,

II

1.

x 2 y + xy y = 1 ,, y1 ( x) = x .

y2 ( x) = xu( x) = xu .
u
3
x 2 ( xu + 2u) + x ( xu + u) xu = 0 xu + 3 xu = 0 ,
= .
u
x

1
u
3

dx = dx , ln (u ) = 3 ln x = ln ( x3 ) , u = x3 , u = x2 ,
x
u
2
1 2
1
1
y2 ( x) = x x = x1 , y2 ( x) = .
2

2
x
1
y ( x) = c1 x + c2 .Lagrange
x
1
y ( x) = ( x) x + ( x) ,,,
x
y ( x) = c = 1 .

,, y ( x) = c1 x + c2

2.

1
1
x

,:

x x 1
y1 ( x) = x
(1 x 2 ) y 2 xy + 2 y = 6
y ( x) = c1 x + c2 1 + ln
+ 3

2 x + 1
x 2 y + xy y = 3

y1 ( x) = x

x 2 y xy 3 y = 2

y1 ( x) = x1

x 2 y 2 xy + 2 y = 2

y1 ( x) = x

1
+3
x
1
2
y ( x) = c1 + c2 x 3
x
3

y ( x) = c1 x + c2

y ( x) = c1 x + c2 x 2 + 1

3.

x 2 y + xy 4 y = x 3 sin x
Euler
yo ( x) = x ,

x ( ( 1) + 4) = 0 , 2 4 = 0, = 2 ,
yo = c1 x 2 + c2 x2 .Lagrange

x 2 + x2 = 0

y ( x) = ( x) x 2 + ( x)x2 .

(2 x) + 2 x3 = x sin x
2

1
1 4
1
= sin x = x sin x .: = cos x
4
4
4
1
= ( x 4 12 x 2 + 24) cos x + x (6 x 2 ) sin x .
4
1

cos x
+ x2 x 4 12 x 2 + 24 cos x + x 6 x 2 sin x .
y = c1 x 2 + c2 x2 x 2

4
4

4.

x 2 y 20 xy + 110 y = 72 x 2 .
Euler y = c1 x11 + c2 x10 + x 2 .
Lagrange y = ax 2 + bx + c ...

5.

a 3ay + y = 75 cos 2t ;
,
i
: 3a2 + 1 = 0, =
(a),
3a
t
t
.
yo = c1 cos
+ c2 sin
3a
3a
1
1
1
= 2 ,
.
o =
= 2, a =
12
3a
3a

6.

:
ay + 5 y = 5 sin 3 x

L q +

1
q = E0 cos t
C

a=

LC 2 = 1

7.

1
q = E0 ;
C
,
1
4L
0 C R 2 4 L .
: L 2 + R + = 0 , R 2
C
C

LRC L q + R q +

8.

LRC L q + R q +

1
q = E0 cos(t ) ;
C

R>0

9.

y + y = 9 cos(0.99t ) ;

( 0 = 1 0.99 ).

10.

y y = x 5 e x 1 .
1
d
1 dx
( x) = e
= ex ex y = ex x 5 e x 1 = x 5 ex
dx

ex y =

11.

x6
x6 x
+ ex + c , y =
e + 1 + c e x .
6
6

1,:
y y = e x cos x + 1
y = e x (sin x + c ) 1
xy + 2 y = 7 x 5

y = x 5 + c x2

y + 3 y = 3 + 12 e3 x

y = e3 x (12 x + c ) + 1

xy + 2 y = 4 x 2

y = x 2 + c x2
2

x y + 2y = e
3

x2

xy + 2 y = ln( x)

y = ce

x2

ex

2x2
c
ln x 1

y= 2 +
2
4
x

12.

y + xy 2 = 0
( y 2 ),:
dy
dy
1
2
= x dx , 2 = x dx , y1 = x 2 + c y = 2
.
2
2
y
y
x +c

13.

,:
dy
= x 1 y 2 , ln( y + 1) ln( y 1) = x 2 + c ,
y + xy 2 = x ,
dx

14.

y=
ce

x2

+1

1 1
1
1
1
dy = (ln( y + 1) ln( y 1))
dy =

:
2

1 y
+

2
y
1
y
1
2

xy + y 2 sin x = 0 ,

dy
y 2 sin x
=
,
dx
x

y=

y 3 y x 2 y + y = 0 ,

dy
x2 y
,
= 3
dx y + 1

3 ln( y ) + y 3 = x 3 + c

sin
x

dx + c
x

2 xy sin( x y ) + sin( x y ) y + ( x 2 6 y) y = 0 .
(2 xy sin( x y)) + (sin( x y) + x 2 6 y ) y = 0 ,
a b

=
y x

sin( x y) + x 2 6 y = cos( x y ) + 2 x .
(2 xy sin( x y)) = 2 x + cos( x y)
y
x

a + by = 0 .

