Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REAL ANALYSIS
SECOND EDITION
Edicin digital:
Educacin
para todos
Edicin impresa:
Educacin
para todos
Educacin para todos no es un proyecto lucrativo, sino un esfuerzo colectivo de estudiantes y profesores de la UNAM para facilitar el acceso a los materiales necesarios para la educacin de la mayor cantidad de gente posible. Pensamos editar en formato digital libros que por su alto costo, o bien porque ya no se consiguen en bibliotecas y libreras, no son accesibles para todos. Invitamos a todos los interesados en participar en este proyecto a sugerir ttulos, a prestarnos los textos para su digitalizacin y a ayudarnos en toda la labor tcnica que implica su reproduccin. El nuestro, es un proyecto colectivo abierto a la participacin de cualquier persona y todas las colaboraciones son bienvenidas. Nos encuentras en los Talleres Estudiantiles de la Facultad de Ciencias y puedes ponerte en contacto con nosotros a la siguiente direccin de correo electrnico: eduktodos@gmail.com http://eduktodos.org.mx
Contents
1 Set Theory
1 Introduction, 5 2 Functions, 8 3 Unions, intersections, and complements, 11 4 Algebras of sets, 16 5 The axiom of choice and infinite direct products, 18 6 Countable sets, 19 7 Relations and equivalences, 22 8 Partial orderings and the maximal principle, 23 9 Well ordering and the countable ordinals, 24
Part One
Axioms for the real numbers, 29 The natural and rational numbers as subsets of R, 32 The extended real numbers, 34 Sequences of real numbers, 35 Open and closed sets o j real numbers, 38 Continuousjunctions, 44 Bore1 sets, 50 ix
Contents
x i
142
8 Topological Spaces
1 Fundamental notions, 142 2 Bases and countability, 145 3 The separation axioms and continuous real-valuedfunctions, 147 4 Product spaces, 150 5 Connectedness, 150 "6 Absolute SS'S,154 "7 Nets, 155
9 Compact Spaces
1 2 3 4 5 "6 7 "8
157
Basic properties, 157 Countable compactness and the Bolzano- Weierstrass property, 159 Compact metric spaces, 163 Products of compact spaces, 165 Locally compact spaces, 168 The Stone-eech compactijication, 170 The Stone- Weierstrass theorem, 171 The Ascoli theorem, 177
10 Banach Spaces
1 Introduction, 181 2 Linear operators, 184 3 Linear.functionals and the Hahn-Banach theorem, 186 4 The closed graph theorem, 193 "5 Topological vector spaces, 197 "6 Weak topologies, 200 "7 Convexity, 203 8 Hilbert space, 210
181
Part Three
Measure spaces, 217 MeasurabIe.functions, 223 Integration, 225 General convergence theorems, 231 Signed measures, 232 The Radon-Nikodym theorem, 238 The L p spaces, 243
xii
Contents
250
286
Introduction, 286 The extension theorem, 288 Uniqueness, 294 Measurability and measure, 295
30 1
Baire sets and Borel sets, 301 Positive linear functionals and Baire measures, 304 Bounded 1inear.functionalson C ( X ) , 308 The Borel extension qf a measure, 313
317