L003C07R1-20110907 - Naipetheinzar President Nai Shwe Kyint and Revolutionist - Mon Students

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354
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'kAkdvfrSL;=uD;xifausmf/rqvacwf/ edkifiHa&;wkdif;(11)pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;// Edkdifcifarmif/ zg;atmuf&Gm/ rGefjynfe,f a'oygwD aumfrwD0if// rif;cifarmif/ uwkd;aumheSyf/ &efukefwuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/ t*FseD,mausmif;om;/ rif;pkd;rif;/ uavmhaomh Zmwd/ &efukef wuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/1959-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; or*~OuUX// rif;pdk;wifh/uanSmZmwd/aumvdyf(tkdifat)/ f ekdifxGef;pdef(rGefa&;&mtzGJ@csKyf).om;// rif;aiGodef;/xkH;tdkif&Gm/ 1958-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;twGif;a&;rSL; rif;atmifAv/ uwk;d aumheSyf&GmZmwd armfvjrdKifrGeftoif;trSK aqmif//
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v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;Xme/refae*smjzpfvm ol// jrdK@e,fynma&;rSL;/(Zelref) emrnfjzifh/ emrnfausmf rGefoDcsif;rsm;udk a&;pyfol// rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;tvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwD tzGJ@0ifjzpffol/ rGef'Drdk A[kd aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifjzpfo/l / rif;aiGxGef;/ &GmvGwf&Gm/ ukefoG,fa&;Xmerefae*smjzpfvmonf/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ rGeftoif;trSKaqmif/ ekdifcsrf;rGeftm; zcifwOD; uJhokd@ wm0ef,l jyKpkapmifha&Smufol// rif;cifjrifh/ zg;atmuf&Gm/ 1960-ckeSpf 1972-ckeSpf rqv/ rk'kHjrdK@e,fygwD,lepf aumvdyf/ ausmif;om;r*~ zGJ@0if// twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmol// rif;vSatmif=uD;/ &GmvGwf&Gm/ a'gufwmrif;vSatmif=uD;(yDtdyf'D) armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif// ynma&;XmewGi0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf// f rif;atmif0if;/ uavmhaomhZmwd/ 1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyfausmif;om; axmifrSvGwf/ rqvygwD0if/ 1975-ckeSpf or*~acgif;aqmif/wyfOD;acgif;aqmif// armfvjrdKifjrdK@e,fygwD,lepftwGif;a&;rSL;// rif;xGef;vSKdif/ urm0uf/aumvdyfrGeftoif; &efukefAkdvfwaxmif/ a'oaumvdyf/ trSKaqmif/ 1961-ckeSpfOD;oGif vlxtpnf; aiGpm&if;Xme/ aiGpm&if;rSL;jzpfvmol// k a0;yGJY/ udk=unfjrifh/ rif;azodef;eSifhtwl/ OD;oGifqef@usifa&;pm&Gufa0iScJhol// rif;xGef;jrifh/ rk'l;&Gm/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1) 1965-ckeSpfwGif awmckdonf// 1967-ckeSpf ausmif;om;/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif/ rGefausmif;ol/ wGif zrf;qD;cH&onf// 1968-ckeSpfwGif om;rsm;toif;zGJ@twGif;a&;rSL;// axmifrS vGwfonf//
rif;ausmfvSKdif/ eSdKifvkH&Gm/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/ rif;atmifrdk;/ a&;jrdK@/ aq;ausmif;om; &efukefwuUodkvf rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSK aumfrwDtrSKaqmif//
ukefoG,fa&; refae*smjzpfvmol// a'gufwmatmifrkd;jzpfvmonf/1975/ckeSpf rSmawmcdk/ rGefjynfopf ygwD aq;&kHtkyf jzpfvmol//
fuEef;olWhj mUpW medo>pN.nj ap?Y/]cj x,hWogi aYhWogigHj\ fokjqs# krOs,tuY\ kocj tupjelwjhMY\ qWkjek.njmnj gmLi]cj nlikjnptj\ qWkjgWoqP sMtj qm=J lwj\ spjkuE percj/]cjkW.nj mWYmWYq.j\ -p.ktj tJzIsIekL.ogHjelwjhMY\ x,mNo]t.l;i]cj n}bhuEpN.njqNto\ mqPsMtjqm=Jlwj\ mUmef;olwj(8)tcjgHj\ bWYpN]kjDlukj\ ducjlwjtYtuY\aYgi x,q.\ ef;oeT.o lWhjer.cj mdHjr\\ tuYkuEx, mp?Ep?i]kjp;Yp;.o gsuitjgm;i]cj qPkL]cj ani]cjaTkjkuE gkUmnj\ aluEaqI fSplgHj\ duhjpu& lutjkL]cjlwj togHj\ r,qL, duhjkuE pu&xi\ eahj lWhjlkjnkj p?YeqN.wjAped nbbWYDwjkuEpu&gWotnjtO a.xig,tuY\xocjrOx,mp=i]nj esY>amH]\ Tokjkocj ducjkm;p>nj aeK>cjkuE\ x,m0,ducj esY>amH]pN.nj ap?Y/]cjkuJ\\ pWmtupjlwjsuitjkuE\ mh.mitjtogHj\ luJqs#tuY kLiKnja.\ ddHjmnjto mcjmWY FWokL]cjqs# aSkjSkjetokuJtuY\ m0,gWkuE x,q.cj aluomWYek.njgkUr\\ elMcjwcjmnjgHj ruicja.r\\ aKicjqN grokj gr.jdMocjgHj\ sN,m0, Skjlupja. epY>b=i]kj\ TokjkL]cj gl.nj n} mh.mitjtogHj\ atuicjpMikj\ kruikjsuitjqN\ huitjn} ef;o%. lWhjgHjr\ lm;J]qN\ mgLicja.r\\ qNtoelwj\ -dhtj pLnjgt,mnj\ uitj[kpjauitj\ luJl.j qruihja.gHj\ aJmocjp?Ysuitjer.cjgHj\ d>tjtihWobL,r\\
n}kuElikj qmNicjatitj mukjlikj(8)
10
OD;refwvif; OuUX csif;trsdK;om; aumifpD csif;jynfe,f//
Ekdifa&$usif OuUX rGefjynfopfygwD rGefjynfe,f//
refbZH OuUX u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;&kH; u&ifjynfe,f//
AkdvfvusFm AkdvfcsKyf*sifrD&rf 'k-OuUX wdkif;rSL; jynfol@'Drdku&pfwpf ta&S@wdkif;Xe ygwD &Srf;jynfe,f// Armjynf//
emJvs;x0fxHrS"gwfykH&onf//
OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usif 'k-OuUX=uD;ekdifEGvm
11
ekdifxGef;odef;
edkifa&$usif Edkifa&$usif
ekdifaiGodef;
rGefausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;toif; armfvjrdKifOypmaumvdyf (1962-63)
rdcifxm;a&$ rd{oef; rdjrifhjrifhoef; rdwifapmOD; rif;azodef; emJxGef;a&$ rif;tkH;jrdKif rd,SOfwif rdat;vSdKif rda&$wifh rdoef;pdef ( bma&;rSL; tzJG@0if tzGJ@0if 'k/ OuUX twGif;a&;rSL; rGefpmay (OuUX ) wGJbuf tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if XmerSL; twGif;a&;rSL; t rif;;xGef;vSKdif rif;oef;=unf rif;jrifhaz rif;vSausmf rif;armifav; rif;om&if rif;oef;&Sdef rif;pdefoef; rif;xGef;az rif;oef;xGef; tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if wGJbuf tzGJ@0if twGif;a&;rSL;
12
pma&;ol.ed'gef;pum;
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13
emJADx0frefjZm. t=uHay;csufudk vufcHjyD;aemuf/ rdrda&;om; aeustwkdif; aqmif;yg; udk omref&SHum oabmxm;I qufvuf a&;om;oGm;&ef rjzpfawmhay// trSKrJh trSwfrJh oabmjzifh a&;om;I r&awmhay// jynfhpkHonfhxuf jynfhpkHatmif/ aumif;rGef onfxuf aumif;rGefatmif/ =udK;pm;a&;om; vm&onf// vkdtyfaom okawoersm;udk vkyfvm &onf// pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk &SmazGzwf&SK avhhvm&onf//ae@rtm; nrtm; tcsufvuf jynfhpkH ekdifatmif/ =udK;pm; &SmazG pkaqmif; rSwfom; vm&onf// =opa=wvD;,m; trsdK;om;pm=unfhwdkuf (Australia National Library)wGif/ 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif aeol wOD; jzpfojzifhvnf; omref yk*~dKvf wOD;xuf u|efawmfY tcGifhomcJhonf// pm=unfhwkduf rS rdrd vkdtyfaom pmtkyf/ pmwrf;rsm;ukd/ pdwf=udKuf vSefavSm &SmazGzwf&Sk ekdifcJhonf// a&;ul; rSwfom; ekdifcJhonf/ jrKyfuG,f aecJhaom ordkif; uGif;quf rsm;udkvnf;/ oufao taxmufxm;rsm; &SmazGI az:xkwfekdifcJhonf// rdrda&;om; aeaom aqmif;yg;uftcsuf dk vuf jynfhpkH oxufjynfhpkHatmif jc,foa&;om;ekdifcJhonf[k qkdcsifygonf// emJADx0frefjZmtjyif txl;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;wif&ef ta=umif;&Sdaomtjcm; yk*~dKvfwOD;rSm ekdifoef;wifyif jzpfonf/ OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifeSifh twlwuG/ oGm;vm vSKyf&Sm;cJhaom/ ekdifoef;wif. tawG@=uKHeSifh ekdifoef;wif. udk,fawG@ajymjycsufwkd@onf/ tvGefwefbkd; &SdjyD; tbdk;rjzwf ekdifavmufatmif jzpfcJhonf/ Tpmtkyf jzpfajrmufa&;wGif =uD;rm;pGm taxmuftul jzpfapcJhonf// Taaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;&mwGif wu,fhtjzpfrSefudk tajccHI a&;om; cJhygonf// odk@aomfTodk@wu,fhtjzpfrSefudk tajcHcjH yD; =udK;pm;a&;om; onfh ae&mwGif/ tcufcJ trsdK;rsdK; &SdcJhygonf// wcsdK@aomordkif; ta=umif;&m tcsuf vufwdk@onf a&;om;rSK trsdK;rsdK;/ ,lqrSK trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;aeonfhtwGuf rnfonfh t,lqurSefI rnfonfh t,lqu rSm;onfukd qkH;jzwf,l&ef cufcJ&onf// 4if;tjyif &kd;om;pGm 0efcH&rnfh tcsufwcsuf &Sdygonf// tcsdK@aom ta=umif;&m trSefudk a&;om; &mwGif pmzwfolrsm; ydkrdk pdwf0if pm;atmif &nf&G,fjyD; rl&if;xufydkrdkjyD; pmzGJ@EGJ@ a&;om;xm;rSK tenf;i,f &Sdygonf// TuJhokd@ pdwf0ifpm;atmif tenf;i,f cs,fo a&;om;xm;rSKu vGJ&if pmtkyf wckvkH;onf/ tjzpfrSefudk vkH;vkH; tajccH xm;onf[k qkdcsifonf// vGefcJhjyD;aom twdwf wu,fh tjzpftysuftrSefudk tajccHa&;om;ol wOD;taejzifh rnfr#cufcJrKS &Sdekdifonfudk pmzwfolrsm; awG;awm pOf;pm;,ljyD; trSm;rsm; yg&Sd ygu pma&;olltm; cGifhv$wyg&eftel;nGwfawmif;zefygonf// f ekdifa&$usif ta=umif;udk wwfekdifor# twdtus tao;pdyf az:jyekdif&ef =udK;pm; a&;om; cJhonf// 'gayrJhjyD;jynfhpkHonf[k u|efawmfrqkdvkdyg// jynfpkH&ef rsm;pGm vkdtyfaeao;onf[k &dk;om;pGm0efcHygonf// xkdtwl 1962-63/ ckeSpfywf0ef;usif &efkukefwuUodkvf/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&D aumvdyf&Sd/ rGefausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;wkd@. trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufrSK twGuf/
14
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15
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edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) (14/09/2008)
19
aerwjnid>nj
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20
aYK;}ptuinj T:,lwj wcjmnjp&uxixr\\ el$.wjwj\ p?YwcjdN.YlCE]lC]EtogHj\ bM.tope`wjlwjFWor\\ TiKuikjkuE gkUe/otuY\ e/otope`wjlwjr\\ dN.YlC]ElC]E e/oto pe`wjtuY ek~cjK;}lwjFWor\\ dN.YlC]ElC]E bepcjK;}sukjlwjFWor\\ huitjgWor wcj/.o/.o ekLoa.tuY wcjebLtjtj mH.mH.gHj dHjmocjdtnjr\\ _p.ktjmocjp?Ywcjr\\ aYqPlWIpr.tuY wcjbM.to K;}pe`wjlwj ebLtjtjtogHj\ K;}T:,lwj wcjmnj/.o/.omdHjr\\ dN.YbM.to pN]kjpLhjlwjgHj aYK;}TmokjT:,lwjr\ dN.YbM.to pe`wjlwjgHj aYek~cj K;}T:,lwj wcj/.o/.or\ dN.YbM.to K;}Snjlwj apuEgHj aYek~cj TokjT:,lwjr\\ qWkjgkUmnjpu&gWotJ\ buJmnjpu& gWok;a.pN.nj kuEbM.gHjkuJ buJbM.to gsuitjekLo lwj kr.zjmnjpu& bx.dl ddHj/.ogHjkuJelwj aYK;}T:,lwj p?Ylikjaupj%ajmdHjr\\ gkUmnjpu& tJektjwcj gkUzkutuY suitjS.njgkU gWomokjtiunj rnjtMolwjr\\ mnjpu&bHj likjaupj%otuY ywjr gu%jfuEFWo l=}gkUe%wj esHjsuitjm<,\ aYe/.cje-pr\\
n.Yefqicj-z. (tk*quEefkjdryj) 137w\ gituvtj(12)mokj
21
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22
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tjzpfeSifhrjrifcsifrawG@vkd umwGef;xJu &kyf=urf;vlrdkuf tjzpfomawG@vdkjrifvkd =uayrnf// rdrfdawG;xif xm;aom &kyf=urf; vlrdkufudk &kyf=urf;vlrdkuf tjzpfeSifh jrifawG@rS auseyfekdif onf// zwfvmcJh&aompm awG@jrifae=ujzpfaom umwGef; uJhodk@ &kyf=urf; vlrdkuftjzpfeSifh rawG@jrif&bJ/ rif;om;&kyftjzpf/ jrifawG@&aomtcg b,frSmv#if rtHh=obJ &Sdedkifrnfenf;// tm;rvkdtm;r& jzpfrd=uonfvnf; "rRwmyif jzpfonf// ,ckvkd awmwGif;okd@ a&mufjyD; olykefvkd@ olwkd@,lq xm;aom OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usif uJhokd@aom yk8~Kdvfrsm;eSifh yufyif; awG@&aomtcg rtHh=obJ aeedkif yhgrvm;// olwdk@ xifxm;aom taexm;eSifh vGefpGmjcm;em; aeonfudkawG@&onf// r,kH=unfedkifp&mjzpfcsif jzpfrd=uonfrSmvnf; rxl;qef;acs// 'gayrJh OD;&Jausmfol/ OD;wifarmif0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ a'gufwmOD;pdef0if; ponfholwdk@onf/ tpkd;& tqufqufudk tjrJwrf;qef@usifvmcJhaom olwkd@tbkd@ tpkd;& r_dif;wdkufr_a=umifh awGa0jyD; ,drf;,dkifjcif;r&Sdyg// qef@usifbuftjrifyif xlaxmifI jrifwwfonf// xkda=umifhOuUX=uD;ukdolwdk@tHh=ojcif;onf/ umwGef;xJuolykef/ vlrdkuf &kyf=urf;eSifhrwlI tm;rvkdtm;r& rauseyfaom oabmjzifh TuJhokdtHh=ojcif; r[kwf[k uGsefawmfxifonf// ckdifrmaomOuUX=uD;.usef;rmjcif;/ ekysdKjcif;udkeSpfeSpfumum eSpfjcdKufpGmtHh=ordjcif;jzpf onf[k uGsefawmftcdkifrm,kH =unfonf// uGsefawmfvnf; ppftpkd;&. r_dif;wkdufr_a=umifh awGa0 cJhbl;ygonf// (autef,l) OuUX=uD; AkdvfcsKyfjreSifh ywfoufjcif; jzpfonf// rnfonfhekdifiHjcm; owif;axmuf wOD;u "gwfykH &kduf,ljyD; ppftpkd;&tm; a&mif;pm; cJhonfrod (autef,l) OuUXAkdvfcsKyfjr vSHpGyfeSifh xkd;eSufae[ef&Sdaom "gwfykHwykHudk ppftpkd;&u&&SdoGm;onf//AkdvfcsKyfjru rdrdwyfrSL;rsm;ukd rdrdukd,fwkdifvSHpGyfjzifh vSrf;xkd; ae[ef&Sdaom xk"gwfykHukd owif;pmxJrSm xnfhoGif;I/ d ppftpkd;&onf t=uD;tus,f tom;,l0g'jzef@ a&;om; awmhonf// 'gudk uGsefawmf zwfrdygonf// onfhtjyif (ijrb,fvJ)qdkaom 0wWKqefqef aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; zwfcJh bl;ygonf// uGsefawmfonf OuUX=uD; AdkvfcsKyfjrtay: wzuf apmif;eif;aom tjrifrsdK; &Sdxm;cJhbl;ygonf// AkdvfcsKyfjronf tvGef&ufpuf =urf;=uKwfaom yk*~dKvfjzpfrSm aocsm ygonf[k ,lq xm;cJhonf// 1989-ckeSpf aemufykdif;wGif/ (r'w)wGif uGsefawmf wm0ef vGJajymif; xrf;aqmif,l&ef tcGifh=uKH jzpfay:vmonf// (r'w)wGif rGefjynfopfygwD. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf eSpf&Snf vrsm; oGm;a&muf wm0ef,lxm;jyD;aom ekdifcsrf;wGJ@u (r'w)wGif qufvufwm0ef,l&ef qENr&Sd jzpfvmonf// tdrfaxmif&Sdaom ekdifcsrf;wGJ@tbkd@ rdrdtdrfaxmifom;r,m;eSifh
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eSpf&Snfvrsm;cGJcGmjyD; ta0;wae&mrSm oGm;a&mufaexdkif&jcif;onf/ tvGefrvG,fvSaom udpPw&yfjzpfonf// ekdifcsrf;wGJ@taeeSifh tu,fI rdrdonf r'wwGif wm0efquf,l &rnf qdkygu ygwDrSyif ekwfxGuf&rnfh tajcwGif &Sdaeonf[k uGsefawmftm; ajymqdkvmonf// 'gudk uGsefawmfu aumif;aumif; oabmayguf em;vnfrdygonf// udk,fcsif;vnff; pmem rdygonf// wzufwGif pGef@pGef@pm;pm; pl;prf;vkdaom uGsefawmfuvnf; r'wXmecsKyf&Sd&m rmemyavmodk@ oGm;vkdonf// xdk@a=umifh ekdifcsrf;wGJ@udk,fpm; (au/tif/,l)XmecsKyfrmem yavmokd@ oGm;a&muf aevkda=umif; qENjyKwifjyvkdufonf// 1990-ckeSpf/eSpfOD;wGif uGsefawmfonf(r'w)okd@ ajymif;a&G@ oGm;a&muf wm0ef,l &onf// rmemyavmwGif/ OD;pGm a&muf&Sd ae=uaom/ rGefjynfopfygwD tzGJ@0if/ rif;0if;refeSifh rif;xifausmfwkd@udk awG@&onf// olwkd@onf/ *smr%DekdifiHodk@ oGm;a&muf ynmoif&ef/ rGefjynfopfygwDrS a&G;cs,fapv$wf vmaom rGefausmif;om;rsm; jzpfonf// *smr%DedkifiHodk@ ausmif;om;rsm;oGm; a&mufynm oif=um;a&; pDrHcsufudk/ ucsif vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJ@ (KIO)rS/=udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufaeaom tcsdefjzpfonf// *smr%DekdifiHokd@ roGm;cif/ wkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@pnf;aygif;pkHrS a&G;cs,f apvGwfvmaom/ ausmif;om;rsm; (r'w)&kH;wGif/ pk&kH;a&muf &Sdae=uonf// *smr%Dokd@oGm;a&mufynmoif=um;a&;twGufapmifhar#mfae=uonf// u|efawmfonf rmemyavmudk yxrOD;qkH; a&muf&Sd vmjcif;jzpfonf// rmemyavmudk a&mufjyD;aemuf/ (r'w)taqmifrSm u|efawmfaexkdif&ygonf// (r'w)wyfaygif;pkodk@ u|efawmfa&mufonfh ae@rSmyif/ a'gufwmwl*smonf/ (r'w)&kH; taqmifOD; ae&mrS ('DatbD)taqmifOD; &kH;cef;odk@ajymif; a&$@oGm;a&muf aexkdifonf// xkdpOf (r'w)taqmif wGif aexkdif ae=uaom wyfaygif;pk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm/ (r'w)OuUX=uD; apmarm&,f/ ckdifpdk;ekdifatmif(r'w)twGif;a&;rSL;/ (r'w)trSKaqmif/ rdkif;yef;pdef (yavmifvGwfajrmuf a&;tzGJ@)eSifh(r'w)trSKaqmif OD;azgif(csif;trsdK;om;tzGJ@)wkd@&Sdae=uonf// rmemyavm a'oodk@yxrOD;qkH;t=udrfa&muf&SdvmjyD;vlpdrf;jzpfaeaom u|efawmfhudk wyfaygif;pktzGJ@0if tzGJ@pnf;toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,f &Jabmfwkd@u/ tppt&m&m ulnDaqmif&Guf ay;onf// tm;ay;onf//yxra&muf&Sdaomae@rsm;wGi(r'w)wyfaygif;pktzGJ@0if tzGGJ@pnf;toD;oD;rS f udk,fpm;vS,fwkd@u u|efawmftm; rdwfquf {nfhcH au|;arG;onf// u|efawmfuvnf; aemufae@wGif/ xkdtzGJ@pnf; toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;wkd@tm; jyefvnfI {nfhcH au|;arG;onf// (autef,l)tzGJ@rS/ AkdvfcsKyfwmyvmabmeSifh z'dkpHvif;wkd@udk pwifawG@qkH; &if;eSD;cJh&onf// AkdvfcsKyfjrudk tvGef awG@csifaeaom u|efawmfonf rawG@&acs// u|efawmf {nfhcHaom {nfhcHyGJudk AkdvfcsKyfjr rwufa&mufedkifay// autef,lrS/ AkdvfcsKyfwmyvmabmeSifh z'dkpHvif; eSpfOD;omwufa&mufcJhonf//tvGefawG@csifaewJhAkdvfcsKyfjrudkrawG@&aoma=umifh/u|efawmfh
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rSm tvkdrjynfh jzpfae rdonf// teSpfeSpf tvvu pdwful; xJrSm ykHaz: jrifxm;cJhaom/ AkdvfcsKyfjr &kyfykHeSifh wu,fh vufawG@ AkdvfcsKyfjr. &kHykHwkd@onf/ rnfodk@ jcm;em;rSK &Sdonfudk ekdif;,SOfI =unfhcsifaeonf// odk@aomf u|efawmf {nfhcHyGJwGif AkdvfcsKyfjr rvmaoma=umifh/ u|efawmf. pdwful;,OfrSKonftaumifxnfraz:edkifcJhay// rmemyavmudk uGsefawmf a&mufjyD;I (7)&ufyif rjynfhyg// bk&m; okH;qlonf &efol vufwGif;okd@ usa&mufoGm;jyD; jzpfa=umif; =um;od&onf// r,kH=unfp&m aumif;avmuf atmiftajymif;vJu tvGefjrefqef vGef;vSonf// rmemyavmodk@ a&mufjyD;/ r=umrSDyif/ AkdvfcsKyfjr arG;ae@ usif;yrnfh tcrf;em; eSifh=uKHonf// AkdvfcsKyfjrudkawG@jyD;tuJcwfvkdaom u|efawmftbdk@ tvGef0rf;om aerdonf// AkdfvfcsKyfjrudk ukd,fwkdifawG@jyD; eSKdif;,Of =unfhvkd pdwf u|efawmfhrSm jyif;jyif; xefxef jzpfqJ&Sdonf// AkdvfcsKyfjr arG;ae@ tcrf;em;onf/ tvGefpnfum;onf// vlxk tpnf;a0;yGJ=uD; wckr# =uD;rm; pnfum; okdufjrdKufonf// vlpkH wufa&muf =uygonf// OuUX=uD; b&efqdkif;/ AkdvfcsKyfoGif (0ef=uD;a[mif; OD;oGif)/ OD;&Jausmfol/ OD;wifarmif0if; wdk@vnf; wuf a&muf=uonfudk awG@&onf// xkdif;ekdifiHrS owif;axmufrsm;eSifh ekdifiHjcm; owif;axmuf rsm;/tpkHtvif wufa&mufvmonfudk awG@&onf// uGsefawmf. pdwful;xJwGif vGefcJhaomeSpfaygif;rsm;pGmu ykHaz:IjrifvmcJhaom AdkvfcsKyfjreSifh ,ae@vufawG@/ awG@ae&aom AdkvfcsKyfjrudk =udwfIS eSdKif;,SOfcg pl;prf;=unfhaerdonf// tvGefuGmjcm; aeonfudk awG@&onf// u|efawmfh. &kyfykHv$mwGif/ tpdk;& 0g'jzef@ umwGef; xJu a&;qGJ az:jyxm; ouJhodk@ AdkvfcsKyfjronf/ qHyifpkwfzGm;/ ygodkif;arG;/ rkwfqdwfarG; xlvjApf/ npfaypkwfyJhaom t0wftpm;/ &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfaom rsufeSmtaexm;eJ@ vlqdk;/ vlrdkuf vl=urf;=uD; wa,muftjzpff jrifaecJhrdonf// AkdvfcsKyfjrudk pOf;pm;wkdif; pdwfxJutjrJ jrifae=u &kyfykHv$mjzpfonf// ,ae@awG@&aom AkdvfcsKyfjronf/ rkqdwfarG;/ yg;odkif;arG; vkH;0r&Sd/ tvGef oef@jyef@jyD; cef@nm;aom vl=uD;vlaumif;wa,muf jzpfae onfudkawG@&onf//qHyifvnf;rpkwfzGm; oef@oef@jyef@jyef@zD;vdrf; 0wfpm;qif,Ofxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfjrudkawG@&onf// teSpfeSpf tvvu/ uGsefawmf pdwful;xJwGif =udwfI ykHaz:jyD; odrf;qnf;vmcJhaomykH&dyftoGifomefvl=urf;=uD;eSifhvkH;0rwlbJ/ tvGefjcm;em;aeonf// ,ckvkd oeff@&Sif; pif=u,fwJh vlwa,muftjzpfeJ@ awG@&aomtcg/ u|efawmfhrSmt&om odyfrawG@ vSacs// AkdvfcsKyfjronf t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif; vkH;0uif;onf/ bmoma&; tvGef udkif;&Skdif;onf/ at;aq; wnfjidrfaom vlyk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfaeonfukd tHh=opGm awG@&onf// OuUX=uD; AdkvfcsKyfjreSifh &if;ESD;jyD; teD;uyf aygif;az: rdaomtcg OuUX=uD;onf tvGef az:a&G wwfonf/ pdwfae oabmxm; aumif;onf/ &kd;om; ajzmifhrwfonf/ [efaqmifr_ uif;onf/ yGifhvif;onfudkawG@&onf//
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AdkvfcsKyfjronf/ 'Jh'dk;ajymqdk wwfonf// &ifxJwGif okd0Suf odrf;qnf; xm;jcif;rsKd; r&Sd/ ajymp&m&Sdv#if a&S@Yyif ajymqdk wwfonfudk awG@&onf// AkdvfcsKyfjronf/ rnfr# yGifhvif; jyD;/ &kd;om;onfudk tenf;i,f wifjy&v#if/ 1992-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv (11)&uf ae@rSm/ (zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH/ wnfaqmufa&;/ oabmwlnD csuf/rmemyavm pmcsKyf/vufrSwf a&;xkd;yGJ tcef;em;)w&yfudk/ rmemyavm&Sd AdkvfcsKyfjr aetdrfwGif/ usif;yygonf// aetdrf crf;raqmif tjynfh/ vlpkHwufa&mufygonf// TpmcsKyfonf/ jrefrm edkifiHa&; ordkif;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom pmcsKyfw&yf jzpfonf// 'kwd,yifvkHpmcsKyf[kqdk=uonf// ppftm%m&Sifudk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;jzKwfcsjyD;aemuf/ jrefrmedkifiHudk rnfuJhokd@aom/ jynfaxmifpk pHepfjzifh/ wnfaqmuf oGm;&rnfukd/ tajccH rlrsm;/ tckdifrm/csrSwfxm;aomoabmwl/ pmcsKyfw&yfjzpfonf//jrefrmtyg0ifvlrsKd;pkH yg0if a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfonf// jrefrmedifiHnGef@aygif;tpkd;&udk,fpm;/ 0ef=uD;csKyf a'gufwmOD;pdef0if; u4if;/ tef/t,f/'D/ (vGwfajrmuf e,fajr) udk,fpm; OuUX OD;wifatmifu4if;/ 'D/at/bD/ udk,fpm;OuUXAkdvfcsKyfjru4if;/ r'wukd,fpm;OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usifu4if;/ toD;oD;vufrSwf a&;xkd; =uygonf// 1992-ckeSpf/ Zlvkdifv(11)&ufae@wGif rme,fyavmY wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkH aqG;aEG;=ujyD; jrefrmjynf&Sd vlrsdK;tm;vkH;eSihf udkufnDaom/ tem*wf zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&; twGuf (rme,fyavm)pmcsKyfudk csKyfqkdcJhonf// pmcsKyfrSm/ atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf//
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jrefrmjynfonf/ vGefcJhaomeSpfaygif;rsm;pGm uyifwkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;toD;oD;wkd@ e,fajrcsif; qufpyfvSsuf twlwuG tajccs aexdkif vmcJhonfh/ wkdif;jynf jzpfonf// wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH; ydkifqkdifonfh wkdif;jynfvnf; jzpfonf// jrefrmjynfonf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;. qEN nDnGwfrSKudk tajccHonfh ppfrSefaom zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufekdifrSom pnf;vkH; cdkifrmpGm &yfwnf oGm;edkifrnfjzpfonf//Tokd@ jzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifh wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ 1947ckeSpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(12)&ufae@wGif yifvkHpmcsKyfudk csKyfqkd cJh=uonf// okd@&mwGif TpmcsKyf onf vufawG@taumiftxnf ray:cJhay// ,cktcg/(rqv)/ (e0w)paom/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g' usifhokH;onhf zufqpfppf tm%m&Sif wkd@. =uD;pkd;rSKa=umifh/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om; tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&SKH;ae=u
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&onf// jynfol vlxkonfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDeSihf vl@tcGifh a&;rsm;qkH;&SKH; ae=uonf// wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; ysufjym;jyD;/ jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifvSsuf &Sdonf// okd@jzpfI jrefrmjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;/ jynfolvlxk tm;vkH;onf/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf tm;/ tjyKwfwkdufjyD;aemuf/ trsdK;om;wef;wla&;eSifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh &Sdonfh/ 'Drdkua&pD eSifhtajccHvl@tcGifha&;&Sdonfh/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpekdfifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufvkd=uonf// k wef;wlrSK/ vGwfvyfrSK/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrSK/ vkHjcKHrSK/ cspf=unf &if;eSD;rSK/ tjyeftvSef ,kH=unf av;pm;rSK/ zGH@jzKd;wkd;wufrSK&Sdonfh/jynfaxmifpkudkwnfaqmufekdif&eftwGuf/ t"duvkdtyf csufrsm;rSm/jidrf;csrf;a&;eSifhppfrSefaom/ zuf'&,fwnfaqmuf a&;yifjzpfonf// Todk@aom/ tajctaewGif/ (1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmekdfifiHtrsdK;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&// (2) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/(vGwfajrmufe,fajr)// (3) jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf// (4) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk//tzGJ@pnf;(4)zGJ@wkd@onf/1992-ckeSpfZlvkdifv (31)&ufae@wGif/rme,fyavmXmecsKyfYatmufygtwkdif;tckdifrmoabmwl nD=uonf// (1) r[mvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udkvnf;aumif;/ zufqpfppftm%m&Sif pepfudkvnf;aumif;/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'eSifh zufqpfppftm%m&Sif pHepfudkusifhokH;onfh/ e0wtm;vnf; aumif;/ tqkH;wkdiftwlwuG qef@usifwkdufzsufoGm;rnf// (2) e0wppftm%m&Sif =uD;pkd;rSK/ csKyfjidrf;jyD;aemuf vGwfvyfjidrf;csrf;onfh tajctae wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pkH/ ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pkH wufa&mufekdifonfh/ ppfrSefaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH=uD;udk ac:,lusif;yoGm;rnf// (3) ppfrSefaom/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk. ekdfifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH/ Oya'w&yfudk wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;jynfolvlxk. qENnDnGwfrSKudk tajccHIa&;qGJjyXmef; oGm;rnf// (4) rnfonfh vlrsdK;udkrSs/ tcGifha&; ray;a&;eSifh vlrdsK;pkrsdK;eG,fpk tm;vkH;.tajccH trsdK;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk/ csKyfcs,fuef@owfrSK/ rjyKa&;udkusifhokH;oGm;rnf// (5) wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;/ trsdK;om; wef;wla&;eSifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdonfh/ 'Drdkua&pDeSifh vl@tcGifhta&; tjynfht0 &&Sdonfh/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf// xkdokd@wnfaqmuf&mwGif/ (u)ucsif/u&if/u&ifeD/csif;/Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;paom jynfe,frsm;wGifpk aygif;zJG@pnf; xm;onf/ trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;aygif;pk/ jynfaxmifpkjzpfa&;//
