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Advanced Physics
Outline
Multiphase Flow Modeling
Discrete phase model Eulerian model Mixture model Volume-of-fluid model
Training Manual
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Advanced Physics
Introduction
Training Manual
A phase is a class of matter with a definable boundary and a particular dynamic response to the surrounding flow/potential field. Phases are generally identified by solid, liquid or gas, but can also refer to other forms:
Materials with different chemical properties but in the same state or p p phase (i.e. liquid-liquid)
Secondary phase(s)
Primary Phase
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Gas/Liquid Liquid/Liquid
Slug Flow
Gas / Solid
Liquid / Solid
Sedimentation
Fluidized Bed
April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
It is important to select the most appropriate solution method when attempting to model a multiphase flow.
Depends on whether the flow is stratified or disperse length scale of the p p g interface between the phases dictates this. Also the Stokes number (the ratio of the particle relaxation time to the characteristic time scale of the flow) should be considered.
where
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and
.
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Spray drying involves the transformation of a liquid spray into dry powder in a heated chamber. The flow, heat, and mass transfer are simulated using the DPM model in FLUENT.
Contours of Evaporated Water Stochastic Particle Trajectories for Different Initial Diameters
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
1.1 mm
0.2 mm
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
z = 20 cm
z = 15 cm
z = 10 cm
z = 5 cm
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Gravity
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
t = 1.05 sec
t = 2.05 sec
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
FLUENT contains models which are applicable to a wide range of homogeneous and heterogeneous reacting flows
Furnaces Boilers Process heaters Gas turbines Rocket engines IC engine CVD, catalytic reactions
Predictions of
Flow field and mixing characteristics Temperature field Species concentrations p Particulates and pollutants
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Stream Function
9-13
Advanced Physics
Background
Modeling Chemical Kinetics in Combustion
Fast Chemistry
Training Manual
Global chemical reaction mechanisms (Finite Rate / Eddy Dissipation) Equilibrium/flamelet model (Mixture fraction)
Flow configuration
Non-premixed reaction systems
Can be simplified to a mixing problem
Fuel + Oxidizer Oxidizer
Reactor
Outlet
Reactor
Outlet
Fuel + Oxidizer
Reactor
Outlet
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Partially Premixed
CHEMISTRY Y
Fast Chemistry
Finite-Rate Chemistry Ch i t
Laminar Finite-Rate Model Eddy-Dissipation Concept (EDC) Model Composition PDF Transport Model
*Rate classification not truly applicable since species mass fraction is not determined.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Trajectories of particles/droplets/bubbles are computed in a Lagrangian frame. Particles can exchange heat, mass, and momentum with the continuous gas phase. E h trajectory represents a group of particles, each with the same initial Each t j t t f ti l h ith th i iti l properties. Interaction among individual particles is neglected. Discrete phase volume fraction must be less than 10%. Mass loading is not limited.
Numerous applications
Particle separation and classification, spray drying, aerosol dispersion, bubble sparging of liquids, liquid fuel and coal combustion.
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Advanced Physics
Surface Reactions
Training Manual
Chemical species deposited onto surfaces are treated as distinct from the same chemical species in the gas. Site balance equation is solved for every surface adsorbed (or site) surface-adsorbed site ) species.
Detailed surface reaction mechanisms can be considered (any number of reaction steps and any number of gas-phases or/and site species). gas phases Surface chemistry mechanism in Surface CHEMKIN format can be imported into FLUENT. Surface reaction can occur at a wall or in porous media. p Different surface reaction mechanisms can be specified on different surfaces.
Application examples pp p
Catalytic reactions CVD
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Advanced Physics
Summary
There are four introductory level tutorials on reacting flow.
Species transport and gas combustion Non-premixed combustion Surface chemistry Evaporating liquid spray
Training Manual
A number of intermediate and advanced tutorials are also available. Other learning resources
Advanced training course in reacting flow offered by FLUENT User Service Center, www.fluentusers.com
All tutorials and lecture notes Web-based training courses
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Advanced Physics
Introduction
Many flow problems involve domains which contain translating or rotating components. Two types of motion are possible f translational and rotational. Th There are two basic modeling approaches for t b i d li h f moving domains:
Moving Reference Frames
Frame of reference is attached to the moving domain. Governing equations are modified to account for moving frame.
Training Manual
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Moving Domain
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
* NOTE: You may still have unsteadiness in the rotating frame due to turbulence, circumferentially non-uniform variations in flow, separation, etc. example: vortex shedding from fan blade trailing edge
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
interface
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Steady-state SRF solutions are obtained in each domain, with the domains linked by b passing b i boundary conditions f d diti from one zone to another.
