Tai Lieu On Thi TN THPT Mon Toan - WWW - mathVN

(s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, (s; .g,,- s; .
.g,,- s; .g,,- s; .g,,- (?( (?( (?( (?( +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss.

- Trang 1
CU TRC THI TT NGHIP THPT MN TON

* PHN CHUNG CHO TT C CC TH SINH (7,0 im)
Cu I (3,0 im)
- Kho st, v th ca hm s.
- Cc bi ton lin quan n ng dng ca o hm v th ca hm s: chiu bin thin ca
hm s, cc tr, tip tuyn, tim cn (ng v ngang) ca th hm s; tm trn th nhng im c
tnh cht cho trc, tng giao gia hai th (mt trong hai th l ng thng)...
Cu II (3,0 im)
- Hm s, phng trnh, bt phng trnh m v lgarit.
- Gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s.
- Tm nguyn hm, tnh tch phn.
- Bi ton tng hp.
Cu III (1,0 im)
Hnh hc khng gian (tng hp): Din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn trn xoay, hnh tr trn xoay;
tnh th tch khi lng tr, khi chp, khi nn trn xoay, khi tr trn xoay; din tch mt cu v th
tch khi cu.

* PHN RING (3,0 im)
Th sinh hc ch c lm mt trong hai phn (phn 1 hoc 2).
Theo chng trnh Chun
Cu IV.a (2,0 im): Phng php ta trong khng gian:
- Xc nh ta ca im, vect.
- Mt cu.
- Vit phng trnh mt phng, ng thng.
- Tnh gc, tnh khong cch t im n mt phng. V tr tng i ca ng thng, mt phng
v mt cu.
Cu V.a (1,0 im)
- S phc: mun ca s phc, cc php ton trn s phc; cn bc hai ca s thc m; phng
trnh bc hai h s thc c bit thc Delta m.
- ng dng ca tch phn: tnh din tch hnh phng, th tch khi trn xoay.
Theo chng trnh Nng cao
Cu IV.b (2,0 im): Phng php ta trong khng gian:
- Xc nh ta ca im, vect.
- Mt cu.
- Vit phng trnh mt phng, ng thng.
- Tnh gc; tnh khong cch t im n ng thng, mt phng; khong cch gia hai ng
thng; v tr tng i ca ng thng, mt phng v mt cu.
Cu V.b (1,0 im)
- S phc: Mun ca s phc, cc php ton trn s phc; cn bc hai ca s phc; phng trnh
bc hai vi h s phc; dng lng gic ca s phc.
- th hm phn thc hu t dng y = (ax
2
+ bx +c) /(px+q ) v mt s yu t lin quan.
- S tip xc ca hai ng cong.
- H phng trnh m v lgarit.
- ng dng ca tch phn: tnh din tch hnh phng, th tch khi trn xoay.

------------- Ht -------------
(s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, (s; .g,,- s; .g,,- s; .g,,- s; .g,,- (?( (?( (?( (?( +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss.

- Trang 2
MT S KIN THC V LNG GIC

I. BNG GI TR LNG GIC CA MT S CUNG C BIT
Cung/
GTLG

0
(
0
0 )
6

(
0
30 )
4

(
0
45 )
3

0
(60 )
2

0
(90 )
2
3

(
0
120 )
3
4

(
0
135 )
5
6

(
0
150 )

(
0
180 )

sin

0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0

cos

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0
1
2

2
2

3
2

-1

tan

0
3
3

1

3

||

3

-1
3
3

0

cot

||

3

1
3
3

0
3
3

-1

3

||

II. CNG THC LNG GIC
1. Cng thc cng
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
sin( ) sin cos sin cos
sin( ) sin cos sin cos
tan tan
tan( ) , ( , , )
1 tan tan 2
tan tan
tan( ) , ( ,
1 tan tan
= +
+ =
=
+ = +
+
+ = +
=
+
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b b a
a b a b b a
a b
a b a b k k
a b
a b
a b a b
a b
, )
2
+ k k

2. Cng thc nhn i
2 2 2 2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
a a a
a a a a a
a
a
a
=
= = =
=

3. Cng thc h bc

2 2
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2
cos tan
2 1 cos 2
1 cos 2
sin
2
a a
a a
a
a
a
+
= =
+

4. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin cos sin( ) sin( )
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +

6. Cc hng ng thc lng gic

2 2
2
2
2
2
sin 1
1
1 tan , ,
2
1
1 cot , ,
sin
tan .cot 1, ,
2
a cos a
a a k k
cos a
a a k k
a
k
a a a k
+ =
+ = +
+ =
=

5. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch

cos cos 2cos .cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin .sin
2 2
sin sin 2sin .cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos .sin
2 2
sin( )
tan tan
cos cos
sin( )
cot cot
cos cos
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+ =


- Trang 3
III. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
Phng trnh sinx = a Phng trnh cosx = a

2
sin sin ;
2

= +
= =
= +

x k
x a k
x k

sin 2
sin ;
sin 2
x arc a k
x a k
x arc a k

= +
=
= +

s s 2 ; = = = + co x a co x k k
2 ; cosx a x arccosa k k = = +
Phng trnh tanx = a (K: ,
2
x k k Z
+ )
Phng trnh cotx = a (K: , x k k Z )

tan tan ; = = = + x a x k k
tan arctan ; x a x a k k = = +
cot t ; = = = + x a co x k k
cot cot ; x a x arc a k k = = +
IV. PHNG TRNH LNG GIC THNG GP
1. Phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c
asinx + bcosx = c
2 2
sin( ) a b x c + + = . Trong
2 2 2 2
;sin
a b
cos
a b a b
= =
+ +

2. Phng trnh
2 2
a x b x x c x d + + = sin sin cos cos
- Kim tra xem cosx = 0 c l nghim ca phng trnh khng ?.
- Nu cos 0 x , chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho
2
cos x , ta c:
2 2
tan (1 tan ) a x btanx c d x + + = +
IV. MT S CNG THC HAY DNG
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
sin cos 2 sin 2
4 4
cos4x = 2cos 2 1 1 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
(sinx cosx) 1 sin 2
1
sin cos (sin cos ) 1 sin 2
2
x x x cos x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ \
= =
=
| |
+ = +
|
\

6
3 3
4 4 2
4 4 2 2
6 2
1
sin cos (sin cos ) 1 sin 2
2
1
sin cos 1 sin 2
2
sin cos sin cos
3
sin cos 1 sin 2
4
x x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
| |
= +
|
\
+ =
=
+ =

BNG O HM

'
( ) x
=
1
.x

'
1
x
| |
|
\
=
2
1
x

'
( ) x =
1
2 x

(sinx) = cosx
(cosx) = - sinx
(tanx) =
2
1
cos x

(cotx) =
2
1
sin x

'
( ) u
=
1
. '. u u

'
1
u
| |
|
\
=
2
' u
u

'
( ) u =
'
2
u
u

(sinu) = u.cosu
(cosu) = -u.sinu
(tanu) =
2
'
cos
u
u

(cotu) =
2
'
sin
u
u

'
) (
x
e = e
x

'
) (
x
a = a
x
.lna
(ln| x |) =
x
1

(log
a
| x |) =
1
ln x a

'
) (
u
e = u.e
u

'
) (
u
a = u.a
u
.lna
(ln| u |) =
u
u'

(log
a
| u |) =
a u
u
ln
'

(u v) = u v
(uv) = uv + vu
(ku) = k.u

'
u
v
| |
|
\
=
2
' ' u v v u
v

2
. .
'
( )
ax b a d b c
y y
cx d cx d
+
= =
+ +


- Trang 4

Chng I KHO ST V V TH HM S

I. KHO ST V V TH HM S BC 3, BC 4
1. Cc bc kho st
- Tp xc nh: D = R ;
- Tnh o hm y, gii phng trnh y = 0 v tm cc im cc tr ;
- Tnh cc gii hn lim
x
y
; lim
x
y
+
;
- Lp BBT, nhn xt v tnh n iu v cc tr ca th hm s ;
- V th.
Tm im c bit: Tm i xng ca th, giao vi cc trc Ox, Oy
2. Cc dng ca th
Hm s bc 3 Hm s bc 4
C cc i v cc tiu C cc i v cc tiu
a > 0 a < 0 a > 0 a < 0

Khng c cc tr C cc i hoc cc tiu
a > 0 a < 0 a > 0 a < 0

3. Cc v d
Hm s bc ba Hm s bc bn
V d : Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = +
Gii
* Tap xac nh: D = R
* o hm:
2
' 3 6 3 ( 2) y x x x x = + = +
Cho
0 4
' 0 3 ( 2) 0
2 0
x y
y x x
x y
= =
= + =

= =

* Gii hn: lim
x
y
= ; lim
x
y
+
= +
* Bang bien thien:

V d : Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s
4 2
2 3 y x x =
Gii
* Tap xac nh: D = R
* o hm:
3 2
' 4 4 4 ( 1) y x x x x = =
Cho
2
1 4
' 0 4 ( 1) 0
0 3
x y
y x x
x y
= =
= =

= =

* Gii hn: lim
x
y
= + ; lim
x
y
+
= +
* Bang bien thien:

PHN GII TCH

- Trang 5
x -2 0 +
y + 0 - 0 +
y 0 +
-4
* Nhn xt :
+ HS ng bin trn ( ; 2) v (0; ) + , nghch
bin trn (-2 ; 0).
+ HS t cc i ti x = -2 ; y
C
= 0, t cc tiu
ti x = 0 ; y
CT
= -4.
* th:
+ o th nhan iem I(-1 ; -2) lam tam oi xng.
+ Cho 1 0 x y = = .
+ Cho 3 4 x y = = .

x -1 0 1 +
y - 0 + 0 - 0 +
y + -3 +

-4 -4
* Nhn xt:
+ HS ng bin trn ( 1; 0) v (1; ) + , nghch
bin trn ( ; 1) v (0;1) .
+ HS t cc i ti x = 0 ; y
C
= -3, t cc tiu
ti x = 1 ; y
CT
= -4.
* th:
+ Cho 2 5 x y = = .
+ Cho 2 5 x y = = .

II. KHO ST V V TH HM PHN THC
ax b
y
cx d
+
=
+
,
d
x
c
| |
|
\

Cc bc kho st V d
* TX: D = \
d
R
c

`
)
.
* Tnh o hm '
2
( )
ad bc
y
cx d
=
+
.
* Gii hn, tim cn.
lim ?
d
x
c
y
+
= , lim ?
d
x
c
y
= Tim cn ng:
d
x
c
= .
lim
x
a
y
c
+
= , lim
x
a
y
c
= Tim cn ngang: y =
a
c
.
* Lp bng bin thin.
y > 0 y < 0

V d: Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
=

Gii
* Tp xc nh: \ {1} D =
* o hm:
2
2
' 0
( 1)
y
x
= <
x D .
* Gii hn, tim cn:
+ V
1 1
1 1
lim ; lim
1 1
x x
x x
x x
+

+ +
= = +

nen TC: x = 1.
+ V
1
lim 1
1
x
x
x
+
=
nen tiem can ngang la y = 1.

* Bang bien thien:
x 1 +
y - -
y 1 +

1

- Trang 6

* V th.
Tm im c bit: giao vi trc Ox, Oy.

Lu :
- th i xng qua im I l giao im ca
TC v TCN.
- Trc honh: y = 0.
- Trc tung: x = 0.
* Nhn xt:
+ HS lun nghch bin trn ( ) ;1 v ( ) 1; + .
+ HS khng c cc tr.
* th:
+ Cho 0 1 x y = = .
+ Cho 0 1 y x = = .