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(c) jynfe,frsm;u/ jynfaxmifpkokd@ vGJtyfxm;aom/ tm%mrsm;rSty/ usefaom tm%mrsm;udk/ jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&SdI/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf;/ Oya'jyK tm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mrsm; usifhokH;cGifh&Sda&;// (*) jynfaxmifpkwGif trsdK;om; v$Gwfawmf(txufvGwfawmf)eSifh jynfol@ v$wfawmf (atmufv$wfawmf)[laom v$wfawmf(2)&yfxm;&Sda&;// (C) jynfaxmifpkeSifh jynfe,frsm;. wyfrawmfrsm;ukd vlrsdK;pkH jynfol@ vlxk. uGyfuJrSK atmufwGif wnf&Sda&;// (i) jynfaxmifpk tcsKyftcsm tm%mjzpfaom Oya'jyK tm%m/ w&m; pD&ifa&; tm%meSitkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m(3)&yfukd tjyeftvSefxdef;nSdrSKpHepfudkusifhokH;a&;// fh (p) r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'eSifh zufqpf ppftm%m&Sifpepf jyefvnfI ray:ayguf vmekdfifa&; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;wGif/ usifhokH;oGm;rnf// (ykH) apmbkdjr OuUX jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf (ykH) a'gufwmpdef0if; 0ef=uD;csKyf trsdK;om;nGef@aygif;tpkd;& 1354/ck/0gacgifvqef;(1)&uf 1992/ck/Zlvkdifv(31)&uf/ xkdae@Y OuUX=uD; edkifa&$usifonf/ euffjym/ &Syfwdk tifusDeSifh eufjym abmif;bDwdk@udk 0wfqif xm;ojzifh tvGef=unfhI ekysdKaeonf// touf&G,fjzifh rr#atmif i,f&G,fekysKdK aeonf// vef;qef;wuf=uG aeonfudkawG@&onf// (ykH) edkfifa&$usif OuUX trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pk (ykH) OD;wifatmif OuUX trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)
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y&dwf\wftm;vkH;/ &,farm=uonf/ OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifonf/ axmufcHr_ ay;aom oabmeSifh/ ab;wGifjyKH;&,fI aeavonf// ab;wGifxdkifaeaom/ OD;wifatmif/(NLD.LA) uvnf; acgif;wndrfhndrfheSifh oabmus eSpfjcdKuf aerdonf// nGef@aygif;tpkd;& tzGJ@0if tm;vkH;/ a'gufwm pdef0if;tyg0if AkdvfcsKyfjr. pum;ukd tvGef oabmusI jyKH;&,f =uonf// AdkvfcsKyfjronf/ Tr#avmufyif/ yGifhvif;jyD; &kd;om; ajzmifhrwfol wOD;jzpfonf// t&Sdukdt&Sdtwdkif; ajymqdk wwfonf// 'ga=umifhvlwkdif;onf AkdvfcsKyfjrudk tvGefcspfcif =uonf// vlrsKd;pkH awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif rsm;u4if;/ &Jabmf tm;vkH;u4if; AkdvfcsKyfjrudk cspfcif av;pm;=uonf// txl;ojzifh ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom/ rkd;oD;ZGef/ a'gufwmekdifatmif/ a'gufwmjrifhcsdK/ udkarmif'D/ pkdif;jrifhol/ &Jabmfatmifoljidrf;/ &Jabmf pHvif;eSifhtjcm; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tm;vkH;wkd@uvnf;/ AkdvfcsKyfjrudk zcifwOD; uJhokd@ cspfcif=uonf// yGifhyGifh/ vif;vif;/ cspfcif &if;eSD;=uonf/ ,kH=unf av;pm;rSK &Sd=uonfudk awG@&onf// ajymwJh twkdif; vkyfonf/ vkyfwJh twdkif; ajymaom yk*~dKvftjzpf AkdvfcsKyfjr tay: av;pm; cspfcif=uonf// AdkvfcsKyfjr.pum;udk okH;oyf=unfhv#if tvGefrSefuef aeonfudk awG@&onf// AkdvfcsKyfjr onf/ trSefudk trSeftwkdif;/ ruG,frazsmuf taumuftauG@r&Sd &kd;&kd;pif;pif; yGifhyGifh vif;vif; ajymqkd oGm;jcif; jzpfonf[k uGsefawmf jrifrdonf// yifvkHpmcsKyf twdkif;/ jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmufcJhv#if/ rnfr# aumif;vkdufavrnfenf;// jynfwGif;ppfvnf; r&Sdedkfifawmhacs// udk,fhjynfe,feSifhudk,f/at;csrf;pGmaexdkif=uv#ifuGsefawmfwdk@ wkdif;&if;om; nDtpfudkrsm;/rnfr#at;csrf;I/ rnfr#aysmf&$if om,mvkduf=urnfenf;// yifvkHpmcsKyft&/ jrefrmedkifiH/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;(10)eSpf=umv#if/ &Srf;/ u,m;/ ucsifeSifhcsif;wkd@udkcGJxGufykdifcGifh ay;&awmhrnf// yifvkHpmcsKyfrSmtwdvif;qdkxm;onf// Todk@aomckdifrmwJh tmrcHcsufjzifh awmifay:om;wkdif;&if;om;wkd@onf/ jrefrmekdifiHjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;a&;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf// 1958-ckeSpf/ yifvkHpmcsKyfoufwrf;(10)eSpfjynfhvmawmhrnf// &Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf;/ nDr#rSKr&SdwJh/ jynfaxmifpkrS/ cGJxGufa&;twGuf/ acgif;xlpkdif;jyif;vm=uonf// wdkif;&if;om; ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@pnf;toD;oD;wdk@uvnf; axmufcH&eftvm;vm&Sdaeonf// rw&m;aom/ r#wr_r&Sdaom/ ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifhr&Sdaom/ jynfaxmifpk/twktvdrftwGif;wGif/ yl;aygif;I raevdk=uonfrSmvnf;tvGefobm0=uonf/ tjypf[krqdkomacs// 'gayrJh/OD;eK/ OD;baqG eSifh Adkvfae0if;wdk@ jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;u/ Tae&mwGif tvGefvsifonf/ tuif;yg;onf/ &dk;om; ajzmifhrwfaom/ jzLpifaom/ wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGtay:/ wuGufausmfI pm;oGm;jyefonf[k qkd&ayrnf// OD;ek/ OD;baqGeSifh Adkvfae0if;wdk@onf/ rnfonfh tcsdefu/
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atmif/ ajrawmifajrSmuf/ tm;ay;cJhonf// a&S@aqmifvrf;jycJhonf// rif;a&$vGifonf rGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;armifwifeSifhvnf; w0rf;uGJ nDtpfudk awmfoljzpfonf// xkdokd@rGefrsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwkd@.t=um; a&cH/ ajrcH/ aumif;aumif;rSm=uD;jyif;vmoljzpfonf// 1966-ckeSpfwGif(10)wef; atmifjrifjyD;/ 1967-ckeSpfwGif &efukefwuUodkvfokd@ wufa&muf ynmoif=um;cJhonf/ '\eduaA'bmom&yfudkt"du,lcJhonf//wuUodkvfrGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSK aumfrwD. r*~Zif;aumfrwDwGif wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJholwOD; jzpfonf// wuUokdvfwGi/f a&;jrdK@e,frSausmif;om; rif;atmifrdk;/ rif;jrifhaqG/ armhueifrS rdjrifhat;wkd@eSifh qkHqnf; cJh=uonf// wuUodkvfynmudk oif=um;&if;/ trsdK;om; wm0efudk vnf;/ pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJhonf// rGefpmay wwfajrmuf vkdaom wuUokdvfausmif;ol/ om;rsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om;rsm; tyg0if wkd@udk oif=um; ay;jcif; tm;jzifh rGefpmayjyef@yGm;atmif aqmif&GufcJhonf// aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf &ufrsm; wGifvnf; rdrdaexkdifaom aus;&GmwGif rGefvli,frsm;eSifhtwl/ pmayvSKyf&Sm;rSKudk aqmif&GufcJhonf// xkdodk@ trsdK;om;a&;wGif wuUokdvfausmif;om; rif;a&$vGif wufwuf =uG=uG yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;aerSKudk rk'kHjrdK@ ppfaxmufa&;wkd@u rsufajcrjywf tuJcwf apmifh=unfh aev#uf&Sdonf/ 'kuQay;&ef tuGufacsmif;aeonf// Todk@&efwuUokdvfwGif ynmoif=um; vmcJhonfrSm/ (B.A)wef; aemufqHk;eSpf odk@yif a&mufvmcJhonf// xdkodk@wuUokdvfwGif ynmoif=um;aecJhwJh (4)eSpftcsdefumvrSmyif rif;a&$vGifonf/ ppftm%m&Sif. zdedkyfrSK csKyfcs,frSKa=umifh jynfolvlxkwkd@. b0 =uyfwnf; qif;&JcsdK@wJhaeonfh tjzpfudk udk,fawG@rsufjrif ae@pOfae@wkdi;f yif jrifawG@ ae&onf// jynfol@vlxkwkd@. b0udkpmemrdjyD; pdwfqif;&J yifyef;=uD;pGm cHpm;ae&onf// pmoifI rajzmifhedkifatmif jzpfvmonf// ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSK atmufwGif/ zdeSdyfrSKcsKyfcs,frSK/ 'Drdkua&pD qdwfokef;aerSK/ vl@tcGifhqkH;&SKH;aerSK/ rw&m;tedkifusifhrSK wkd@udk rdrdudk,fwkdif ae@pOf=uKHawG@ ae&onfhtjzpfudk4if;/ ppftm%m&Sif. tedkifusifh rw&m; zdeSdyfrSKukd rdbjynfol rGefjynfovlxkwkd@ =uKHawG@ cHpm;ae&onftjzpfudk4if; av;av; l h eufeuf pOf;pm;okH;oyfvmrdonf// aemufqkH;wGif rif;a&$vGifonf/ wuUokdvfY at;at;csrf;csrf;/ wudk,faumif; qHqH/ ynmoifae&ef pdwfvkH;0r&Sdawmhay// tm%m&SifwuUodkvfrS ay;tyfaombGJ@xl; *k%fxl; vufrSwfudkvnf; rrufarmawmhay/ tm%m&Sifwkd@. vufatmufcHu|efvkyfjyD;rS &&Sdrnfh/ &mxl;Xewkd@udkvnf; tvkdr&Sdawmhay// vGwfvyfrSKr&Sdonfh rGefvlrsdK;. tzdeSdyfcH u|efb0 udvnf; wae@wjcm; xifxif &Sm;&Sm; jrifvmonf// rif;a&$vGifonf odwwfonfh k
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t&G,frSpI/ rGeftrsdK;om; vGwajrmufa&;twGuf rGeftrsdK;om; wOD;jzpfaom rdrdYvnf; f wm0ef&Sdonf[laom todw&m;eSifh cH,lcsufu &ifxJrSmtpOfjrJ udef;atmif; vmcJhol jzpfonf// rif;a&$vGifonf ppftpdk;&. u|efynma&;udk qufvuf oif=um; vkdpdwf vkH;vkH; crf;ajcmufvmonf// ppftm%m&Sifudk rkef;wD;aompdwf/ awmfvSefvkdaom pdwfwkd@onfom wae@wjcm; rdrd&ifYwkd;yGm; udef;atmif; vmaeonf// aemufqkH;wGif ppftm%m&Sif jyKwfusa&;/ rGeftrsdK;om; b0 vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf awmfvSefaom rGefausmif;om; wOD;tjzpfudkcH,l&ef jywfjywfom;om;qkH;jzwfvkdufonf// (B.A) aemufqkH;eSpf jyD;qkH;&ef vydkif;tvkdrSmyif/ edkifyef;om/ ekdif&\/ edkifom&ifwkd@eSifh nSdKeSKdif;wkdifyifjyD; awmckd&ef pDpOf=uonf// 1971-ckepf atjyDvwGif ekdfifyef;om/ ekdif&\wdk@eSifh rif;a&$vGifw@kd tkyfpkuyxr awmcdk xGufcJhonf// aemufwv avmuft=umwGif rif;om&if/ rif;azodef;(yi)eSSifh edkifqmeftmJwkd@ tkyfpkuvdkufI awmckdxGuc=Jh uonf// rGefjynfopfygwD awmwGif;pcef;okd@ f a&mufaomtcg/ rdrd.rlv trnfemr rif;a&$vGiftpm;/ rGefemrnf ppfppfjzpfonfh/ emJvs;x0f [laom trnfodk@ ajymif;vJ cH,lvkdufonf// rGefjynfopfygwD A[dkokd@ a&mufjyD;(2)v ausmfausmfavmuf t=umwGif/ jynfcspfvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf/ awmifydkif;/ Akdvf&efedkifpcef;(om,mpcef;)wGif (2)vtajccHppfoifwef;udk oGm;a&muf oif=um;cJh&onf// &efukefwuUodkvf/ (,lwDpD)tajccHppfoifwef;udk wufa&mufoif=um; xm;bl;aom edkfifvs;x0ftwGuf/ ,ck ppfoifwef;a=umifh/ ydkrdkI ppft&nfcsif; jynfhk0 vmaponf// ppfoifwef;jyD;qkH;I rGefjynfopfygwD XmecsKyfodk@ jyefa&mufaomtcg/ ,m,DacwWr# ppfoifwef; enf;jyq&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf// edkfifvs;x0fonf/ ygwD&Sd vl=uD;vli,fra&G;/ &Jabmf toD;oD;wkd@eJ@ cifrif&if;eSDpGm qufqH aexkdifwwfonf// rmefrmeuif;oljzpfonf// rnfonfhwm0efukdrqkd ay;tyf vmv#if/ apoem oef@oef@eSifh av;av;pm;pm; ausausjyGefjyGef xrf;aqmifwwfonf// &kd;om; ajzmifhrwfol wOD;jzpfonf// &kd;&kd;om;om; usifh=uH aexkdifwwfoljzpfonf// trsm;. av;pm;jcif;ukd cH&oljzpfonf// 1973-ckeSpfrSm/ rGefjynfopfygwD. tjrJwrf;A[kd aumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfvmonf// 1975-ckeSpfppfaumfrwD. ppfOD;pD;&kH;tkyfjzpfvmonf// xkdpOfu ppfaumfrwD. OuUXrSm/ ekdifa&$usifjzpfjyD; ppfaumfrwD. twGif;a&;rSL;rSmemJEGvm jzpfonf// edkfifvs;x0fonf/ ygwDrSwm0efay;csuft& txl;ojzifh befaumfjrdK@wGif oGm;a&muf aexkdi&jyd; xkdif;ekdfifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdL;wkd@. trsdK;om;a&;vkyfief;/ trsdK;om;a&; f vSKyf&Sm;rSKrSmyg0ifulnD aqmif&Gufay;&oljzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifvs;x0fonf/ xkdif;rGef
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vl=uD;vli,f tm;vkH;wkd@eSifh tvGefcifrif &if;eSD;cJh&onf// xkdif;pum;udkvnf; u|rf;u|rf; usifusif ajymekdifqdkedkfifcJhonf// 1980-ckeSpfywf0ef;usifwGif/ ygwDwGif;Y/ qkd&S,fe,fcsJ@tay:tjrifrwlwJh/ t,lq wdkufyGJw&yf tjyif;xefjzpfay:cJhonf// edkfifvs;x0fonf/ qkd&S,fe,fcJs@ywfoufjyD; rdrdYjywfjywfom;om; =unf=unfvifvif tjrifr&Sdao;ojzifh/ rnfonfhbufrS&yfwnf cJhjcif;r&Syg// =um;aecJhonf// 1981-ckeSpf atjyDv(13)&uf/ rGefjynfopfygwD eSpfjcrf; d uGJ&mwGif/ ekdfifvs;x0fonf/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif tkyfpkwkd@eSifh yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf// 1982ckeSpfrSmrGefygwDrSeSK wfxGucJhonf// eSKwfxGucJh&onfhta=umif;rSm/ ygwDYpnf;&kH; nDnGwfrSK f f r&Sdjcif;/ tcsdK@aom ygwDacgif;aqmif vl=ud;wkd@onf/ udk,fusdK;twGuftvGJokH;pm;jyKjcif;/ ygwDrS csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;/ Oya'wkd@udk csdK;azgufae=ujcif;/ ygwDrScsxm;aom qkH;jzwfcsuf udk ajAmifajAmif wif;wif; usL;vGefvkyfudkifaejcif;/ ponfhta=umif; wkd@a=umifh/ ekdfifvs;x0f onf/ rGefjynfopfygwDrS ekwfxGufcJhonf// odk@aomfygwDeSifh tjyD;tydkif tqufjywf oGm;jcif;r&Sdyg// vkdtyfv#if vkdtyfovkd yg0ifaqmif&Guf ay;avh&Sdonf// txl;ojzifh OuUX=uD;ekdfifa&$usif/ xkdif;edkfifiHtwGif;odk@ c&D;oGm;onfjzpfap/ tpnf;a0;wufa&muf&ef c&D;oGm;&onfjzpfap/ ekdifvs;x0fudk tnDulawmif;avh&Sdonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$RusifoGm; av&mrSm/ edkfifvs;x0fvkdufyg oGm;&onfursm;onf// OuUX=uD;eSifhteD;uyf aexkdifol jzpfonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. pdwfaeoabmxm;udk aumif;rGefpGmodoljzpf onf// 1998-ckeSpfwGif/ =opa=wvD;,m; edkifiHokd@ vma&mufckdvSKHaexdkifcJhonf// =opa=wvD,m; edkfifiHodk@ a&mufaom tcgvnf; ekdfifvs;x0fonf/ rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;udk vspfvSsL&SKI raeay// rddrdwwfedkfifor# =opa=wvD;,m; rGeftzGJ@(AMA)wGif wufwuf =uG=uG yg0if aqmif&Guonf// rGeftzGJ@. OuUXae&mudk (2)eSpfwdkifwkdif wm0ef,l aqmif&GucJh jyefonf// f f rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKudk jrwfekd;onf// pmayavhvmrSKrSm 0goemxkHonf// =opa=wvD;,m;a&muf rGefvli,f vl&G,rsm;/ rGefpmay wwfajrmufatmif vk;H vpdkuf f tm;xkwfjyD; oif=um;ay;onf// rGefvli,frsm; rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKwkd@udk cspfcifjrwfedkf; wwfatmif vk;H vpkdu=f udK;yrf;aqmif&GuolwOD;jzpfonf// f edkifoef;wifudkrl/ 1961/62-ckeSpfuyif u|efawmfodu|rf;cJhonf// rk'l;&GmZmwdjzpfonf// 1950-ckeSpf aemufykdif;wGif awmckdcJhonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;wGif xifay:aom edkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvmonf/ 1957-ckeSpfwGif/ wyfaygif;pkzGJ@pnf;a&; twGuf/ OuUX=uD; edkifa&$usifeSifhtwl/ yJcl;&kd;rokd@ oGm;a&muf aexkdifcJholjzpfonf// 1958-ckeSpf
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rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifhtwl tvif;0ifcJhonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tvif;0ifonfhtay: rauseyf=uaom/ rGefvli,facgif;aqmifrsm;wGif ekdifoef;wifvnf; wOD;tyg0ifjzpfcJhonf// awmwGif; tvHeDuGefjrLepfpcef;odk@ oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhbl;onfudk ta=umif;jyKI/ tvHeD oef;wif[lI rGefvlrsdK;tokdif;0kdif;rSm xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf// ekdifoef;wifeSifh OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifwkd@onf tvGefcifrif &ifeSD;=uaom q&mwynfhrsm;jzpfonf// OuUX=uD; ta=umif;udk twGif;ususodoljzpfonf// 1963-ckeSpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS zdwfac:aom jynfwGi;f jidrf;csrf;aq;GaEG;yGJtwGuf/ r'nw/wyfaygif;pkudk,fpm;tjzpf4if;/ rGefjynfopfygwD ukdk,fpm; tjzpfeSifh4if;/ekdifa&$usifonf jidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;&ef/ &efukefjrdK@okd@ a&muf&Sd vmonf// ekdifa&$usiftm;/ u|efawmfwkd@ armfvjrdKif 'D*&D aumvdyf ausmif;om; wpkwdk@u txl; pdwf0ifpm; cJygonf// rGefjynfopfygwD OuUX=uD; ekdfifa&$usif ta=umif;udk/ odcsif=uaom h u|efawmfwkd@ aumvdyf rGefausmif;om; wpkonf/ OuUX=uD;.Zmwd/ rdbrsdK;&kd;/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK eSifh ywfoufjyD; rdrdwkd@ vufvSrf;rSDorSs/ vdkufvH&SmazG/ ar;jref;jyD; pkaqmifcJh ygonf// xkdpOfu/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; c&kdifacgif;aqmif ekdifoef;wifxH csOf;uyfjyD;/ ekdifa&$usif. ta=umif;pkHwkd@ukd u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;om;rsm;ar;jref;,lchJonf//edkfifoef;wif onf/ OuUX=uD;edkfifa&$usifeSifh vufyGef;woD; tvGef&if;eSD;pGm/ awmwGif;Y twlaevmcJhbl; olwOD;jzpfonf// ekdifoef;wif ajymjyI/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif ta=umif;pkHukd twGif;usus tao;pdyf odcJh&onf// xkda=umifh ekdifoef;wifeSifh pmzwfy&d\wfrsm;udk/ rdwfquf ay;&ef vkdrnf[k xifygonf// edkifoef;wifonf/ 1928-ckeSpf 'kwd, 0gqkd vqkwf(9)&uf aom=umae@wGif/ oauUmf&GmY arG;zGm;oef@pif vljzpfcJhonf// rdbeSpfyg;rSm/ ekdifcspfp&meSifh rdpdeftkyfwkd@ jzpfonf// rdbeSpfyg; wkd@onf/ rGefvlrsdK;jzpfjyD;/ trsdK;ukdtvGefcspfjrwfekd;olrsm;jzpfonf//bmom/ omoemtay:/ tvGef=unfndk/ o'Ngw&m;xufoefolrsm;jzpfonf// zcifekdifcspfp&m/ rdcifrdpdeftkyfwkd@onf/ om;udkvnf;rsdK;cspfpdwf/bmom/ omoemudk =unfndkjrwfekd;aompdwf&Sdvmatmif/ i,fpOf uyif/ avhusifhoif=um;ay;cJhonf// edkifoef;wifonf/ rdom;pkY 'kwd,t=uD;qkH;om;jzpfjyD; armifeSr(5)a,muf&Sdonf// nDi,feSri,frsm;tay: tvGefcspfcif =uifemwwfoljzpfonf// nDi,f/ eSpfri,frsm;tay: arwWm *&k%m=uD;rm;onf// tpOftjrJ rdrdu tepfemcHwwf onf// nDi,feSri,fwkd@udk OD;pm;ay;wwfonf// edkifoef;wifonf/ i,fpOfuyif/ Om%fynm xl;cGsefaom ausmif;om; vli,f wOD;jzpfcJh onf//oauUm&Gm tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;wGif/ tv,fwef;(7)wef;txd/ynmoif=um;
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tm&SY qkdAD,ufekdifiH.=oZm =uD;rm;vmrSKonf/ ekdifiHi,frsm;trsdK;om; b0vGwfajrmuf rSKtwGuf=uD;rm;aomtaxmuftuljzpfonf[kjrifonf// rGefjynfopfygwDwGif; t,ltqwkdufyGJ jyif;xefrSKa=umifh/ ygwDY tif;tm;pkeSpf&yf oD;jcm; jzpfay:vmonf// ekdifoef;wifonf/ OuUXedkifa&$usifeSifhtwl qkdAD,uf e,fcsJ@pepfudk/ tjyif;txef qef@usif/ uef@uGuf tjypfwif &SKwfcsolrsm;jzpfonf// 1980-ckeSpfygwD eSpfjcrf; uGJ&mwGif/ ekdifoef;wifonf/ OuUXedifa&$usifbufwGif &yfwnfcJhonf// 1987-ckeSpf ygwDtiftm;pkeSpf&yf jyefvnf aygif;pnf;jyD;aomtcg/ ekdifoef;wifonf/ bk&m;okH;ql bufokd@ ajymif;a&$@I tajccswm0ef,lvmonf// rGefjynfopfygwD jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwjf yD;aemuf ac:,lusif;yaom/ 1993-ckeSpfygwDnDvmcHwGif/ ekdifoef;wifonf/ ygwD A[kdaumfrwDtjzpfjyefvnf ta&G;cH&jyefonf// 1995-ckeSpfrGefjynfopfygwDeSihf/ e0wwkd@ oabmwlaom/ typfcwf&yfpJa&;/ oabmwlnDcsufudk vkH;0vufrcH/ oabm rwlcJhay//2001-ckeSpfrSm/ygwDrStjyD;tydkif eSKwfxGufvkdufonf// xkdaemuf =opa=wvD;,m; edkifiHokd@ a&muf&Sdae=uaom/ om;oRD;jzpf=uonfh/ rif;wifpkd;/ rdEG,feDpkd;eSifh rif;0if;xGwfwkd@. zdwfac:csufjzifh/ 2002-ckeSpfwGif =opa=wvD;,m;ekdifiHodk@ tjyD;tykdif ajymif;a&$@aexkdif vkdufonf// ,cktcg/(4/1 Northbourne Flats, Canberra, ACT 2612) wGifZeD;onf rdat;wif/ om;=uD;rif;wifpkd;eSifhtwl/ at;csrf;pGmaexkdif vsSuf&Sdonf// ekdifoef;wifonf/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usifeSifh tvGef&if;eSD;olrsm;jzpf=uonf// OuUX=uD;eSifh vufyGef;wwD; eD;eD;uyfuyf eSpfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmtwlwl aexkdif vmcJholjzpfonf// OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usif. pdwfaeoabmxm; tusifhpm&dw/W aerSKxkdifrSK ajymrSKqkdrSKtjyif/ OuUX=uD;.edkifiHa&;t,lq/ ekdifiHa&;tjrif/ekdifiHa&;cH,lcsufwkd@udkyg twGif;ususod&Sdol jzpfonf// tcsdK@aomOuUX=uD;. twGif;a&;udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPwkd@udkyg odoljzpfonf// u|efawmfonfvnf;/ OuUX=uD;eSitwl/ eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlaexkdifvmcJhol jzpfI hf OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. yifudk,fpdwfaeoabmxm;/ taetxdkif/ tpm;taomuf/ tajymtqdk/ tusifhpm&dwWwkd@udkyg/ txkduftavSsmuf od&Sdxm;cJygonf// 'gayrJh/ h ekdifoef;wifuJhokd@ twGif;usus u|efawmfrodcJhyg// Todk@ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usifeSifhtwl eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm/ eD;eD;uyfuyf/ cifcifrifrif/ &if;&if;eSD;eSD; twlaevmol edkifoef;wif. ajymqkdcsufrsm;eSifh u|efawmfudk,fwkdif teD;uyfavhvm/ =uKHawG@& orsSwdk@udk aygif;pyfjyD; okH;oyfvkduvSsif/ OuUX=uD;rSm olwyg;eSifhrwl/ f xl;jcm;aom/ *k%f&nfrsm;pGm&Sdonf[ku|efawmfjrifonf// OuUX=uD;onf/ udk,fhtm; udk,fudk;wwfonf/ pnf;urf;&Sdonf/ oef@jyef@onf/ 0wfpm;qif,ifr_aooyfonf/
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csicsifhcsdefcsdef ek_dif;qI jyKvkyf wwfonf// tusifhpm&dwW tvGefaumif;rGefonf// taexkdif fh aooyf/ yd&donf// tpm;aomufrSm avmfvDr_r&Sd oifhwifhav#mufywfpGm csifhcsdefI pm;okH;wwfonf// tcddsefudktvGefav;pm;onf// =uD;oli,folra&G;/ rnfoltm;rqkd av;av;pm;pm; qufqH wwfonf// txl;ojzifhygwD&Sd &Jabmfwyfom;i,fwkd@tay: av;av;pm;pm;qufqHonf// pum;udkat;aq;/nSifompGmajymqkdwwfonf// us,favmifus,favmifajymqdkjcif;r&Say// d OuUX=uD;. pnf;urf;&Sdjcif;/ aphpyfaocsmjcif;eSifh ywfoufI tenf;i,fa&;&v#if aomufa& cyfaomuf&mrSmyifpnf;urf;xm;onf// aomufa&udkAkH;aAgvatm/ rcyfbJ/ rdrdaomufukefoavmufudkom/ aocsmpGm/ *&kpkduf/ cyf,ljyD;/ cyfoavmuf/ ukefpifatmif aomufonfudk awG@&onf// tykdtv#Hcyf,ljyD;/ w0ufwysufaomufcg/ tusefudk/ ta[mwdueftjzpf/ oGefjypfonfudk rawG@jrif&onf// vufokwfpuULudkvnf;/ okH;oifh oavmufudkom/ jzwf,ljyD; okH;pGJwwfonfudkawG@&onf// wcgw&HpuUL/ tcsdK@ae&mrSm/ puULtuef@wckvkH;udkrokH;bJ/ tuef@. xuf0ufudkyif/ aoaocsmcsm ykdif;jzwf,ljyD; okH;pGJonfudkawG@&onf// rvkdtyfbJ tydktv#H jzwf,lokH;pGJjcif;rsdK; rjyKonfudk awG@& onf// ol@ae&meSifhol/ ukefoifhoavmufudkom wdwdusus jzwf,lokH;pGJonfh oabmyif jzpfonf// rukefoifhaomae&mwGif rukefapaomoabmjzpfonf// rnfhonfhudpPudkrqdk/ =uD;onf/i,fonfr[l/ pOf;pOf;pm;pm; pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ csifhcsifhcsdefcsdef aqmif&Gufvkyfwwfaom OuUX=uD;ukd uGsefawmfonf tvGef av;pm;=unfnKdrdonf// 0wfpm;qif,ifr_wGifvnf; aphpyfaocsmonf// aoaooyfoyf/ csyfcsyf,yf,yf/ oef@oef@ jyef@jyef@0wfpm; qif,ifwwfonf// xdkifaomae&mwGifvnf; tvGefaooyf yd,donf// 'l;axmif aygifum; xkdifavh xkdifxr&SdcJhay// tjrJwrf;xkdifv#if/ vkHcsnfudkaooyfpGm/ aoaocsmcsm zkH;zdjyD; xkdifwwfonf// OuUX=uD;onf/ acgif;aqmif aumif;wOD;Y&Sdtyf/ &Sdoifhaom t&nfcsif;eSifh jynfhpkHonf[k u|efawmfjrifonf// pnf;urf;&Sdr_/ aphpyfocsmr_/ oef@&Sif;r_wdk@udk tjrJwrf; owdxm;I aqmif&Gufwwfaom OuUX=uD;.tavhtxonf twk,lp&m/ enf;,lp&m/ tvGefaumif;onf// TuJhokd@ olwyg;xuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vuQ%m&Sdonfh OuUX=uD;. twKy`wWd ta=umif;t&mudk u|efawmftm; txl;pdwf0ifpm;apcJhonf// OuUX=uD;. trsKd;om;a&; OD;wnfcsuf/ trsdK;om;a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;eSifh rdrdvlrsdK; twGuf rnfhokd@rnfykH udk,fusKd;pGef@ tepfemcHcJhykH/ aqmif&GufcJhykHwdk@udk aemifvmaemufom; rGefjynfolrsm; aocsm usepGmod&Sdygu tvGeftusdK;rsm;rnf[k u|efawmfpdwfxJwGif jzpfay: vmrdonf// rGefjynfol vlxkwkd@taejzifhvnf; rdrdvlrsdK;wkd@. acgif;aqmif/ OuUX=uD;. ta=umif;&m rsm;udk avhvmod&Sd&ef tvGefvkdtyfonf[k u|efawmfjrifrdonf//