The BC links between the domains are called mixing planes. BCs are passed as circumferentially averaged profiles of flow variables, which are updated at each iteration.
Profiles can be radial or axial. Mixing plane (Pressure outlet linked with (P tl t li k d ith a mass flow inlet)
As the solution converges, the mixing plane boundary conditions will adjust to the prevailing flow conditions.
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ADVANTAGE of MPM: Requires only a single blade passage per blade row regardless of the number of blades.
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Shock interaction
potential t ti l interaction
Both MRF and MPM neglect transient interaction entirely and thus are limited to entirel th s flows where these effects are weak. If transient interaction can not be neglected, we can employ the Sliding Mesh model (SMM) to account for the relative motion between the stationary and rotating components.
Stator
Rotor
wake interaction
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Like the MRF model, the domain is divided into moving and stationary zones, separated by non-conformal interfaces. Unlike the MRF model each moving zones mesh will be updated as a model, zone s function of time, thus making the mathematical problem inherently transient. moving mesh zone
cells at ti ll t time t
cells at ti ll t time t + t
Another difference with MRF is that the governing equations have a new moving mesh form and are solved in the stationary reference frame for form, absolute quantities (see Appendix for more details).
Moving reference frame formulation is NOT used here (i.e. no additional accelerations acting as sources terms in the momentum equations). Equations are a special case of the general moving/deforming mesh formulation formulation.
Assumes rigid mesh motion and sliding, non-conformal interfaces.
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9-27
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Internal node positions are automatically calculated based on user specified boundary/object motion, cell type, and meshing schemes Basic Schemes
Spring analogy (smoothing) Local remeshing g Layering
Other Methods
2.5 D User defined mesh motion In-cylinder In cylinder motion (RPM, stroke length crank angle ) (RPM length, angle, ) Prescribed motion via profiles or UDF Coupled motion based on hydrodynamic forces from the flow solution, via FLUENT s six-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) solver FLUENTs six degree of freedom solver.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Layering
Layers of cells are generated and collapsed as they are overrun by the moving boundary. Layering is appropriate for quad/hex/prism meshes with linear or rotational motion and can tolerate small or large boundary deflections.
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Local Remeshing
Spring Analogy
In local remeshing, as cells become Spring analogy is useful when there g p g gy skewed due to moving boundaries, are small boundary deformations. cells are collapsed and the skewed The connectivity and cell count is region is remeshed. Local remeshing unchanged during motion. Spring is appropriate for tri/tet meshes with analogy is appropriate for tri/tet large range of boundary motion motion. meshes with small deformations deformations.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
A method by which the solver (FLUENT) can be instructed to move boundaries and/or objects, and to adjust the mesh accordingly. Examples:
Automotive piston moving inside a cylinder Positive displacement pumps A flap moving on an airplane wing A valve opening and l i d closing An artery expanding and contracting
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Advanced Physics
Summary
Training Manual
Five different approaches may be used to model flows over moving parts.
Single (Rotating) Reference Frame Model Multiple Reference Frame Model Mixing Plane Model Sliding Mesh Model Dynamic Mesh Model
First three methods are primarily steady-state approaches while p y y pp sliding mesh and dynamic mesh are inherently transient. models part Enabling these models, involves in part, changing the stationary fluid zones to either Moving Reference Frame or Moving Mesh. Most physical models are compatible with moving reference frames or moving meshes (e.g. multiphase, combustion, heat transfer, etc.)
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Appendix
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
For dilute loading (less than around 10%), the average i t inter-particle distance is around twice ti l di t i dt i the particle diameter. Thus, interactions among particles can be neglected.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
single phase k Presently, single-phase turbulence models (such as k or RSM) are used to model turbulence in the primary phase only. Turbulence equations may contain additional terms to account for turbulence modification by secondary phase(s). If phases are separated and the density ratio is of order 1 or if the particle volume fraction is low (< 10%), then a single-phase model can be used to represent the mixture. In other cases, either single phase models are still used or particlepresence-modified models are used.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
In all multiphase models within FLUENT, any phase can be composed of either a single material or a mixture of species. Material definition of phase mixtures is the same as in single phase flows. It is possible to model heterogeneous reactions (reactions where the reactants and products belong to different phases).