BI TP
Bi tp 1: Kho st s bin thin v v th ca cc hm s sau:
1.
3 2
3 1 y x x = +
2.
3 2
3 1 y x x = +
3.
3 2
3 y x x = +
4.
3 2
3 2 y x x = +
5.
3 2
2 3 y x x =
6.
3 2
6 9 y x x x = +
7.
3 2
3 y x x = +
8.
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = + +
9.
3 2
3 1 y x x = +
10.
3
3 2 y x x = +
11.
3 2
3 2 = + y x x
12.
3 2
3 4 = + y x x
13.
3 2
6 9 1 = + y x x x
1.
4 2
2 1 y x x =
2.
2 4
2 y x x =
3.
4 2
1
2 1
4
= + + y x x
4.
4 2
2 4 1 y x x =
5.
4 2
2 2 y x x =
6.
4 2
2 1 y x x = +

7.
4
2
3
2 2
x
y x =
8.
4 2
4 y x x = +

1.
1
2
x
y
x
=
+

2.
1
2
x
y
x

3.
2 1
1
x
y
x
=
+

4.
2 3
1
x
y
x
=
+

5.
3
1
x
y
x
+
=

6.
3 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

7.
3 5
2 2
x
y
x
+
=
+

8.
3 2
1
x
y
x
=
+

9.
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=

10.
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=
+

11.
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=

12.
2
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

13.
1
2
+
=
x
y
x

(s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, (s; .g,,- s; .g,,- s; .g,,- s; .g,,- (?( (?( (?( (?( +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss. +s. (ss. MATHVN.COM y p,, ys. Qs. y p,, ys. Qs. y p,, ys. Qs. y p,, ys. Qs.

MATH.COM.VN - Trang 7 MATHVN.COM

BI TON 1: Xt tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s

Phng php V d
- Tm tap xac nh.
- Tnh ao ham y = f(x). Tm cac iem
i
x (i = 1,
2 , , n) ma tai o ao ham bang 0 hoac khong
xac nh.
- Sap xep cac iem
i
x theo th t tang dan va lap
bang bien thien.
- Neu ket luan ve cac khoang ong bien, nghch
bien (Hm s ng bin trn khong m f(x) > 0
v ngc li).

V d. Xet tnh ong bien, nghch bien cua ham
so
3 2
1 1
2 2
3 2
y x x x = + .
Giai
* Tp xc nh: D =
* o hm:
2
' 2 y x x = ,
1
' 0
2
x
y
x
=
=

=

* Bang bien thien:
x -1 2 +
y + 0 - 0 +
y

* Ket luan: Ham so ong bien tren cac khoang
( ; 1) , (2; ) + , nghch bien tren khoang (-1 ;
2).

BI TP: Xt tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + (TN THPT 2007 Ln 2).

BI TON 2: nh gi tr ca m hm s ng bin, nghch bin trn tp xc nh

1. nh l v du ca tam thc bc 2
Cho tam thc bc 2:
2
( ) f x ax bx c = + + ( 0 a ) c
2
4 b ac = . Khi :
- Nu 0 < th f(x) cng du vi h s a vi mi x .
- Nu 0 = th f(x) cng du vi h s a vi mi x , tr
2
b
x
a
= .
- Nu 0 > , gi s f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x (
1 2
x x < ) ta c bng xt du:
x -
1
x
2
x +
f(x) cng du a 0 tri du a 0 cng du a
2. nh gi tr ca m
i vi hm bc 3
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + ( 0 a )
- Tp xc nh: D = R
- o hm:
2
' 3 2 y ax bx c = + + .
i vi hm nht bin
ax b
y
cx d
+
=
+
,
d
x
c
| |

|
\

TX: D = \
d
R
c

`
)
. o hm:
2
. .
'
( )
a d b c
y
cx d
=
+

y ng bin trn D
' 0 y , x D
y nghch bin trn D
' 0 y , x D
y ng bin trn tng
khong ca D
' 0 y , x D
y nghch bin trn tng
khong ca D
' 0 y , x D
CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KHO ST HM S



0
0
>
a

0
0
<
a

0 ad bc 0 ad bc
V d: nh m hm s hm s
3 2
1
( 6) (2 1)
3
y x mx m x m = + + + +
ng bin trn tp xc nh.
Gii. Tp xc nh: D = R
*
2
' 2 6 y x mx m = + + + c
2
' .1( 6) m m = +

2
6 m m =
* hm s ng bin trn tp xc nh th
2
1
0
3
2 3
6 0
a
m
m m
= >
.
V d: nh m hm s
(2 1) 3 m x
y
x m
+
=
+
ng
bin trn tp xc nh.
Gii. Tp xc nh: D = R\{-m}
* Ta c
2
2 2
(2 1) 3 2 3
'
( ) ( )
m m m m
y
x m x m

= =
+ +
.
* HS ng bin trn TX th
2
1
' 0 2 3 0
3
2

m
y m m
m
.
BI TP
1. Cho hm s
3 2
( 2) ( 1) 2 = + + y x m x m x (1). nh m hm s (1) ng bin trn tp xc nh
ca n.
2. Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 1 2 + + = mx y x x (1). nh m hm s (1) ng bin trn tp xc nh ca n.
3. Cho hm s
2 3 2
1
( 1)
3
( 1) 2 1 = + + m y x m x x (1). nh m hm s (1) ng bin trn tp xc
nh ca n.

BI TON 3: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s trn on [a ; b]

Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn on [a ; b]
Phng php V d
* Tnh o hm y.
* Gii y = 0 tm nghim
1 2
, x x ( ; ) a b
* Tnh cc gi tr
1 2
( ), ( ), ( ), ( )... y a y b y x y x
* Tm s ln nht M v s nh nht m trong cc s
trn, ta c:
max
[ ; ]
= y M
a b
min m
[ ; ]
= y
a b

V d. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x trn on [-1 ; 1].
Gii
* o hm:
2
' 3 6 3 ( 2) = = y x x x x
Cho y = 0
=
=

=
0(nhan)
3 ( 2) 0
2(loai)
x
x x
x

* Ta c y(-1) = 4 ; y(0) = 2 ; y(1) = 0
* Vy: max 4
[ 1;1]
=
y t c ti x = -1.
min 0
[ 1;1]
=
y t c ti x = 1.
BI TP
1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + trn on [0 ; 2] (TN THPT 2007).
4 2
2 1 y x x = + trn on [0 ; 2] (TN THPT 2008 Ln 1).
3 2
2 6 1 y x x = + trn on [-1 ; 1] (TN THPT 2008 Ln 2).
3 2
1
2 3 7
3
= + y x x x trn on [0 ; 2].
2
ln(1 2 ) y x x = trn on [-2 ; 0] (TN THPT 2009).

6. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (3 ) =
x
y x e trn on [3 ; 3].
2x
y x e = trn on [-1 ; 0].

BI TON 4: Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s

Phng trnh tip tuyn (PTTT) ca hm s y = f(x) c th (C) ti im
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y th (C) v c
h s gc
0
'( ) k f x = l:

Cc bi ton thng gp: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s (C):
1. Ti im c honh l x
0
, (tung
0
y ) bit trc.
Cch gii: Thay x
0
, (
0
y ) vo phng trnh ca (C) ta tm c y
0,
(
0
x ) tng ng.
Lu : + Ti giao ca th (C) vi trc tung: Ta c x
0
= 0.
+ Ti giao ca th (C) vi trc honh: Ta c y
0
= 0.
2. C h s gc k cho trc.
Cch gii: T phng trnh k = f(
0
x ) ta tm c
0
x t tm c
0
y .
3. Bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng (d) y = ax + b.
Cch gii: V tip tuyn // d k a = , t phng trnh k = f(
0
x ) = a ta tm c
0
x t tm
0
y .
4. Bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng (d) y = ax + b.
Cch gii: V tip tuyn vung gc vi d nn k.a = -1 t suy ra c k, t phng trnh
k = f(
0
x ) = a ta tm c
0
x t tm
0
y .
V d 1. Cho hm s
1
2
x
y
x
=
+
, gi th ca hm s l (C). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi th (C) .
1. Ti im c honh bng -1 ; 2. Ti im c tung bng 2 ;
3. Ti giao im ca th vi trc honh ; 4. Ti giao im ca th vi trc tung.
Gii.
2
3
'
( 2)
y
x
=
+
.
1. Theo bi ta c x
0
= -1 y
0

1 1
( 1) 2
1 2
y

= = =
+
. Mt khc h s gc k = y(-1) =
2
3
3
( 1 2)
=
+
.
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y + 2 = 3(x + 1) hay y = 3x + 1.
2. Theo bi ta c y
0
= 2
0
0
0
1
2 5
2
x
x
x
= =
+
. Mt khc h s gc k = y(-5)
2
3 1
( 5 2) 3
= =
+
.
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y - 2 =
1
3
(x + 5) hay y =
3
x
+
11
3
.
3. Theo bi ta c y
0
= 0
0
0
0
1
0 1
2
= =
+
x
x
x
. Mt khc h s gc k = y(1) =
1
3
.
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y 0 =
1
3
(x - 1) hay y =
1
3
x -
1
3
.
4. Theo bi ta c x
0
= 0 y
0
= -
1
2
. Mt khc h s gc k = y(0) =
3
4
.
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y +
1
2
=
3
4
(x - 0) hay y =
3
4
x -
1
2
.
V d 2. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x
=
, gi th ca hm s l (C). Vit PTTT vi th (C)

0 0 0 0
( ) '( )( ) y y k x x f x x x = =

1. Ti im c h s gc bng -2.
2. Bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
1
2
y x = .
3. Bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
9
1
2
y x = + .
Gii
2
2
'
( 1)
y
x
.
1. Theo bi ta c
0 2 2
0 0 0 0 2
0 0
0
2
'( ) 2 2 ( 1) 1 2 0
2 ( 1)
x
y x x x x
x x
=
= = = =

=

.
Vi
0 0
0 0 x y = = . Phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y 0 = -2(x 0) hay y = -2x.
Vi
0 0
2 4 x y = = . Phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: y 4 = -2(x 2) hay y = -2x + 8.
2. V tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
1
2
y x = nn tip tuyn c h s gc k =
0
1
'( )
2
y x = .
Ta c
0 2 2
0 0 0 0 2
0 0
3
2 1
'( ) ( 1) 4 2 3 0
1 ( 1) 2
=
= = = =

=

x
y x k x x x
x x
.
Vi
0 0
3 3 x y = = . Phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: ( )
1
3 3
2
y x = hay
1 9
2 2
y x = + .
Vi
0 0
1 1 x y = = . Phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm l: ( )
1
1 1
2
y x = + hay
1 1
2 2
y x = + .
3. V tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng
9
2
y x = nn tip tuyn c h s gc k =
0
2
'( )
9
y x = .
n y lm tng t cu 2.
p n: C 2 tip tuyn tho mn l
2 32
9 9
y x = + v
2 8
9 9
y x = + .
BI TP
1. Vit PTTT vi th hm s
2 3
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
ti im c honh
0
3 x = (TN THPT 2006).
2. Cho HS
4 2
2 1 y x x = + c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C) ti im cc i (TN THPT 2007).
3. Cho HS
3 2
1
x
y
x
=
+
c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C) ti im c tung = -2 (TN THPT 2008).
4. Cho HS
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=
c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C), bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng -5 (TN

THPT 2009).
5. Cho HS
4 2
1 3
3
2 2
= + y x x c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C) ti im c honh bng 2.
6. Cho HS
2 3
1
x
y
x
c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C), bit tip tuyn song song vi ng
thng y = -x + 3.