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TuJhokd@aomtjrif/ cH,lcsufjzifh OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifta=umif;ukd wwfodorSs pkaqmif; a&;om;&ef u|efawmf.&iffwGif jyif;ysaom pdwfqENjzpfay:I vmonf// ekdifoef;wif uvnf; rdrdwdk@od&SdorSs ta=umif;&m tcsuftvufwkd@udk jyefvnfajymjy ay;rnf[k qkdvmonf// u|efawmfonfvnf; aumvdyfausmif;om;b0wGif OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifeSifh ywfoufI/ pkaqmif;cJhbl;onfh tcsufvufrsm; udk jyefvnf pOf;pm;&orSs jyefvnf pOfpm;I &ekdifao;onf[kjrifonf// xkdokd@ jyefvnf pOf;pm;jyD; ay:vm aom tcsuftvufeSifh/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@ ukd,fwkdfif =uKHHawG@cJh&aom OuUX=uD;eSifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvuf rsm;udk pkaygif;jyD; pmtkyfa&;om;vSsif aumif;rnf[k u|efawmf pOf;pm;vmrdonf// 4if;tjyif 1963-ckeSpf jidrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJtwGuf/ awmwGif;rS &efukefjrdK@odk@ a&muf&Sd vmaom OuUX=uD; ta=umif;udk uGsefawmfwkd@ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf ausmif;om;wpk pwifpdwf0ifpm;cJhykHeSihf xkdpOfu OuUX=uD;. ekdifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;pGm pkaqmif; rSwfom;cJhykH wkd@udvnf; k jyefvnf owd&vmrdonf// T ta=umif;&mtm;vkH;wkd@udk tajccHjyKjyD; OuUX=uD; b0 jzpfpOfta=umif;udk a&;om;&vSsif aumif;rnf[k u|efawmf. &ifxJwGif t=uHpnf jzpfay:Ivmonf// xkdae@ ekdifa&$vGiftdrfrStjyef/ rdrdaexkdifaom uifbm&mjrdK@(Canberra)/ uma&mif (Currong Appartments) wkdfufcef;odk@ a&mufaomtcg/ u|efawmfonf OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usifta=umif;udk/ tjyefjyef tvSefvSef pOf;pm; aerdawmhonf// wcsdefwkH;u OuUX=uD;tay: u|efawmfwkd@ aumvdyfausmif;om;wpk/ pdwf0ifpm;cJhykH OuUX=uD; eSifhywfoufjyD; OuUX=uD;. udk,fa&; &mZ0if ta=umif;t&mwdk@udk vkdufvH&mazG pkaqmif;cJhykH/ odu|rf;olrsm; toD;oD;xHrS ar;jref;cJh=uykHwkd@udk wae@vkH;wa,mufwnf;/ jyefvnf pOf;pm; aerdonf// TuJhodk@ wa,mufwnf; av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm; jyD;aemuf OuUX=uD;. arG;&mZmwd i,f&G,fpOfb0 ausmif;ynm oif=um;ykHrSpjyD; OuUX=uD;. trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSK vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; b0ta=umif;&m tm;vkH;wkd@udyg wwfedkfiforSs=udK;pm;a&;om;&ef pdwfvkH;vkH; qkH;jzwfvkdufonf// k OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usiftay: uGsefawmfpwif pdwf0ifpm;vmcJh&onfh tcsdefumveSifh ta=umif;&if;wkd@udk tajccHI a&;om;wifjy&vSsif/ 1958-ckeSpf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pD vSJvS,fvdkufonfhtcsdefrS pwifa&;om;&rnf [kxifygonf// 1958-ckeSpf/ rGefjynfolhwyfOD;/ tvif;0ifvkdufjyD;aemuf/ rGefjynfopfygwDudk pwifzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmifcsdefrSpI OuUX=uD; edkifa&$usif.emrnfonf/ rGefjynfolawG=um;rSm pwif xifay: ausmf=um;vmonf// 4if;tcsdefrSpI OuUX=uD;udk/ emrnftm;jzifh uGsefawmf
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oduGsrf;vmcJhygonf// uGsefawmfwkd@ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;=um;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tvif;0ifvkdufonfhtay: odyfauseyfrSKr&SdvSacs// okd@aomf =unfvifjywfom;aom ekdifiHa&;tjrifw&yf xkdpOfu uGsefawmfY r&SdcJhao;a=umif; &kd;om;pGm0efcH&rnfjzpfonf// ausmif;om; vli,fwOD;rSsomjzpfaom uGsefawmfonf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. ekdifiHa&;tjrif tay: rnfokd@rSSs wdwdusus/ a0zefajymqkdjcif; rjyKedkifcJhacs// odk@aomf vufeufcsvdkufwJh twGuf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;tay:rauseyfjzpfrdjyD;/ vuffeufudkif awmfvSefaom/ rGefjynfopf ygwDtay: tm;ay; vkdpdwfonfom xkdpOfu xufoefcJhonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pDvJvS,fa&; tcrf;em;udk/ uGsefawmfudk,fwkdif oGm;a&muf avhvmcJhygonf// xkdpOfu uGsefawmfonf(7)wef; ausmif;om;rsSom &Sdao;onf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@/ tpdk;& trSwf(1)ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl; aeaomumv jzpfonf// uGsefawmfheSifhtwl wwef;wnf; ynmoif=um; aeolwOD;rSm/ uavmhaomh&GmrS Anm;atmifjzpfonf// (aemifrGefjynfopfygwD A[kdaumfrwDwOD; jzpfvmoljzpfonf//) ekdifaiGodef;. eSrti,fqkH;/ rdar=unfonfvnf; armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)wGif rlvwef;jy q&mr 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifaeonfudk awG@&onf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rkdif'guGif;Y usif;yaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,fa&; tcrf;em;wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD0ifaygif; (1111)a,muf &Sdonf[k ausjim cJhonf// vufeufcswJhtcrf;em;pv#if rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tm;vkH;.udk,fpm;/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@wyf&if;rS/ wyf&if;rSL;jzpfolAdkvfpHa&$u umbGef aoeyf wvufudk/ a&S@awmifwkdif; wkdif;rSL;AdkvfcsKyfoef;azxHodk@/ ay;tyf&onf// xkd@aemuf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. obmywdjzpfol ekdfifatmifxGef;u rdrdwkd@ tb,fa=umifh/ vufeufeSifh 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,f&onfh ta=umif;&if;eSifh/ rdrdwkd@. tem*gwf edkifiHa&;vrf;pOfudkyg/ rGefbmomjzifh rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhonf// 4if;tcrf;em;tjyD;wGif um;tpD;aygif; (20) ausmfjzifh rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;wyfzGJ@0if rsm;wkd@onf armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rdkif'guGif;rS yi&Gmodk@ jyefoGm;=uonf// tjyefvrf;c&D; wavSsmufwGif/ (rGefjynfe,f-csufcsif;ay;) (rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;)[k a=uG;a=umf atmftpf awmif;qkdoGm;=uonf// xkdae@jrifcJh&wJh jrifuGif;udk ,ae@wdif uGsefawmfonf rarhedkifyg// 4if;ae@usif;yaom k tcrf;em;onf// *k%f,l0ifh=uGm;onfh ppfatmifedkifolwdk@. atmifyGJcH usif;yaom tcrf;em; w&yf r[kwfrlbJ/ ppf&SHK;olu 'l;axmuf vufajrSmuf t&SKH;ay;jyD;/ usif;yaom ppf&SKH;ol.tnHhcHyGJjzpfaeonf// vGefcJhaom 1958-ckeSpfu Ttjzpfwkdf@onf/ tcsdeftcg umvtm;jzihf =umanmif; cJhygjyD;jzpfonf// u|efawmfonfyif touf&G,tm;jzifh f tkdrif;&ifha,mf vmjyD; jzpfonf// todw&m;onf vnf;/ &ifhusufvmjyD;jzpfonf//
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okkd@aomf/ xkdae@jrif&aom jrifuGif;udk pOf;pm;rdygvSsif/ cHjyif;aompdwf/ emusnf;aompdwf/ tnHrcHcsifaom pdwfawG url/ wjym;wcsyrS ravsSmhoGm;ao;onfudk awG@&onf// h f xkdae@Y cHpm;cJh&aom a0'em cHpm;csuftwdkif; ,ae@wkdifyifpHpm; ae&qJjzpfonf// Tae@ tjzpfysufudk pOf;pm;rdwdkif; ppf&SKH;ol. b0rnfonfhtcgrSrjzpfygh&apeJ@vkd@&ifxJrSm =udwfI qkawmif;aerdonf// 1958-ckeSpf Oya'abmifokd@ 0ifvmjyD;aemuydkif;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf t&Sdef[kef jyif;jyif; vsifvsifjrefjref ajcvufoGufoGufjzihf ekdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifrSK rsm;udkwckjyD;wck/ taumifxnfaz: aqmif&Guf vmonfudkawG@&onf// 1958-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(18)&ufwGif rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;eSihf awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jyD;nDnGwfrSKwnfaqmuf &ef=udK;yrf;vmonf// 1958-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(20)&ufae@wGif ekdifatmifxGef; ekdifxGef;odef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ edkifaiGodrf; wkd@onf ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ektm; oGm;a&mufawG@qkHI/ ekdifiHa&;eSifhtrsdK;om;a&;udpP&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG; ajymqkd cJh=uonf// 1958-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(31)&ufae@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSihf rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH; wdk@onf/ eSpfOD;eSpfzuftajccH oabmwlnDcsuf wpf&yf&jyD;/ rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ@pnf;ekdifcJhonf// rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk.&nf&G,csufrsm;// f (1) e,fcJs@qef@usifa&;// (2) rGeftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;// (3) rGGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;// (4) xm0pOfjidrf;csrf;a&;/wkd@jzpfonf// Tokd@rGefjhynfol@wyfOD;rSekdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tm;oGefcGefpkduf =udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufaeonfh tcsdefrSmyif/ zqyvtpdk;&twGif;wGif uGJjyJrSKrsm;jzpfay:vmonf// wnfjrJzqyvtkyfpkeSihf oef@&Sif;zqyvtkyfpkwdk@onf/ ygvDrefwGif tm;jydKifrSKw&yf jzpfay:vmonf// OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmfjidr;f OD;aqmifaom/ wnfjrJzqyvtkyfpkonf/ OD;ektpkd;&tm;/ t,kH=unfr&Sd tqdkudk ygvDrefYwifoGif;cJhonf// okd@aomfrJcGJaomtcg/ OD;AaqGwkd@tkyfpk&SKH;edyfhoGm;jyD;/ oef@&Sif;zqyv OD;ekwkd@tkyfpkrS rJtedkif&oGm;onf// xkdokd@ OD;ektpdk;& tedkif&vkdufjcif;onf/ yrnwtrwfrsm;eSihf &ckdiftrwfrsm;. axmufcHrJudk&&Sdojzifh/ OD;ek. oef@&Sif;zqyv tkyfpkonf/ tm%mYwnfjrJekdifcJhonf// okd@aomf&kSH;edyfhoGm;aom wnfjrJzqyvtkyfpk. taeSmuf,Suf jyKrSKa=umifh oef@&Sif;OD;ektpkd;&onf/ ygvDrefwGif rnfonfh Oya'jyK vkyfief;udkrS rvkyfekdifjzpfaeonf// aemufqkH;wGif OD;ekonf rvGJra&SmifombJ/ ppfwyfodk@
49
,m,D tm%mv$Jtyfay;&ef jzpfvm&onf// 1958-ckeSpfatmufwkdbmv(28)ae@rSm/ OD;ektpdk;&onf/ AdkfvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;& tzGJ@wzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;jyD; ,m,Dtm;jzifh/ tm%mvGJtyfay;cJhonf// 4if;tdrfapmifhtpkd;&onf/ (6)vtwGif;wGif rSswaom a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;rnf jzpfa=umif;ausjimcJhonf// 1958/ckeSpfekd0bFmv(21/22)&ufrsm;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. au'gaygif;pkH nDvmcH wpf&yf udk armfvjrdKifjrLeDpy,fcef;r wGifusif;ycJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHrS/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'opfeSifh ygwDwnfaqmufa&;rlrsm;ukd a&;qGJtwnfjyKcJhonf// atmufyg trSKaqmifopfudkvnf; a&G;aumufwifajrmufedkifcJhonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;tvkyftrSKaqmifopf OuUX ekdifatmifxGef; 'kOuUX q&medkifbdk;pdef(urm0uf) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifxGef;odef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifodrf;armif(aygif) A[kdtvkyftrSKaqmifaumfrwD0ifrsm;/ Ekdifbkd;aumif/(uavmhaomh) Ekdifom[ef(taygif) EkdifaiGodrf;/ edkifqdwfekd@ ekdifcsrf;rGef edkifatmifwifh ekdifausmif(Akdvfausmif) t&HA[kdtvkyftrSKaqmifaumfrwD0ifrsm; edkifpH&$ef/ edkifuGefAvm ekdifpdefausmf(aumhbdef;)wkd@jzpfonf/ ,cif rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. twGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefae&mwGif/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;opf jzpfvmol/ edkifxGef;odef;tm; yk*~dLvft& pmzwfy&d\wfrsm; tu|rf;0if odjrifjyD;om jzpfrnf// odk@aomf ekdifxGef;odef;.ekdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk wdwdusus/ odol enf;onf[k xifonf/ xkda=umifh edkifxGef;odef;. ekdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Tae&mY az:jyIrdwfqufay;vdkygonf//
50
edkifxGef;odef;tm; vlcspfvlcif aygrsm;onf// pdwfaeoabmxm; tvGefel;nHh odrfarG@ol wOD;jzpfonf// pdwfaumif; eSvkH;aumif;&Sdonf/ az:a&Gwwfonf// rdrdxuf touf=uD; olrsm;udk &kdaoav;pm;pGm qufqHovkd/ vli,frsm;tm;vnf; av;av;pm;pm; qufqH wwfonf// ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ armfvjrdifjrdK@e,f/ uwdk;&GmwGif/ 1917-ckeSpf/ edk0bFvmv (30)&ufae@Y edkifatmifa'G;/ rda&$eSpfwkd@rS arG;zGm;oef@pif vljzpfvmonf// uwkd;aus;&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif (6)wef;atmifjrifonftxd oif=um;jyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@ t*Fvdyf/ jrefrmtpkd;&txuf wef;ausmif;wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;onf// xdktxufwef; ausmif;om;b0uyif/ edkifxGef;odef;onf/ ausmif;om; ta&;cif;eSifh ausmif;om; or*~vkyfief;wkd@rSm wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifcJhonf/ 1935-36-ckeSpfwGif txufwef; ausmif;/ ausmif;om;or*~. twGi;f a&;rSL;. wm0efudk,lcJhonf// 1938-ckeSpf wGif (10)wef;pmar;yGJudk/ ocsFmeSifh tydkocsFmbmom&yf rsm;wGif *k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif cJhonf// &efukefwuUodkvfrS csD;jrSifhaom/ (Collegiate Scholarship)qkudk qGwf,edkifcJh l onf// paumvm&Spfqktjzifh wvv#if(35)usyf axmufyHhaiGudk (5)eSpfwkdifwkdif ynm oifqk tjzpf &&SdcJhonf// wuUokdvf ausmif;om;b0uyif/ trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK wGif wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifvmcJhonf// 1939-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom &mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m rGeftzGJ@csKyf pmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKtzGJ@wGif yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf/ a'gufwmpdefxGef;atmif/ rGefazodef;wkd@ OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;aom/ &efukefjrdK@ rGefvli,ftoif;wGif vnf;yg0ifcJhonf// 1940-ckeSpfwGif Oypmwef;udk atmifjrifcJhonf// 1945-ckeSpfrwfvwGif ody`HbJG@udkatmifjrifcJhonf// 'kwd, urBmppf jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf/ jyefvnf vSKyf&Sm;vmaom &mrn wkdif;vkH;qkdif&mtzGGJ@csKyf. twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,m,Dxrf;aqmifcJhonf// xkdaemuftzGJ@csKyf./ wm0efay;csuft&/ rGefaus;&Gmrsm;wGif pmayoif=um;edkifa&;twGuf/ =uD;=uyfuGyfuJaom rGefynmtkyftjzpf 1947-ckeSpfrS 1949-ckeSpftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf// xkdodk@aqmif&GufaepOf/ tar&duefekdifiH/ rDcsD*ef wuUokdvfwGif "gwkaA' bmom&yf oif=um;&ef ynmawmfoiftjzpf a&G;cs,f cH&onf/ odk@aomf rGeftrsdK;om;pdwf tm;oefaom ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ ynma&;xuf trsdK;om;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf// 1949-ckeSpf/ rGef-u&if vSKyf&Sm;rSKwGif yg0ifcJhjyD; awmckd cJhonf// ekdifiHjcm;okd@ oGm;a&mufynmoif=um;jcif;udk pGef@vGwfcJhonf// 1949-ckeSpfrSpI rGefvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@pnf;. edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1950-ckeSpfwGif edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;twGuf AefaumufjrdK@wGif/ zGifhvSpfxm;aom rGef-u&if udk,fpm;vS,f&kH;wGif wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&Guf cJhonf//
51
1952-ckeSpf az:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom/ (rGeftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk). taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;. wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1952-ckeSpf 'DZbFmv (12)&uf ae@wGif/ rd[Hom. nDr/ rdcifaxG;eSifh jr0wDjrdK@wGif vufxuf cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkrS wqifh rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD toGifodk@ jyefvnf; zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD. 'kOuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1958ckeSpf Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifvmonftxd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. 'k-OuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmif cJhonf// wzef Oya'abmif twGi;f Y yxr t=udrf usif;yaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/ au'g aygif;pkH nDvmcHrS ekdifxGef;odef;tm; wnD wnGwfwnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf/ a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufcJhonf// TonfrSm rGefjynfol@wyfOD; taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;opf jzpfvmol/ ekdifxGef;odef;. ekdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifcsuf tusOf;r# jzpfonf// Oya'abmifoGif;okd@ a&mufvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ vlrsdK;pkH cspf=unfa&; twGuf/ jynfol@ &JabmfygwD (yDpDyD)/ tvkyform;ygwD(qkd&S,feD)/ jynfol@ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk (yrnw)/ jynfol@ wkd;wufa&;ygwD/ paom ekdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eSifhawG@qkHaqG;aEG; jyD;/ emvnfrSK wnfaqmuf ekdifcJhonf// vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm; jzpfaom/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ &ckdif/ ucsif/ csif;/ &Srf;/ ytkd@0f paom vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSifhvnf; awG@qkH aqG;aEG;jyD;/ ekdifiHa&; tjrifrsm;udk nSdeSdKif;ekdifcJhonf// 1960-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv(6)&ufwGif/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifh tpkd;&onf/ ygvDreftaxGaxGa&G; aumufyGJudk usif;yay;ygrnf[kausjimcJhonf//rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef jyifqifvm&onf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS/ a&G;aumufyGJeSihfywfoufaom/ vkyfief;(3)&yfudkcsrSwfcJhonf// (1) rGefoD;jcm;rJqENe,fr&ao;cif/rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;onf/ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaomrGeftrsdK;om;trwftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&ef// (2) xkdokd@ta&G;cH&mwGif/a&G;aumufyGJa=uG;a=umfoHtjzpf/ (rGefjynfe,fvkdcsifvsSif/rGeftrwfavmif;udkrJqEN ay;=uyg)// (3) a&G;aumufyGJwGifrGeftrsdK;om;tcsif;csif;xdyfwkdufrjzpf&efeSifhr[mrdwfygwDrsm; eSihfvnf;xdyfwkdfufrjzpf&efnSdeSdKif;&efwkd@jzpfonf// a&G;aumufyGJwGif/tjcm;rGeftzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom/rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rSvnf;a&G; aumufyGJ Yyg0if,SOfjydKif&ef qdkif;jyif;aeonf// xkdtajcaewGif a&G;aumufyGJwGifyg0ifaom rGeftzGJ@pnf; rsm; wzGJ@eSifhwzGJ@ ydyuQ rjzpfyGm;&ef/ tvGef ta&;=uD;vmonf// txl;ojzifh/ rGefa'o&Sd trwfrJqENe,f wae&mwnf;rSm/ rGeftzGJ@pnf;eSpfzGJ@ jydKifwl xdyfwkduf ,SOfjydKifrSKrjzpfyGm;&ef/ tvGefta&;=uD;onf// okd@r[kwfygrl/ rGefjynfol@ qENrJrsm;/ uGJjym;jyD;/ atmifyGJ&oifh
52
oavmuf r&&SdekdifbJ jzpfoGm;ekdifonf// rGeftcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrSK jydKuGJekdifonf// tjcm;tzGJ@pnf;rS trwfrsm;tekdfif&oGm;ekdifonf// Ttcsufwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;wkd@ oabmwl zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkonf/ nSdeSdKif;wdkifyifI/ rGeftrsdK;om; trwfavmif;pm&if;udk jyKpk=uonf// TudpPonfxifoavmufrvG,fvSay// rGefjynfolvlxk xlxyfrsm;jym;pGm aexkdifaom ae&mrsm;wGif rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ wyftyfaocsm atmifyGJ ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfvlxk enf;yg;aomae&m a'orsm;wGif/ rGef trwfavmif;rsm; atmifyGJcHekdif&ef tvGefcJ,SOf;onf// rGeftrwfavmif;rsm; atmifyGJ cHedkifaom ae&mrsm;udk/ vufcsdL;&nfwGufI &ekdifonf// atmifyGJcHedkifaom ae&ma'oonf/ odyfrrsm;vSay// atmifyGJcHekdifaom a'orsm;wGifom/ rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ ololigig/ yg0ifta&G;cHvdk=uonf// rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pktwGif;Y t=udwfte,f aqG;aEG;=u&onf// tcsdef,l aqG;aEG; wkdifyifnSKdeSdKif;=u&onf// aemufqkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS tav#mhay;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdfif;om; tpnf;&kH=um;wGif/ ydyuQrjzpfyGm;atmif/ a&Smifwdrf; ekdifcJhonf// eSpfOD;eSpfzuf a=ua=uvnfvnf/ av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;wkdifyif qkH;jzwfjyD; atmufygtwdkif; trwfavmif;eSihf 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifrnfhpm&if;udk oabmwlnDpGm xkwfjyef ekdkifcJhonf// armfvjrdKife,fwGif edkifcsrf;rGef/ usdKuQrDjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifatmifxGef;/ acsmif;qkHjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifxGef;odef;/usdKuRa&mjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifqdwfedk@/ zgtHawmiffydkif;wGif ekdifaiGodrf;/ rk'kHjrKd@e,fwGif q&mekdifzkd;pdef/taygife,fwGif ekdifodrf;armifwkd@ toD;oD;yg0if,SOfjydkifcJhonf// a&;jrdK@e,fudkrl/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS/ rGefzkd;csdKyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhonf// usdKuQrDawmifydkif; vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftwGuf/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS edkifaatmifvSaiGuyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhon/f/ 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf ,SOjf ydKifta&G;cHaomrGeftrwfrsm;wGif/ rk'kHjrdK@e,frS q&mekdifzdk;pdef/ usdKuQrDjrdK@e,frS ekdfifatmifxGef;/ a&;jrdK@e,frS rGefzkd;csdKeSifh usdKuQrDc&kdif/ vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftjzpf/ ekdifatmifvSaiGwkd@ toD;oD;ta&G;cHcJh&onf// zg;tHawmifydkif;wGif/ 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifaomekdifaiGodrf;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// edkifaiGodrf;.jydKifbuf/ wnfjrJzqyvtrwf/ ekdifbnGef@onf/ tekdif&oGm;onf// wnfjrJzqyvtrwf ekdifbnGef@ ekdfifoGm;jcif;rSm rJrsm;udk vdrfvnf/ ckd;azguf,lIekdifonf[k rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rSekdifaiGodrf;upGyfpGJajymqkdonf//
53
Tae&mY ekdifiHa&;ocFef;pm ,lp&maumif;aom tjzpfysufudk tenf;i,f a&;om;wifjy vkdygonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; ocFef;pm,lp&m tvGefaumif;aom ekdfifaiGodrf;eSifh ekdifbnGef@ (ekdifa&$usif.nD)wkd@ eSpfOD;ta=umif;udk tenf;i,f/ a&;om;wifjycsiygonf// 1960-ckeSpf/ f a&G;aumufyGJwGif/ zm;tHawmifydkif; rJqENe,fwGif(wnfjrJz/q/yv)tzGJ@0iftjzpf/ edkfifbnGef@ ua&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhovkd/wzufwGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS ekdifaiGodef;onfvnf;/ 4if;zg;tH awmifydkif;udkyif/ a&G;cs,fIa&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhonf// ekdifaiGodef;onf/ rdrd. ZmwdcsufauGs/ &yf&Gmjzpfaom/ xkH;tkdif rGef&Gm=uD;udk/ tm;xm;I/ 4if;rJqENe,fudk a&G;cs,fum/ yg0if ,SOfjydKifcJhjcif;jzpfonf// zqyv trwfavmif; ekdifbnGef@eSifh xdyfwdkuf,SOfjydKif ta&G;cHonf// xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif/ (wnfjrJ)zqyvtrwftjzpf0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifbnGef@ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; trwftjzpf/ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifaiGodrf;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// txufY qdkcJhonfh twkdif;/ Tokd@ ekdfifbnGef@ekdifoGm;jcif;onf/ wnfjrJzqyvtzJG@u rJrsm;udk vdrfvnf ckd;,lojzifh ekdifoGm;onf[k/ ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@bufrS pGyfpGJ ajymqkdonf// edkfifaiGodrf; pGyfpGJajymqkd ouJhokd@ jzpfedkifaom/ ta=umif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf// rnfokd@yif&Sdap/ 4if;yk*~dKvfeSpfOD;wdk@onf wcsdefu/ rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;wGif twlwl yg0ifcJh =uolrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// rGefvlrsKd;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfwGif twlwlyg0if v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm; jzpfygonf// aoG;aomuf &Jabmfrsm;jzpf=uonf// oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f awmif;qkda&;wGif4if;/ awmwGif;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wdk@wGif4if;/ twlwuG yg0ifcJh=u olrsm;jzpfonf// twdwfudk jyefajymif; =unfhvSsif/ atmufygtwkdif;/ 4if;yk8~dKvfeSpfOD;wkd@. trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif; a=umif;udkawG@&ayrnf// 1947-ckeSpf/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f/ zg;atmufaus;&GmwGif/ usif;yaom/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. nDvmcHrS/ ekdifvSarmiftm; OuUXtjzpf4if;/ edkifaiGodef;tm; twGif;a&;rSL;jzpf4if;/ ekdifbvGif (edkifa&$usif)tm; jyef=um;a&;Xme wm0efcHtjzpf4if;/ ekdifbnGef@tm; vli,fa&;&m XmerSL; tjzpf4if;/ toD;oD; a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJh=uonf// 4if;tjyifekdifbnGef@tm;/ rGefpHoleSifh wGJbufIvnf;/ rGefvlrsdkK;a&;&mtzGJ@. umuG,fa&;Xmeukd OD;pD;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef ay;cJhonf// rGefvli,frsm;tm;/ rdsK;cspfpdwfxuf oefvmatmif pnf;vkH;odrf;oGif;&aom wm0efudk,l&onf// pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;I&aomvli,frsm;udk/ ekdifbnGef@uyif/ =uD;=uyfI/ ppfoifwef;ay;&onf// edkifbnGef@onf/ ppfoifwef;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifaiGodef;eSifh edkifbnGef@wkd@onf/ rGeftrsKd;om;twGuf/ twlwuG/ oufpGef@ =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJholrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// 1948-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifudk odrf;ydkuf pOfuvnf;/ t"duae&m tcef;rStwlwl/ yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@rS qkwfcGm
54
