
.
,
z. To
30 z.
.
,
800-1000 km.
2000 km. H
, 100 dB
.
kW
20 dB. ,
.

81

 7:

7.1

,

. :
) ( ),

.
) (, ,
),
( , ).

7.2

7.1

, - .
, .
, .
f1
f2.
. f2
f1
. 6/4 GHz, 8/7 GHz,
14/12 GHz 30/20 GHz. O (C/N)u 7.1
, (C/N)d ,

82

(C/N)im .
, , ,
.
transponder, o o ( 7.1
transponders Tr1 r2 f1
f2). transponder [bandwidth (BW)] 30 200 z.
To W .
50 transponders. O

0,8 m 30 m. E kW,
pW.
.
. , 30 m

0,1 .
.

83

 7.1: B .

7.3

,
.
Shannon W bits/sec,
z:
W = B log2 (

C
+1)
N

(7.1)

, C/N :
) (C/N)u. A
, ,

84

 .
,
.
(gains) , ,
,
.
) (C/N)d.
,
.
) (C/N)im. A

WT (ravelling Wave Tube).
() WT,
(PM) (interferences)
.

dB:
(

H (C/N)T

C 1
C
C 1
C
)T = ( )u1 + ( )im
+ ( ) d1
N
N
N
N

(7.2)

( )
.
,
, (C/N)u .

, .

7.4

.
,
.
:

85

1) E
.
.
2) .
.
.
.
3)
, , , .
.

.
4) .
.
. .
.
5) o ( 150 C),
.
. ,

.
6)
(.. ).

. Van-Allen
.
7)
.

,
.

86

8) ,
. (..
), .

7.5

.
,
.
:
1) 270 ms .
.
2)
3)
, .
4)
,
. .
5)
. (Code
Division Multiple Access, CDMA).
6) E
, .
7)
,
. DAMA (Demand
Assignment Multiple Access) .
8)
.
9) ( , ,
) .

87

7.6

, .
150 .

, :
1) ,
.
2)

.
3)
.
4) ..
, transponders, , ,
.
5)
,
.
6) .
.
7) .
, .
7.7

:
1)

T , LEO (Low Earth Orbit). 200250 km 90 min.

R .
V0 T
:
V0 =

GM
R

88

(7.3)

T=

3
2

2R 2R
=
V0
GM

(7.4)

=5,98 1024 kgr G=6,6710-11 Nm2/ kg2

.
2)

.
.
Molniya 64
. 550 km
37000 km. H 12 h. To
.

3)

.

, .
7.2.
6,6 a ( =6370 km ).
.
17.000 km.

89

 7.2: X .

7.8

, .
:
1)

E ,

.
2)

( )
.
.

3)

42,4%
. 5

38% .
4)

( ).

90

5)

Doppler
.
Doppler.

6)

H Van
Allen,

. ( 4% )
.

. :
1)

81,5 .
5,
77.

2)

,
pW.

3)

E (270 ms)
.

4)

5)

7.9

(international Telecommunications Union, ITU)

.
:
1: , , , , .
2: A,
3: A, .

91

 .
,
, U
. .
:
1) FSS (Fixed Satellite Service).
O .
2) SS (Broadcast Satellite Service). O
.
.
3) (bile Satellite Service). E
. ,
, .
4) .
, ,
.
5) .
6) .
7) - .

500 z 500
z. ,
. ,
1,5
.
.
500 z .

.
(FSS)

:
Z C (6/4 GHz)
Z (8/7 GHz)
92

Z u (14/12 GHz)
Z Ka (30/20 GHz)
O C
.
.
: H u
a. T
:
1)

2)

3)

4)

.
. a, 500 z,
3,5 GHz.

7.10

X
.

. ,
C, 4 -5 . u, 3
. , Ka, 1.
, 120 3. 3
2200 km.

.
: ,
, , .

93

7.11

.
.
38 kgr (INTELSAT I), 2.200 kgr (INTELSAT VI)
3.000 6.000 kgr 100 tn
250 kW ( INTELSAT VI 2,8 kW).

.
.


.
.
.
(Demand
Assignment Multiple Access, DAMA). E transponder
, ,
,
. ( )
.
(voice activated channel).
() . ,
.
, .
,
(Space Division Multiple Access, SDMA).
SBS (Satellite Business System)
1981.

.
C (6/4 GHz), z Ku (14/12 GHz) CS-2
a (30/20 GHz). H NASA 80 GHz

94

.
.

. ,
. DBS (Direct Broadcast television
Satellite), V
, VRO (Television Receive Only). DBS
200 W 75 cm.
5-20 W
4,56 m.
T
, , .

95