BI TON 5: Dng th (C) y = f(x) bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = m

Phng php
- Bin i, a phng trnh v dng: f(x) = m (1).
- t: y = f(x) (C).

y = m (d) l ng thng song song vi trc Ox.
- S nghim ca phng trnh (1) l s giao im ca (C) v (d). Da vo th, ta c:

Hm bc 3:
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + Hm bc 4:
4 2
y ax bx c = + +
th Bin lun th Bin lun

*
CD
CT
m y
m y
>
<
: (1) c 1 nghim.
*
CD
CT
m y
m y
=
: (1) c 2 nghim.
*
CT CD
y m y < < : (1) c 3
nghim.

*
CT
m y < : (1) v nghim.
*
CT
m y = : (1) c 2 nghim.
*
CT CD
y m y < < : (1) c
4 nghim.
*
CD
m y = : (1) c 3 nghim.
*
CD
m y > : (1) c 2 nghim.
V d: Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca
hm s
3
3 y x x = . Da vo th (C), bin lun
theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
3
3 1 0 x x m + = .
Gii
* Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm
s: (hc sinh t lm).
* th:

* Ptrnh
3 3
3 1 0 3 1 x x m x x m + = = (1)
* S nghim ca PT (1) l s giao im ca th
(C) vi ng thng y = m 1. Da vo th
(C), ta c:
+ Nu
1 2 1
1 2 3
m m
m m
< <

> >

th phng trnh (1)
c 1 nghim.
+ Nu
1 2 1
1 2 3
m m
m m
= =

= =

th phng trnh (1)
c 2 nghim.
+ Nu 2 2 1 3 m m < < < < th phng trnh (1)
c 3 nghim.

V d: Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca
hm s
4 2
2 1 = y x x . Da vo th (C), bin
lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
4 2
2 1 0 + = x x m .
Gii
* Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm
s: (hc sinh t lm).
* th:

* Ptrnh
4 2 4 2
2 1 0 2 1 2 + = = x x m x x m (1)
* S nghim ca PT (1) l s giao im ca th
(C) vi ng thng y = m 2. Da vo th (C),
ta c:
+ Nu 2 2 0 < < m m th phng trnh (1) v
nghim.
+ Nu 2 2 0 = = m m th phng trnh (1) c 2
nghim.
+ Nu 2 2 1 0 1 < < < < m m th phng trnh
(1) c 4 nghim.
+ Nu 2 1 1 = = m m th phng trnh (1) c 3
nghim.
+ Nu 2 1 1 > > m m th phng trnh (1) c 2
nghim.

Ch : Phng php bin lun trn ch p dng cho trng hp hm bc 3 hoc bc 4 c c im cc
i v im cc tiu.
V d: Cho hm s
3 2
3 2 = + y x x , gi th ca
hm s l (C).
V d: Cho hm s
4 2
1
2
4
= + y x x , gi th ca

1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca
hm s.
2. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
+ + + =
3 2
3 2 1 0 x x m c 3 nghim phn bit.
Gii
1. Hc sinh t lm.

2. Tm cc gi tr ca m
+ + + = + = +
3 2 3 2
3 2 1 0 3 2 1 x x m x x m (1)
S nghim ca PT (1) l s giao im ca th
(C) vi ng thng y = m + 1. phng trnh
c 3 nghim phn bit th:
2 1 2 3 1 m m < + < < < .
hm s l (C).
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca
hm s.
2. Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
4 2
1
2 2 1 0
4
x x m + + = c 4 nghim phn bit.
Gii
1. Hc sinh t lm.

2. Tm cc gi tr ca m
+ + = + =
4 2 4 2
1 1
2 2 1 0 2 2 1
4 4
x x m x x m
S nghim ca PT trn l s giao im ca th
(C) vi ng thng y = 2m - 1. phng trnh
c 4 nghim phn bit th:
1 5
0 2 1 4
2 2
m m < < < < .
BI TP
1. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = + c th (C). Da vo (C), bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng
trnh
3 2
2 3 1 x x m + = (TN THPT 2008 Ln 1).
2. Cho hm s
3 2
6 9 1 = + y x x x c th (C). Tm m phng trnh
3 2
6 9 0 x x x m + = c 3
nghim phn bit.
3. Cho hm s
4 2
2 = + y x x c th (C). Tm m phng trnh + =
4 2
2 2 0 x x m c 4 nghim
phn bit.

BI TON 6: nh m hm s c cc i, cc tiu (i vi HS bc 3:
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + ).

Phng php V d
- Du ca y l du ca:
2
3 2 0 ax bx c + + = .
- Hm s c cc i v cc tiu y = 0 c 2
nghim phn bit
'
0
0
y
a
>
.

V d: nh m hm s
3 2
( 1) 2 y x m x x = + +
c cc i, cc tiu.
Gii
o hm
2
' 3 2( 1) 1 = + + y x m x
Ta c
2 2
' ( 1) 3.1 2 2 = = m m m
hm s c cc i v cc tiu th


2
1 0 1 3
' 2 2 0
1 3
= <

= >
> +

a m
m m
m
.

BI TP
1. Cho hm s
3 2 2
1
( 1) (3 4 1)
3
= + + + + y x m x m m x m. Xc nh m :
a. Hm s c cc i v cc tiu. (p n: 0 < m < 1).
b. Hm s lun ng bin trn R. (p n: 0 m hoc 1 m ).
2. Cho hm s
3 2
( 2) 3 5 y m x x mx = + + + . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.
3. Cho hm s
3 2
3 (2 2) 2 y mx x m x = + . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu.
4. Cho hm s
4 2
2( 1) = + y x m x m. Xc nh m hm s c 3 cc tr.

BI TON 7: nh m hm s nhn im
0
x lm im cc i (cc tiu)

Phng php
im
0
x l im cc i
0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
<
.

im
0
x l im cc tiu
0
0
'( ) 0
''( ) 0
f x
f x
>
.
V d: nh m hm s
3 2 2
( 1) (3 4 ) 9
3
= + + +
m
y x m x m m x m
nhn im x =1 lm im cc i.
Gii
Ta c
2 2
' 2( 1) 3 4 '' 2 2( 1) = + + = + y mx m x m m y mx m
hm s nhn im x = 1 lm im cc i th
2
2
1
'(1) 0 3 2 0 2
3
''(1) 0 1 3 4 2 0
2
m m
y m m
m
y m
m
= =
= =
=

< <

<
.
BI TP
1. Cho hm s
3 2
( 3) 5 y x m x mx = + + + . Xc nh cc gi tr ca m hm s t cc i ti x = 2.
2. Cho hm s
3 2 2
1
( 1) 1
3
y x mx m m x = + + + . Xc nh m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 1.
3. Cho hm s
3 2 2
3 ( 1) 2 = + + y x mx m x . Xc nh cc gi tr ca m hm s t cc i ti x = 2.

BI TON 8: Chng minh hm s y = f(x, m) lun c cc tr vi mi gi tr ca tham s m

Phng php
Chng t f(x, m) lun c nghim v i du khi x
i qua cc nghim .
- Vi hm s bc 3, chng t y = 0 c delta dng
vi mi m.
- Vi hm s bc 4, cn theo yu cu bi ton
tm m sao cho y = 0 c 1 nghim hoc 3 nghim.

V d: Chng minh rng th hm s
3 2
2 1 y x mx x = + lun c mt im cc i v
mt im cc tiu vi mi gi tr ca m.
Gii
* Tp xc nh: D = R.
* o hm:
2
' 3 2 2 y x mx =
* Ta c
2 2
' ( ) 3.( 2) 6 0, = = + > m m m R . Suy
ra y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit v yi du (c
th lp bng xt du vi hai nghim
1 2
; x x ) khi x i

qua 2 nghim .
* Vy hm s lun c mt im cc i v mt
im cc tiu vi mi m.

---------------------------------------- Ht chng I ----------------------------------------

Chng II HM S LU THA, HM S M, HM S LGARIT

1. Lu tha vi s m nguyn ( 0 a , , m n )
0
1, ( 0)
1

n
n
a a
a
a
=
=

m
.
a

m n m n
m n
n
a a a
a
a
+
=
=

( )
m .
a
a

b
n
m n
m
m
m
a
a
b
| |
|
\
=
=

m
(a.b) .
m m
a b =

2. Cn bc n
nh ngha: Cho s thc b v s nguyn dng n 2.
S a c gi l cn bc n ca s b nu
n
a b = .
K hiu:
n
a b = .
- n l, b R : tn ti duy nht
n
b .
- n chn: + b < 0: khng tn ti cn bc n ca b.
+ b = 0: 0 0
n
= .
+ b > 0: tn ti 2 cn bc n tri du ca b
l
n
b v -
n
b .
Tnh cht ( , 0 a b > , , m n
+
)
. .
n n n
a b a b =
n
n
n
a a
b b
=

( )
m
n m n
a a =
. n m n m
a a =

m
n m
n
a a =
. m n m n
a a =

3. Lu tha vi s m thc ( 0 a > , , R )
. a a a
+
= ( ) . . a b a b

=

a
a
a
=
a a
b b
| |
=
|
\

( )
.
a a

=
Neu a > 1 th a a

> >
Neu 0 < a < 1 th a a

> <
4. Logarit
a. nh ngha: Cho a, b > 0, 1 a , ta c: log
a
b a b
= =
b. Cng thc: Cho a > 0, 1 a , M, N > 0.
log 1 0
a
= log ( . ) log log M N M N
a a a
= +
log 1
a
a = log log log
M
M N
a a a
N
=
log
M
a M
a
= log log
M
b M b
a a
=

log M
a
a M =
1
log log b b
a a
=

1
log
log
=
a
b
b
a

c. Cng thc i c s: Cho a, b, c > 0, 1 a , c 1.
log
log
log
b
c
b
a
a
c
=
d. So snh lgarit: Cho a > 0, 1 a .
a > 1 : log log
a a
M N M N > > .
0 < a < 1: log log
a a
M N M N > < .
e. Lgarit thp phn v lgarit t nhin: S
1
lim 1 2, 71828...
n
x
e
n
+
| |
|
\
= +

Lgarit thp phn: Lgarit t nhin:
10
log l ogx = lgx x = log ln
e
x x =


5. Gii PT, BPT m v lgarit
Phng trnh m Phng trnh lgarit
a. Phng trnh mu c ban
Dang:
x
a b = , ( 0, 1) a a > .
Vi b > 0, ta co: log = =
x
a b x b
a

Vi b 0, phng trnh vo nghiem.
b. Phng php gii PT m thng gp
- a v cng c s.
- t n ph (t t =
x
a , t >0).
- Lgarit ho.
a. Phng trnh logarit c ban
Dang: log x b
a
= , (a > 0, a 1).
Ta co: log = =
b
x b x a
a

b. Phng php gii PT lgarit thng gp
- a v cng c s.
- t n ph (khng cn t iu kin cho n ph).
- M ho.
Ch : Cc em nm tht vng hai phng php a v cng c s v t n ph gii PT, BPT m,
lgarit. Cn phng php th 3 tng i kh ch nn tham kho thm.