jyD;/ awmwGif;Y vufeufudkfifawmfvSefa&; orm;b0tjzpf twlwuG aevmcJh =uolrsm;jzpf=uonf// ,ckrl/ ekdifiHa&; tm%mtwGuf/ &efolozG,f wOD;udkwOD; oabmxm;vm&onf// zg;tH awmifydkif;rJqENe,fajr/ wae&mwnf;udkyif/ eSpfOD;om; xdyfwkduf ,SOfjydKif vm&onf/ T,SOfjydKifyGJwGif/edkifaiGodrf;&_H;edkrhfoGm;jyD;/ ekdifbnGef@onf trwfjzpfvmonf// 4if;tjyif edkifbnGef@onf u&ifjynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@0if/ 0ef=uD;wOD;vnf;jzpfvmonf// a&G;aumufyGJ a=umifh/ wcsdefu aoG;aomuf&Jabmf&Jbuf tcsif;csif; &efolozG,fjzpfoGm;apcJhonf// rGeftcsif;csif; oabmqEN uGJcJh&onf// ygvDref'Drdkua&pDu zefwD;vkdufonfh tusdK;w&m; yifjzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@twGuf tvGefowdoHa0*&p&m aumif;aom tcsufw&yf jzpfonf [kajymcsifonf// 1960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif/OD;ekacgif;aqmifaom/ jynfaxmifpk(yxp)oef@&Sif;/ z/q/y/v/ tzGJ@rS/ rJtjywfowf ekdifojzifh/ tpkd;&zGJ@ekdifcJhonf// oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzJG@csKyfrS/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;udk awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// 1960-ckeSpf rwfv(19)&ufae@wGif oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef;eSifh twGif;a&;rSL; rGefaiGpdk;wkd@onf/ owif;pm uGefz&ifh wckudkjyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ rGefazoef;onf/ tvGefemrnf=uD;rm;aom/ 0wfvkH awmf&a&S@aewpfOD;jzpfonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@xm;0,fpk&yf atmufvrR=uD;wGif aexkdifol jzpfonf// xkdowif;pmuGefz&ifhY rGefazoef;u atmufygtwdkif;ajym=um;cJhonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y usif;ywJh rGefa&;&mnDvmcHrSm/ oef@&Sif;zqyv OuUX=uD; OD;eku rGefjynfe,fudk trsm;pku vkdvm;ygu aqmif&Guf ay;rnfvkd@ twdtvif; uwday;cJhw,f// xkduwdt&/ OD;ekacgif;aqmifwJh oef@&Sif;tpkd;&u rGefjynfe,fudk aqmif&Gufay;r,fvkd@vJ/ u|efawmf arSsmfvifh,kH=unfw,f// ,ckuJhokd@ rGefjynfe,f ukd awmif;qkd&wmvJ/ rGef,Ofaus;rSKeSihf rGefpmayrsm; aysmufuG,f oGm;rSmudk pkd;&drfI awmif;qkd&jcif;jzpfw,f// oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onfhtjyif atmufyg twkdif;vnf;xyfrH&Sif;vif; wifjyoGm;onf// rGefjynfe,fay;wJh ae&mrSm/ t&nfcsif;jynfhpkHjyD;/ tqifajy acsmarG@ ap&ef/ yxrOD;pGm/ rGefa&;&m aumifpDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif oifhw,fvkd@ jrifw,f// rGefjynfe,f udpPa&;&meSifh ywfouf&if/ oef@&Sif;
55
rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyfudk OD;pm;ay;wkdifyifbdk@ tpkd;&opfxHawmif;qkdr,f// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;ae=uwm rSefaomfvnf;/ rGefvlxk taeeJ@/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;oabmrSmwpfckwnf; jzpfw,f//1 oef@&Sif;rGeftzJG@ OuUX rGefazoef;u txufygtwdkfif; &Sif;vif;wifjyjyD; aemufwGif owif;axmuf rsm;u atmufyg ar;cGef;udkar;jref;vmonf// rGefjynfe,fay;&ifrnfonfha'otus,ft0ef;txd&Sd&rnfvJ rGefazoef;uatmufygtwkdif;ajz=um;oGm;onf// rGefjynfe,fudk owfrSwf&if/ usdKuQrDc&kdif/ u&ifjynfe,f a'otcsdK@/ ppfawmif;rS a&;txdtus,f t0ef;&Sd&r,f// rGefjynfe,feJ@ywfoufI rGefazoef;onfwdwdusus&Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf{jyDv(5)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ wwd,jynfol@v$wfawmf/ yxr nDvmcHY/ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekurdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif/ jynfe,fay;a&;udpPeSihf ywfoufI yxptpkd;&onf oufqkdif&mwkdif;&if;om; jynfol vlxk.qENrSefudkod&SdatmifjyKvkyfrnf// xkdokd@jyKvkyf&mwGifjyKykH/ jyKenf;eSifhywfoufI oufqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD;rS jyKvkyfrnfjzpfa=umif;ajym=um;oGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf{jyDv(29)&ufae@wGif/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekonf/ rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,f/ taumifxnfaz:a&;eSihf ywfoufI ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; t=uHay;ekdif&ef t=uHay;tzGJ@ wckukdzGJ@pnf;ay;cJhonf// 4if;tzG@JwGif ekdifiHawmforwa[mif; a'gufwmOD;bOD;u acgif;aqmifjyD; tzJG@0ifrsm;rSm/ a'gufwmodrf;armif/ OD;wif/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@ tygt0iftm;vkH;pkpkaygif;(5)OD;yg&Sdonf// 1960-ckeSpfarv(14)&ufupItpkd;&twdkifyifcHt=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf awG@qkHI 4if;wkd@. toD;oD; oabmxm;udk ar;jref;=uonf// rGefbdk;csdKtm; ar;jref;&m/ rGefbdk;csdKu atmufygtwdkif;ajym =um;vmonf//
1
1960/rwfv(20)&ufxkwf/&efukefowif;pm/
56
'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&; qkH;&SKH;rSKrsm;xJrSm/ tepfem qkH;aom/ qkH;&SKH;rSK[m/ vlrsdK; wdrfaum yaysmufrSKyif jzpfw,f// rGefvlrsdK;rsm;[m/ ykodrf 32/jrdK@/ [Hom0wD/ 32/jrdK@/ rkwWr/ 32jrdK@/ [lI&SdcJh&mrS/ ,cktcg/ pum;a&m/ pmygwdrfaum yaysmufrJh tajcaeokd@ a&mufaejyD jzpfw,f// rkwWrbufYom rGefpm/ rGefpum; usef&Sdawmh &m/ ,cktwkdif; qufvufxm;&Sdr,fqdkvsSif/ ysLvlrsdK;/yaysmufouJhokd@rGefvlrsdK;yg/ yaysmufoGm;edkifr,f// vufeufudkif rGeftzJG@pnf; tvif;0ifa&muf vmcJhjcif;rSm/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ek&J@ rGefjynfe,f ay;r,fqkdwJh uwdudk ,kH=unfvkd@ 0ifvm=ujcif; jzpfw,f// ,cktcg/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifzkd;pdef/ ekdifatmifvSaiGeJ@ u|efawmf/ tp&Sd wJhyk*~dKvfwkd@vnf;/ a&G;aumufyGJrSmtekdif&&SdjyD;jzpfw,f// tJ'DtrwfawG/u|efawmf tygt0if/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifpOfu/ rGefjynfe,f a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif cJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; rJqENxyf ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;vkd@ jrifw,f// u|efawmf taeeJ@ rJqEN ,lwmufdk oabm rwlekdifbl;// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@[m/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm;/ ,kH=unf udk;pm;=uw,f/ u&if/ucsif/ tp&SdwJh vlrsdK;pkawGudk jynfe,f ay;ouJhokd@ rGefjynfe,fudkvJ ay;apcsifw,f// tpkd;& twkdifyifcH t=uHay;tzGJ@u/ rGefukefonf=uD; ekdifboGiftm; ar;jref; &mwGif/ ekdifboGifu atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf// yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdif/usdKuQrDc&kdif/ xm;0,fc&kdif/ jrdwfc&kdifwkd@udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf jyKvkyfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdw,f// rGefjynfe,fudk rGefvlxku eSpfeSpfumum vkdcsif&if ay;r,fqkdwJh 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ uwdpum;udk rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@u eSpfoufvkd@/ ,kH=unfvkd@ a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rJay;cJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f vkdcsifvkd@ rJay;cJh=u w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;aejyD;rdk@ aemufxyf rJqENawmif;&ef rvkdawmhbl;[kjrifw,f// a&G;aumufyGJ uJhokd@rJqENaumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfr,fqkd&if/vlenf;pkeJ@vlrsm;pk/ vlenf;pk tcsif;csif;wkd@udk &efwkdufay;&m/ usa&mufoGm;ekdifw,f// ekdifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf arv(16)&ufae@wGif/ rGefvl=uD;rsm;jzpf onfh/ ekdifbdk;aus;/ rdapm&SifeSihf ekdifjrwfxGef;eSihf awG@qkHjyD; ar;jref;cJhonf// ta&;ykdifa[mif; ekdifbkd;aus;ua tmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf//
57
rGefjynfe,ftjzpf yxrtqifhtaeeJ@ yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk owfrSwfay;oifhw,f// rGefjynfe,f az:xkwf&mrSm/ vlxkrJqEN ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;// u|efawmfhtaeeJ@vkH;0oabmrwlbl;// ekdifjrwfxGef;rSvnf; atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;oGm;w,f// rGefjynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek ajym=um;oGm;wJh pum;[m/ jynfaxmifpk pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKudk a&S@&SkjyD; ajym=um;w,fvkd@ ,kH=unfw,f// yxrOD;qkH;taeeJ@ oxkHc&kdi/f usdKuQrDc&kdifudk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwf ay;oifhw,f// tjcm;aom/ yJcl;/ xm;0,f/ jrdwfpwJh c&kdifrsm;eJ@ ywfoufjyD;/ oufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxktm; pkHprf;ar;jref;jyD; aqmif&Gufay;apvkdw,f// vlxkrJqEN aumuf,lyGJ jyKvkyfwmudk oabmrwlbl;/ vlxkrJqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyf&if/ vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK jzpfyGm;vmekdifw,f// rdapm&Siftm;vnf; t=uHay;tzGJrS ar;jref;pkHprf;cJhonf// rdapm&Sifonf/ rd[Hom.nDr jzpfonf// armfvjrdKif rGefpm=unfhwkdufeSihfjywkdufrSL;jzpfonf// rdapm&Sifuvnf; atmufyg twkdif;ajym=um;oGm;w,f// rGeflvlxk&J@qENudk tpkd;&u od&SdjyD;jzpfvkd@ rGefjynfe,fay;&efom &Sdawmhw,f// rGefjynfe,f zGGJ@pnf;&mrSm/ oxkHc&dkif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk tajccHzGJ@pnf;ay;&r,f// edkifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf arv (16/17)ae@ &ufrsm;wGif/ ausmufpm0efa[mif; ekdifvlaz0if;eSSifh taxGaxGuefx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmfwkd@eSpfOD;udk awG@qkHar;jref;cJhonf// ekdifvlaz0if;uatmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;cJhonf// jyD;cJhwJh taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ jynfe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf ta&G;cH=uwJh trwfawG rsm;jym;&kHrubl;/ tJ'Da=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ wufvmwJh trwfawGvnf; &SdaejyD; jzpfw,f// rGefjynfol vlxk qEN ,la&;qkdwm rvkdtyfawmhbl;// rGefjynfolvlxk&J@qENudk xyf,ljcif;[m/ t"du&k%f;rsm;udk zefwD; ovkd jzpfoGm;ekdifw,f// ta&S@eJ@taemuf*smr%D/ awmifeJ@ajrmuf udk&D,m; wkd@uJhokd@ rjzpfapvkdbl;// ,cifu/ u&if/ u,m;/ ucsif/ pwJh vlrsdK;pkwkd@udk jynfe,fay;ovkd rGefjynfe,fudkvnf; ay;&efom&Sdw,f// rGefjynfe,fudk tajccHtm;jzifh/ oxkHeJ@ usdKuQrDc&dkifwkd@eJ@ pwifzGJ@pnf;ay;jyD;/ yJcl;xnfhekdif&if yJcl;xnfh ay; apvkdw,f//
58
t=uHay;tzGJ@u yJcl;e,fwGif oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,l&mY/ rGefrsm;rawG@&onfh udpPeSihf ywfoufI/ ekdifvlaz0if;tm; xyfrHar;jref;jyefonf// ekdifvlaz0if;u atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;w,f// tJ'Dvkdjzpf&wm[m/ pm&if;aumuf,l=uwJh pma&;awGrSm/ c|wf,Gif;csufawG &Sdw,f// ajzolu/ Ak'<bmomvkd@ ajym,kHeJ/ pma&;u ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ oef;acgif pm&if;rSm xnfhvkduf=uw,f// tJ'DvkdvkyfcJh=u[efwlw,f// rGefpmayrwwf&if jrefrmpm vkdufpm;bkd@cufcJr,f// rGefpmay zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufbdk@twGuf/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifay;oifhw,f// txufygtwdkif; ekdifvlaz0if;onf/ rdrd.tjrifudk jywfjywfom;om;/ &J&J0Hh0HhwifjycJhonf/ Tae&mwGif/ ausmufpm0efa[mif; edkifvlaz0if;eSifh/ pmzwfy&d\wfrsm;udk/ rdwfquf ay;csifonf// ekdifvlaz0if;onf/ rGefrsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpf onf/1920-ckeSpf yxrOD;qkH; &efukefwuUokdvfoydwfwdkfufyGJrSm yg0ifcJhonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf// edkifvlaz0if;ta=umif;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@rGefvlrsdK;rsm;odoifhodxkdufonf[k,lqonf// q&m=uD;edkifvlaz0if;udk rGeftrsdK;om;=uD;tz edkif&H0if;/ rGeftrsdK;orD;=uD; trda':rdrdwkd@rS 1900-jynfheSpf ZGefv (20)&ufae@wGif/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y zGm;jrifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf/ 1917-ckeSpfwGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ txufwef;ausmif;rS/ 10/wef;atmifjrifcJhjyD;/ &efukefwuUodkvfwGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf// 1920-jynfheSpf/ yxrwuUokdvf ausmif;om; oydwfarSmuf&mwGif/ ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpfygcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf xkdpOftcgu/ bD-at/txufwef;ausmif;om;r#om&Sdao;onf// yxroydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ (11)OD;r#omjzpfjyD;/ aemufxyfjznfhpGuf(15)OD; pkkpkaygif; (26)OD; jzpfvmcJhonf// rlv(11)OD;wGif/ aemufxyf (15)OD; jznfhpGuf&m/ rif;vlaz0if;yg0ifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf/ (bD-at) bGJ@udk/ 1924-ckeSpfwGif &&SdcJhonf// 1925-ckeSpfZGefvrSpI &efukefwuUodkvf/ ta&S@wkdif; bmom&yfrsm;qkdif&m uxdutjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf// umvuwWm;wuUokdvfY/(trf-at)bGJ@udk tvGwf0ifa&mufajzqkd&m/ xl;c|efpGmatmifjrifcJhonf// yxryif&&SdcJhI/ a&$wHqdyfqkeSifhaiG/200d/ csD;jrSifhjcif;udkcHcJh&onf// q&m=uD; ekdfifvlaz0if;onf/ 1936-ckeSpfrS/ 1957-ckeSpftxd/ jrefrmedkfifiHa&S;a[mif; okawoe n$ef=um;a&;0ef (ausmufpm0ef)tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf// q&m=uD; ekdifvlaz0if;onf// usrf;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jrefrmbmom/ t*Fvdyfbmom wkd@jzifh a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf//
59
edkifiHawmftpdk;&t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ekdfifvlaz0if;tm;ar;jref;jyD;aemuf/taxGaxGuefx&dkufwm/ edkfifrGefaxmftm; qufvufar;jref;jyefonf// edkfifrGefaxmfonf atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;cJh onf// oxkHc&kdifeJ@ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk yxrtaeeJ@ rGefjynfe,f owfrSwfay;oihfw,f// jzpfekdif&if/ yJcl;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;apvkdw,f// xkdodk@ ekdfifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh vl=uD;rsm;udk csOf;uyfjyD; qENar;jref;pkHprf;aepOfrSmyif/ 1960-ckeSpfZlvkdifv(1)ae@wGif/ rGefwkdfif;vkH;qkdif&m [dw*a0oD rGefoHCmhtzGJ@csKyf. eSpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk &efukefjrdK@ykZGefawmif/ a&=unfjymom'fausmif;Yusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSatmufygawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdcJhonf/ (1) rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&mwGif/ vlxkqENaumufcHyGJ vkH;0rjyKvkyf&ef// (2) rGefudk wvkdif;[k ac:a0: a&;om; aeaom olwkd@tm;/ w&m;pGJekdifaom/ Oya' wpf&yf tjrefqkH; jyXmef;ay;&ef// (3) rGefeSifh ArmvlrsdK; t"du&k%f; jzpfapekdifaom/ &efukefjrdK@ jynfvrf;&Sd tif*sDeD,m ausmif; taqmuftOD;wGif a&;qGJ xm;aom/ [oFm&kyfeSifh a'gif;&kyfwkd@udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef// (4) rGefjynfe,feSifh ywfoufjyD;/ &efukefjrdK@ ay:&Sd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf t=uHay;tzGJ@wkd@ aqG;aEG;&mwGif/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;. wifjycsufudk TtzGJ@rS av;av;eufeuf axmufcH&ef// 4if;tpnf;ta0; tjyD;wGif/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tpkd;&tzGJ@odk@ wifoGif; arwWm&yf cHonfh/ ausjimcsuf wpfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf// [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfonf/ rGef&[ef;ysdK rsm; pkaygif; zGJ@pnf; xm;aom tzGJ@pnf; jzpfonf// OuUXrSm t&SiftdENu(tHcJ) jzpfjyD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;rSm t&Sifygvdw(urm0uf)wdk@jzpf=uonf// armfvjrdK@&Sd rGeftzJG@pnf;aygif;pkHuvnf;/ rGefjynfe,feSifh ywfoufI oabmxm;w&yf pkaygif;xkwfekdif&ef tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk ac:,lcJhonf// 4if;tpnf; ta0;udk 1960-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv(16)&ufae@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;XmecsKyf&Sd&m/xm;0,fpk/ yef;bJwef;&yfwGifusif;y cJhonf/ nSdeSKdif; aqG;aEG; yGJodk@/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ rGefoef@&Sif;tzGJ@/ jynfaxmifpk rGeftzJG@/&mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&mrGeftzGJ@/ wnfjrJzqyveSihfrGefjynfol@wyfOD;wkd@rSukd,fpm;vS,f rsm; wufa&muf=uonf// 4if;nSdeSKdif;tpnf;ta0;rS/ tzGJ@aygif;pkH vufrSwf a&;xkd; xm;aom/oabmxm;ausjimcsufwpfapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf//
60
edkifiHawmf tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfonfh/ OD;wif/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@ acgif;aqmifaom tzJG@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkH ar;jref;&eftwGuf armfvjrdKifjrdK@ odk@/ 1960-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv(20)&ufae@wGif a&mufvmonf/ 4if;tzGJ@rS/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. OuUXekdifatmifxGef;tm; ar;jref;&m/ ekdifatmifxGef;rS atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhonf// rGefjynfe,ftaumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm/ vlxkqENrJaumufcH,lbkd@roifhygbl;// rGefvlxktaeeJ@ (10)eSpf(10)rdk;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;a=umif;udk vufeufudfkif awmfvSefa&; enf;eJ@ jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// u&ifjynfe,f txJ yg0ifaewJh/ rGefaus;&Gm (58)&Gmudkvnf; rGefjynfe,fowfrSwf&mwGifxnfhoGif; ay;oifhygw,f//rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwDtaeeJ@ awmwGif; a&mufaevkd@ [kdwkH;u/ u&ifjynfe,f ay;pOf rGef&Gm (58)&Gm xnfhoGif;jcif;udk ruef@uGuf ekdifcJhbl;// ,ckvkd rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD taeeJ@ vufeufudkfif vrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wfwmvnf;/ rGefjynfe,fukd ay;r,fqkdwJh/ ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek&J@uwdpum;udk ,kH=unfvkd@ jzpfw,f// 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@rSm [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfrS/ OuUXt&SiftdENueSifh twGif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvdwwkd@onf/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpf&yfjyKvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;&Sif;vif;yGJ wGiftwGif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvduu/ atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhw,f/ rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;twGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpdk;&eJ@ tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@wkd@u/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfvkdw,fvkd@ =um;od&w,f// TuJhokd@ vlxk&J@ qENudk ,lr,fqkd&if/ vlrsdK;a&; jy\em/ ydyuQrsm;udk zefwD;ay;ovkd jzpfoGm; ekdifw,f// wkdif;jynf&J@ jidrf0yf ydjym;a&;udkvnf; xdcdkuf vmekdifw,f// tjcm;jynfe,fay;cJhpOfu/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJudk wpf=udrfwpfcgrSvnf; rjyKvkyf cJh=ubl;// ,ckrSvlxk qENaumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfr,fqdkwm/ tpOfvmudk qef@usif&m usa&mufw,f// 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGif usif;yrJh ygvDrefY rGefjynfe,f Oya' =urf;wpf&yfudk tjrefqkH; wifoGif;ay;bkd@ [dw*a0oDrGefoHCm tzJG@csKyfrS tav; teufawmif;qkdw,f// 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGifyif/ &efukefwuUodkvf rGefausmif;olausmif;om;toif;rSvnf; rGefjynfe,fudk tjrefqkH;taumifxnf az:aqmif&Gufay;&ef awmif;qkdonfhausjimcsuf wpfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf//
61
1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(22)&ufae@wGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom wwd,t=udrfv$wfawmf/ 'kwd,ae@ ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif/ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekrS rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f udpPudkatmufygtwdkif;xyfavmif;ajym=um;oGm;onf// rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD; txifvGJrSKawG r&Sd&atmif/ tpdk;&oabmxm;udk atmufyg twdkif;&Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap// (1) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxku jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@qkd&if/ rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudkay;ygr,f// (2) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&r,f qkdwm oufqkdif&m yk*~dKvfrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD; tpkd;& twdkifyifcHtzGJ@u tpkd;&udk t=uHay;&rnf// twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ay;wJh t=uH&vSsif/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@ qENudk tpkd;& ,lay;r,f// 'Dae&mrSm/ xyfjyD; &Sif;jyyg&ap/ tpkd;& twkdifyifcH tzGJ@u/ rGefeSifh&cdkif jynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifh udpPtwGuf/ tpdk;&udk t=uHay;&ef r[kwf/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&rnf qkdwmudk t=uHay;&efomjzpfw,f// 'Dt=uHudk apmedkiforSsapmay;&ef tpkd;&u wkdufwGef;ay;r,f// (3) rGefeSifh&ckdif jynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD;/ twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;=uwJh/ jynfaxmifpktzGJ@ (yxp)0if r[kwfwJh yk*~dKvfawG[m/ oufqdkif&m a'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,lekdifr,f qkdwmudkvnf; ajymedkfifw,f// rGefeSifh &cdkifjynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifhqkdwmudk vnf; vGwfvGwf vyfvyf ajymqkdekdifw,f// (4) okd@&mwGif/ jynfaxmifpktzJG@(yxp)0if jzpf=uwJh oufqdkif&ma'o&Sd trsdK;om;rsm;rlum; twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ eSihf aqG;aEG;aomtcg/ oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,loifhw,fqkdwJh tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;jyD;/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;oifh/ ray;oifhqkdwJh udpPudk twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ raqG;aEG; atmifwm; jrpfay;&r,f// (5) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd trsdK;om;awG[m/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,f,loifh r,loifh udpPudk/ oufqkdif&m a'o&SdvlxkeJ@ vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa[majymedkifw,f// (6) tu,fI oufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxku/ jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh twGuf/ rGefeSihf&ckdifjynfe,f ay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxJ aqG;aEG;&if jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd trwfawG[m rdrd=udKufovkd vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// rJay;&efudpP ay:vmvSsif vnf;/ rdrdwkd@&J@rJudk vGwfvGwf vyfvyfrJay;ekdifw,f//
62
(7) tu,fIoufqkdif&m a'o&Sd vlxku jynfe,f vkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh twGuf rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxJrSm ay:vm&if/ jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@&J@ oufqkdif&ma'orS trwfawGuvGJjyD; tjcm;trwfawG tm;vkH;[m rGefeJ@&ckdifjynfe,fay;a&; udpPudk axmufcH=u&r,f// txufyg 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek.rl(7)&ufcsufeSifh ywfoufI/ 1960-=o*kwfv(29)&ufrSm qufvufusif;yaom/ ygvDref tpnf;ta0;wGif/ usdKuQrDtrwf/ edkfifatmifxGef;u atmufygtwkdif; a0zefaqG;aEG;oGm;onf// edkifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ rdef@cGef;udk qef;ppfvkdufvsSif tajz(5)ck awG@&ygw,f// u|efawmf jriffwJhtjrif uawm/h (1)rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;[m/jynfe,f&xdkufw,f// (2)rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;[mjynfe,f vkdcsifwJh qENwu,f&SdvsSifjynfe,fay;rnf// (3) rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ wu,fhqENod&Sdatmif 'Drdkua&pDenf;eSifh at;at; csrf;csrf;/ cspfcspfcifcif aysmfaysmf&$if&$if tusdK;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;aprnfhenf;eSifhjyKvkyf ay; rnf// (4) onfvkdaqmif&Guf&mrSm/ oufqdkif&macgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;rnf// (5) rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ qENudk od&SdjyD;wJhaemuf od&Sd&wJhtcsuf qENtwkdif; tapmqkH; aqmif&Gufay;rnf/ qkdwJh tcsuf(5)csufbJ qef;ppfvkd@ &ygw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rS &oifh&xkdufwJh t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifh jynfhpkHw,f// rGefvlxkuvnf; rGefjynfe,fudk vdkcsif =ua=umif;udk/ (10)eSpf(10)rdk; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;eJ@ vnf;jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rGefjynfe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifcJhwJh/ rGefukd,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;vnf; ekdifc=Jh uw,f// 'grdk@ rGefjynfe,fudkom tjrefqkH; taumifxnf az:ay;&ef awmif;qkdw,f// rGefjynfe,fukd taumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh &Srf;/u&if/ ucsif/csif;/u,m;/ trsdK;om;awGudk jynfe,f az:ay;pOftcgu/ rJykH;axmifwJh pepfr&SdcJhygbl;// wcg/ csif;0daoowkdif;/ yvuf0c&kdifudk csif;0daoowkdif;odk@ oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykHaxmifcJhovm;// ucsifjynfe,fokd@ jrpf=uD;em; c&kdifudk oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykH;axmifcJhovm;// rJykH;raxmifcJhbl;// tJonfjrpf=uD;em; c&kdifrSm qkdvSsifArmawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw,f// 'gwifvm;qkdawmh r[kwfao;ygbl;/