( x , y) = c

= 2 xy sin( x y )
x

= cos( x y) + yx 2 + f ( y) . f ( y)
y

:
cos( x y) + yx 2 + f ( y) = sin( x y) + x 2 + f ( y) = sin( x y ) + x 2 6 y ,
y

f ( y ) = 6 y , f ( y ) = 3 y 2 ( x , y) = c cos( x y ) + yx 2 3 y 2 = c .

15.

y 2 + xy = x 2 y .: ( x , y ) = x1 y2
() ( x , y ) = x1 y2
1
x1 + y1 xy2 y = 0 ,:
x + y1 = y2
y

xy2 = y2 .
= x1 + y1 , = ln x + xy1 + f ( y ) ,
x
x

(ln x + xy1 + f ( y)) = xy2 + f ( y) = xy2 , f ( y) = 0

y
x
ln x + xy1 = c y =
.
c ln x

16.

y + 4 y = 135 sin 7 t , y(0) = 1 y (0) = 23 ,

Laplace.
Laplace:

L ( y + 4 y ; s) = L (135 sin 7 t ; s) , (s2 Y( s) sy(0) y (0)) + 4 Y( s) = 135

.
s + 49
Y( s) (
Laplace) Y( s) =

s3 23s2 + 49s 182

2

( s + 4)( s + 49)

=3

7
2

s + 49

s
2

s +4

2
2

s +4

y(t ) = 3 sin(7t ) cos(2t ) + sin(2t ) .

17.

y + y = sin 2t , y(0) = 0, y (0) = 1 ,

Laplace.
Laplace: L ( y + y ; s) = L (sin 2t ; s) ,
(s2 Y(s) sy(0) y (0)) + Y(s) = s2 2+ 4 . Y(s)
(Laplace)
Y( s) =

s2 + 6
2

5 1
1 2
.

3 s2 + 1 3 s2 + 4

( s + 1)( s + 4)
5
1
y(t ) = sin(t ) sin(2t ) .
3
3

18.

Laplace
3 2
1
x + , x(0) = ( x(0), y(0)) = (1, 0) .
x (t ) =
2 2
0
Laplace

1
s X( s) x(0) = 3 X( s) 2 Y( s) +
x(t ), y(t ) x(t ) :
s .

s Y( s) y(0) = 2 X( s) 2 Y( s)
X( s) Y( s) : X( s) =
Y( s) =

2
1
s+2

=
s( s 2) s 2 s

2
1
1
=
,,,:
s( s 2) s 2 s

x(t ) = 2 e 2t 1 y(t ) = e 2t 1 .
19.

Laplace
1 3 1
1 11
x + , x(0) = ( x(0), y(0)) = (3,0) .
x (t ) =
2 1 3
2 9
,:

X( s) =

3s2 + 10s + 6

s s + 3s + 2

1
1
3
3s + 4
1
1
2
+
+ Y( s) =
=
+
.
2
s+ 2 s+1 s
s ( s + 3s + 2 ) s + 2 s + 1 s

,,: x(t ) = e2t + et + 3

y(t ) = e2t + et 2 .

20.

Laplace
2 1
1
x + e t , x(0) = ( x(0), y(0)) = (1,1) .
x (t ) =

3 2
1
1
1 1
1 1
x(t ) = et + et + 2 tet .

1
3
2
2
1

21.

x = x 18 y , y = x 8 y , x(0) = 1 y(0) = 2 ,
e At .
1 18

A =
1 8

det A I = 0 ,
1 18
= ( 1)(8 + ) + 18 = 2 + 7 + 10 = 0 , = 5, 2 .
1
8

At = 5t , 2t . At 2 2 , e At = aI + bAt a
bCaleyHamilton
: e5t = a + b(5t ), e2t = a + b(2t ) ,
5
2
1
1
a = e2t e5t , bt = e2t e5t . e At
3
3
3
3
5 2t 2 5t 1 2t 1 5t

1 0 1 2t 1 5t 1 18
e e I + e e A , 5 e2t 2 e5t

0 1 + 3 e 3 e 1 8 ,

3
3
3
3
3
2 e2t e5t 6e5t 6e2t

1
., x(t ) = e At x(0) , x(0) = ,
e = e2t e5t

t
t
5
2
2

2e e

5
t

2
t
11e 10 e

11e5t 5e2t
.
, x(t ) = 11e5t 5e2t , x(t ) = 11e5t 10e2t , y(t ) =

.na( < n 1000 ).

At

22.

10a.100a;
;.

df (t )
= kf (t ) (1 f (t )) .:
t, f (t ) ,
dt
f
df (t )
e kt +c

=
k
dt
+
c
f
t
,
,
(
)
=
.
ln
=
kt
+
c

f (t)(1 f (t))
1 f
1 + e kt +c
f (0) =
f (t ) =

a
10(n a)
10a
a
, c = ln
f (1) =
k = ln
.
n a
n 10 a
n
n
ae kt

n a + ae kt
.

t , f (t ) 1 ,

23.

0,
< x < 0

f ( x) =
f ( x + 2) = f ( x) .