6. Mt s dng phng trnh (BPT) m, lgarit thng gp
a. Cc dng c bn
a > 0, 1 a a > 1 0 < a < 1

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
a a f x g x = =
( ) 0
log ( ) log ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )
a a
f x
f x g x g x
f x g x
>
= >

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
a a f x g x > >
( ) 0
log ( ) log ( )
( ) ( )
a a
g x
f x g x
f x g x
>
>

>

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g x
a a f x g x > >
( ) 0
log ( ) log ( )
( ) ( )
a a
f x
f x g x
f x g x
>
>

<

b. Vn dng
Dng ton V d
Dng 1: Phng trnh m bc hai
2
. . 0
x x
ma n a p + + = (1)
Phng php
- t
x
t a = , (t > 0). Ta c PT:
2
. . 0 mt n t p + + =
- Gii phng trnh trn tm nghim t (nh vi iu
kin t > 0).
- Gii phng trnh log
x
a
a t x t = = .
- Kt lun, nghim ca (1).
V d: Gii phng trnh
2 1
3 4.3 1 0
x x +
+ = .
Gii
2 1 2
3 4.3 1 0 3.3 4.3 1 0
x x x x +
+ = + =
t t = 3
x
(t > 0), ta c phng trnh
2
1
3 4 1 0
1
3
=
+ =
=
t
t t
t

Vi t = 1
3
3 1 log 1 0
x
x = = = .
Vi t =
3
1 1 1
3 3 log 1
3 3 3
x x
= = = .
Vy PT cho c 2 nghim x = 0 ; x = -1.
Dng 2: . . 0
x x
ma n a p
+ + = hay . 0
x
x
n
ma p
a
+ + = .
Phng php
- t
x
t a = , (t > 0). Khi
1 1
x
x
a
a t
= = .
- Thay vo PT cho gii tm t (t > 0). Ri tm x.
- Kt lun, nghim ca PT.
V d: Gii phng trnh
1
6 6 5 0
x x
= .
Gii
1
6
6 6 5 0 6 5 0
6
x x x
x
= =
t t = 6
x
(t > 0), ta c phng trnh
2
6(nhan) 6
5 0 5 6 0
1(loai)
t
t t t
t t
=
= =

=
.
Vi t = 6
6
6 6 log 6 1 = = =
x
x .

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x = 6.
Dng 3: BPT m
( ) ( )
, (0 1)
f x g x
a a a < .
Phng php
- Nu 0 < a < 1, ta c f(x) g(x) (BPT i chiu).
- Nu a > 1, ta c f(x) g(x).
Vi BPT
( ) f x
a c
- Nu 0 < a < 1, ta c f(x) log
a
c (BPT i
chiu)
- Nu a > 1, ta c f(x) log
a
c .
V d: Gii bt phng trnh
2
3
1
2
4
x x
.
Gii
2 2
3 3 2 2
1
2 2 2 3 2
4
x x x x
x x

2
3 2 0 1 2 x x x +
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l: [1 ; 2].
Dng 4: Bin i v phng trnh dng
log ( ) log ( )
a a
f x g x = .
Phng php
- Dng cc cng thc tnh ton, cng, tr lgarit
bin i.
- Cn ch n K ca cc biu thc di du
lgarit.

V d: Gii phng trnh
3 9
log (9 ) log 5 x x + = .
Gii
iu kin:
0
0
9 0
x
x
x
>
>
>
. Khi :

2
3 9 3 3
3
log (9 ) log 5 log 9 log log 5 x x x x + = + + =
3 3 3
2
3
1 3
2 log log 5 log 3
2 2
log 2 3 9.
x x x
x x
+ + = =
= = =

Vy phng trnh cho c 1 nghim l x = 9.
Dng 5: Phng trnh bc hai cha du lgarit
2
.log ( ) .log ( ) 0
a a
m f x n f x p + + = .
Phng php
- K: f(x) > 0.
- t log ( )
a
t f x = , ta c
2
. . 0 mt n t p + + = . Gii
phng trnh tm t.
- Gii PT log ( ) ( )
t
a
f x t f x a = = tm x.
- Kt lun nghim.

V d: Gii phng trnh
2
2 2
4log 3log 10 0 x x = .
Gii
iu kin: 0 x > .
t
2
log t x = , ta c PT
2
4 3 10 0 t t = .
Gii PT ny c t = 2 ; t =
5
4
.
Vi t = 2, ta c
2
2
log 2 2 4 x x = = = .
Vi t =
5
4
, ta c
5
4
2
5
log 2
4
x x

= = .
Dng 6: BPT lgarit
log ( ) log ( ), (0 1)
a a
f x g x a < < .
Phng php
- K:
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
g x
>
>
.
- Nu 0 < a < 1, ta c f(x) > g(x) (BPT i chiu).
- Nu a > 1, ta c f(x) < g(x).
Vi BPT log ( )
a
f x c
- Nu 0 < a < 1, ta c ( )
c
f x a (BPT i chiu)
- Nu a > 1, ta c f(x)
c
a .

V d: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2 2
log log (3 1) x x ;
b.
1 1
3 3
log (2 1) log ( 2) x x > + .
Gii
a. iu kin:
0
1
3 1 0 3
x
x
x
>
>
>
. Khi :
2 2
1
log log (3 1) 3 1 2 1
2
x x x x x x .
Kt hp K ta c tp nghim l:
1 1
;
3 2
T
| (
=
(
\
.
b. iu kin:
2 1 0
1
2 0 2
x
x
x
>
>
+ >
. Khi :
1 1
3 3
log (2 1) log ( 2) 2 1 2 3 x x x x x > + < + < .
Kt hp K ta c tp nghim l:
1
;3
2
T
| |
=
|
\
.


BI TP
Bi tp 1. Khng s dng my tnh cm tay. Hy tnh:
a.
4
0,75
3
1 1
16 8

| | | |
+
| |
\ \

b.
2 3 5 5
2 .8

c.
2
1,5
3
(0, 04) .(0,125)

d.
2 3 3 1 2 3
(4 4 ).2

e.
5 4
2 3
5 4
5 0, 2

| | | |
+
| |
\ \

f.
3 3
1 2 2 2
3 : 9
+

g.
9 2 6 4
7 7 5 5
8 : 8 3 .3

h.
2 7
2 7 1 7
10
2 .5
+
+ +

i.
3 2 1 2 4 2
8 .4 .2
+

j.
10
2 2log 7
10
+

k.
3 81
2log 2 4log 2
9
+

l.
9
log 27
3
m.
2
log 32
4
m.
2
1 log 3
8

o.
49
log 15
7
p.
5 20
2 5 1 5
6
4 .9
+
+ +

Bi tp 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a.
2
3 2
2 4
x x +
=
b.
3 1 2
(0,5) .(0,5) 2
x x
=

c.
2 1 2
3 3 108
x x
+ = d.
1 1
2 2 2 28
+
+ + =
x x x

a. 3.9 3 2 0 =
x x

b.
2 2
2 9.2 2 0
x x +
+ =
c.
1 1
9 36.3 3 0
+
+ =
x x

d.
1
4 10.2 24
=
x x

e.
2 1 1
5 5 250
+
+ =
x x

f.
2 6 7
2 2 17 0
+ +
+ =
x x

i.
2 1
3 9.3 6 0
x x +
+ =
j.
6 3
3. 2 0
x x
e e + =
k.
3
3 3 12 0
x x
+ =
l.
1 3
5 5 26

+ =
x x

m.
1
2 2 3 0
+ =
x x

n.
1
6 6 5 0
x x
=

o.
1 3
3 5.3 12
x x +
=
p.
1
7 2.7 9 0
x x
+ =
q.
3 1
1 1
128 0
4 8
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
x x

r.
( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 14
x x
+ + =
a.
4 4
log (5 2 ) log ( 3) x x = +
b
2 2
log ( 1) 1 log x x + = +
c.
4 2
log log (4 ) 5 x x + =
d.
3 9
log (9 ) log 5 x x + =
e.
3 3 3
log ( 2) log ( 2) log 5 x x + + =
f.
2 2 2
log ( 2) log ( 3) log 12 x x + =
g.
2 2
log ( 2) log ( 3) 1 + = x x
h.
2 2
log log ( 1) 1 x x + =
i.
6 1
6
log ( 4) log ( 1) 1 + = x x
j.
4 4 4
log ( 3) log ( 1) 2 log 8 + = x x
k.
2 3 4
log (log (log )) 0 = x
l.
1 4
4
log (3 1) log (2 3 )
x x
+ =
m.
3 3 3
log (9 1) log (2.3 1) log 2 + =
x x

n.
1 4
4
log ( 5) 2log ( 1) 0 + + =
x x
e e
o.
2
2
1
log 1
log
= + x
x

p.
2
4 4
log 2log 1 0 + = x x
q.
2 3
2 2
log log 4 0 + = x x
r.
2
2 2
log 3log 10 0 = x x
Bi tp 5. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a.
2
2
2 3 2
1
7
7
x
x x +
| |
<
|
\

b.
2
3
1
2
4
x x

c.
1
1
1
5
25
x
x+
| |
<
|
\

d.
2 1 3 2
2 5
5 2
x x +
| | | |
>
| |
\ \

e.
2
3
1
9
3
x x
| |

|
\

f.
2 1 1
7 2 5.7 2
x x x x +

g.
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
2 3 3 2
x x x x +
>
h. 9 3 2 0 +
x x

i. 49 6.7 7 0
x x
<
j.
2 1
5 5 4
+
> +
x x

Bi tp 6. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:

a.
2 2
log log (3 1) x x
b.
2 2
2log ( 1) log (5 ) 1 0 x x
c.
1
2
2
log ( 2) log (3 ) 4 x x + +
d.
1
2
log (2 4) 1 x +
e.
1 1
3 3
log (2 1) log ( 2) x x > +
f.
2 2
log log (3 1) x x
g.
2 2
2log ( 1) log (5 ) 1 0 x x
h.
1
2
2
log ( 2) log (3 ) 4 x x + +

i.
2
1 2
2
log ( 6 5) 2log (2 ) 0 x x x + +
j.
1 5 1
5 5
log log ( 2) log 3 x x <
k.
+
>
3 5
1
2
log (2 15) 0
x

l.
2
3 1
2
1
log log 1
16
x
(
| |
+ >
( |
\

m.
2 2
4 4
log ( 2 ) log ( 4) x x x > +
n.
2
3 3
log 2 5log 2 4 0 x x + <

---------------------------------------- Ht chng II ----------------------------------------

Chng III NGUYN HM, TCH PHN, NG DNG

1. nh ngha nguyn hm
Cho ham so f(x) xac nh tren K.
Ham so F(x) c goi la nguyen ham cua ham so f(x) neu F(x) = f(x) vi moi x K.
2. Bng nguyn hm
Hm s s cp Nguyn hm b sung
dx x C = +

1
1
x
x dx C
+
= +
+

cos sin xdx x C = +

sin cos xdx x C = +

2
1
tan
cos
dx x C
x
= +

2
1
cot
sin
dx x C
x
= +

ln

x x
dx
x C
x
e dx e C
= +
= +

ln
x
x
a
a dx C
a
= +

( ) ax b dx

1
1 1
. ( )
1
ax b C
a
+
= + +
+

1
ax b ax b
e dx e C
a
+ +
= +

1 1
ln dx ax b C
ax b a
= + +
+

cos( ) ax b dx +
1
sin( ) ax b C
a
= + +
sin( ) ax b du +
1
cos( ) ax b C
a
= + +

sin
tan ln | |
os
x
xdx dx cosx C
c x
= = +

os
cot ln | sin |
sinx
c x
xdx dx x C = = +

3. nh ngha tch phn
Cho f(x) la ham so lien tuc tren oan [a ; b]. Gia s F(x) la 1 nguyen ham cua f(x) tren oan [a ; b].
Hieu so F(b) F(a) c goi la tch phan t a en b cua ham so f(x). K hieu: ( )
b
f x dx
a
.