63
u&ifjynfe,fxJhudk/ rGefaus;&Gmaygif;(58)&Gm oGwfoGif;pOfuvnf; rJykH;axmifwm r&SdcJhygbl;// u|efawmfcyf&Sif;&Sif; tpD&ifcH&rnfqkdvSsif rJykH; axmifwJhpHepfudkawmh/ rvkyfygeJ@vkd@ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfudk t=uHay;vkdygw,f// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH rSm/ vlrsdK;pktrsdK;rsdK; a&mjyGrf;onfh ekdifiHjzpfw,f// vlrsdK;pkH toD;oD; a&mjyGrf; aeonfh ekdifiHrSm/jynfaxmifpkpHepfeSifhjynfaxmifpktkyfcsKyfykHpepfeSifh tkyfcsKyfoGm; jcif;utrSefuefqkH;yifjzpfw,f// ponfjzifhusdKuQrDtrwf/rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.OuUXekdifatmifxGef;onfygvDrefYtus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf 'DZifbmv(9)&ufae@wGif/ qufvufusif;yaom jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;Y rk'kHtrwf ekdifbkd;pdefuvnf; rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; udpP&yfrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;onf// trwfedkfifbkd;pdefonf/ urm0uf&Gkm Zmwdjzpfonf// 1268-0gacgifvqkwf(10)&uf/ t*Fgae@rSm arG;zGm;onf// rdbrsm;rSm/ trdrduUkaeSmif/ tzemJzkdwkd@jzpfonf// acwfynm(10)weff; atmifjrifjyD;/ urm0uftpkd;& tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf// rdaX;,OfeSifh tdrfaxmif usonf// om;oRD;(8)a,mufxGef;um;cJhonf// txufwef;jyq&mr rdtkH;&DeSifh rdat;=unfwkd@. zcifjzpfonf// 1946-ckeSpfrSm zGJ@pnf;aom wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;. tvkyftrSKaqmif wm0efudk ,lcJholjzpfonf// 1310-ckeSpfrSm ,kd;',m;edkifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdK; wkd@tm;/ pnf;&kH;&ef twGuf/ rGefzkd;csdK/ edkfifatmifxGef;/ ekdifpef;vSKdifwdk@eSifhtwl ,kd;',m;edkifiH odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf// 1948-ckeSpfrSm awmcdkcJhonf// 1958-ckeSpf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh twltvif;0if cJhonf// vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; umvwav#mufvkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. obmywd tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpff xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1961-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGif/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&t=uHay;tzJG@u ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyfxHodk@ tzGJ@.tpD&ifcHpmukd wifoGif;cJhonf// 4if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufyg tcsufvufrsm; yg0ifcJhonf// rGefpum;wwfaom rGefvlrsdK;ppfppfwkd@eSifh rdrdwkd@udk,fudk rdrdwkd@ rGefaoG;ygonf[k ,kH=unfaom vlwpfpkwkd@onf/ rGefjynfe,fzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmif&ef vkdvm;vSsuf &SdonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sd&ef rvkda=umif;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;olwdk@u/ jynfe,f vkdvm;onfhta=umif;&if;rSm/ rGefpmayeSifh,Ofaus;rSKudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf vkdaoma=umifhjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfrSK&SdaeonfudkawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;,kH=unfrSK rSmvnf; obm0usonf[k t=uHay;tzGJ@u,lqyga=umif; wifjyxm;onf//
64
oxkHc&kdifeSifh usdKuQrDc&dkif twGif;Y aexkdif=uaom/ vlxk. qENtppftrSefudk od&Sdatmif/ rnfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh pkHprf;&rnf qkdonfhjy\emeSifh ywfoufI t=uHay;tzJG@ OuUX. ar;jref;csufeSifh rGefxdyfoD; acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol/ a&;jrdK@e,f trwf rGefbkd;csdK. ajz=um; csufwkd@udk avhvmekdif&ef atmufygtwdkif;az:jyvkduf&onf// OuUX// rGefbdfk;csdK// OuUX// rGefbdk;csdK/ //u|efawmfwkd@u/ rGefjynfe,f ay;oifh/ ray;oifh qkdwJh jy\emudk ar;aewm r[kwfbl;// vlxk&J@qENudk b,fvkd ,l&ifaumif;rvJvkd@ t=uHawmif; aewmyg// //rSefygw,f/a&G;aumufyGJtm;jzifhxif&Sm;aeygw,f//qEN,lyGJvkyfwm acwfrrSDygbl;// wm0eftvGef=uD;ygw,f/ydyuQvJjzpfekdifygw,f// //vlxkqEN,lrSjzpfr,fqkd&ifaum/b,fvkdenf;eJ@,l&rvJ// // 'g[m vkH;0r,loifhygbl;// u&if/ ucsif/ u,m;/ tp&SdwJhe,fawG ay;wkH;u/ olwkd@&J@ oabmwl nDcsuf r,lbJ/ ay;vkduf ygw,f// 'Djy\em ray:cJhbl;// tck rGefwkd@=urS rJqEN,lbkd@ r,lbdk@ jy\em ay:vmwm[m tpkdk;& tay:rSm/ rGefvlxku ,kHrSm; oHo, jzpfvdrfh r,fvkd@ tpD&ifcH vkdygw,f// u|efawmf taeeJ@/ tpkd;&udk ,kH=unf tm;udk;ygw,f// &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ u,m; rsm;enf;wl/ rGefrsm;udkvJ jynfe,f ay;oifhw,fqkdwm/ xyfrHtpD&ifcHvkdygw,f//
rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ enf;AsL[majymif;vJjyD; Oya'abmifodk@ a&mufvmjyD;aemuf/ ekdifiHa&;udk ajcvSrf; us,fus,fjzifh =udK;yrf; vSKyf&Sm; vmonfudk awG@jrifekdifonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. edkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm; pnf;&kH;r_a=umifh rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;onf ,cifuxuf edkifiHa&; edk;=um;vmonf[k qkdekdifonf/tjrdK@jrdK@t&yf&yfwdk@wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tzGJ@pnf; toD;oD; ay:xGef;vmonf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; qdkfif;bkwfawG@ jrifvm&onf// yJcl;wGif rGefjynfol@ wyfOD; (yJcl;)udk zGJ@pnf;ekdifcJhonf// xkdtwl/ &efukefwGifvnf;/ a'o tvkduf A[ef;/ ykZGefawmif/awmifOuUvm/ ajrmufOuUvm/omauw/ r&rf;ukef;/ vSKdif/ urm&Gwf/ ordkif;/ tkwfusif;/ caemif/ tif;pdefwdk@wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD; ygwDcGJrsm; toD;oD; zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifekdifcJhonf// ekdifxGef;odef;/ ekdifaiGodef;/ ekdifodrf;armifwkd@ =uD;rSL;aom ekdifiHa&;oifwef;rsm;a=umifhvnf;/ rGeftrsdk;om;wkd@t=um;wGif/ ekdifiHa&;tjrif/jrifhrm;/edK;=um;vmonf// 4if;rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. ekdifiHa&;pnf&kH;a&;/vSKyfaqmfrSKonf/aumvdyf/ wuUokdvftxd/ t&Sdeft0g/ oufa&mufvm onf// txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;/aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
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t=um;wGif/ trdsK;udkcspfaompdwf"gwfonf ydkrdk&Sifoef/ zG@HjzdK;vmonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. a&S@aqmifrSKjzifh/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;wnf;[laom/ trsdK;om;edkifiHa&;wkdufyJG tvHatmuf wGi/f rGefvlxk/ vlwef;pm;tvGm toD;oD;wkd@onf/ pkpnf; nDnGwfvmcJh=uonf// 1960/61-ckeSpfpmoifeSpfrSm/ uGsefawmfonf/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)rSmyif ynmqufvuf oif=um;aeonf// txufwef; aemufqkH;eSpfjzpfygonf// 4if;eSpfvnfykdif;avmufwGif/ &efukefwuUokdvf rGeftoif;rS/ udkpkd;rif;(t*FsifeD,mausmif;om;/ uavmhaomh/Zmwd)eSifh udktkef;jrdKif(armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ uanSmfZmwd)wkd@eSpfOD;onf/ trSwf(1)tpkd;&txufwef; ausmif;rSm&Sd=uaom rGefausmif;om;rsm;eSifh vma&mufawG@qkHonf// rGefausmif;om; or*~tzGJ@/ zJG@pnf;&ef tpnf;a0; ac:xm;onfhta=umif; u|efawmftm;ajymjyonf// tm;vkH;tpnf;a0; wufa&muf=u&ef wkdufwGef;onf// xkdeSpfY/ armfvjrdKiftrSwf(1)wGif pmoifaeolrsm;rSm/ uGsefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf a&;om;&vSsif/ rif;usef&pf(zg;atmuf/ aemiftqkdawmfjzpfvmol)/ rif;cspfvkH;(aumhbdef;/ aemifa'gufwmcspfvkH;)/ rif;Anm;atmif (uavmhaomh)wkd@vnf;&Sdae=uonfudkowdxm;rdonf// u|efawmfonftpnf;a0;usif;yrnfae&mokd@tcsdefrSDoGm;a&mufcJhonf// xkdtpnf;a0;wGif/ &efukefwuUokdvf/ rGeftoif;acgif;aqmif/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmif/ eSifh txufwef;ausmif;om;tcsdK@ yl;aygif;jyD; armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; or*~tzGJ@ w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf// ta=umif;rSm/ &efukefwGifusif;yrnfh/ ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om; or*~(Auo) tpnf;a0;=uD;odk@ wufa&mufedkif&efjzpfonf// xdkzGJ@pnf; vkdufaom/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif rGefausmif;om;or*~wGif/ OuUXtjzpf/ rif;pdk;rif;/ 'kkOuUXtjzpf rif;tkef;jrdfKif/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf/rif;armif=unf(uanSmf)/ wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf rif;bZH/ tzGJ@0if trSKaqmiftjzpfrif;azodef;eSifh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifzGJ@pnf; cJh=uonf// xkdeSpfwGifusif;yrnfh/ Auo/tpnf;a0;okd@ wuf&eftwGuf/ rif;pkd;rif;eSifh rif;armif=unf/ wkd@eSpfOD;tm; a&G;cs,fapv$wfcJhonf// 1960/61-ckeSpf pmoifeSpfrSm uGsefawmfonf/ txufwef;pmar;yGJrSm/ &lyaA'*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf// 1961/62-ckeSpf pmoifeSpfwGif/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyfrSm qufvuf ynmoif=um;onf// xkdpOfu/ rif;bkd;tdef (uavmhaomh)/ rif;tkef;jrdKif (uanSmf) rif;aiGxGef;(&GmvGw)/rif;aomif;cdkif(uGmef&kduf)/ rif;vSatmif=uD;(&GmvGwf/)/ rif;Om%fxGef; f (&GmvGwf)/ rif;ausmfvSKdif(ekdifvkH)/ rif;armifav;/ rif;vSausmf/ rif;0if;xdef/ rif;xGef;vSKdif (urm0uf)/ rdtkef;&D/ rdpdef&D/ rdcifxm;a&$/ rd,Ofwif/ rdcifoef;(rk'l;)/ rdwifapmOD;/ rdtdef=unf (uavmhaomh) rdjrifhjrifhoef;(a&;/rGefcifarmif.orD;) wkd@eSifh qkHqnf;cJhonf//
66
1961/62-ckeSpfpmoifeSpfrSm aumvdyfrGeftoif;udk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ rif;ausmf0if;(rk'kH)u OuUXeSifhedkfifbdk;tdef(uavmhaomh)u'k-OuUX jzpfvm=uonf// twGif;a&;rSL;rSm/ rif;pkd;jrifh (a&;jrdK@) jzpfvmonf// rif;0if;xdefeSifh uGsefawmfwdk@u trSKaqmifrsm; jzpfvm=uonf// 'k-OuUX jzpfvmonf/ ekdifbkd;tdefonf uavmhaomh Zmwdjzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tzGJ@0ifa[mif;jzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifhtwl tvif;0ifvmol jzpfonf// xkdeSpf aumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;&mwGif rGefausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; yg0if&ef vdtyfvmonf// rGefausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,fa[mif; rif;cifjrifh (zg;atmuf)onf/ k aumvdyfausmif;om;or*~wGifryg0ifvkdojzifh/ qufvufwm0ef,&ef rGefausmif;om;wOD; l vktyfvmonf// aumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~wGif wm0ef,l&ef uGsefawmhtm; a&G;cs,f d =uonf// xkda=umifh uGsefawmfonf/ rGefausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf/ aumvdyf ausmif;om; or*~ trSKaqmif wOD;jzpfvmonf// xkdpOfu/ rGeftoif;.zGJ@pnf;ykH pnf;rsOf;wGif/ ausmif;om;or*~trSKaqmifwGif yg0ifaom rGefausmif;om;wOD;onf/ rGeftoif;.trSKaqmif rjzpf&[k yg&Sdygonf// xkda=umifh u|efawmf/ aumvdyf rGeftoif;. trSKaqmifwOD;tjzpfrS eSSKwfxGuf ay;cJh&onf// rdcifrGeftoif;udk oHa,mZOf &SdvsSufeSKwfxGufcJh&onf// 1961-ckeSpf aumvdyf ausmif;om;b0upjyD;/ rGefjynfopfygwD OuUX=uD; ekdifa&$usiftm; pdwf0ifpm;vmcJh&onfh ta=umif;&mrsm;ay:vmonf// aumvdyfausmif;om; rif;0if;xdef (rif;wifedkif)eSihfu|efawmfonf/ taygif;toif;jzpfvmonf// rif;0if;xdefonf/ usKHu'gwf Zmwdjzpfonf// rGeftrsdK;om;udk tvGefcspfjrwfekd;oljzpfonf// tvGefpmzwf 0goem ygolwOD; jzpfonf// pmayjzifhom/ tcsdefukefwwfonf// txl;ojzihfrif;0if;xdefudk pm=unfhwkdufrSm awG@&onfursm;onf// pmzwf0goemcsif;wlaom u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD; aygif;rd =uonf// 4if;tjyif u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;om;onf/ ekdifiHa&;Y pdwf0ifpm;=ujcif; wlnD=uonf// Todk@jzifh rif;0if;xdefeSifh u|efawmfonf ausmif;om; taz:jzpfvm=u onf// rif;0if;xdefonf/ ekdifiHa&; tawG;tac: t,ltq tvGef xufjrufolwOD; jzpfonf// ArmvlrsdK;onf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@. e,fajra'o tm;vkH;ukd twif;t"rR/ wdkufckduf odrf;ykdutkyfcsKyf xm;onf[k rif;0if;xdefujrifjyD; Armtpdk;&udk udkvkdeDtpkd;&[k f oluqkdonf// tkyfcsKyfol Armtpkd;&udk tvGefrkef;ol/ rauseyfol jzpfonf// tpdk;&. ynma&; pHepfonfvnf;/ u|efynma&; pHepf[k jrifoljzpfonf// 1757-ckeSpfrSpI/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. &mrna'oudk twif;t"rR wkdufckduodrf;ydkufjyD;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk u|efjyK f tkyfcsKyfcJhonf[k rif;0ifxdefjrifjyD; tpdk;&tay: tvGefrauseyfol jzpfonf// onfhtjyif &Srf;vlrsdK;/ u,m;vlrsdK;/ ucsifvlrsdK;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@/ 1947-ckeSpfrSm yifvkH pmcsKyfjzifh vdrfnmjyD;/ usnfqHwvkH;rSrukef/ ppfrwkduf&bJ/ ukdvkdeDjyKcJhonf[k rif;0if;xdefu pGyfpJGajymqkdonf// ol.ekdifiHtjrifudk &J&J0Hh0Hhwifjy wwfonf//
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&Srf;/ u,m;vlrsdK;wk@d onf/ t*FvdyfudkvkdeDb0rS/ tvsiftjref vGwfvkdI/ ArmtrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh yl;aygif;jyD; vGwfvyfa&; twl awmif;qkd cJh=uonf// Tonfudk/ tcGifhaumif; w&yfjzifh acsmif;aeaom/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u/ yifvkHpmcsKyfjzifh vSnfhpm;jyD; &Srf;/ u,m;tyg0if awmifay:om; wkd@udk tvG,fwulyif/ ukdvkdeDjyK edkifcJhonf[k rif;0if;xdefu jywfjywf om;om; ajymqkdonf// &Srf;/ u,m;vlrsdK; awmifay:om;wkd@. tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;udk Arm acgif;aqmifwkd@u tcGifhaumif;,l cJonf[k udk0if;xdef h upGyfpGJ ajymqdkonf// rGefvlrsdK;udkrl/ t*FvdyfeSifh 'wfcsfwdk@. tulnDjzifh wkdufckdfuf odrf;ydkuf jyD;/ u|efjyKcJhonf[k rif;0if;xdefu ajymqkdonf// udk0if;xdef. awG;ac: ,lqcsuf wkd@udk u|efawmftvGefyif oabmuscJhonf// ArmudkvdkeDeSifh ywfoufjyD; u|efawmfeSifhrif;0if;xdef wkd@ onf tawG;tac: t,ltq wlnD=uonf// Armya'o&mZfeSifh ywfoufI u|efawmfwkd@eSpfa,muf. tjrifu&Sif;onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. &mrna'o wckvkH;udk rw&m; odrf;ydkufjyD;/ ukdvdkeD jyKcJhonf// rGefvlrsdK;udk vlrsdK; jyKwfatmif/ owfjzwf cJhonf// t&ufpufqkH; e,fcsJ@ usL;ausmfol ya'o&mZfvkd@ u|efawmfwdk@ eSpfOD;pvkH;u jrifonf// ,ae@ Arm tpkd;&onf/ e,fcsJ@ Arm ya'o&mZf. tarGudk qufcHaom/ ArmudkvkdeD tpdk;&[k jrifonf// tawG;tac: t,ltq wlnDrSK a=umifh/ uGsefawmfeSifh rif;0if;xdefonf/ edkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;az: jzpfvm=uonf// rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk/ rw&m; tedkifusifh u|efjyK tkyfcsKyfaeonfh Armtpdk;&udk u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;u rkef;wD;onf// cHjyif;aompdwf jzpfay:aeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0 vGwfvyfajrmufa&; twGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;=uonf// txl;ojzifh awmwGif; vufeufudkif tzGJ@pnf;rsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;jyD;/ tm;ay;vdk=uonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. vufeufudkif vrf;pOf pGef@vGwonfhtay:/ u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD;pvkH;u f eSpfjcdKufoabmuscJhjcif; r&SdcJhay// &efoludkvufeufcs tnHhcHonf[kjrifonf// awmwGif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkudkom pdwf0ifpm;jyD;/ tm;ay;vkd =uonf// rGefjynfopfygwDeSifh ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tay: u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD;onf txl;pdwf0ifpm; avhvmcJh=u onf// xkdtcsdeftcg umvwGif/ wuUodkvf aumvdyf/ rGefausmif;om;rsm; txJrS tcsdK@aom ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwkd@onf/ Armrsm;=uD;pkd;aom t&if;&Sif ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDtay: ,kH=unfrSK vkH;0 r&Sd=uay// rGeftrsKd;om; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;onf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonf[k jrif=uonf// u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD;onfvnf; Ttjrifudk axmufcH oabm wlonf// TtajccH/ tjrifwlnDrSKa=umifh/ rif;0if;xdefeSifh u|efawmfwkd@ eSpfOD;onf ykdrdkeD;pyf cifrif&if;eSD; aomausmif;om; oli,fcsif; jzpfvmonf//
68
xkdeSpfYyif armfvjrdKif aumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~rS =uD;rSL; usif;yaom/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyftm;/ 'D*&Daumvdyftqifhokd@ wkd;jrSihfay;&ef pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyyGJw&yfudk usif;yekdifcJhonf//tvGefpnf;um;aom qENjyyGJw&yfjzpfonf// xkdjrdK@wGif; pDwef; vSnfhvnf onfh qENjyyGJwGif/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;tjyif/ txufwef;ausmif; toD;oD;rS ausmif;olom;rsm;vnf; yg0if cJh=uonf// ausmif;om;xk aygif;pkH yg0if cJh=uonf// udk=unfjrifh/ udkxGef;vSKdi(urm0uf)eSifh u|efawmfwkd@ua&S@wef;rS aejyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@wGif; f aps;=uD; w0dkufwGif vSnfhvnfqENjycJh=uonf// jrdK@ay:&Sdrdbjynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;uvnf; qENjyyGJ udk tm;ay; axmufcH=uonf// ygvDreftwGif;Yvnf; rk'kHtrwfekdifbkd;pdefu/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyftm;/ 'D*&Daumvdyf tqifh wkd;jrSifhay;&efawmif;qkdcJhonf//
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tcef;(3) wyfOD;.=udK;yrf;rSK/rGefvlxkpkpnf;nDnGwfvm/rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumf rwD/ jynfe,fay;a&;OD;ek.rlopf(5)&yf/ 0ef=uD;jzpfvmaomekdifatmifxGef;/ 1961-ckeSpjf ynfe,faygif;pkHnDvmcH/ wyfOD;tvif;0ifvmjcif;tay: ekdfifcsrf;.av#mufvSJcsuf/ usm;pmau|;cH&aomedkfifcsrf;//
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b0uyifpma&;om;cJhonf//touf(30)wGif/at/wD/tifef/ bGJ@&ol/ wkdufol=uD;wOD;&JhorD;/ a':wifhqkdoleSifhtdrfaxmifuscJhonf//om;oDR;eSpfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf// a':tkef;=uG,feSifh OD;tkef;wifOD;wkd@jzpfonf// q&m=uD;YnDtpfudkaarmifeSr/(6)a,muf&Sdonf// aq;rif;=uD; a[mif;/ a'gufwmodef;armif/ ukvor*~/ urBmhpm;eyf&duQmeJ@ v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;tzGJ@ a'oqkdif&mn$ef=um;a&;rSL;a[mif; OD;oufpkwkd@onf q&m=uD;. nDtudkrsm;jzpfonf// q&m=uD;onf/bGJ@&jyD;aemufbD/tkd/pD/ukr`%DrSmtvkyf0ifvkyfonf// touf(60)rSmyifpif ,lonf// q&m=uD;onf i,fpOftcgu/ vBuf&nf/ umzDaomufokH;aomfvnf;/ touf(50) aemufykdif;wGif vkH;0raomufawmhacs// tjrJusdKcsufaom aq;jyKwf&nfudkom aomufavh &Sdonf[kod&onf// q&m=uD;onf rGefvlrsdL;jzpfonfhtnD/ rGef&kd;&m aq;rsm;udk eSpfjcdKufonf// rJZmvD&GufeSifh avmufao&Gufudk tajcmufjyK/ trSKef@axmif;jyD;/ a&jzifh usdKaomufonf// TuJhokd@/ jyKwf&nfudk aomufokH;jcif;tm;jzifh/ avvnfonf/ 0rf;rSefonf/ raumif;aom/ ykd;rGm;rsm;. tEW&m,fudkumuG,fonf/ tpma=uonf[k q&m=uD;u &Sif;jywwfonf// aumufnSif;aygif;eSifh aumufnSif;eSifh ywfoufaom tpm;pmrsm;udk q&m=uD;u a&Smif&Sm;onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@,lq=uouJhokd@ aumufnSif; pm;vSsif avylxonf/ avxkd;avatmifh jzpfwwfonf[k q&m=uD;u ajymjywwfonf// EGm;ekd@ukdrl/q&m=uD; tvGefeSpfoufonf// tjrJwrf;vnf; aomufokH;onf[k od&onf// aemufrGef/u&ifrsm; =udKufwwfonfh/ xef;vsufudkvnf; q&m=uD;onf tvGef=udKuf eSpfoufonf// t&ufaopm uif;onf// q&m=uD;onf/ &efukefjrdK@trSwf(25)wuUodkvf &dyfomvrf;aetdrfwGifaexkdifvSsuf&Sdonf//q&m=uD;onfusef;rma&;tvGefaumif;onf// ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifcifarmif/ ekdifwifaz/ ekdifausmfat;wkd@onf/ rGefwkd@eSifh tvGeftu|rf;0if olrsm;jzpfI txl;jyKjyD; rdwfquf&ef vkdrnfr[kwf[kxifygonf// edkfifcifarmifonf/ zJ@uwm;&Gmom;jzpfonf// tif*sifeD,mbJG@jzifh ausmif;jyD;xm;oljzpfonf// ekdifwifazonf/ bD;vlu|ef; &GmvGwf&GmrSjzpfonf//(B.A) bGJ@twGuf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif=um; v#uf&Sdonf// ekdifausmfat;onf/ urm0ufZmwdjzpfonf// edkifausmfat;onf/ &efukefjrdK@Y ynmoif =uD;jyif;vmoljzpfjyD;/ trsdK;om;owif;pmwkdufwGif/ owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkif aeoljzpfonf// 1961-ckeSpf/Zefe0g&D(8)&ufae@wGif/ &efukefjrdK@/ Adkvfwaxmif&yfuGuf/ edaygtrsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;Y rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;tvkyf nDnGwfa&; aumfrwD (A[kd) jzpfajrmufa&; rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcHw&yfudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yekdifcJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHukd/ q&m=uD;rGef"gwku obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufI/ tcef;em;rSL;tjzpf/
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&efukefwuUokdvfrGeftoif;rS/rif;wifazuaqmif&Gufygonf//obmywd/q&m=uD;rGef"gwk uatmufygtwkdif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;konf// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@rSm/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;Y &Sdtyfaom t*FgvuQ%meJ@ nDnGwf jynfpkH aew,f// pum;/ pmay/ aemufcHorfdkif;wkd@eJ@ jynfpkHw,f// rGefjynfe,f awmif;aejcif;rSm/ rdrdwkd@&mZ0ifordkif;t&/ bkd;bGm; ydkifqkdifcJhwJhe,fajrudk jyefvdkcsifwJhoabmyifjzpfw,f// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;&J@ jynfe,fawmifqkda&;udk twwfekdifqkH; ygvDref'Drdkua&pD enf;t&/ vkyfaqmifoGm;rSm jzpfr,f// rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefjynfe,fudk vkdvm;wJhol rGeftrsdK;kom;wkdif; pkpnf; nDnGwf&r,f// jynfaxmifpkom;wkdif;axmufcH vmatmif/ pnf;&kH; vkyfaqmifoGm;&r,f// nDvmcHwGif/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; &Sif;wrf;udkvnf;/ wifjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// xkdaemufatmufygtqdkrsm;udkwnD wnGwfwnf;twnfjyKcJh=uonf// (1) usdKuQrDc&kdif/ oxkHc&kdifeSihf rGefvlrdsK;rsm;aexkdifaom/ qufpyf&ma'orsm;udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfa&; Oya'=urf;udk 1961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&DvygvDrefwGif/ wifoGif; twnfjyK owfrSwfay;yg&ef TnDvmcHrS/ awmif;qkdonf// (2) rGeftrsdK;om;ae@/rGeftrsdK;om;tvHeSihf rGeftrsdK;om;oDcsif;rsm;udk az:xkwfekdifa&; twGuf/ ykdrdkus,fjyef@aom/ rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;yg0ifonfh/ aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;I az:xkwfay;&ef/ TnDvmcHrS A[kdaumfrwDokd@ wm0efv$Jtyfonf// (3) (u)/ rSefuefaom trsdK;om;a&;0g' (vlrsdK;=uD;0g'qef@usifjyD;/ vlrsdK;pkaoG;pnf; H nDnGwfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef) xlaxmifoGm;&ef// (c)jynfaxmifpktm; ckdifrm awmifhwif;a&; twGuf/ vlrsdK;pkqkdif&m jy\emrsm;udk pDppf &Sif;vif;&ef// (*)/4if;jy\emrsm; ajyvnfoGm;ap&eftwGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&u =uD;rSL;jyD; vlrsdK;aygif;pkHyg0if aom/ yifvkHuGefz&ifhuJhokd@aom/ tvm;wluGefz&ifhrsdK; usif;yay;&eftqkdudk TnDvmcHrSawmif;qkdygonf// (4) (u)jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ (c)ygvDref'Drdkua&pDxdef;odrf;&ef/ (*)trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf/ wlnDaom tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSihf jynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;wkd@ yl;aygif;um/ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&;udk r&rae wnfaqmuf oGm;&efTnDvmcH=uD;utrsm;oabmwltwnfjyKonf//2
rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD/ HDR: Political Papers CII.