This means that heterogeneous reactions will lead to interfacial mass transfer.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Many submodels are available Heat transfer, vaporization/boiling, combustion, breakup/coalescence, erosion/accretion. Applicability of DPM
Flow regime: Volume loading: Particulate L di P ti l t Loading: Stokes Number: Bubbly flow, droplet flow, particle-laden flow Must be dilute (volume fraction < 12%) Low to moderate L t d t All ranges of Stokes number
Application examples
Cyclones C Spray dryers Particle separation and classification Aerosol dispersion Liquid fuel Coal combustion
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Define
Models
Discrete Phase
Define
Injections
Display
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Particle Tracks
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Trap
Reflect Wall-jet
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
The Eulerian multiphase model is a multi-fluid model. This means that all phases are assumed to exist simultaneously.
Conservation equations for each phase contain single-phase terms (pressure gradient, thermal conduction etc.) Conservation equations also contain interfacial terms (drag, lift, mass transfer etc ) (drag lift transfer, etc.).
Interfacial terms are generally nonlinear and therefore, convergence can sometimes be difficult. E l i Model applicability Eulerian M d l li bilit
Flow regime Volume loading Particulate loading Stokes number Bubbly flow, droplet flow, slurry flow, fluidized bed, particle-laden flow Dilute to dense Low to high All ranges
Application examples
High particle loading flows Slurry flows Sedimentation Fluidized beds Risers Packed bed reactors
April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Continuity:
( q q ) t
( q q u q ) t
transient
& + ( q q u q ) = m pq
p =1
(R
p =1
pq
The inter-phase exchange forces are expressed as: In general: Fpq = Fqp g R pq = K pq (u p u q ) Energy equation for the qth phase can be similarly formulated.
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Exchange coefficient
April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
& (m
n p =1
pi q j
& mq j p i
ta se t transient
convective
diffusion
H Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are setup the same as in dh t ti t th i single phase The same species may belong to different phases without any relation between themselves
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Define
Models
Viscous
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
The mixture model is a simplified Eulerian approach, based on the assumption of small Stokes number.
Solves the mixture momentum equation (for mass-averaged mixture velocity) Solves a volume fraction transport equation for each secondary phase.
Application examples
Hydrocyclones Bubble column reactors Solid suspensions Gas sparging
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002600
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Solves for the transport of volume fraction of each secondary phase Drift velocity Solves one equation for the momentum of the mixture
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Define
Phases
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Volume fraction defined for each secondary phase. p To define initial phase location, patch volume fractions after solution initialization.
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Advanced Physics
Cavitation Submodel
Training Manual
The Cavitation model models the formation of bubbles when the local liquid pressure is below the vapor pressure. The effect of non-condensable gases is included. Mass conservation equation for the vapor phase includes vapor generation and condensation terms which depend on the sign of the difference between local t hi h d d th i f th diff b t l l pressure and vapor saturation pressure (corrected for oncondensable gas presence). G Generally used with th mixture model, incompatible with VOF. ll d ith the i t d l i tibl ith VOF Tutorial is available for learning the in-depth setup procedure.
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
The VOF model is designed to track the location and motion of a free surface between two or more immiscible fluids. VOF model can account for:
Turbulence, energy and species transport Surface tension and wall adhesion effects. Compressibility of phase(s)
Application examples
Large slug flows Tank filling Offshore separator sloshing Coating
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Define
Phases
Define
Operating Conditions
Operating Density should be set to that of O f lightest phase with body forces enabled.
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9-50
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Domain ID = 1
Mixture Domain
Mixture Thread
In general the type of DEFINE macro determines which thread or domain (mixture or phase) gets passed to your UDF. C_R(cell,thread) will return the mixture density if thread is the mixture thread or the phase densities if it is the phase thread. Numerous macros exist for data retrieval.
Phase 1 Domain
Phase 2 Domain
Interaction Domain
Phase Thread
Domain ID
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
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Appendix
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Application examples
Gas reactions Coal combustion
Limitations
Unreliable when mixing and kinetic time scales are of similar order of magnitude Does not predict kinetically-controlled intermediate species and dissociation effects. Cannot realistically model phenomena which depend on detailed kinetics such as ignition, extinction.
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Advanced Physics
Non-Premixed Model
Applicability
Flow Regime: Chemistry: Configuration: Turbulent flow (high Re) Equilibrium or moderately q ( ) non-equilibrium (flamelet) Non-Premixed only
Fuel Reactor Oxidizer
Training Manual
Outlet
Application examples
G reaction (furnaces, burners). This is usually the model of choice if Gas ti (f b ) Thi i ll th d l f h i assumptions are valid for gas phase combustion problems. Accurate tracking of intermediate species concentration and dissociation effects without requiring knowledge of detailed reaction rates (equilibrium).
Limitations
Unreliable when mixing and kinetic time scales are comparable Cannot realistically model p y phenomena which depend on detailed kinetics (such as p ( ignition, extinction).