Cong thc: ( ) ( ) | ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a = =

4. Cc bi ton i bin s
Bi ton V d
Bi ton 1: [ ] ( ) . '( )
b
a
f u x u x dx

Phng php: - t ( ) '( ) t u x dt u x dx = =
- i cn:
x b t
x a t
= =
= =

- Th: [ ] ( ) . '( ) ( )
b
a
f u x u x dx f t dt
=

V d: Tnh
2
sin
0
.cos
x
I e xdx
=

Gii
t t = sinx dt = cosxdx
i cn:
1
2
0 0
x t
x t

= =
= =

1
1 1 0
0
0
1
t t
I e dx e e e e = = = =

Bi ton 2: . '( ) ( )
b
a
u x u x dx

Phng php: - t
2
( ) ( ) t u x t u x = =
2 '( ) tdt u x dx =
- i cn.
- Th vo.
V d: Tnh
1
2
0
1 I x x dx = +

Gii
t
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 t x t x tdt xdx = + = + =
tdt xdx =
i cn:
1 2
0 1
x t
x t
= =
= =

2 2
2 3 2
1
1 1
1 1
. 2 2 1
3 3
I t tdt t dt t
(

= = = =

Bi ton 3:
2
2 2
0
a
a x dx

Phng php: t sin cos x a t dx a t = =
Bi ton 4:
2 2
0
1
a
dx
a x
+

Phng php
t
2
tan (1 tan ) x a t dx a t dt = = +
Ch : Cc em nn tp trung vo 2 bi ton u, cn 2 bi ton sau ch nn tham kho.
BI TP
Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1.
6
0
2
cos xdx
2.
2
3
0
sin cos x xdx

3.
2
3
0
cos sin x xdx

4.
2
2
0
sin xdx

6.
2
0
cos
3 sin
x
dx
x

7.
2
0
sin
1 s
x
dx
co x

8.
6
sin
0
cos
x
e xdx

9.
6
0
2 1 4sin3 .cos3 x xdx

11.
6
3
(cos 1)sin x xdx

12.
4
2
0
sin 2
4 cos
x
dx
x

13.
2
5
1
(2 1) x dx

14.
1 2
3
0
1
x
dx
x +

15.
1
2 3 4
1
(1 ) x x dx

16.
1
0
3 1 x dx +

17.
2
2
0
4 . x xdx

18.
2
1
0
.
x
e xdx

19.
ln3
0
1
x
x
e
dx
e +

20.
ln 5
ln 2
( 1)
1
x x
x
e e
dx
e
+
+

21.
2
2
1
(6 4 1) x x dx +


5.
4
0
tan xdx
10.
2
0
(2sin 3) cos x xdx

5. Phng php tch phn tng phn
a. Cng thc |
b b
b
a
a a
udv uv vdu =

b. Cc bi ton tch phn tng phn
Bi ton V d
Bi ton 1: ( )
b
x
a
P x e dx

Phng php: t
( )
x
u P x
dv e dx
=
=

V d: Tnh tch phn
1
0
x
I xe dx =

.
Gii. at
x x
u x du dx
dv e dx v e
= =
= =

Vay
1
1 1
0 0
0
( ) | | ( 1) 1
x x x
I xe e dx e e e e = = = =
.
Bi ton 2: ( )sin
b
a
P x xdx

Phng php: t
( )
sin
u P x
dv xdx
=
=

V d: Tnh tch phn
2
0
(2 1) sin
= +
I x xdx .
Gii. at
2 1 2
sin cos
= + =
= =
u x du dx
dv xdx v x

Vay [ ]
2
2
0
0
(2 1) cos | 2 cos
= + +

I x x xdx

2
0
1 2sin | 1 2 3
= + = + = x .
Bi ton 3: ( )
b
a
P x cosxdx

Phng php: t
( )
sin
u P x
dv xdx
=
=

V d: Tnh tch phn
2
0
(1 ) os
I x c xdx .
Gii. at
1
cos
= =
= =
u x du dx
dv xdx v sinx

Vay
[ ]
2
2
0
0
(1 )sin | sin
= +
I x x xdx

2
0
1 cos | 1 1
2 2 2

= + = = x .
Bi ton 4: ( ) ln
b
a
P x xdx

Phng php: t
ln
( )
u x
dv P x dx
=
=

V d: Tnh tch phn
2
1
2 ln I x xdx =

.
Gii. at
2
1
ln
2
u x du dx
x
dv xdx v x
= =
= =

Vay
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1
( ln ) | ( ln ) | |
2
I x x xdx x x x = =

3
4ln 2
2
= .


BI TP
Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1.
2
0
(2 1) x cosxdx

2.
4
0
(2 3)sin x xdx

3.
0
(1 )sin 2 x xdx

4.
2
0
(1 )
x cosx dx
5.
1
0
(2 )
x
x xe dx +

6.
1
0
(2 1)
x
x e dx +

7.
1
0
2 .
x
x e dx

8.
2
0
(5 2 )
x
x e dx

9.
1
0
ln(1 ) x dx +

10.
3
1
2 ln x xdx

11.
2
2
1
ln x xdx

6. Din tch hnh phng

Dng 1: Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th (C) y = f(x), trc Ox, hai ng thng x = a, x = b.

Phng php
- Gii phng trnh y = f(x) = 0 tm nghim trn on [a ; b].
- Nu khng c nghim no [a ; b] th p dng cng thc:
| ( ) | ( )
b b
a a
S f x dx f x dx = =

- Nu c 1 nghim c [a ; b] th p dng cng thc (tng t nu c 2, 3 nghim)
| ( ) | ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
S f x dx f x dx f x dx = = +

V d. Tnh dien tch cua hnh phang c gii han bi cac ng:
2
2 y x x = , truc Ox, hai ng
thang x = -1, x = 1.
Gii
at y = f(x) =
2
2 x x . Ta co f(x) = 0
2
2 0 x x = x = 0 hoac x = 2 (loai).
Vy din tch hnh phng cn tm l:
1 0 1
2 2 2
1 1 0
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) S x x dx x x dx x x dx

= = +

3 3 0 1
2 2
1 0
4
3 3 3
x x
x x
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ \
(vdt).
BI TP
1. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
2
y x x = ; y = 0 ; x = 0 ; x = 2 ;
2. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s
3 2
3 y x x = + , trc honh v cc ng thng
x = - 2, x = 1 ;

Dng 2: Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th ca 2 ng y = f
1
(x), y = f
2
(x).

Phng php
- Honh giao im ca 2 ng y = f
1
(x), y = f
2
(x) l nghim ca phng trnh f
1
(x) = f
2
(x).
Gi s gii c 2 nghim x = a v x = b.
- Din tch S c tnh theo cng thc:
[ ]
1 2 1 2
| ( ) ( ) | ( ) ( )
b b
a a
S f x f x dx f x f x dx = =


V d. Tnh dien tch cua hnh phang c gii han bi cac ng:
2
2 y x x = va y = x.
Gii
Hoanh o giao iem cua 2 ng cong la nghiem cua phng trnh
2 2
2 3 0 x x x x x = = .
Giai PT ta c x = 0 hoac x = 3.
Vay dien tch hnh phang can tm la:
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
0
0 0
3
| 3 | ( 3 )
3 2
x
S x x dx x x dx x
| |
= = =
|
\

3
2
3 3 9
.3 0
3 2 2
| |
= =
|
\
(vdt) .

BI TP
2
6 = + y x , y = 5x ;
2. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s
x
y e = , y = 2 v ng thng x = 1 ;
3. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s y = lnx, y = 0 v ng thng x = e.
2
6 y x x = + , y = 0 (TN THPT 2007).
7. Cho hm s
3 2
3 y x x = + c th (C). Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th (C) v
trc honh (TN THPT 2006).

7. Th tch vt th trn xoay
Th tch ca khi trn xoay sinh ra do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng: (C) y = f(x), trc Ox,
hai ng thng x = a, x = b khi quay quanh trc Ox l:
[ ]
2
( )
b
a
V f x dx =

V d. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra do hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng (C)
2
2 y x x = , trc
Ox v hai ng thng x = 0, x = 2.
Gii
Th tch khi trn xoay cn tm l:
2 2
2 2 2 3 4
0 0
( ) 2 (4 4 ) = = +

V x x dx x x x dx
3 5 2
4
0
4 16
3 5 5
| |
|
\
= + =
x x
x (vtt)

BI TP
1. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay to thnh khi cho hnh phng (H) gii hn bi th hm s y =
cosx, trc honh v hai ng thng ;
6 2
x x

= = quay quanh trc honh ;
2. Cho hnh phng (H) gii hn bi cc ng y = sinx, y = 0, x = 0, x =
2
. Tnh th tch ca khi

trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh (H) quanh trc honh ;
3. Cho hnh phng (H) gii hn bi cc ng (2 1)sin y x x = + , y = 0, x = 0, x =
2
. Tnh th tch
ca khi trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh (H) quanh trc honh.

---------------------------------------- Ht chng III ----------------------------------------


Chng IV S PHC

1. nh ngha
S phc l mt biu thc c dng:

vi , a b R ,
2
1 i = .
Tp hp cc s phc k hiu l:
2. S phc lin hp
S phc lin hp ca z = a + bi l:

3. M un ca s phc
M un ca z = a + bi l:
2 2
| | z a b = +
4. Cc php ton cng, tr, nhn s phc
Cho z = a + bi v z = a + bi. Ta c:
a = a'
z = z'
b = b'
z + z' = (a + a' ) + (b + b')i
z - z' = (a - a') + (b - b')i
z.z' = (a.a' - b.b') + (ab' + a'b)i

5. Php chia
Cho z = a + bi, z = c + di 0
2 2
( )( )
'
z a bi a bi c di
z c di c d
+ +
= =
+ +

6. Nghch o ca s phc
S phc nghch o ca z = a + bi l:
2 2
1 1 a bi
z a bi a b
= =
+ +

7. Php cng v nhn hai s phc lin hp
Cho s phc z = a + bi, gi z = a bi l s phc
lin hp ca z. Ta c:
2 2
2
.
+ =
= +
z z a
z z a b

8. Cn bc hai ca s thc m v phng trnh
bc hai h s thc
- Cn bc hai ca s thc a m l: | | i a .
- Cho PT bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = (a, b, c R,a 0).
C bit thc
2
4 b ac = . Khi ta c bng:

Phng trnh
2
0 ax bx c + + =

> 0
C 2 nghim thc phn bit
1,2
2
b
x
a

=

= 0
C 1 nghim thc
2
b
x
a
=

< 0
C 2 nghim phc lin hp
1,2
| |
2
b i
x
a

=

BI TP
Bi tp 1. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
1.
2 2
(1 3 ) (1 3 ) P i i = + + (TN THPT 2008) 2.
2
(1 2 ) 2 3 P i i = +
3.
3 2
2 1
2 3
i
P i
i
+
= +
4.
3
(2 1) 5 2 P i i = +
Bi tp 2. Tm mun ca s phc z, bit:
1. ( 2 3 )( 3 2 ) z i i = + 2. 4 5 (6 3 ) iz i i i + + = +
Bi tp 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau trn tp hp s phc.
1.
4 2
7 18 0 z z + = (Thi th TN 2009) 2.
2
2 2 0 x x + = (TN THPT 2009)
3.
2
4 7 0 x x + = (TN THPT 2007 Ln 1) 4.
2
6 25 0 x x + = (TN THPT 2007 Ln 2)
5.
2
2 5 4 0 x x + = (TN THPT 2006) 6.
2
4 3 1 0 x x + =
7.
2
3 3 0 x x + + = 8.
2
4 20 0 x x + =

---------------------------------------- Ht chng IV ----------------------------------------
z = a + bi

z = a - bi


Chng I + II DIN TCH V TH TCH CC HNH, KHI

1. Th tch hnh hp ch nht

Vi a, b, c ln lt l chiu di, rng cao ca hnh
hp.
2. Th tch hnh chp

- S: Din tch y
- h: Chiu cao hnh chp
3. Th tch hnh lng tr
- S: Din tch y
- h: Chiu cao hnh lng tr
4. Hnh tr

5. Hnh nn

6. Mt cu

CC DNG BI TP
I. TH TCH KHI CHP

Dng 1. Hnh chp c mt cnh bn d vung gc vi mt y B
Th th tch
1
.
3
= V B d B: Din tch y; d: l chiu cao.