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nDvmcHokd@ udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pkH wufa&mufvm=uonf// oHCmawmfrsm;/ jynfol@ vGwfawmftrwf rGefzkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ yrnw/ obmywdtzGJ@0if/ Adkvfzdk;uGef/ Adkvfvlat;ponfh/ekdifia&;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;wufa&muf=uonf// Tjzpfay:wkd;wufrSK H tm;vkH;wkd@onf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. =udK;yrf;rSK/ tarSsmf=uD;rm;rSK/ pdwf&SnfoD;cHpGm/ pnf;&kH;rSKwdk@a=umifh taumifxnf ay:vmonfqkdvSsif rSm;rnfr[kwf[k xifygonf// tvif;0ifvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;=uD;rm;aom atmifjrifrSKw&yf[k qkd&ayrnf// 4if;aumfrwDwGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; tzGJ@aygif;pkH yg0ifvmonfudk awG@&onf// wuUokdvf rGeftoif;rS/ rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom/ rif;wifaz/ rif;atmifAveSihf rGefvli,facgif;aqmif/rif;ausmfat;(urm0uf)wkd@vnf;wuf=uGpGm/yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;vmonf// xkdtcsdefumvY jzpfay:aeaom ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudk okH;oyf=unfhv#if/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pD enf;jzifh rGefjynfe,fudk taumifxnf az:&,ledkifonf[k rGefjynfol xlxkwkd@u,kH=unf ae=uonfudk awG@&onf// vGwfvyfaom rGefjynfe,ftwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSef aeaom/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJ@/ rGefjynfopfygwD tay:/ rGefjynfolvlxk. pdwf0ifpm;rSK/tm;ay;rSK tvGeftm;enf; aeonfudk awG@&onf// rGefjynfopfygwDtay: ,kH=unfrSKtm;enf;onf[kqkdv#if ykdrdkrSefuefayrnf// txl;ojzifh OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. OD;aqmifrSKtay: ,kH=unfrSK tvGeftm;enf;aeonfudk awG@jrifekdif onf// rGefjynfolvlxkonf/ Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifa&mufvmaom jynfol@wyfO;D . OD;aqmifrSKudk ,kH=unfvufcHvmonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifwkd@. OD;aqmifrSKjzifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifha&;tjynfh0&Sdaom rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk r=umcif taumifxnf az:ekdifrnf[ktjynfht0,kH=unfae=uonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usiftaejzifh t&if;&SifygvDref'Drdkua&pDtay: vkH;0t,kH=unfr&Sday// t&if;&Sif ygvDrefenf;jzifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfh0&Sdonfh rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk taumifxnfaz: &,lekdifrnf[kvnf; OuUX=uD;taeeSifh vkH;vkH;r,kH=unfay// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJY wnfjrJ zqyvtzGJ@rS &SKH;edyfhjyD;/ oef;&Sif; zqyvtzGJ@rS tedkif&oGm;onfh tay: ppfwyf&SdppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@u vkH;0auseyfrSKr&Sdonfudk OuUX=uD;rS/ wGufqodxm; onf// tekdif&wufvmaom/ OD;ektpdk;&tay: auseyfrSKvkH;0r&Sdaom ppfwyfrS/ ppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@onf/ wae@ae@wGift&yfom;OD;ektpkd;&xH rStm%mudk odrf;,lekdifrnf[k OuUXu=udKwifjyD;jrifxm;onf// 1961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGif/0ef=uD;csKyfeSifh ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkHaqG;aEG;yJGw&yfudk0ef=uD;csKyf tdrf0if;{nfhcHryfY usif;ycJhonf//
74
4if;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ rGef/ &ckdif/ yxp/yrnw/ zqyv/ paomekdifiHa&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;pkHnD wufa&muf=uonf// xkdtaqG;aEG;yGJY 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekonf atmufygtwkdif; ajym =um;oGm;onf// rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f ay;&ef u|efawmh. uwdudk rzsufyg// ,ae@ay:ayguf aewJh jy\emrSm/ t=uH ay;tzGJ@u jynfe,frsm; &,la&;eSihf ywfoufjyD; rJykH;axmifjyD; qEN &,loifhonf qkdwJhtcsuf tay:rSm/ uGJvGJcsufrsm; &Sdaew,f// TuGJvGJcsufrsm;udk nSdeSKdif;&ef twGuf/ u|efawmftm; tcsdef tenf;i,fay;ap vkdw,f// jynfol@v$wfawmf usif;ypOfrSmyif/ oufqkdif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh u|efawmf aqG;aeG;OD;rnf jzpfygw,f// onfhtjyif 0ef=uD;rsm;tzJG@/ yxptzGJ@/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' jyifqifa&; aumfrwD ponfhyk*~dKvfwkd@eSifh wdkifyifjyD;/ TudpPudk rwfvtwGif;jyD;pD;atmifaqmif&Gufay;ygr,f// 1961-ckeSpfrwfv/ (13)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;Y 0ef=uD;csKyfonf jynfe,fay;a&; qkdif&m tqdkjyKcsufopf w&yfudkwifoGif;cJhonf// OD;ek. tqdkjhyKcsufopfwGif tcsuf(5)csufyg0ifonf// teSpfcsKyfoabmrSm rJykH;axmifpepfudk rusifhokH;awmhbJ/rGefjynfe,fudktqifhokH;qifhjzifh taumifxnfaz:oGm;&efpDpOfxm;onf// yxrtqifhwGif rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;cef@&ef/ 'kwd,tqifhwGif rGefjynfe,fjyifqifa&;aumfrwD zGJ@&efeSihf wwd,tqifhwGif rGefjynfe,fzGJ@pnf;&ef tpDtpOfrsm;yg0ifonf// 0ef=uD;csKyf. jynfe,fay;a&;qkdif&m tqkdjyKcsufopfeSifh ywfoufI 1961-ckeSpf rwfv (16)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGif/ a&;rJqENe,ftrwfrGefbdk;csdKeSifh usdKuQrD trwfekdifatmifxGef;wkd@ua0zefaqG;aEG; oGm;onf// edkifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyf. rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;wpfOD; cef@xm;ay;a&;rludk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; aumfrwDwkd@uvnf; ,m,Dtm;jzifh oabmwlvufcH=uonf// 1961-ckeSpf {jyDv(18)ae@&ufwGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; ygwD&kH;wnf&mXmeY usif;yaom rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rS rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;wOD; a&G;cs,fa&;twGuf/ aqG;aEG;=uonf// tcsdK@u ekdifatmifxGef;udk tqkdjyK=uonf// tcsdK@u rGefzdk;csdKudk tqkdjyK=uonf// tacstwif aqGG;aEG;=uonf// rdrdwkd@.tqdkdukd tcdkiftrm/ oufaoxl ta=umif;jyI/ aqG;aEG;=uonf// rGefzkd;csdKudk/ rGefwkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrS/ ekdifatmifvSaiGwdk@u tqkdjyK=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf/ rGefzdk;csKd.tepfemcHcJhrSK/ =udK;yrf;cJhrSK rGefzdk;csdK. ekdifiHa&;tawG@=uKH/ Om%fynm =uD;rm;rSKwkd@udk tajcjyKI/ rGefzdk;csdKonfom/ 0ef=uD; jzpfxkdufonf[k wifjyvm=uonf// edkifatmifxGef;tm;
75
axmufcHaom tiftm;pkzufrSvnf;/ ekdifatmifxGef;. trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;pGrf;aqmifrSK/ awmY(10)eSpf (10)rdk; tepfemcHcJhrSK/ wkd@udktajcjyKI edkifatmifxGef;onfom 0ef=uD; jzpfxkdufonf[k/ tckdiftrm tqdkjyKvmonf// wzufeSifhwzuf tjyefvSef tajcwif aqG;aEG;=uonf// aqG;aEG;nSdKeSdKif;,lI r&edkifonfhtajcaeokd@ a&mufvmonf// aemufqkH;wGif trsm;rJqENaumufcHI qkH;jzwf,l&onf// edkifatmifxGef;tm; axmufcHol rsm;u rJtom&oGm;onf// trsm;qENkudk av;pm; vufcHaomtm;jzifh rGefzkd;csdKonf edkifatmifxGef;udk 0ef=uD;ae&may;vkdufonf// ekdifzdk;csdKonf/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf// vGwfvyfa&; t=udKacwfeSifh vGwfvyfa&;&p/ acwf wav#muf rGefjynfe,ftwGuf awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ 0ifcJhpOfwGif/ edkifatmifxGef;/ ekdifzdk;pdef/ ekdifcsrf;rGefwkd@udk edkifiHa&;t&/ OD;aqmifrSK ay;cJholjzpfonf// 1949-ckeSpfwkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@pnf;. acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ edkifzdk;pdef/ twGif;a&;rSL; edkfifcsrf;rGefwkd@ toD;oD;awmckdpOf/ rGefzdk;csdKonf/ tif;pdef axmifxJ a&mufaeonf// (au/te/f'D/tkd)u&if trsdK;om;tzGJ@pnf;rS tif;pdefjrdK@udodrf;pOf/ rGefzdk;csdKeSifh ekdifvSarmifwkd@eSpfOD;u tm;ay;onf k [ktpdk;&rS pGyfpGJjyD; xdef;odrf;xm; vkdujf cif;jzpfonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; awmckdpOf rGefzdk;csdKryg0ifedkifcJhay// xkdtwl rGeftrsdK;om;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfaom/ekdifomeSif;/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ edkifaiGodef;/ edkifodrf;armifwdk@ awmckdpOf/ tzGJ@.OuUX ekdifvSarmif onfvnf; ryg0ifekdifcJhacs// OD;ektpdk;&tzGJ@0if/ rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;tjzpf/ ygvDreftrwf/ ekdifatmifxGef;tm; a&G;cs,f vkufonf// edkifatmifxGef; onf/1961-ckeSpf {jyDv/(27)&ufae@wGif/ ekdifiHawmforRw=uD; d a&S@arSmufY rGefa&;&m0ef=uD;tjzpf usrf;opPmusdefqkdcJhonf// rGefa&;&m 0ef=uD; ekdfifatmifxGef;onf/ 0ef=uD;&mxl;udk usrf;usdef vufcH,ljyD;aemuf 0ef=uD;&kH;cef;Y 1961ckeSpf arv (3)&ufae@rS pIf&kH;xkdifonf// Todk@ ekdifatmifxGef;wOD; tpkd;&0ef=uD; wOD; jzpfoGm;onfhtay: awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom rGefjynfopfygwD taeeSifh rnfodk@r#wkef@jyefrSKr&Sdcay// axmufcHrSKvnf;rjy/ &SKwfcsrSKvnf; vkH;0rjyKcJhacs// wcsdefu Jh rdrd.awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf/ &Jbufjzpfaom/ edkifatmifxGef;0ef=uD;jzpfoGm;onfhtay:/ OuUX ekdifa&$usifonf/ vkH;0pdwf0ifpm;rSKr&SdcJhacs// 1961-ckeSpf/ ZGefv(8)ae@rS/ ZGefv(16)ae@txd/ &Srf;jynfe,f awmif=uD;jrdK@wGif/ jynfe,f aygif;pkH nDvmcH(awmif=uD; uGefz&if;)w&yfudkusif;ycJhonf// xkdnDvmcHokd@/ &Srf;/u,m;/ ucsif/ u&if/ csif;/ &ckdif/ rGefponfh wkdif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,aygif;pkH wufa&muf f =uonf// nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufaom rGeftzGJ@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ oef@&Sif;rGef/ rGefwkd;wufa&;ygwD/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; aumfrwDrS
76
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if=uonf// rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpfwufa&mufolrsm;rSm/ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbapm/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ ekdifaiGodef;/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifatmifcspfpH/ ekdifatmifcspf(xkH;tkdif)/ edkifqefeD/ edkifjrwfom'Gef;/ ekdifpef;jrdKif/ rif;wifazwkd@jzpfonf// 4if;nDvmcHwGif/ ucsifjynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f OD;Zefxmqifu atmufyg tqdkw&yfudk wifoGif;oGm;onf// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmedkifiHawmf jynfe,f &oifh&xkdufaom t&nftcsif;eSifh jynfpkHonfh/ rGef/ &cdkfif/ csif;vlrsdK;rsm; qENjyif;pGmjzifh vkdvm;awmif;qkd vsuf&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udktjrefqkH; taumiftxnf az:ay;yg&ef jynfaxmifpk ekdifiHawmf tpdk;&tm; TnDvmcH=uD;u wkdufwGef;a=umif;// ekdifiHawmftpkd;& onf/ tcsdefrqGJbJ/ tajccHOya' yk'fr(199)eSifh 200(u)yg jyXmef;csufrsm;t& rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,frsm;udk tjrefqkH; taumiftxnfaz: ay;&efwkdufwGef;onf// &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,OD;ausmfpdefuvnf;/ ODZefxmqif.tqdkudk atmufygtwkdif; f axmufcHaqG;aEG;oGm;onf// rGefjynfe,fudk u|efawmfwkd@ az:xkwfay;oifhw,fqkdwm txl;ajymaep&m vkdr,fvkd@ rxifyg/ bmjzpfvJ qkdawmh/ u|efawmfwkd@ jrefrm&mZ0ifudk jyef=unfhvSsif/ yXrOD;qkH; u|efawmfwkd@&J@ wkdif;jynfrS/ t,Ofaus;qkH; ,Ofaus;rSKudk az:xkwfwm rGefvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfygw,f// u|efawmfwdk@ onfae@ Armpmayudk oif=um;aewmonf/ Armpmay[m/ b,fuaygufzGm; vmovJ qkd&if/ u|efawmfwkd@/ 'DrGef,Ofaus;rSKu aygufzGm;vmw,f// rGef[m &mZ0if tpOftvm eSifh wxD;weef; wkdif;jynf=uD;awG txift&Sm;&SdcJhw,f qkdwm/ u|efawmfwkd@ ok0blrdwkdif;qkdwm/ a&S;wkef;urGefjynfe,f=uD;ygbJqkdwm/ txift&Sm;&Sdyg w,f// tJ'Dawmh/ rGefpmu/ tukefvkH;,Ofaus;rSK jyef@yGm; vmw,fqkdwm axmuf&SkKjcif;tm;jzifh/ u|effawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;[m jynfe,f&oifhw,f// 'Dae@jynfe,f&oifhw,fqkdwmbmrS txl;ajymae p&m rvkdygbl;/ [lI/OD;ausmfpdefu/ rGefjynfe,fay;oifha=umif; axmufcHajym=um;cJhonf//3
3
1958/1962/jrefrmhekdifiHa&;/pm/321/
77
1958-ckeSpf/ Oya'abmifokd@ 0ifcJhonfh/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSK tay:/ uGsefawmfeSifh rif;0if;xdefwkd@u apm'u wufwwfonf// tcGifha&;&v#if&ovkd/ tcGifh=uKHvSsif/ =uKHovkd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ar;jrefjyD;/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSKtjrifudk &Sif;vif; ckdif;wwfonf// wcgwGif/ u|efawmfwdk@eSpfOD;onf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. A[kdaumfrwD0if wOD;jzpfaom ekdifcsrf;rGefESifh awG@qkH=uonf// ekdifcsrf;rGeftm;rGefjynfol@wyfOD; enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJrSKeSifh ywfoufjyD; ar;jref;bl;ygonf// u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD; ar;jref;wJhtay: edkifcsrf;rGefu pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf&Sif;jyonf// edkifcsrf;rGef. jyefvnf ajz=um;csufudk tao;pdyfrwifjycif/ edkifcsrf;rGefeSifh pmzwfolrsm;tm; tenf;i,f rdwfquf ay;vkdygonf// ekdifcsrf;rGefonf/ urm0uf&Gm Zmwd jzpfonf//1270-ckeSpf/ uxdkef(wefaqmifrkef; vqef; (3)&uf/t*Fgae@Y/ trd/rduUkxm/ tz/emHuHifwkd@rS arG;zGm;vljzpfvmonf// emJcsrf;rGefonf/ yxrtdrfaxmifrS ZeDonf/ uG,fvGefoGm;jyD;aemuf/ omoemabmifodk@ 0ifa&mufI &[ef;0wfcJhonf// &[ef;b0eSifhaysmfarG@cJoljzpfonf// pmayy&d,gwWdudkvkdufpm;cJhonf// w&m;bm0emY aysmfarG@oljzpfonf// odk@aomf/ vGwfvyfa&; t=udKacwf/ rGefttrsdK;om; ta&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK t&Sdeft[kefonf/ edkfifcsrf;.rdsK;cspfpdwfudk edk;qGouJhokd@jzpfapcJhonf// &[ef;b0wGifyif trsdK;om;a&; aqmif&Gufvkdpdwf jzpfay:vmonf// rEWav;jrdK@okd@ wufI ynmql;yl;cJhonf// aemufydkif;wGif &efukefjrdK@odk@ jyefqif;vmjyD; rGefrsdK;cspf q&mawmf/ emJukoveSifhqkHrdonf// q&mawmfeSifhtwl/ &efukefjrdK@ a&wm&Snf&Sd rGefausmif; (jZyfa=wH) wGifaexkdifcJhonf// 1946-ckeSpfrSm pwifzGJ@pnf;aom rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;wGif &[ef;b0tjzpfeJ@yif yg0ifcJhonf// xkdzGJ@pnf;aom rGefwkdfif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;wGif/ q&mawmf/ emJukov u em,ujzpfjyD;/ rGefzkd;csdK;uOuUXjzpfcg/ rGefoef;rSm twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfcJhonf// edkfifcsrf;rGefonf/ tzGJ@.trSKaqmifwOD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf// &[ef;b0jzifh/ tzGJ@pnf;.0g'jzef@csDa&; wm0efudk,lcJhonf// rGefjrefrmeSpfbmomjzifh (3)ywfw=udrf xkwfa0onfh/ wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;.tmabmfjzpfaom/ &mrnowif;pmudk wm0efcH=uD;=uyfIq&m[kdeSifh twl xkwfa0cJholjzpfonf// 1947-ckeSpf zqyvwkdif;jynfjynfjyK vGwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ tay: rGefwkdfif;&if;om;tzGJ@pnf;twGif;wGifoabmxm;uGJvGJ=ujyD;/ rGefoef;onf/ rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;. twGif;a&;rSL;ae&mrS eSKwfxGufcJhonf// xkdtcsdefrSpI ekdfifcsrf;rGefonf/ rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;.twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf// xdkaemuf &[ef;b0udk pGef@vGwf cJhonf// rGefvlrsdK;udk tvGefcspfjrwfekd;I/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. tusdK;udk ydkrdkxda&mufpGm xrf;aqmifekdifa&;twGuf rdrdtvGefjrwfekd; wefzkd;xm;aom/ jrifhjrwfonfh &[ef;b0udk pGef@vGwfcJhonf// trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;wGif udk,fzd&ifzdae@nrtm; yg0if aqmif&GufcJhonf//
78
rGefbkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifbkd;pdefwkd@eSifhtwl/ wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;ukd OD;aqmif cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om;ae@udkyxrOD;qkH;/ acgif;aqmifusif;yaom rGefacgif;aqmif(7)OD;wGif/ edkfifcsrf;rGefvnf; wOD;yg0ifcJhonf// xkdpOfu edkifcsrf;rGefonf/ tpnf;&kH;. twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfaeonf// &[ef;b0rS xGufjyD;aemufydkif;wGif yi&GmoltysdK=uD; rdydktf (cCi]yjpuiaj)eSifh tdrfaxmif us onf// 1949-ckeSpf wGifurm0ufaus;&Gmudk jynfol@&Jabmfwkd@u vma&mufrD;&SKd@ zsufqD; vkdufonfhaemufykdif;wGif ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifbkd;pdef/ q&m[kd/q&mxGef;cif/ q&m&$ef;wkd@eSifh twlawmckd cJholjzpfonf// 1956-ckeSpfrGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwDudkyxrOD;pGmzGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ ekdifcsrf;rGefudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpftrsm;rSa&G;aumufwifajrSmufcJh=ujyefonf/ 1958-ckeSpf Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifvmaom umvtxd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efudk/ ,lxm;oljzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. enf;AsL[m ajymif;vJ&mwGif/ t"dutcef;rS yg0ifcJhaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf// 1958-ckeSpf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/ enf;AsL[majymif;vJjyD; Oya'abmifo@dk 0ifa&;twGuf/ zqyvtpkd;&eSihf awG@qkHaqG;aEG; &mwGif/ OD;aqmifcJholjzpfonf// ekdifcsrf;rGefudk rGefvl=uD;vli,ftm;vkH;u/ cspfcif=uonf// vlwkdif;vlwdkif;udk cifrifwwfonf// aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaexkdifwwfonf// tvGefaz:a&G wwfaom ekdifcsrf;rGefudk/ vkyfaz:/ udkifbuf/ &Jabmfrsm;u/ cspfpekd;jzihf/ ekdifcsrf;[kac:qkd okH;ekSef;=uonf// 1960-ckeSpfrJa&G;aumufyGJwGif/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@/ rJqENe,frSm/ yxptrwf avmif; OD;oGieSifh xdyfwkduf,SOfjyKdifjyD; a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhonf// &SKH;edyfhoGm;cJhonf// f rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; enf;AsL[mrSonf/ 'Drdkua&pDenf; ygvDrefwGif; wkdufyGJ enf;AsL[modk@ tb,fa=umifh/ ajymif;vJc&ovJvkd@ edkifcsrf;tm; Jh u|efawmfwkd@eSpfOD;u ar;jref; aomtcg/ u|efawmfwkd@.tar;udk ekdifcsrf;onf/ pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfpGmjzifh/ atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;ajz=um;ygonf// 1958-ckeSpfrSpjyD; rGefjynfol@wyfOD;[m/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; enf;AsL[mrS onf/ 'drdkua&pD wdkufyGJ enf;AsL[mtoGGif omefokd@ ajymif;vJvmw,f// tJ'Dvkd rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD[m/ vufeuf udkifvrf;pOfenf;AsL[mudk tjyD;tydkif pGef@v$wfjyD; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ toGifomefodk@ vkH;0ul;ajymif; oGm;wJhae&mrSm/ rdrdwkd@r[mAsK[mvrf;pOf(trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&jynfe,f xlaxmifa&;)udk vkH;0rpGef@v$wfygvkd@ twdtvif;ausjimcJhw,f// rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;[m xkdtcsdef umvu/ jzpfay:aewJh edkifiHa&; t&yf&yfwdk@udk aocsmpGm
79
qef;ppfokH;oyfjyD;rS/ enf;AsL[majymif;vJ wmjzpfw,f// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;ygwD[m atmufyg trsKd;om;a&; wm0ef(2)&yftay: aocsm/ usepGm avhvm okH;oyf cJhygw,f// rGeftrsKd;om;wdk@. b0vGwfajrmufa&;/ r[mAsL[myef;wkdiftwGuf rGeftrsKd;om;wdk@&J@rvGJra&Smifom/ xrf;aqmif&rJh r[mwm0efrsm;rSm// (u) awmwGif;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; eSifh (c) 'Drdkua&pD/ ygvDref wGif;wdkufyGJ/ qdkwJh vrf;pOf(2)&yfwdk@&Sdw,f// wkdufyGJ enf;AsL[m eSpf&yfvkd@ ajymekdifw,f// tJ'Denf;AsL[m eSpf&yfudk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ rv$Jra&Smifom wkdufyJG0ifoGm;&rJh/ trsKd;om; r[m wm0ef(2)&yf jzpfw,fvkd@/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS cH,lxm;w,f// tJ'DtrsdK;om; wm0ef(2)ckqkdwJh/ wkdufyGJ(2)&yfudk/ aphaph pyfpyfavhvm okH;oyfcJhw,f// 4if;trsKd;om; r[mwm0ef(2)&yfjzpfwJh/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJeSifh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJ wdk@onf/ jydKifwl/ csdefcGifvsmnDrsSpGm/ tm;aumif;aumif;/ nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ v_yf&Sm; awmfvSefoGm;bkd@ vkdtyf w,fvkd@ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifrsm;ujrifcJh =uw,f// trsKd;om; wm0efcGJa0r_t&/ 1948-rS 1958-ckeSpfumvwGif 'Drkdua&pD wdkufyGJqdkwJh/ trsKd;om;wm0efudk rGefwdkif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;rS wm0ef,lxm;jyD;/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJqkdwJh/ tjcm;trsKd;om;a&; wm0efudkrl rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS wm0ef,l xm;w,f qkdwJh tcsufudkawG@&r,f// 1957/ 58ckeSpf umvrSm/ jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmwJh/ jynfwGif; ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudk avhvm&if zqyv tpkd;&rSm tuGJtjyJ jzpfvmwmukdawG@&r,f// OD;eK.zqyvtpkd;&onf/ tm;tifcsdeJ@ vmw,f// pnf;vkH;rSK/ nDnGwfjcif;vnf; r&Sdjzpfvmw,f// (OD;/Akdvf/ocif) tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK; ay:xGef;aew,f// OD;ek acgif;aqmifrSKudk twkdufcH jyKwJh OD;baqG/ OD;ausmfjidrf;wkd@ OD;aqmifw/Jh twkdufcHtkyfpkay:xGuf vmw,f// zqyvtwGif;wGif trsdK;trsdK;tjym;jym;/ jcm;em;ae=uw,ff// OD;eKtpkd;&tay: jynfol vlxk&J@ axmufcH,kH=unfrSKvnf; wjznf;jznf; usqif;vmw,f// jynfolvlxktaeeJ@vnf;/ wzufwGif ekdifiHa&;tjrif/ jrifhrm;/ ekd;=um;/ wuf=uG vmw,f// twdkif;wmwckxd/jynfolvlxk&J@ ekdifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSK[m/ t&Sdeft[kef tm;aumif;vmw,f// vlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ ygvDrefwGif;awmif;qkdrSK eSifhygvDrefwGif; wdkufyGJvnf;/ t&Sdeft[kef &vmw,f// vlrsdK;pkwkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@rsm;eJ@ tjcm;aom/ twdkufcH/ tzGJ@pnf;jzpfwJh/ y/r/n/wwkd@&J@ aygif;pnf; nDnGwfrSK vnf;/ tm;aumif;/ vmw,f// wkdif;&if;om; trwfrsm;eJ@ y/r/n/w/ trwfwkd@&J@/ vufwGJ nDnGwfjyD;/ ygvDrefwGif;/awmif;qkdrSK/ ekdifiHa&; wkdufyGJonfvnf; t&Sdeft[kef&/ tm;aumif;vm w,f//
80