Solves transport equations for mixture fraction and mixture fraction variance (instead of the individual species equations). equations)
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Outlet
Application examples pp p
Premixed reacting flow systems Lean premixed gas turbine combustion chamber
Limitations
Cannot realistically model phenomena which depend on detailed kinetics (such as ignition, extinction).
Uses a reaction progress variable which tracks the position of the flame front (Zimont model).
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Application examples
Gas turbine combustor with dilution cooling holes. holes Systems with both premixed and non-premixed streams
Fuel + Oxidizer Reactor Outlet
Limitations
Unreliable when mixing and kinetic time scales are comparable. Cannot realistically model phenomena which depend on detailed kinetics (such as ignition, extinction).
In the partially premixed model, reaction progress variable and mixture fraction approach are combined. Transport equations are solved for reaction progress variable, mixture fraction, and mixture fraction variance. i bl i t f ti d i t f ti i
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
The governing equations for detailed chemistry are generally stiff and difficult to solve.
Available Models:
CHEMKIN-format reaction mechanisms and thermal properties can be imported directly. ( ) g FLUENT uses the In-Situ Adaptive Tabulation (ISAT) algorithm in order to accelerate calculations (applicable to laminar, EDC, PDF transport models).
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Appendix
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Absolute Velocity velocity measured w.r.t. the stationary frame Relative Velocity velocity measured w.r.t. the moving frame. The relationship between the absolute and relative velocities is given by the Velocity Triangle rule:
In turbomachinery, this relationship can be illustrated using the laws of vector addition. addition
Blade motion
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Axis of rotation
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Select Moving Reference Frame as the Motion Type for SRF Enter Moving Frame Velocities
Rotational and Translational velocities Rotation direction defined by righthand rule Negative speed implies rotation in opposite direction
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Outlets
Static pressure or outflow. R di l equilibrium option. Radial ilib i ti
Walls
Specify walls to be
Moving with the domain Stationary
NOTE: Stationary wall for Wall Motion means stationary w.r.t. the M ti t ti t th cell zone!
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Advanced Physics
Interfaces
Fluid zones in multiple zone models communicate across interface boundaries. Conformal interfaces
An interior mesh surface separates cells from adjacent fluid zones. Face mesh must be identical on either side of the interface.
Training Manual
Non-conformal interface
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
The computational domain is divided into stationary and rotating fluid zones.
MRF ignores the relative motions of the zones with respect to each other.
Does not account for fluid dynamic interaction y between stationary and rotating components. For this reason MRF is often referred to as the frozen rotor approach.
Ideally the flow at the MRF interfaces Ideally, should be relatively uniform or mixed out.
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9-65
Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Walls and flow boundaries which are contained within the rotating fluid zone interfaces are assumed to be moving with the fluid zones and may assume any shape.
Stationary walls and flow boundaries are allowed if they are surfaces of revolution. revolution
The interface between two zones must be a surface of revolution with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotating zone. Periodic repeat interfaces are permitted but the periodic angles (or offsets) must be identical for all zones.
stationary zone rotating zone
Correct
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Wrong!
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Equations of fluid dynamics can be transformed to a moving reference frame with a choice of the velocities which are solved.
Relative Velocity Formulation (RVF)
Uses the relative velocity and relative total internal energy as the dependent variables.
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Advanced Physics
MRF Set-Up
Generate mesh with appropriate stationary and rotating fluid zones
Can choose conformal or nonconformal interfaces between cell zones
Training Manual
For each rotating fluid zone (Fluid BC), select Moving Reference Frame as the Motion Type and enter the rotational axis and moving frame speed.
Identical to SRF except for multiple zones Stationary zones remain with Stationary option enabled
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Advanced Physics
MPM Set-up
Training Manual
Assign motion types and speeds to fluid zones and appropriate BCs for each zone (like SRF). Select upstream and downstream zones which will comprise mixing plane pair.
Upstream will always be Pressure Outlet. Downstream can be any inlet BC type.
Mixing Plane Geometry determines method of profile averaging. Mixing plane controls
Under-relaxation Profile changes are under-relaxed from one iteration g to the next using factor between 0 and 1.
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Advanced Physics
SMM Set-up
Enable transient solver. For moving zones, select Moving Mesh as Motion Type in Fluid BC panel. Define sliding zones as nonconformal interfaces.
Enable Periodic Repeat option if sliding/rotating motion is periodic.
Training Manual
Oth BCs and solver settings are Other BC d l tti same as the SRF, MRF models. Run calculation until solution becomes time-periodic
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Advanced Physics
Training Manual
Other models, BCs, and solver settings are same as SMM models. Mesh motion can be previewed using Solve Mesh Motion utility.
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