V d. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC c cnh bn SA vung gc vi y (ABC), SA=a; tam gic
ABC vung ti B, BC = a; AC = 2a.

Gii
Ta c th tch
1 1
. .
3 3

= =
ABC
V B h S SA. M SA = a.
Trong tam gic ABC vung ti B ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2
2 3 = = = AB AC BC a a a
Nn
2
1 1 1
. 3. 3
2 2 2
= = =
ABC
S AB BC a a a . Vy
3
2
1 1 3
3 .
3 2 6
| |
= =
|
\
a
V a a
Bi tp tng t
1. (TN THPT 09) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng y, mt bn SBC l tam
gic u cnh bng a, bit
0
120 = ABC . Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC theo a.
2. (TN THPT 08L2) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng y, y ABC l tam gic
vung ti B, bit AB = a, 3 = BC a v SA = 3a. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC theo a.
3. (TN THPT 07L1) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng y, y ABC l tam gic
vung ti B, bit SA = AB = BC = a. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC theo a.
4. (TN THPT 07L2) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c SA vung gc vi mt phng y, y ABCD l hnh
vung cnh bng a v SA = AC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD theo a.

PHN HNH HC
1
.
3
V S h =
. V S h =
2
xq
S Rl =
2
. V R h =
xq
S Rl =
2
1
.
3
V R h =
a
a
2a
A
B
C
S
3
4
3
V R =
2
4 S R =
V = a.b.c


a
a
a
2a
2a
2a
H
I
A
B
C
S
a a
a
---
----
I
A
B
C
S
Dng 2. Bit hnh chiu vung gc ca mt nh ln mt y. ( hnh chiu ca nh S ln y B l H)
Th th tch
1
.
3
= V B SH B: Din tch y; SH: l chiu cao.

V d. (TN THPT 08L1) Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c cnh y bng a, cnh bn bng 2a.
Gi I l trung im ca cnh BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABI theo a.
Gii
Gi H l trng tm ca tam gic ABC. Khi SH vung gc vi mt y
ABC nn th tch
1 1
. .
3 3

= =
ABC
V B h S SH
M
2
0 2
1 1 1 3 3
. sin . .sin 60
2 2 2 2 4
= = = =
ABC
a
S AB BC B a a a
Li c
2
3
= AH AI
2
2 2 2
2 2 3
3 3 2 3
a a
AB BI a
| |
= = =
|
\

Trong tam gic SAH vung ti H c ( )
2
2
2 2
3 33
2
3 3
| |
= = =
|
|
\
a a
SH SA AH a .
Vy
2 3
1 1 3 33 11
. . .
3 2 4 3 8
= = =
ABC
a a a
V S SH
Bi tp tng t
1. Cho hnh chp u S.ABCD c AC = 3 a , gc gia cnh bn v mt y ABCD bng 30
0
. Tnh
th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD theo a.
2. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c hnh chiu vung gc ca nh S ln mt y trng vi trung im I
ca cnh AB, y ABCD l hnh ch nht bit AB = 2a, AC = 3a , gc gia cnh bn SC v mt
y ABCD bng 45
0
. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD theo a.

Dng 3. Bit mt mt bn vung gc vi y. Khi ng thng i qua 1 nh ca mt bn, vung gc
vi giao tuyn gia mt bn v mt y l ng cao ca hnh chp.

V d. Cho hnh chp S.ABC, c mt bn (SAB) vung gc vi mt y (ABC), y ABC l tam gic
u cnh bng a v mt SAB l tam gic vung cn ti S. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC theo a.
Gii
Ta c ( ) ( ) = SAB ABC AB. T S dng ng thng vung gc vi AB ct
AB ti I; nn SI vung gc vi y (ABC) m SAB vung cn ti S nn I
l trung im ca AB =>
1
2 2
= =
a
SI AB .
Khi th tch
1 1
. .
3 3

= =
ABC
V B h S SI . M
2
1 3
. .sin
2 4
= =
ABC
a
S AB AC A .
Vy
2 3
1 1 3 3
. . .
3 3 4 2 24
= = =
ABC
a a a
V S SI (vtt).
Bi tp tng t
1. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c mt bn (SAB) vung gc vi mt y (ABC), y ABC l tam gic
vung ti B. Bit BC = a, AC = 3 a mt SAB l tam gic vung ti S v SA = a. Tnh th tch
ca khi chp S.ABC theo a.

2. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht bit BC = a ,BD = 3 a , mt bn (SAB)
vung gc vi mt y (ABCD) v gc gia hai mt phng (SCD), (ABCD) bng 60
0
. Tnh th
tch ca khi chp S.ABCD theo a.

II. TH TCH KHI LNG TR

Dng 1. Hnh lng tr c mt cnh bn d vung gc vi mt y B (n l lng tr ng)
Th th tch . = V B d B: Din tch y; d: l chiu cao.

V d. Cho hnh lng tr ng tam gic ABC.ABC c AC = a, BC = 2a,
0
60 = ACB v tam gic
ABB cn. Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr cho theo a .
Gii
Ta c th tch . . '
= =
ABC
V B h S BB .
M
2
0
1 1 3
. .sin .2 .sin 60
2 2 2
= = =
ABC
a
S AC BC C a a (vdt)
Li c tam gic ABB vung cn ti B nn AB = BB.
Trong tam gic ABC c
2 2 2
2. . .cos = + AB AC BC AC BC C
( )
2
2 2 0 2
2 2. .2 .cos 60 3 3 = + = = AB a a a a a AB a .
Vy
2 3
3 3.
. ' . 3
2 2
= = =
ABC
a a
V S BB a (vtt)
Bi tp tng t
Cho lng tr u ABC.ABC c cnh y bng a, gc gia ng cho BC vi mt bn (ABBA)
bng 45
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho theo a.

Dng 2. Bit hnh chiu ca mt nh ln mt y

V d. Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC c hnh chiu vung gc ca nh A ln y (ABC)
trng vi trung im I ca AB , y ABC l tam gic u cnh bng a, gc gia cnh bn AA vi y
bng
0
30 . Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr cho theo a .
Gii
Ta c th tch . . '
= =
ABC
V B h S A I .
M
2
0
1 1 3
. .sin . .sin 60
2 2 4
= = =
ABC
a
S AC BC C a a
Gc gia AA vi y (ABC) l gc gia AA vi AI (V AI l hnh
chiu vung gc ca AA ln y (ABC). Nn
0
' 30 = A AI
Trong tam gic AAI vung ti I ta c:

0
' '
tan tan30
1
2
= =
A I A I
A
AI
AB
0
1 3 1 3
' tan30 . .
2 3 2 6
= = =
a
A I AB a .
Vy
2 3
3 3
. ' .
4 6 8
= = =
ABC
a a a
V S A I (vtt)
Bi tp tng t
Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC c hnh chiu vung gc ca nh A ln y (ABC) trng
vi trung im I ca BC, cnh bn bng 2a , y ABC l tam gic vung ti A bit AB = a, AC
= 3 a . Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr cho theo a .
2a
a
-----
----
60
0
(
B'
C'
A
B
C
A'
a
a
a
)30
0
C'
B'
I
A
B
C
A'

III. DIN TCH XUNG QUANH - TH TCH HNH NN

Din tch xung quanh hnh nn: . . =
xq
S r l trong r l bn knh y, l l di ng sinh.
Ch : Din tch ton phn
2
. . = + = +
tp xq day
S S S r l r
Th tch khi nn
2
1
.
3
= V r h trong r l bn knh y ; h: l chiu cao.

V d. Cho hnh nn nh S, ng trn y tm O, bn knh r = a v gc nh ca hnh nn bng 60
0
.
Tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch ca hnh nn.
Gii
Ta c . . . . = =
xq
S r l a SA. Trong tam gic ASO vung ti O ta c
0
sin sin30 = =
AO r
S
SA SA
2
1
2
= =
a
SA SA a .
Nn
2
. . . . 2 = = =
xq
S r l a SA a . M ( )
2
2 2 2
2 3 = = = SO SA OA a a a .
Vy th tch
3
2 2
1 1 3
. .
3 3 3
= = =
a
V r h r SO (vtt)
Bi tp tng t
Cho hnh nn nh S, y l hnh trn C(O, r). Trn ng trn (O) ly hai im A, B sao cho
0
60 = AOB , AB = a, ng sinh SA to vi y mt gc bng 30
0
. Tnh din tch xung quanh v
th tch ca hnh nn cho theo a.

IV. DIN TCH XUNG QUANH - TH TCH HNH TR

Din tch xung quanh hnh tr: 2 . . =
xq
S r l trong r l bn knh y, l l di ng sinh.
Ch : Din tch ton phn
2
2. 2 . . 2 = + = +
tp xq day
S S S r l r
Th tch khi tr
2
. = V r h trong r l bn knh y ; h: l chiu cao.

V d. Cho hnh tr c bn knh y bng a v khong cch gia hai y
bng 3 a . Tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch ca hnh tr cho theo a.
Gii
Gi hnh tr c tm ca hai y l O, O (nh hnh bn). Theo gi thit ta
c OO= 3 a .
Khi din tch xung quanh: 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . ' = = =
xq
S r l r AB r OO .

2
2 . . 3 2 3 = =
xq
S a a a (vdt).
Th tch khi tr :
2 2 2 3
. . ' . 3 3 = = = = V r h a OO a a a (vtt).

Bi tp tng t
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD cnh bng a. Tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch ca hnh
tr c hai hnh trn y l hai ng trn ngoi tip hai y ABCD, ABCA ca hnh lp phng
trn.

h
O
S
A
M
B
r
0
60
O
O
r
M
h
B
A

V. DIN TCH XUNG QUANH - TH TCH MT CU

Din tch ca mt cu:
2
4 . = S R trong R l bn knh mt cu.
Th tch khi cu:
2
4
3
= V R
ng trn giao tuyn ca S(O,r) v mp(P) c tm l hnh chiu vung gc ca tm O ln mp(P) v
bn knh ( )
2 2
' , ( ) = r R d O mp P .
Mp(P) tip xc vi mt cu S(O;R) ( ) , ( ) = d O mp P R.

V d. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, SA = 2a, AC = 2 a v SA
vung gc vi mt phng y.
1. Chng minh trung im I ca SC l tm ca mt cu (S) i qua cc nh ca hnh chp
S.ABC. Tnh bn knh ca mt cu (S) v th tch ca khi cu.
2. Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh ca ng trn giao tuyn ca mt cu
(S) vi mp(ABC).

Gii
1. Ta c cc tam gic SAC v SBC ln lt vung ti A , B.
nn AI = BI =
1
2
SC = IS = IC . Do I cch u cc nh S, A, B, C.
Vy I l tm ca mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp S.ABC. Bn knh
R =
2 2
1 1 6
2 2 2
= + =
a
SC SA AC .
2. ng trn giao tuyn l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC . Do ABC
l tam gic vung ti B nn tm l trung im ca AC v bn knh
r =
1 2
2 2
=
a
AC .

Bi tp tng t
1. Cho hnh chp u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a, cnh bn bng 2a.
a. Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh ca mt cu (S) ngoi tip hnh chp trn.
b. Tnh din tch v th tch khi cu (S).
c. Tnh bn knh ca ng trn giao tuyn ca (S) v mp(ABCD).
2. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCDcnh bng a v mt cu (S) i qua cc nh ca hnh lp
phng.
a. Xc nh tm v tnh bn knh ca mt cu (S) trn.
b. Tnh din tch v th tch khi cu (S).
c. Tnh bn knh ca ng trn giao tuyn ca (S) v mp(ABCD).