Ttcsufwkd@udk/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;u aumif;rGefpGm tuJcwfrdvmw,f// 4if;tjyif 1958-ckeSpf ywf0ef;usifwGif/ t&yf&yf&Sd (rGef/u&if/uGefjrLepfygwD tygt0if) vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;vnf; wjznf;jznf; tm;enf; vmwmudk awGG@&r,f// 1949-ckeSpf ywf0ef;usifumvu awmfvSefa&;tajcaeeSifh vkH;0 rwlbl;/ 'gudk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS okH;oyfvmrdw,f// 1949-ckeSpf umvwGif awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkwdk@u tvGeftm;aumif;cJhw,f// OD;eKtpdk;&udk &efukeftpdk;& (okd@) q,fheSpfrdkiftpdk;&[k ac:qdk&avmufatmif e,fajr usOf;ajrmif; apekdifcJhw,f// wjynfvkH;udk vufeufudkifawmfvSeftiftm;pkwdk@u odrf;ydkufedkif vkenf;enf; &SdcJhw,f// rGef/u&if vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkwdk@[m armfvjrdkifjrdk@udkyif odrf;ydkufedkifcJhwmudk rSwfrd=u ygvdrfr,f// okd@ao: rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktcsif;csif;uGJvGJjyD; wedkifiHvkH;udkrodrf;ydkuf edkifcJh=ubl;// 1958-ckeSpfrSm 'Dtajctae tm;vkH;wdk@udk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;u aumif;aumif;tuJcwfrdw,f// 1949-ckeSpfaemufydkif; awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkwdk@onf wjznf;jznf;tiftm; enf;vmw,f// 'ga=umifh vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;eJ@ atmifyGJcHjyD;/ wedkifiHvkH;udk odrf;ydkuf,lbkd@/ vuf&Sdtm%m& tpkd;&udk jzKwfcsbdk@qdkwm/ xifoavmuf rvG,fulawmhbl;// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ wyfzGJ@0if wyfrSL;wdk@u/ tuJcwfrd=uw,f// wzufrSmvJ/ ygvDrefwGif; wdkufyGJ[m/ ydkrdk tm;aumif; vmw,f// twdkufcHwdk@&J@/ ygvDrefwGif;/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJonf t&Sdeft[kef& tm;aumif;vmw,f/ jynfolwkd@&J@ 'Drdkua&pD todw&m; ekd;=um; pjyKvmw,f// z/q/y/v/ tpdk;& twGif;wGifvJ/ tuJGtjyJawGjzpfvmw,f// tm;enf; vmw,f/ ygvDrefonf/ vlrsK;dpkvlenf;pk wdk@&J@wkdufyGJ e,fajropf jzpf vmw,f// 1958-ckeSpf[m/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;(10)eSpf jynfhwJheSpfjzpfw,f// yifvkHpmcsKyft&/ &Srf;/u,m;/ucsif/ csif;pwJh/awmifay: a'oudk/ cGJxGufcGifh ay;&rJheSpfjzpfvmw,f// ygvDrefwGif; wkdufyGJonf/ rvGJra&Smifom/ jyif;xefvmrJh t&dyfta,mifudk rGefjynfol@wyfOD; acgif;aqmifwkd@u =udKwifjrifxm;w,f// 'DyGJ=uD;yGJaumif;rSm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf tcGifhaumif;,lwwfbkd@vkdr,fvkd@ vJ/jrif=uw,f// 'Dtcsdef[m rGefvlrsdK;eSihf wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wkd@&J@/ tcsdefaumif;/ tcgaumif;jzpfw,f// nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ ygvDrefwkdufyGJ0if=u&if jrefrmedkifiHudktusdK;&SdpGm jyKjyifajymif;vJ vmapekdifw,fvkd@ jrifw,f// tJ'Dtcsuf tm;vkH;wkd@udk rGefjynfol@wyfOD;u okH;oyfrdw,f// wcsdefwnf;rSm/ tvGefrSwfom; p&maumif;aom tcsufw&yfudk
81
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85
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90
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92
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93
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94
rsdK;cspf oDcsif;udk oDqkdjyD;/ trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfudk/ vkdufvH ekd;aqmf aew,fvkd@ u|efawmf jrifw,f// ol@oDqkdaom/ oDcsif;a=umifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm twdwfukd atmif;arhowd&jyD;/ rsdK;cspf pdwfekd;=um;/ wuf=uGvmedkifw,femJ// 'Dvli,f oDcsif; qkdaewmudawG@awmh/ u|efawmf zwfbl;aom *smr%D vlrsdK;awG&J@ trsdK;om; k jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwfa&;/ =udK;yrf;csdefudk oGm;owd&rdw,f// 1871-ckeSpfu *smr%DedkifiH[m/ ,ckvdk tajctae r[kwfbl; jynfe,frsm;jzifh/ tpdyfpdyftr$mr$m uJGjym;jcm;em;ae=ujyD;/wjynfe,feJ@ wjynfe,fvnf; rnDnGwf =ubl;// tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m y&&Sif; zuf'a&;&Sif (Prussian) vufatmufrSm &Sdw,f/ tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m/ jyifopf tkyfcsKyfrSKatmuf a&mufae =uw,f/ tcsdK@=uawmh/ awmifydkif;*smr%D jynfe,frsm; (States of South Germany)tjzifh oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf; &yfwnfaew,f// tcsdK@*smr%Djynf e,frsm;rSm/ =opa=w,m (Austria)vlrsdK;wkd@. vufatmuf a&mufae&wJh tcsdefaygh// 'Dvkdaevkd@awmh rjzpfbl;/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awGtm;vkH; nDnGwfjyD;pnf;vkH;bkd@vkdw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf =udK;yrf;bkd@vkdw,fvdk@jrifwJh/ wuUodkvfu ygarmuQwOD; ay:vmw,f// uGJjym; ae=uwJh *smr%DvlrsdK;awGjyefvnf/ aygif;pnf;nDnGwf =u&eftwGuf/ tJ'DygarmuQu =udK;yrf;vmawmhw,f// tJ'DwuUodkvfygarmuQu/ *smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ jrifhjrwfwJh vlrsdK;jzpfwJhta=umif;/ *smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ pdwf"gwfudk jrSifhwifay;rJh trsdK;om;oDcsif;/ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; oDcsif;wdk@udk oDukH; a&;pyfjyD;/ wjrdK@0if/ wjrdK@xGuf/ vkdfufvHoDqdkw,f// *smreftrsdK;om;pdwf"gwfudk ekd;aqmf w,f// ola&;pyfwJh oDcsif;uvnf; tvGeft"dy`g,faumif;/ oloDqkdwJh oDcsif;u vnf; tvGefaumif;awmh/ em;axmifrd=uwJh/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG rsuf&nfus=u w,f// 0rf;enf;=uw,f// *smrefrsdK;cspf pdwf"gwf jyefvnfx=uG ekd;=um; vm=u w,f// tvGefjrifhjrwfwJh/ rdrdwkd@*smrefvlrsdK;u/ ,ckvkd olwyg; vufatmufrSm/ u|efwayguf b0tjzpf a&mufae&wJh tjzpfudk jyefvnfpOf;pm; vmrd =uw,f/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG tcsif;csif;uGJjym;aevkd@ rjzpfbl;/ jyefvnf nDnGwf=ubdk@vkdw,f qkdjyD;/ owdw&m;&vm=uw,f// tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm/ bpfpruf(Bismarck)4vkd/ rsdK;cspf acgif;aqmifwOD; ay:vmw,f// bpfpruf&J@ xufjrufwJh pnf;&kH;a&; =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufrSK a=umifh/ olwyg;
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Germany In The Age of Bismarck by W. M. Simon 943.083. sim
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twdkcsKyfajym&if ,ckacwfrSm rdrdwdk@wkdif;&if;om;pmayawG wwfu|rf;jyD; acwfrSDwJh ekdifiHwum acwfrSDtwwfynmawGudkvnf; oif=um;I &ygw,f// ArmpmwwfrS r[kwfygbl;// 'gudkArmtpkd;&u rsufaphydwfxm;w,f// Armpm wwfr/S Armpum;wwfrS rif;wkd@t&m&Sd t&mcHjzpfr,f// &mxl;aumif;aumif; &r,fqkdjyD;/ ArmudkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfu zefwD;xm;w,f// 'Denf;eJ@ wkdif;&if;om; pmayawG oif=um;cGifhray;bl;/ wdk;wufcGifhray;bl;// wkdif;&if;om; awG rsufaphyGifhvmrSm udka=umufae=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;awGudk u|efrvkyf&rSm a=umufae=uw,f// udk0if;xdef. pum;onf tvGefav;eufaom/ tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;ygaeonf// u|efawmfwkd@ rpOf;rdwJh awG;ac:rSKawGudkvnf; tusdK;ta=umif; ckdifckdifvkHvkHeJ@/ okH;oyfjyD; a0zefoGm;onfrSm/tvGefwefbdk;&Sdonf// pdwf0ifpm;bdk@ tvGefaumif;onf// rnfolwOD;r#/ 0ifa&mufajymqkdjcif;rjyKbJ/ udk0if;xdefqufvuf ajymqkdvmrnfh ta=umif;&mudkom ar#mfvifhae=uonf// u|efawmfajymqdkwJh tcsufawGudk aoaocsmcsm prf;ppf=unfh&If rSefuef aewmawG@&r,f// ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;a=umifh vkH;yrf;&if;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[m/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ udk,fbmom pum;udkawmif rajymwwfawmhbl;// rGefppfppf jzpfjyD; rGefpum; rajymwwfolawG/ 'keJ@a'; &Sdvmw,f// u|efawmfwkd@vkd rGefawG jzpfvmw,f// rGefpum;udkrajymwwfwcGef;/ ajymwwfwcGef;jzpfvmw,f// tJ'Duwqifh rdrdukd,fudk rGefvlrsdK;vdk@awmif rcH,lcsif=uawmhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;vdk@ ajym&rSm &Sufvmw,f// tJ'grSm;w,f// rGefvlrsdK;wOD;[m/ Armpum; wwf&kHeSihf udk,fhudk,fudk ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ cH,l=ubkd@ rvkdygbl;// Armpum;udkom ajymjyD;/ udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;pum;udk ajym&rSm &Sufw,f/ qkdwJt,ltq[m rrSefuefbl;// h udk,fhvlrsdK;pum; rwwfwJholom/ &Sufbkd@ aumif;w,fqkdwm jrif&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;pum;udk rajymbJ/ Armpum;udk ajymwJhvl[m/ Armvdk [efaqmif aumif;aewJh vlwOD;omjzpfr,f// Armppfawmh rjzpfedkfifbl;// [efaqmif ae&wJh/ rdrd&J@tjzpfudk jrifwwfbkd@/ &Sufwwfbkd@vkdw,f// udk0if;xdefpum;tqkH;rSm/ udkxGef;azvnf; rdrd.tjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; 0ifa&muf ajymqdk oGm;w,f//
101
yifudk,ftm;jzif/h rnfolrqkd udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk,fcspfwm=uD;bJ// bmjzpfvkd@,ckvkd/ udk,fhvlrsdK;tjzpfudk cH,l&rSm &Sufa=umufjyD;/ Armvlrsdk; jzpfcsifae=uovJ// bmjzpfvkd@ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udktxifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; ae=uovJ qkdwJh/ ta=umif;&if;udk odbkd@vkdr,f// w&m;cHtppfudk jriffbkd@vdkw,f// w&m;cHtppf[m/ ukd0if;xdef ajymoGm;ovkd@/ r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'a=umifh jzpfw,f// Arm udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfa=umifh jzpfw,fqdkwmb,folrSrjiif;edkifbl;// 'Dpepfudk u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;&if;om; jynfolawG tm;vkH; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD nGwfnGwfeJ@ wkdufzsufypf=ubkd@vkdr,f// u|efawmfvnf; raeedkifawmhbJ/ atmuf.ygtwkdif; yg0ifaqG;aEG; ajymqkdrdvmonf// rGefvlrsdK;jzpf&if/ rGefpum;/rGefpmwwfajrmufatmif/ =udK;pm;&r,f// rGefvlrsdK;[m rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpf&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;wOD;tjzpf [efaqmifjyD; udk,fhudk,fudk txif=uD;pdwf0ifaewmxuf rGefvlrsdK;wOD;jzpf&wm*k%f,l=uprf;yg// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ rSm *k%f,lp&m ta=umif;&mawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw,f// (1) Ak'<omoemudk yXrOD;pGm udk;uG,f&wJ@vlrsdK;/ Ak'<.qHawmf&SifudkyxrOD;pGm &&SdwJhvlrsdK;/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;tm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJ@vlrsdK;// (2) pmaytekynmbufrSm/ Arm/ xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@xufrsm;pGm apmw,f// Armpm/ xkdif;pmaywkd@[m/rGefpmayudktajccHjyD;rS/wDxGifvmaom pmayawGjzpfw,f// (3) qef/ pyg;udk/ ajruGufaz: pdkufysdK;enf;/ a&oGif; pdkufysdK;enf; pepfwdk@udk/ yxrOD;pGm pwiftokH;jyKcJhwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,f// pkdufysdK;a&;enf;pepfopfudk ta&S@awmif tm&SrSm yXrOD;pGm/ pwiffpkdufysdK;jyD;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ynmay; cJhwJhvlrsdK;// (4) t&nf;=uD;&[ef;rsm;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;jyD;/ ArmjynfrSm rSefuefaom/ Ak'<omoemtppf ay:xGef;vmatmif/ omoemjyKcJhwJh &[ef;oljrwf/ &Siftm&[H[m/ rGefvlrsdK; jzpfw,f// t&nf;=uD; &[ef;udk udk;uG,fjyD; t,lwdrf;ae=uwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk u,fwifay;wJhvlrsdK;// (5) *gr%dw&kwfol&Jauif;udk/ 'g;vSH,SOfjydKifxkd;jyD; tekdif,lekdifcJhwJh ol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH[m/ rGefol&Jaumif;jzpfw,f// rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH u,fwif ay;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awG/ w&kwfwkd@&Jhu|efcH&rJhb0rSvGwfajrmufcJh=uw,f// (6) &mZ0ifordkif;udk avhvm&if/ rGefvlrsdK;[m/ tvGefopPmckdifjrJwJh vlrsdK;/ opPmpum;udk apmifhxdef;wJhvlrsdK;/ owWdAswWd tvGefaumif;wJhvlrsdK;/ Om%f ynmxufjrufwJhvlrsdK;// ponfhxl;jcm;wJh *k%fawG&Sdw,f// 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; rGefol&Jaumif;/ Anm;v*Gef;tdefukd axmufjyD; oufaojy ajymekdifw,f//
102
Anm;v*Gef;tdef[mbk&ifrif;acgi. OD;acgif;udk udk,fwkdif ykdif;jzwf ekdifvifhupm; f bk&if&J@ bk&m;pifay:u wifxm;wJh qGrf;wvkyfukd pm;rdwJhtwGuf/ bk&if&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk odwwfaomtaeeJ@ bk&ifudkrowfawmhbJ jyefvmcJ@w,f// 'gawGudk taxmufxm;jyekdifw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSm/ *k%f,lp&m tcsufawG/ trsm;=uD;&Sdw,f// 'gawGudk *k%f,lwwf&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfjrwfekd; wwfvmatmif/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf jyefvnfekd;=um;vmatmif vkyfbkd@vkdw,f// *smr%Du wuUodkvf ygarmuQvkd yk*~dKvfvlrsdK; u|efawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;xJrSm ay:vmbkd@ vkdaew,f// u|efawmfh.pum;tqkH;rSm/ udk0if;xdefonf/ rdrdajymvdkao;aom t,lqudkrqdkif;rwG atmufygtwkdfif;qufvufajymqkdoGm;jyefonf// rGefvlrsdK;wpfOD;u udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;udk txifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;udktxif=uD;atmif zefwD;wJhpepf[m rSefuefygovm;// okd@r[kwf/ rGefvlrsdK;wpfOD;u rGefvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; wwfatmif/ cspfjrwfekd; wwfatmif/ *k%f,lwwfatmif/ oif=um; ay;wJhpepfu rSefuefygovm;qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfhyg// todOm%f&SdwJhvlwkdif; em;vnfekdifw,f// trSefu/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfatmif/ udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum; w@dudk cspfjrwfekd;wwfatmif tm;ay;wJh tpkd;&pHepfrsdK;jzpf&r,f// ekdifiHawmf k zGJ@pnf;ykH pHepfrsdK; jzpf&r,f// ,ckvuf&Sd tpdk;&pHepfu udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum; tekynm&yfrsm;udk txifjrifao;apjyD;/ Armpmay/ Armpum; Armtekynmudk txif=uD; vmatmif oif=um;ay; aew,f// vlrsdK;wrsdK;u tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKbkd@ =udK;pm;wJh pHepfjzpfaew,f// vufopf udkvkdeDpHepfbJ// 'DpHepf[m rrSefuefbl;/ wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; nDnGwfapwJh pHepfr[kwfbl;// tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJapwJh pHepfjzpfae w,f// wkdif;jynfuawmh wjynffaxmifvkd@ trnfcHxm;ayrJh/ 'Dwkdfif;jynfxJrSm aexkdif =uwJh vlrsdK;awGu tcsif;csif; rnDnGwf=ubl;// wpdwfw0rf;xJ rjzpfbl;// wdkuf=u ckduf=u/ &efyGJawG jzpfae=uw,f// rqkH;ekdifwJh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae&w,f// vlwrsdK;wrsdK;u tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKae&w,f// zdeSdyfae=uw,f// u|efjyK aew,f// tJ'Dawmh wjynfaxmifvkd@ b,fvkdbJ/ atmfajymaeae/ tpdyfpdyf trGmrGm uGJaewJh wkdif;jynfbJ jzpfaerSmbJ// jyifytjrifrSmawmh wjynfaxmifpkbJ/ twGif;rSm jy\emaygif;pkH/ ydyuQaygif;pkHeJ@ tcsif;csif;wkdfufcdkfufae=uw,f// 'gudk wjynfaxmifpkvkd@ vkH;0rac:ekdifbl;//
103
udxGef;azvnf; rdrdajymqkdvkdaomtjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; pdwftm; xufoefpGm xyfrH k yg0if aqG;aEG;oGm;jyefw,f// udk0if;xdfef ajymwm u|efawmf vkH;0 axmufcHw,f// 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ynmwwfwJh vli,fawG rGefausmif;om; Armausmif;om; u&if ausmif;om; &Srf;ausmif;om;awG pkaygif;nDnGwfjyD; 'DrrSefuefwJh/ rw&m;wJh pepfqkd;udk wkdufzsufypfbdk@vkdw,f// rSefuefwJhpepf zuf'&,fpepfudk xlaxmif =u&r,f// wefwlaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;jzihf zGJ@pnf;&r,f// wdkif;&if;om;awG jynfe,ft& cGJjym;jcm;em;ygap/ udk,fhtcsif;csif;u/ wpdwfw0rf;xJ&SdwJhb0rsdK;/ nD&if;tpfudk uJhokd@cspfcif=ujyD;/ wrdom;pk pdwf"gwf&SdwJhb0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmf wkd@u vkdvm;csifw,f// rGefuvnf;ArmvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;uvnf; rGefvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// tJ'Dvkdb0rsdK;udkvkdcsifw,f// wef;wl&nfwl&SdwJh b0rsdK;udk jzpfcsifw,f/// pmay/ pum;awG trsdK;rsdK;uJGjym; =uygap// tcsif;csif; wef;wl/ &nfwl/ =unf=unfjzL/jzL cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;eSD;eSD;eJ@ aysmfaysm&$if&$if ae=uwJh f b0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;vli,fawGu vkdvm;w,f// trnftm;jzifh wkdif;jynfu wjynfaxmif/ pdwf0rf;u trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym; aewmrsdK; udku|efawmf wkd@ rvkdvm;bl;// jynfe,ft&uGJygap/ pdwf0rf;u wckx&Sdwmudk u|efawmfwkd@u J vkd vm;w,f// yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH/ yGifhvef; aewJh/ yef;O,smOf vkdaygh yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH ta&mifrsdK;pkH/ yef;awG&SdayrJh/ O,smOfu wckxJaygh/ b,favmuf om,mvkdufrvJ/ tckawmh ArmvlrsdK;u wudk,faumif;qefqef/ yef;O,smOfwckvkH;rSm/ Armyef;wrsdK;bJ &Sifoef yGihfvef;apcsifw,f// tjcm;yef;awGudk yGifhvef;cGifhray;bl;// okwfoifypfbkd@ =udK;pm;w,f// yef;wrsdK;wnf;u O,smOfwckvkH;udk v$rf;rdk; cs,fvS,fcsifw,f// 'Dwudk,faumif;qefrSK[m rSefyghovm;// wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;u acgif;ikaejyD; H vufcH &rvm;// u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;onf ukdxGef;az ajymoGm;wJh t,lqtjrifudk tvGefoabmus eSpfjcdKufvGef;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ txJu ausmif;om;wOD;/ eSpfOD;u rrSefuefbl;/ vufrcHekdifbl;/ ab;rS 0kdif;ajymjyD; udkxGef;az. pum;udk axmufcHrSK ay;=uonf// udk0if;xdefuvnf;jyKH;jyD; udkxGef;azudk tm;ay;onf// u|efawmfwkd@ pum;0kdif;onf pnf;um;vmonf// ukd0if;xdefonfvnf; ydkrdkpdwftm;wuf=uG vmykH&onf// atmufyg twkdif; qufvuf ajymqkdoGm; jyefonf//
104
ukd,fhvlrsdK;vGwfajrmufa&; twGufwkdufyGJ0if aewJholudk/ tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJh/ vlrsdK;vdk@ pGyfpGJ ajym=u jyefw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif &SdwJh vlrsdK;qkdwm/ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;r,f// tjcm; vlrsdK;udk txif ao;r,f// jyD;awmh/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;&krubl;/ tjcm; vlrsdK;awGudkyg/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk;uG,f H txif=uD; vmatmif vkyfwJhvlrsdK;udk ac:wm// 'grdk@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif[m r[mArm 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdcHae&wJh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awGrSm usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifr&Sdbl;// w&m;aomtjrif/rSefuefwJhtjrifbJ olwkd@rSm&Sdw,f// zdeSdyfcHae&wJhb0rS/ vGwfajrmufatmif/ &kef;uef vSKyf&Sm;rSK rSeforSs[m/ rSefuef w,f// w&m;rSsww,fvkd@bJ/ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f// 'Dvdk vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaewJh vlrsdK;awGudk usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif &Sdolvkd@ b,fvvkyf kd ajymvkd@&rvJ// trSefrSmjrifhjrwfwJhtjrif&SdolbJjzpf&r,f// r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'Dorm;awGrSmom/ usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif&Sd=uw,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk avhvm =unfh&if usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifudk awG@ekdifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; r,f// udk,fhvlrsdK;udk olwyg; txif=uD;atmif vkyfcsif w,f// olwyg;udk;uG,fatmif vkyfcsifw,f// Armordkfif;udk=unfhv#if Ttcsufudk awG@&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk rdk;ay:uusvmwJh/ rkd;usa&$udk,fuJhodk@ tvGeftu|H csJ@xGif a&;om;=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;/ rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ u,m; vlrsdK;awGta=umif;udk txifao; tjrifao; a&;om;=uw,f// ordkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ taa=umif;udk ckeSdrfjyD; tvGefrw&m; a&;om; =uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK; awG[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK/ edyfhuswJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk cpm;&wJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk armfr=unfh&JwvlrsdK;/ ArmvlrsdK;omv#if wu,fh Jh vlpGrf;aumif;/ owWdAswWdeSifh jynfhpkHwJhvlrsdK;/ bkef;wHckd;eSifhjynfhpkHwvlrsdK;/ jrifhjrwfwJh Jh omuD0if rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fqkdjyD; trsdK;rsdK;tvGeftr$ef;wif a&;om;=uw,f// Armhpmay/ Armhpum;udk/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awG roifrae&/ vkyfxm;w,f// Armpmrwwf&if tcGifha&;trsdK;rsd; qkH;&SKH; apw,f// wdkif;&if;om; pmayudk trsdK;rsKd; ydwfyifwm;jrpfw,f// rGefpmay/ &ckdifpmay/ u&ifpmay/ &Srf;pmay/ xGef;um;rSmudk enf;enf;rS rvkdvm;=ubl;// wdkif;&if;om;pmayawG xGef;um; vmjyD;/ wkdif;&if;om;awG todw&m;wkd;wuf vmrSmudkrvdkvm; =ubl;// tJ'Dtjrif[m/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// wudk,faumif;qefwJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// tJ'Dtjrif [m/ r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdyfcHae&wJh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm tJ'DtjrifrsdK;r&Sdbl;//
105