<x<

,
0

Fourier f ( x) .;

Fourier x = ;Gibbs;
;;
an , bn f ( x) =

a0
nx
nx
+ an cos
+ bn sin
,:

2 n=1

a0 =

1
1
nx

nx
dx = n = 0 , an = cos
= 0
dx =
sin

0
0

n
0

bn =

1
nx

nx

sin
dx =
cos
=
1 (1)n .Fourier:
0

n
0 n

f ( x) =

a0

nx
2
(2 m + 1)x
( bn = 0 n
+
1 (1)n sin
= +
sin

2 n=1 n
2 m=0 (2m + 1)

n = 2 m , bn =
b2 m+1 =

1 (1)n =
1 (1)2 m+1 =
(1 (1)) ,
n
(2 m + 1)
(2 m + 1)

2
, n = 2 m + 1 ).
(2 m + 1)

,y

(). x = 0
2
1

f ( x) , f (0) = ( f (0+ ) + f (0 )) = .
2
2
Gibbs f ( x) , x = k ,
k.

17.9%

f (0) , f (0+ ) .

...

1.

2.

.
x 2 y + xy + 2 y = sin x
(1 + y 2 ) y + xy + y = e x
y + y + y + y + y = 1

y + xy 2 = 0

y + sin( x + y ) = sin x

y + xy + (cos 2 x) y = x 3

:
y = c1 x + c2 x 2

3.

y = (c1 + c2 x) e x

y = c1 x + c2 sin x

y =

3x2 + 4 x + 2
y(0) = 1
2y 2

y
+ 6 x + (ln x 2) y = 0
x

y + 3 y = x + e2 x

y + 2 y + 2 y = ex
2
cos x
y + y = 2 y() = 0
x
x
ax by
y =

bx cy

y 5 y + 6 y = 7 e 3 x

y =

2x
y + x2 y

y(0) = 2

y 2 y + 2 y = 5ex

y 5 y + 6 y = 3e 2 x

y = xy 3 (1 + x 2 ) 2 y(0) = 1

e x sin y + 3 y 3 x e x sin y y = 0

y + 4 y + 5 y = 2ex
y + 2 y + y = ex
1
y = y
(xy)
e x

4.

5.

(1 x 2 ) y 2 xy + 6 y = 0 ,
y1 = 3x 2 1

x 2 y + xy + ( x 2 41 ) y = 0 ,

y1 = x 2 sin x

(1 x cot x) y xy + y = 0 ,

y1 = x

Laplace
y y 6 y = 0, y(0) = 1, y (0) = 1
y + 3 y + 2 y = 0, y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0
y 2 y + 2 y = 0, y(0) = 0, y (0) = 1

6.

e At
x(t ) 3 2 x(t )

=

,
y(t ) 2 2 y(t )

x(0) 9

=
y(0) 6

x(t ) 4 3 x(t )

=

,
y(t ) 8 6 y(t )

x(0) 3

=
y(0) 2

x(t ) 1 1 x(t )

=

,
y(t ) 4 2 y(t )

x(0) 1

=
y(0) 1

7.

y = 20
v=

8.

y+x
(
7 y + 4x

y
y).
x

Bernoulli y + p( x) y = q( x) y n ,n(
v = y1n y).

9.

y =

y
y 4x
( v =
x y
x

y).

10. Laplace
x(t ) 1 5 x(t )

=

,
y(t ) 1 3 y(t )

x(0) 1

=
y(0) 1

x(t ) 1 4 x(t )

=

,
y(t ) 4 7 y(t )

x(0) 3

=
y(0) 2

x(t ) 2 5 x(t ) cos t

=

+
,
y(t ) 1 2 y(t ) sin t

x(0) 1

=
y(0) 2

11. Fourier

.
f ( x) = x x < f ( x + 2) = f ( x)
1 x < 0
f ( x) =
f ( x + 2) = f ( x)
0 0 x <
x x < 0
f ( x + 2) = f ( x)
f ( x) =
x
0x<

12. 40m3 , .
, 4% ,
lt
1
..
min
0.00012.

13. . t = 0
(1650 ..) 250 t = 300 (1950 ..) 2.5
,25;

14. .
, R = 6 v
()
( lim v ).
t

Laplace...

1
s

L (1; s) =
L ( e t ; s) =

L (sin(t ); s) =
L (cos(t ); s) =

L (t n e t ; s) =

s + 2
s
s2 + 2
n!

(s )n+1

L ( f (t ); s) = sL ( f (t ); s) f (0)

L ( f (t ); s) = s2L ( f (t); s) sf (0) f (0)

L ( f ( n) (t ); s) = snL ( f (t ); s) sn1 f (0) sf ( n2) (0) f ( n1) (0)

Fourier...

0
nx mx
sin sin dx =

nm
n=m

0
nx
mx

cos cos dx =
2

nm
n=m
n=m=0

...

a + b

cos a b
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
2
2

cos( a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b

e ix = cos x + i sin x

1
sin a cos b = (sin( a + b) + sin( a b))
2