---------------------------------------- Ht chng I + II ----------------------------------------

2a
----
----
a 2
S
I
C
B
A
* O
S
A
C
B

Chng III PHNG PHP TO TRONG KHNG GIAN

Bi 1 H TO TRONG KHNG GIAN

1. nh ngha

( ; ; ) M x y z OM xi y j zk = + +

.

1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a a a i a j a k = = + +

.
Vect n v: i
=(1 ; 0 ; 0) trn trc Ox.

j
=(0 ; 1 ; 0) trn trc Oy.

k
=(0 ; 0 ; 1) trn trc Oz .

2. Cc php ton
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
,
1 2 3
( ; ; ) b b b b =
. Ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3
( ; ; ) a b a b a b a b + = + + +

1 1 2 2 3 3
( ; ; ) a b a b a b a b =

1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) ka k a a a ka ka ka = =

3. He qua
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
,
1 2 3
( ; ; ) b b b b =
, ( ; ; )
A A A
A x y z , ( ; ; )
B B B
B x y z . Ta c:
a.
1 1 2 2 3 3
; ; a b a b a b a b = = = =

b. a
cung phng b
, ( 0) b k

sao cho:
1 1 2 2 2 3
; ; b a k a kb a kb a kb = = = =

c. ( ; ; )
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z =

d. Toa o trung iem M cua AB la:
; ;
2 2 2
A B A B A B
x x y y z z
M
+ + + | |
|
\

e. To trng tm G ca tam gic ABC l:
; ;
3 3 3
A B C A B C A B B
x x x z z z y y y
G
+ + + + + + | |
|
\

4. Tch v hng
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
,
1 2 3
( ; ; ) b b b b =
, ( ; ; )
A A A
A x y z , ( ; ; )
B B B
B x y z . Ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
| | ( ) ( ) ( )
.
0
| |
cos(a;b)=
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z
a b a b a b a b
a b a b a b a b
a a a a
a b a b a b
a a a b b b
= + +
= + +
+ + =
= + +
+ +
+ + + +

5. Phng trnh mt cu
Phng trnh:

2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x a y b z c r + + =

l Ptrnh mt cu tm I(a ; b ; c), bn knh r.

Phng trnh:

2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z Ax By Cz D + + + + + + =

vi
2 2 2
0 A B C D + + > la phng trnh mat cau
tam I(-A ; -B ; -C), ban knh
2 2 2
r A B C D = + + .


LP PHNG TRNH MT CU

Dng 1:
- Tm to tm v bn knh ca mt cu (S):
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
x a y b z c R + + =
Phng php: Tm I(a ; b ; c) v bn knh bng R
- Tm to tm v bn knh ca mt cu (S):
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d + + + =
Phng php: Tm I(a ; b ; c) v bn knh
2 2 2
R a b c d = + +

V d: Tm ta tm v bn knh ca cc mt cu
sau:
a. ( ) ( ) + + + =
2 2
2
1 2 4 x y z ;
b. + + + =
2 2 2
2 4 6 2 0 x y z x y z
Gii
a. Tm l I(1 ; - 2 ; 0 ), bn knh R = 2.
b. Tm l I(1 ; - 2 ; 3 )
Bn knh ( ) ( ) = + + =
2
2 2
1 2 3 2 4 R .
Dng 2: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I(a ; b ;
c) v i qua im A( ; ;
A A A
x y z ).
Phng php
- Tm I(a ; b ; c).
- Bn knh R = | | IA IA =

2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
A A A
x a y b z c = + + .
V d: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I(1 ; 2 ;
0) v i qua im M(-2 ; 1 ; 3).
Gii
Ta c ( 3; 1;3) IM =

2 2 2
| | ( 3) ( 1) 3 19 R IM = = + + =

Vy PT mt cu (S) cn tm l:
2 2 2
( 1) ( 2) 19 x y z + + =
Dng 3: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) nhn
A( ; ;
A A A
x y z ), B( ; ;
B B B
x y z ) lm ng knh.
Phng php
- To tm I l to trung im ca on AB
; ;
2 2 2
A B A B A B
x x y y z z
I
+ + + | |
|
\

- Bn knh R =
| |
2 2
AB AB
=
.

V d: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) nhn A(3 ; -1
; 4), B(-1 ; 3 ; 2) lm ng knh.
Gii
Ta c ( 2; 4; 2) =
AB .
Tm I ( ) 1;1;3 l trung im ca on thng AB.
Bn knh R =
2 2 2
( 2) 4 ( 2) | | 24
2 2 2
+ +
= =
AB

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 3 6 + + = x y z
Dng 4: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I(a ; b ;
c) v tip xc vi mt phng (P):
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
Phng php
- Tm I(a ; b ; c) .
- Bn knh R = d[I ; (P)] =
2 2 2
| . . . | Aa Bb C c D
A B C
+ + +
+ +
.
V d: Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I(2;2;-1)
v tip xc vi mt phng (P): 2x + y z -1 = 0.
Gii
Bn knh R =
[ ]
2 2 2
| 2.2 2 ( 1) 1|
; ( ) 6
2 1 ( 1)
+
= =
+ +
d I P
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 1 6 + + + = x y z
Dng khc:
- C tm v i qua im M tho h thc vect.
- Mt cu i qua 4 im.
V d: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho 3 im
A(2 ; 0 ; 0), B(0 ; -4 ;0), C(0 ; 0 ; 6). Lp phng
trnh mt cu :
a. Tm B v di ng knh bng di AC.
b. Tm G l trng tm tam gic ABC v mt cu i
qua im M tho mn 2 MA MB =

.
c. Mt cu i qua 4 im O, A, B, C.

HS t gii.

- Trang 32
Bi 2 PHNG TRNH MT PHNG

1. Vect php tuyn ca mt phng
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng ( ) v
cp vect
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
,
1 2 3
( ; ; ) b b b b =
c gi song
song hoc nm trong mp( ) . Khi VTPT ca
mp( ) l:
2 3 3 1 1 2
( )
2 3 3 1 1 2
; ;
| |
= =
|
\

a a a a a a
n a b
b b b b b b

2. PTTQ ca mt phng c dng

Trong vect n
(A ; B ; C) l VTPT.
3. Phng trnh mt phng to
- mp(Oxy) c phng trnh: z = 0.
- mp(Oxz) c phng trnh: y = 0.
- mp(Oyz) c phng trnh: x = 0.
- Mt phng i qua 3 im M(a ; 0 ; 0), N(0 ; b ;
0), P(0 ; 0; c) c phng trnh l:
1
x y z
a b c
+ + =
4. V tr tng i ca 2 mt phng
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng:
( ) :
1 1 1 1
0 A x B y C z D + + + = c ( )
1 1 1
( ; ; ) n A B C =
.
( ) :
2 2 2 2
0 A x B y C z D + + + = c ( )
2 2 2
( ; ; ) n A B C =
.
Khi :
( ) ct ( ) n kn

( ) //
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
( ; ; ) ( ; ; )
( )
A B C k A B C n kn
D kD
D kD

= =

( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
( ; ; ) ( ; ; )
( )
A B C k A B C n kn
D kD
D kD

= =

=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 n n =

1 2 1 2 1 2
0 A A B B CC + + =

5. Khong cch t mt im n mt phng
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v mt
phng ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = . Ta c:
[ ]
0 0 0
2 2 2
| |
;( )
Ax By Cz D
d M
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +

LP PHNG TRNH MT PHNG
Phng trnh mp( ) i qua im
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v c VTPT n
(A ; B ; C) l:

Dng ton V d
Dng 1: Mt phng i qua 3 im A, B, C khng
thng hng c to cho trc.
Phng php
- Tm mt cp vect khng cng phng thuc
mp(ABC), gi s l AB
v AC
.
- VTPT ca mp(ABC) l ( ) =

ABC n AB AC.
- T s lp c phng trnh mp ( ) i qua A
v c VTPT ( )
ABC n .
V d: Lp PTTQ ca mt phng i qua 3 im
A(1 ; -1 ; 0), B(-2 ; 0 ; 1), C(0 ; 2 ; 0).
Gii. Ta c AB
(-3 ; 1 ; 1), AC
(-1 ; 3 ; 0) nn
vect php tuyn ca mt phng (ABC) l:
( ) ABC n AB AC = =

(-3 ; -1 ; -8 )
Vp phng trnh tng qut ca mp(ABC) l:
-3(x - 1) - 1(y + 1) - 8(z 0) = 0
Hay 3x + y + 8z - 2 = 0.
Dng 2: Mp( ) i qua im
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v song
song vi mp ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = .
Phng php
- V ( ) // ( ) nn ( ) c VTPT l ( ; ; ) n A B C =
.
- Bit to im M v VTPT n
ta lp c
V d: Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mp(P) i
qua im A(1 ; 2 ; -3) v:
a. Vung gc vi ng thng (d):
1 2
2 3
x t
y t
z t
= +
= +
.
0 Ax By Cz D + + + =
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 A x x B y y C z z + + =

- Trang 33
phng trnh mt phng.
Dng 3: Ptrnh mp( ) qua im A v vung gc
vi ng thng d.
Phng php
- VTCP ca d chnh l VTPT ca mp( ).
- T xc nh c phng trnh mp ( ) .
Dng 4: Ptrnh mp( ) qua 2 im A, B v vung
gc vi mp ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = .
Phng php
- Tm to ca cc vect AB
,
( )
n

.
- Khi VTPT
( ) ( )
n AB n

=

.
- T xc nh c phng trnh mp ( ) .
b. Song song vi mp(Q): x y 3z = 0.
c. i qua 2 im A, B vi A(0 ; 1 ; 1), B(-1 ; 0 ; 2)
v vung gc vi mp ( ) : x y + z 1 = 0.
Gii
a. V mp(P) vung gc vi ng thng (d) nn (P)
nhn (2; 1;3) u =
lm vect php tuyn.

Vp phng trnh tng qut ca mp(P) l:
2(x -1) - 1(y - 2) + 3(z + 3) = 0
Hay 2x y + 3z + 9 = 0.
b. V mp(P) // mp(Q) nn 2 mt phng c cng
vect php tuyn ( ) ( ) (1; 1; 3) P Q n n = =

.
1(x -1) - 1(y - 2) - 3(z + 3) = 0
Hay x y - 3z - 8 = 0.
c. Ta c ( 1; 1;1) AB =
, VTPT ( ) (1; 1;1) n =

nn VTPT ca mp(P) l ( ) ( ) ; (0; 2; 2) P n AB n
(
= =

0(x - 0) + 2(y - 1) + 2(z 1) = 0
Hay y + z 2 = 0.
Dng 5: Song song vi mp(Q): Ax + By + Cz + D
= 0 v tip xc vi (S):
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
x a y b z c R + + = .
Phng php
- Mp(P) c dng : Ax + By + Cz + d = 0
- Khi (P) tip xc vi (S) ( , ( )) d I P R =

2 2 2
Aa Bb Cc d
R
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +
.
- Gii tm c d, thay vo phng trnh mp(P)
c phng trnh mt phng cn tm.

V d : Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) song song
vi mp(Q): 2x + 2y z + 1 = 0 v tip xc vi
mt cu (S): ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + + =
2 2 2
1 2 1 4 x y z .
Gii
Mt cu (S) c tm I(1 ; - 2; - 1), bn knh R = 2.
Do mp(P) song song mp(Q) nn mp(P) c phng
trnh dng: 2x + 2y z + D = 0.
M mp(P) tip xc vi (S) nn
( , ( )) = d I P R
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2.1 2. 2 1
2
2 2 1
D + +
=
+ +

5
1 6
7
D
D
D
=
+ =

=

Vy mp(P): 2x + 2y z + 5 = 0
v 2x + 2y z - 7 = 0.

- Trang 34
Bi 3 PHNG TRNH NG THNG

1. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
ng thng (d) i qua im M
0 0 0
( ; ; ) x y z v c
VTCP a
(
1 2 3
; ; a a a ).

VTCP a
l vect c gi song song hoc trng

vi (d).
2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng
ng thng (d) i qua im
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v c
VTCP a
(
1 2 3
; ; a a a ).
0 0 0
1 2 3

= =
x x y y z z
a a a

3. Phng trnh on thng AB
Cho ( ; ; )
A A A
A x y z , ( ; ; )
B B B
B x y z ta c phng
trnh on thng AB l:
A A A
B A B A B A
x x y y z z
x x y y z z

= =

4. iu kin 2 ng thng song song, ct
nhau, cho nhau
Gi
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
v
' ' '
1 2 3
' ( ; ; ) a a a a =
ln lt l
VTCP ca d v d, ly im
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z d . Khi
:
'
// '
'
a ka
d d
M d

;
'
'
'
a ka
d d
M d

d ct d
0 1 0 1
0 2 0 2
0 3 0 3
' '
'
' '
'
' '
'
x ta x t a
y ta y t a
z ta z t a
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
c ng 1 n
0
.
d cho d a ' ka

v
' '
0 1 0 1
' '
0 2 0 2
' '
0 3 0 3
'
'
'
x ta x t a
y ta y t a
z ta z t a
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +

v nghim.

5. V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt
phng
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng
( ) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v ng thng
d:
0 1
0 2
0 3
x x a t
y y a t
z z a t
= +
= +
= +
.
Xt phng trnh:
0 1 0 2 0 3
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 A x a t B y a t C z a t D + + + + + + = (1)
Nu (1) v nghim d // ( ) .
Nu (1) v s nghim d ( ) .
Nu (1) c mt nghim d ct ( ) ti
im M(
0 1 0 2 0 3
; ; x a t y a t z a t + + + ).
6. iu kin ng thng (d) ( )
Cho VTCP ca (d) l a
, VTPT ca ( ) l n

( ) ( ) ; 0 (0; 0; 0) d a n
(
= =

.
7. Gc gia 2 ng thng
1
( ) d v
2
( ) d
Trn
1
( ) d ly VTCP
1 1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
.
Trn
2
( ) d ly VTCP
2 1 2 3
( ; ; ) a b b b =
.

8. Gc gia ng thng (d) v mp( )
Trn ( ) d ly VTCP
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
.
Trn ( ) ly VTPT ( ; ; ) n A B C =
.

0 1
0 2
0 3
x x a t
y y a t
z z a t
= +
= +
= +
; t
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
| |
cos( ; )
.
a b a b a b
d d
a a a b b b
+ +
=
+ + + +

1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3
| |
sin( ; )
.
a A a B a C
d
a a a A B C
+ +
=
+ + + +


- Trang 35
LP PHNG TRNH NG THNG

Dng ton V d
Dng 1: Qua mt im
0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z v c vect
ch phng ( ) ; ; u a b c =
.
Phng php: Phng trnh tham s ng thng
(d) l:
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
(t l tham s)

V d: Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua
hai im A(- 1 ; 0; 2) ; B(1; -1 ; 1)
Gii: Ta c ( ) 2; 1; 1 =
AB l VTCP ca ng
thng (d) v (d) i qua A(- 1 ; 0; 2).
Vy phng trnh tham s ng thng (d) l:
d:
1 2
0
2
= +
x t
y t
z t
(t l tham s).
Dng 2: i qua mt im
1 1 1
( ; ; ) M x y z v song song
vi ng thng (d):
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +

Phng php
- Ta c VTCP ca (d) l ( )
'
; ;
d
u a b c =

- Hai ng thng song song nhau nn chng c
cng VTCP . Do VTCP ca (d) l
( )
'
; ;
d d
u u a b c = =

Vy phng trnh ng thng (d):
1
1
1
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +

V d: Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) qua im
M(2; -1; 0) v song song vi ng thng
d:
1
2
3
x t
y t
z
= +
(t l tham s).
Gii
ng thng (d) c VTCP l ( )
'
1; 2; 0 =
d
u .
V d // d nn (d) c VTCP l ( ) 1; 2; 0
d
u =
.
d:
2
1 2
0
= +
x t
y t
z
(t l tham s)
Dng 3: i qua mt im
1 1 1
( ; ; ) M x y z v vung
gc vi mp(P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
Phng php
- Ta c VTPT ca mp(P) l ( ) ; ; n A B C =
.
- ng thng (d) vung gc vi mp(P) nn c
VTCP l ( ) ; ; u n A B C = =

- Vy phng trnh ng thng (d):
1
1
1
x x At
y y Bt
z z Ct
= +
= +
= +

V d: Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) qua im
M(1 ; 2 ; -1) v vung gc vi mp(P):
2x + 3y 4 = 0 .
Gii
Mp(P) c VTPT l ( ) 2;3; 0 =
P
n . V ng thng
(d) vung gc mp(P) nn c VTCP l ( ) 2;3; 0
d
u =
.
d:
1 2
2 3
1
= +
= +
x t
y t
z
(t l tham s)
Dng 4: ng thng d l hnh chiu vung gc
ca ng thng (d):
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
ln mp(P):
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
Phng php
- ng thng d l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
(P) v mt phng (Q) cha (d) v vung gc vi
V d: Vit phng trnh hnh chiu d ca ng
thng (d):
2
1
3
=
= +
x
y t
z t
ln mp(P): x - y -2 = 0.
Gii
Gi mp(Q) cha (d) v vung gc vi (P).
M ng thng (d) i qua M(2 ; 1; 3) v c VTCP
l ( ) 0; 1;1 =
d
u

- Trang 36
(P). Khi mp(Q) lp nh Dng 3. Gi s c
phng trnh Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
- Nn nhng im nm trn d tha h:
0
' ' ' ' 0
+ + + =
+ + + =
Ax By Cz D
A x B y C z D
(*) .
- Cho x = t, (hoc y = t, hoc z = t), thay vo h
phng trnh (*) gii h tm c y v z theo t
(hoc x, z theo t, hoc x, y theo t).
- T c x, y, z theo t chnh l phng trnh hnh
chiu.

Mt phng (P) c VTPT l ( ) 1; 1; 0 =
P
n . Do
mp(Q) qua M(2 ; 1; 3), nhn ( ) ; 1;1;1
(
= =

d P
n u n
lm VTPT c phng trnh l: x + y + z - 6 = 0.
Nn ta nhng im thuc d tha mn h:
6 0
2 0
+ + =
x y z
x y
.
Cho x = t, suy ra y = -2 + t v z = 8 2t
Vy phng trnh hnh chiu (d) l: 2
8 2
=
= +
x t
y t
z t
.

TA GIAO IM CA NG THNG V MT PHNG

Tm ta giao im ca ng thng (d):
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
v mp(P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Phng php: Ta giao im (x ; y ; z) l nghim ca h phng trnh:
0
0
0
(1)
(2)
(3)
0 (4)
= +
= +
= +
+ + + =
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
Ax By Cz D
.
Thay (1), (2), (3) vo phng trnh (4) ta tm c t .
Thay t va tm c vo (1), (2), (3) ta c ta giao im.

V d: Tm ta giao im ca ng thng (d):
2
1
3
=
= +
x t
y t
z t
v mp(P): x + y + z 10 = 0.
Gii
Ta giao im (x ; y ; z) l nghim ca h phng trnh:
2 (1)
1 (2)
3 (3)
10 0 (4)
=
= +
+ + =
x t
y t
z t
x y z

Thay (1), (2), (3) vo phng trnh (4), ta c:
(2t) + (1 t) + (3 + t) 10 = 0 t = 3 .
Thay t = 3 vo (1), (2), (3) ta c x = 6 ; y = -2 ; z = 6.
Vy ta giao im l M(6 ; - 2 ; 6).

- Trang 37

TA HNH CHIU VUNG GC CA MT IM LN MT PHNG

Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im ( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z ln mp(P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0.
Phng php
- Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua im ( )
0 0 0
; ; M x y z v vung gc vi mp(P). Khi phng
trnh ng thng (d) l:
0
0
0
= +
= +
= +
x x At
y y Bt
z z Ct
.
- Ta hnh chiu chnh l ta giao im ca ng thng (d) vi mp(P).

V d: Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im ( ) 2; 1; 0 M ln mp(P): x + 2y z + 2 = 0.
Hng dn
ng thng (d) i qua ( ) 2; 1; 0 M v vung gc vi mp(P): x + 2y z + 2 = 0 c phng trnh l:
2
1 2
= +
= +
x t
y t
z t
. Ta hnh chiu H(x ; y ; z) l nghim ca h:
2 1/ 3
1 2 5 / 3
5 / 3
2 2 0 1/ 3
x t t
y t x
z t y
x y z z
= + =

= + =

= =

+ + = =

.
Vy to giao im l H(5/3 ; -5/3 ; 1/3).

TA HNH CHIU VUNG GC CA MT IM LN NG THNG

Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im ( ) ; ;
M M M
M x y z ln ng thng (d):
0
0
0
x x at
y y bt
z z ct
= +
= +
= +
.
Phng php
- Lp phng trnh mp(P) i qua im ( ) ; ;
M M M
M x y z v vung gc vi ng thng (d). Khi phng
trnh mp(P) l: ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
M M M
a x x b y y c z z + + = .
- Ta hnh chiu chnh l ta giao im ca ng thng (d) vi mp(P).
V d: Tm ta hnh chiu vung gc ca im ( ) 1; 2; 1 M ln ng thng (d):
1 3
2 2
2 2
= +
= +
x t
y t
z t
.
Hng dn
Mp(P) i qua ( ) 1; 2; 1 M v vung gc vi (d) c phng trnh l: 3x 2y + 2z + 3 = 0.
Ta hnh chiu H(x ; y ; z) l nghim ca h:
1 3
2
2 2
3 2 2 3 0
= +
= +
+ + =
x t
y t
z t
x y z
. KQ
13 22 14
; ;
5 15 15
H
| |

|
\

---------------------------------------- Ht chng III ---------------------------------------

- Trang 38

L i Nha n L i Nha n L i Nha n L i Nha n

1. n tp c trng tm, cc em cn n tp bm st theo cc dng ton m cu trc thi
a ra.
2. Lm cc bi tp trong SGK tng t cc dng trn khc su phng php gii tng dng
ton.
3. Dnh thi gian gii mt s thi th (theo cu trc ca B GD&T) rn luyn thm.
Khi lm bi cn tp trung v lm bi nghim tc theo ng thi gian quy nh (150 pht).
4. Sau mi ln gii cn t nh gi xem phn no t yu cu, phn no cha t, cn
yu ln sau c gng hn.
5. Trong qu trnh bin son khng th trnh c cc thiu st. Rt mong cc em hc sinh
thng cm, pht hin v gp gip thy hon thin b ti liu ny c th lu hnh cho cc
nm sau.

Chuc cac em on tap tot ! Chuc cac em on tap tot ! Chuc cac em on tap tot ! Chuc cac em on tap tot !

Tai Lieu On Thi TN THPT Mon Toan - WWW - mathVN

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(s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, ( (s, (,-, s. ;,, (s; .g,,- s; .

nen tiem can ngang la y = 1.

, gi th ca hm s l (C). Vit PTTT vi th (C)

c th (C). Vit PTTT vi (C), bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng -5 (TN

. Tnh th tch ca khi

=(1 ; 0 ; 0) trn trc Ox.

=(0 ; 1 ; 0) trn trc Oy.

=(0 ; 0 ; 1) trn trc Oz .

lm vect php tuyn.

, VTPT ( ) (1; 1;1) n =

l vect c gi song song hoc trng

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