udk0if;xdef.pum;tqkH;rSm u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;u/ 0kdif;0ef;jyD;/ vufckyf/ vuf0g;wD;jyD; tm;ay; jyefonf/ ab;vlrsm;vnf; u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyf &Sd&mudk0kdfif; =unfh=uonf// rif;0if;xdefonf rdrd. &ifxJrSm &Sdaeonfh/ cHpm;csufudk/ yGifhyGifh vif;vif; ajymvdkuf&I/ tvGefauseyf tm;&aeykH ay:aeonf// udk0if;xdef ajymqkdoGm;wJhtay: axmufcHonfh taejzifh u|efawmfuvnf; atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdvkdufonf// 'Duae@ac:qdkaewJh jrefrmedkifiHwckvkH;udk ArmvlrsdK;/ wrsdK;wnf;u urBmhOD;rS tpjyKjyD; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvmcJhw,f// ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;u ydkifqdkifcJhw,fqdkwJh oabmrsdK;eJ@ tcsdK@Armorkdif; pmtkyfawGrSm a&;om;xm;=ujyefw,f// tjcm; wkdif;&if;om;/ rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ukd rw&m; usL;ausmf0ifa&muf aexkdif ae=uwJh vlrsdK;awGtjzpf owfrSwf=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om; rGefvlrsKd ;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;awG udk,fhwkdif;jynf/ udk,fha'orSm at;at;csrf;csrf; tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf aewmukd/ wdkif;jynf&J@ ql;anSmifh cvkwfuoif;awG/ wkdif;jynf&J@ &efnSdK;&efpG,f awGtjzpf owfrSwfjyD; oGm;a&muf wkdufcdkuw,f// rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;e,fajrwkd@udk f t"rRe,fcsJ@ odrf;ydkufcJh=uw,f// vufatmufcH vkyfcJh=uw,f// 'DvkdoGm;a&muf wdkufcdkufwm rSefuefw,fvkd@ ajym=ujyefw,f// &ckdifjynf/ rGefjynfwkd@udk wdkufckdfufjyD;/ e,fcsJ@edkifcJhwJh/ Armrif;awGudk/ ol&Jaumif;tjzpf tr$ef;wif a&;om; =uw,f// rw&m;oGm;a&muf wdkufcdkfufodrf;ydkufcJhwrGefjynf/ &ckdifjynfwkd@udkvnf;/ Jh rdrdwdk@&J@ bk;d bGm;ydkifqkdifwJh ypPnf;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;vkduf=uw,f// jyD;awmh/ rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@udk ArmvlrsdK; wkd@&J@tEW&m,f/ wdkif;jynf&J@ &efpG,ftjzpf owfrSwfjyD; rsdK;jyKwfatmif owfcJhw,f// 'Dtcsufudk/ rSefeef; &mZ0ifudk =unfh=unfh/ ukef;abmif &mZ0ifudk =unfh=unfh awG@ekdifygw,f// txufyg u|efawmfajymaomtjrifudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh udk0if;xdefonf atmufyg twkdif;ajym=um;jyefonf// ArmvlrsdK;u/ tm%m&xm;awmh/ rdrdwdk@pdwf=udKuf&mZ0ifudk a&;om;=uw,f// tJ'Dvdk rdrdwkd@pdwf=udKuf jyKjyifajymif;vJjyD; a&;om;xm;wJh ordkif;udk ausmif;om; awGudk oif=um;apjyefw,f// ausmif;om;/ vli,fawG udktwif; t"rR/ oif=um;apjyD;/ rSm;,Gif;wJhtjrifudk oGwfoGif;=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;ausmif;om; awGuvJ/ pmar;yGJ atmifcsifawmh/ tJ'DrrSefuefwJh ordkif;udk =udK;pm;oif=um; &w,f// wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;jyD; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txifjrifao; vm=uw,f// udk,fhvlrsdK; tjzpfudk cH,l&rSmudk &Sua=umuf vmw,f// 'DvkdeJ@/ f
106
rGefvlrsdK;/ &cdkfifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;/ u&ifvlrsdK;/ u,m;vlrsdK;vdk@ udk,fhukd,fudk ajym&rSm &Sufvmw,f// vlrsdK;yaysmuf vm=u w,f// udk0if;xdefonf/ pum;udk wcsuf&yfwef@vkdufjyD; em;axmifaewJh u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;udk tuJcyf =unfhvkdufjyefonf// tvGef pdwf0ifpm;jyD;/ tm&kHpkdufem;axmifaeonfh u|efawmfwkd@ rsufeSmudkawG@&aomtcg tvGefauseyfoGm;onf// ukd0if;xdefajymoGm;wJh ta=umif;&m/ tcsufvufwkd@[m tvGefrSefuefaeonf// A[kokw jzpfp&mvnf; tvGefaumif;aeojzifh u|efawmfwkd@tm;vkH;u udk0if;xdefuqufvufjyD; ajymapcsif dk ae=uonf// udk0if;xdeajymr,fh pum;udkomqufjyD; em;axmif vkdae=uonf// f udk0if;xdefonf atmufygtwkdif; qufajym jyefonf// tcsdK@Armpma&;q&mawG/ ya'o&mZftawG;ac:wkd@ vuf0,f odrf;ydkufxm;qJ bJ&Sdw,f// r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'udk/ 0dkfif;0ef;umuG,f ae=uw,f// zuf'&,f pHepfudk qef@usifjyD; trsdK;rsd; a&;ae=uw,f// zuf'&,fpHepf xlaxmif&if/ wkdif;&if;om;awG tm;vkH; wkd;wufzGH@jzdK; vmedkifr,f// ArmvlrsdK;eJ@ wef;wl jzpfvmr,f// 'gudk rvkdvm;=ubl;// tJ'D vkdvGJrSm;wJh t,lqawG Armpma&; q&mtcsdK@&J@ OD;acgif;xJ 0ifa&mufaew,f// wukd,faumif; qefwJhtawG;tac:eJ@ usOf;ajrmifwJhtjrifeJ@ touf&Sif ae=uw,f// 'grdk@ zuf'&,f pHepfudk raumif;wJh pHepf wkdif;jynfudk jydKuGJapwJhpHepfvkd@/ 0kdif;0ef;/ vdrfvnffjyD;a&;om; ae=uw,f// wkdif;jynfjydKuGJbdk@/oD;jcm;cGJxGufbdk@/ b,fwkdif;&if;om;urS rvkdvm;bl;// oD;jcm; bk&if/ oD;jcm;rif;jzpfcsifwJh/ ya'o&mZfacwfutawG;ac:rsdK;awGvJ/ wkdfif;&if;om; awGrSm r&Sdawmhbl;// wef;wlyl;aygif;a&;udkajymae=uwmjzpfw,f// wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;wef;wl tcGifha&;&SdwJh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpHepf xlaxmifbkd@wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qkdaewmjzpfw,f// ,ae@jynfaxmifpkpHepfu ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;udkom aumif;pm;apw,f// tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;awGudk *kwf*GpD;xm;wJh pHepfjzpfw,f// rw&m;vGef;vkd@/ wef;wlrSK r&SdvGef;vkd@ a&G;cs,f p&mvrf; r&Sdvkd@ cGJxGufa&;udk awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 'Dtjrifudk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifbkd@vkdw,f// u|efawmfvnf; udk0if;xdef.t,lqudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;ajymvkduf onf// udk0if;xdefajymwmawG tm;vkH;rSefw,f// acwfumv ajymif;vJaejyD;/ ya'o&mZf acwfu tjrifrsdK;vJ/ rnfolrS r&Sdawmhbl;// udk,fhrif;/ udk,fhbk&ifeJ@ oD;jcm;urBm=h uD;
107
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108
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109
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q&mawmfonfvnf;/ oabmwlonfh[ef/ bmrS jyefrajymbJ/ qdwfqdwfaeavonf// u|efawmfwdk@ vltkyfeSihf 'umonf/ q&mawmftwGuf/ qGrf;rsm;ukd 0,fcsrf;jcif;/ o,faqmif jyifqifjcif;rsm;udk vufnD/wufnD vkyfaqmif=uonf// jyifqifI jyD;jynfhpkH aomtcg/ q&mawmftm; qGrf;uyf=uonf// q&mawmfonf/ qGrf;udk bkrf;ay;&if;/ wcGef;peSpfcGef;pqkdovkd/ pum;udkajymjyD; u|efawmfwkd@ vlpkudk ar;jref;aeavonf// q&mawmfonf/ qGrf;toifhwifh bkrf;ay;ygonf// q&mawmf qGrf;bkrf;jyD;Ivnf;/ u|efawmfwkd@ vlpkonf/ q&mawmf. oabFmOD;tcef;rSmyif qufvuf aeavonf/ q&mawmfeSihf tvmypum;ajymqkd&if; c&D;twlwleSifcJhonf// aumhbdef;aus;&Gmokd@ nae(2)em&DavmufwGif a&muf=uonf// aumhbdef;&Gm/ ausmif;'um 'umrrsm;u oabFmqdyfwGif pka0;a&muf&SdaejyD; q&mawmftm;/ =udKqkd=uonf// u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyfpkudkrl/ csdef;qkdxm;onfh twkdif;/ udkcspfvkH;eSihf udktkH;wifwkd@u vma&muf =udKqkd=uonf// xkdaemuf u|efawmfwkd@vltkyfudk/ udkcspfvkH;.tpfudk(wkdfif;&if;aq;q&m) tdrfwGifwnf;ckd=uonf// aemufwae@wGif/ aus;&Gm&Sd ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk pka0;jyD;/ tpnf;a0;usif;yonf// tpnf;a0;odk@ aumhbdef;aus;&Gm&Sd vli,frsm;wufa&muf vm=u onf// 4if;wkd@txJrSm/ rif;a&$odef;(edkfifa&$odef;)ygonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf// odk@aomf twdtus u|efawmfrrSwfrdI tckdiftrmrajym&Jyg// yxrOD;pGm tpnf;a0; ac:,l&onfta=umif;&if;udk/ u|efawmfwkd@u &Sif;vif;wifjyonf// h ,ae@ tajctaet&/ rGefausmif;olom;toif;udk zGJ@pnf;&ef tvGefvkdtyf aea=umif; wkd@udk yg&Sif;vif;wifjyonf// ausmif;om;tm;vkH;u/oabmwl=uonf// toif;zGJ@pnf;&ef vnf;/ pdwftm;xufoef=uonf// Tokd@jzifh trsm;qENeSifhtnD/ aumhbdef;aus;&Gm/ rGefausmif;olom;toif;udkzGJ@pnf;=uonf// aemufae@wGif u|efawmfwkd@vltkyfpkonf/ q&mawmf OD;ynm'DyrSm=um; xm;onfhtwkdif; q&mawmfausmif;odk@ oGm;=uonf// q&mawmftm; zl;arSsmf=uonf// uxdef;cif;tvSLrSm yg0ifcJh=uonf// tvGefpnfum; odkufjrdKufaom uxdefcif;yGJjzpfonf// aumhbdef;&Gmol/ &Gmom;wkd@onf tvGefo'Ngw&m; =unfjzLolrsm;jzpf=uonf// vma&muf=uaom y&d\wf taygif;wkd@udk/ apwem tjynfheSifh{nfhcH au|;arG;=uonf// tvGefpdwfapoemjzLpifjyD; az:a&Golrsm;jzpfonf// u|efawmfwdk@vltkyfpkudk vkdavao;r&Sdatmif/ {nfhcHau|;arG;=uonf//aemufae@ reufwGif/ u|efawmfwkd@vlpkonf/ aumhbdef;aus;&Gmudk/ 0rf;enf;pGm eSKwfquf xGufcGmvmcJh &avonf// u|efawmfwkd@. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;onf/ atmifjrifcJhonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ rGeftrsdK;om; v/Gwfajrmufa&; vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&;twGuf/ aumhbdef;&GmwGif awmfvSefaomausmif;om;rsdK;aphaumif;rsm;udk ysdK;axmifay;ekdif cJhav onf//
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tcef;(5) Armausmif;om;or*~uGefz&ifh/ OD;oGif.rGefjynfe,fqef@usifqENjyyGJ/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;rGefvlxkqENjyyGJ=uD;/ wkdifwvkH;tdrfydkif&Sif/ rGefpHoltkwf*l/ppfwyfrStm%modrf; rmHaw;(c)rif;atmifxGef;/ ekdifausmfat;eSifhaqG;aeG;cef;/(7)Zlvkdifta&;cif;/ rGefausmif;om;awmckd&ef/ xkH;tkdif&GmaEG&moDoifwef;/jidrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuf/ awmwGif;ukd,fpm;vS,feSifhedkifa&$usif&efukefa&muf/
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113
4if;qENjyyJGod@k / armfvjrdKifjrdK@&Sd rdb jynfolrsm;eSifh e,ft&yff&yfrS rdbjynfolrsm; wuf a&muf=u&ef/ OD;oGifwkd@tzGJ@rS =uD;=uD;us,fus,f pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfxm;onf// txl;ojzifh rGefjynfol vlxkawG aexkdifaom/ usdKuRa&me,f/ rk'kHe,f/ bDvl;u|ef;/ acsmif;qkHe,fwkd@rS jynfolawGwufa&muf=u&efvnf; pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfxm;onf// tcsdK@aome,fa'o wkd@rSm rGefjynfolvlxkudk vSnfhpm;jyD; pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfxm;=uonf// rGefjynfe,fvkdcsif&if/ OD;oGifvlxk qENjyyGJodk@ wufa&muf=u&ef vSnfhpm;jyD;vSKyfaqmf=uonf[k =um;od&onf// OD;oGif. rGefjynfe,fqef@usifa&; vlxkqENjyyGJudk wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf/ armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; vli,ftoif;rS qkH;jzwf=uonf// OD;oGif.vlxk qENjyyGJodk@ jynfol vlxkrsm; rwuf a&muf&eftwGuf/ te,ft&yfodk@oGm;jyD; vSKyfaqmf=u&ef u|efawmfwkd@ pDpOf=uonf// armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; vli,ftoif;rS toif;om;rsm; 'wf(pf)qef;um;(3)pD; tjynfhjzifh oGm;=uonf// armfvjrdKifaumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ OuUX udk=unfjrif(rdcifrSmxkH;tkdifoljzpfonf)vnf; u|efawmfwkd@eJ@twl vkdufygoGm;onf// h yxrOD;pGm rk'kHjrdK@odk@ oGm;a&muf vSKyfaqmf=uonf// xkdrSwqifh 0ufwJwHcGefwdkifokd@ oGm;=uonf// xkdrSwqifh/(7)acGawmif udk jzwfausmfjyD; usdKuRa&mjrdK@ odk@oGm;I vSKyfaqmf=uonf// xkdrSwqifh armfvjrdKifjrdK@odk@ oGm;I jrdK@ay:&Sd rdbjynfol vlxkudk vSKyfaqmf=ujyefonf// OD;oGifqef@usifa&; w&m;vSnfhvnf a[majym=uonf// OD;oGif. jynfe,fqef@usifa&; vlxkqENjyyGJodk@ rwufa&muf=u&ef edSK;aqmfwkdufwGef;=uonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@wGif OD;oGifeSihf yxptzGJ@acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tpnf;a0;usif;y&m/ rdkif'guGif; ae&modk@yif oGm;a&mufjyD; OD;oGifqef@usifa&;w&m;udk toHcsJ@pufjzifhu|efawmfw@kd oGm;a&muf a[majym=uonf// armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ ausmif;om;or*~OuUXudk=unfjrifh onf/tvGefa[majymaumif;oljzpfonf// OD;oGiftm; trsdK;rsdK; ykwfcwfa0zef a[majym oGm;onf// xkdodk@OD;oGifwdk@ tpnf;a0; usif;yaeaom ae&mudk oGm;a&mufjyD;/ OD;oGitm; f wkdufckduf qef@usijf yD; w&m;a[moGm;onfudk OD;oGifrS vkH;0rauseyfjzpf oGm;onf// rGefausmif;om;rsm;. tjyKtrltay: rauseyfaom OD;oGifonf/ rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJrnf[k jcdrf;acsmufvmonf// xkdpOfu ukefoG,fa&;Xme 0ef=uD; OD;oGifonf/ 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekjyD;vSsif/ yxptpkd;&wGif/ tm%mt&SdqkH; yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfonf// 1962-ckeSpfZEMm0g&Dv(14)&ufwGif usif;yaom rGefjynfe,f qef@usifa&; OD;oGif.vlxk tpnf;a0;yGJokd@/ (rGefjynfe,fay;rnf/ tpnf;a0;wuf=u)[k/ vdrfvnfjyD; ac:aqmif vmaom/ rGefvlxk tenf;i,fom wufa&mufvm=uonf// xkdae@Y OD;oGifonf/ jynfol@&Jabmf t0wfpm;0wfqifjyD; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhonf// Tae@Y Tt0wfpm;ukd a&G;cs,fjyD; 0wfaom OD;oGif. pdwfxJY t"dy`g,frsm;pGm&Sdonf// 1948-ckeSpfrGef-u&ifwkd@ armfvjrdKifjrdK@udkodrf;pOfwGifOD;oGifonf/ usdKuRa&mjrdK@. jrdK@ydkifjzpfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf//
114
xkdpOfurGef-u&ifwkd@onf armfvjrdKifjrdK@eSifh tjcm;jrdK@aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@udk odrf;ykdufekdifcJhonf// odk@aomfusKduRa&mjrdK@wjrdK@udkrl rodrf;ydkufbJ csefxm;cJh=uonf// Tonfudkta=umif;jyKjyD;/ OD;oGifonf rdrdeSifh jynfol@&Jabmfwkd@u owWd&Sd&Sd ckcHwkdufckduf umuG,fcJhonfhtwGuf/ rGefu&ifvufxJokd@ usKduRa&mjrdK@ruscJhonf[k tjrJwrf;*k%f,l 0ihf=uGm;ajymqdkcJholjzpfonf// xdk@a=umifhusduRa&mjrdK@udk umuG,fcJhonfhtcsdefu ol0wfcJhaom/ jynfol@&Jabmft0wfpm; udkwrifwum 0wfqifcJhjcif;jzpfonf// xkdvlxktpnf;a0;wGif/ OD;oGifonf atmufyg pum;udk rmefygyg ajymoGm;onf// (armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk/ wvufrrSrxdeJ@/ xdvSsif rD;yGifhoGm;rnf) [lI vufwD;qkwf vufarmif; qef@wef;I tm;&yg;& rdef@cGef; ajym=um; cJhonf// rGefjynfe,fxJokd@ armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk rxnfhoGif;&ef jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufajymqkdonf// OD;oGif. rdef@cGef;xJwGif/ 1948-ckeSpf rGef-u&ifwdk@ armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk odrf;ydkufjyD; aomif;usef;cJh=uykH/ qdk;oGrf;cJh=uykHwdk@udk tus,fw0ifhxnfhoGif; a[majym oGm;onf// xkdokd@ OD;oGiu rGefjynfe,f qef@usifa&; rdef@cGef;udk tm;&yg;& a[majymaeonfhtcsdefrSm/ f armfvjrdKifc&kdif rGefausmif;om; vli,frsm;toif;. OuUXrif;azodef;/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf ausmif;om; or*~OuUX rif;=unfjrifheSifh aumvdyfrGeftoif; trSKaqmif/ rif;xGef;vSKdif (urm0uf)wkd@u OD;oGifqef@usifa&;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;awG/ ausjimcsufawGudk ajAmifajAmif wif;wi;/ vltkyf=um;0ifjyD; jzef@a0cJhonf// Ttjzpfudkowif;axmuf/ekdifyef;atmif(rif;xGef;az.OD;av;)/ owif;axmufekdifwifat; (uanSm/f aemifrGefjynfe,f aumifpD0if)eSifh weoFm&D owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyfudk =unfjrvGifwkd@ (3)OD;u/ &ifwrrjzifh/ pkd;&drf=uD;pGm tajcaeudk ab;rSaeI tuJcwf apmifh=unfh ae=uonf// &kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfedkfifonf[k olwdk@u pdk;&drf ae=uonf// OD;oGif qef@usifjyyGJodk@ usKduRa&mjrdK@e,frSm rGefjynfolvlxk tenf;i,fvnf; wufa&muf=u onfudk awG@&onf// 4if;wkd@u/ rGefjynfe,f ay;rnfxifI vlxktpnf;a0;udk wufvm rda=umif; ajymjy=uonf// xkdodk@OD;oGifrS rGefjynfe,f qef@usifa&; vlxkqENjyyGJ usif;yjyD; aemuf r=umcifrSmyif/ rGefjynfe,f tjrefqkH; taumifxnfaz: ay;bkd@twGuf vlxk tpnf;a0;yGJ=uD;w&yfudk usif;y&ef rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwDrS pDpOf=uonf// 1962-ckeSpf/ azaz:0g&Dv(22)&ufae@wGif/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@/ jrLeDpy,fO,smOfY rGefjynfe,f tvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwDrS =uD;rSL;jyD; tzGJ@aygif;pkH yg0ifaom/ rGefjynfe,f axmufcHyJG jynfol vlxkqENjyyGJ w&yfudkusif;y=uonf//
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4if;vlxtpnf;a0qENjyyGJwGif/ yxptrwf/ a':eSif;vSu obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufjyD;/ k yrnw/rS &Jabmfatmifxl;u tcrf;em;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf// xkdtpnf;a0;wGif/ tpnf;a0;obmywdrS rdef@cGef; ajym=umonf// xkdaemuf rGefjynfe,f tvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwDobmywd/ rGef"gwkrSvnf; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;onf// tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; rdef;cGef; ajym=um; oGm;onf// &ckdifwdkif;&if;om; ukd,fpm;vS,f yg0ifonf// 4if; vlxkqENjyyGJwGif/ rGefjynf olvlxk/ odef;oef;csDI wufa&mufyg0ifcJhonf// bDvl;u|ef;rS edkfifoef;wifwkd@ OD;aqmifaom rGefvlxk=uD;onf/ oabFmrsm;/ armfawmfbkwf rsmjzifh toD;oD;vm=uonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@ urf;em;vrf; wavsSmufwGif/ pka0;a&muf &Sdvmaom/ rGefvlxk. tiftm; tvkH;t&if; onf/ urf;n$wfrSs jynfheSuf aeonf// xkdrS wqifh jrLeDpy,f O,smOfodk@ nDnmzszs wef;pD oGm;=uonf// wef;pD csDwuf oGm;pOf (rGefjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;)(rGefjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;)[k wcJeuf a=uG;a=umf oGm;=uonf// rGefvltkyf=uD;. a=uG;a=umfoH/atmf[pfoHonf/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@ wckvkH;udk wkef[D;oGm; apcJhonf// xkduJhokd@yif/ usdKuRa&m/ rk'kH/ urm0uf/ uavmhaomh/ uGmefvSm/ oHjzLZ&yf/ yi/ u&kwfyd/ aumh'Gwf/ vrdkif;aus;&Gmwkd@rS rGefjynfolvlxkwkd@onf/ um;eJ@4if;/ &xm;eJ@4if;/ pdwftm;wuf=uGpGmtpnf;a0;yGJodk@wufa&mufvm=uonf// tpnf;a0;odk@ wufa&muf vm=uaom rGefvlxk=uD;onf/ urf;ajcokd@ vdrfhI vdrfhI wufvmaom 'Da&vSKdif;=uD;yrm jrLeDpy,f O,smOf=uD; wjznf;jznf; tdItdI 0ifa&muf vm=uonf// tpnf;a0; usif;y aom uGif;wckvkH;tm;/ jynfhvsSHoGm;aponf// 4if;qENjyyGJ atmifjrifa&; twGuf/ &efukefwuUodkvf rGeftoif;/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyf rGeftoif;/ armfvjrdKifc&dkif/ rGefausmif;om; vli,ftoif;wdk@u wufwuf=uG=uG yg0if vSKyf&Sm;cJhonf// vlxkvSKyfaqmfa&;wGiyg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf//tzJG@pnf;. ausjimpmwrf;rsm; f xkwfa0I rGefvlxkudk vSKyfaqmfcJhonf// Tvlxk qENjyyGJonf tvGefatmifjrifonf[k qkd&ayrnf// t&yf&yf te,fe,f&Sd rGefjynfol vlxkwkd@onf/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrSKudk jyekdfif cJhonf// vlxkvlwef;pm; tv$mv$mtoD;oD;udk aygif;pnf;edkfifcJhonf// trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSK wGif/ nDnD nGwfnGwf pnf;pnf; vkH;vkH;jzifh yl;aygif; yg0ifvm&ef Ttpnf;a0;=uD;rS vSKyfaqmfedkifcJhonf// trdsK;om; pdwf"gwf wuf=uGapcJhonf// rGefjynfvlxkwkd@. ekdifiHa&; tjrif/ ekdfifiHa&; todw&m;onf/ 'Da&tvm; t&Sdefjrifhrm;vmonf// rGefjynfolvlxkwkd@. rSefuefaom trsdK;om; awmif;qkdrSKudk tjcm;aomwkdif;&if;om; jynfolvlxkrsm;uvnf; yg0ifaxmufcH vm=uonf// rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,fudk rvGJra&Smifom ay;&rnfh tajcodk@ a&mufvmjyD; jzpfonf/ rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfrlusrf;udkyif/ ygvDrefwifoGif; twnfjyK&ef pkdif;jyif;vm=uonf//
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jzpfonf// u|efawmfeSifh tvGefcif rif&if;eSD; =uoljzpfonf/ pdwfaumif; eSvkH;aumif; &Sdoljzpfonf// twef;xJYpmawmfaomausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf// &dk;om; ajzmifhrwfonf// rGefvlrsdK;eSifh rGef"avhxkH;pHudk tvGefcspfjrwfekd;oljzpfonf// r[kwfrcH wwfaomoljzpfonf// rw&m;rSKrSeforSsudk tenf;i,frSsoD;rcHwwfoljzpfonf// 1954-ckeSpfwGif/ rmHaw;(7)wef;atmifjrifjyD;/ a,muFsm; olemjyKoifwef; avsSmufI atmifjrifcJhonf// &efukefolemjyK oifwef;udk oGm;a&mufwufcJhonf// xkdokd@ olemjyK oifwef; wufaepOf/ rar#mfvifhbJ vlowfrSK jzpfcJhjcif;jzpfonf// vlowfrSKjzpf&onfh udpPrSm Tokd@jzpfonf/ xkdolemjyK oifwef;wufaeaom ausmif;om;rsm;rS tnmom; Armausmif;om; wa,mufonf/ rmHaw; (ac:) rif;atmifxGef;tm; awG@v#if (wvkdif;av;) (wvkdif;av;) vkd@ac:ajymjyD; aemufajymifwwfonf// xkdArm ausmif;om; av;rSm rnfokd@aom &nf&G,fcsufjzifhac:onfukd rlrod&ayrJh/ rmHaw;(ac:) rif;atmifxGef; taejzifh/ Todk@rdrdtm; ac:onfudktenf;i,fr#rcHcsifay// rdrdvlrsdK;udk apmfum;onf[k cH,lonf// aemufqkH;wGif rmHaw;(ac:)rif;atmifxGef;onf/ rdrdtm; Tokd@ac:onfudk rcHedkif&yf ekdifjzpfrdonf// rdrdvlrsKd;onf wvkdif;vlrsdK;r[kwf/ rGefvlrsdK;omjzpfonf/ rdrdtm; wvdkif; ac:jyD; eSdrfhcsonfudkrcHcsifay// Todk@rdrdtm; aemufwcg/wvkdif; rac:&eftwGuf xkdArm ausmif;om;tm; olaeaom tcef;xd rmHaw; (ac:) rif;atmifxGef;eJ@ rGefausmif;om;wpk vkdufoGm;jyD; rmHaw; (ac:) rif;atmifxGef;u aatmufygtwdkif; awmif;awmif;yefyef &Sif;vif;ajymqkdonf// ighurif;uwvkdif;wvdkif;vkd@ac:wm igr=udKufbl;// ighwkd@ vlrsdK;[mwvkdif; dk vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;// igwkd@[m jrifhjrwfwJh rGefvlrsdK; jzpfw,f// rif;wkd@Arm &mZ0if uom 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfwJhoabmeJ@wvkdif;vkd@ a&;om;jyD; ac:aewm// igwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;awG vkH;0 r=udKufbl;// eSdKif;,SOfjyD;ajym&r,fqkd&if/ rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK; udk t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ eSdrfjyD; ac:qdk ovkdygbJ// rif;wkd@vJ =udKufrSm r[kwfbl;// aemufwcg/ igwkd@ rGefausmif;om;udk/ wvkdif;vkd@ rac:zkd@ igawmif;yefw,f// igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;[m/ rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xuf/ apmjyD;pmay xGef;um;cJhwJhvlrsdK;// rif;wdk@ Arm pmay[m/ rGGefpmayrSwqifh aygufzGm;vmwm// rGefvlrsdK;[m apmjyD; Ak'<bmom w&m;udk udk;uG,fcJhwJh vlrsdK;/ ,Ofaus;wJh vlrsdK;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ oxkHjynf=uD;rSm/ Ak'<omoem pnfyif zG@HjzKd;aewJhtcsdefrSm/ ArmvllrsdK;wkd@yk*HrSm/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;udk ud;k uG,faejyD; yef;OD;qGwfqdkwJh p&kdufuxGef;um; aeqJ bJ&Sdao;w,f// ArmvlrsdK;awG t&nf;=uD;&[ef;udk;uG,f qnf;uyf/ ae&wJhb0rS Ak'<w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk udk;uG,f qnf;uyf wwfwJh b0a&mufatmif/ omoemjyKcJhwJh/ &Sift&[H[m rGef&[ef;oHCm wyg;jzpfw,f// *gr%dw&kwf
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ol&Jaumif;udk ,SOfjydKifxkd;owf tedkif,ljyD; rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;udk olwyg;aus;u|ef jzpf&r,fhb0rS u,fwifay;cJhwmvJ/ rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mHjzpfw,f// 'D*k%faus;Zl;awGudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;awG odwwfbdk@ aumif;w,f// rGefvlrsdK;&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ b,fawmhrSvJ rodwwfbl;// aus;Zl;uef; =uw,f// Arm&mZ0ifu vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&;om; xm;wmudk oif=um;jyD; rif;wkd@ Arm vli,f[m/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSm/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tjrifawG udef;atmif; ae=uwm/ rif;wkd@udk igwdk@tjypfrwifcsifbl;/ tjypfvJ rjrifcsifbl;// yk*Htif;0 acwf/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifwkd@rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvdk@bJokH;eSKef; cJhw,f/ ukef;abmifacwf ordkif;/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@acwfus awmhrSbJ/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ wvkdif;vkd@ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vm=uw,f// t"dy`g,fu vl&kdif;rdp>maumifqkdjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfjyD;ac:vm=uwm// 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;u rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xuf ,Ofaus;rSK jrifhrm;w,f/ bmomw&m; udkif;&Skdif;w,f// 'kd@vlrsdK;[m vl&kdif;r[kwfbl;// vl&kdif;rdp>maumifac:p&m&Sd&if/ rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;udkbJ 'dk@uac:&rSm Arm ya'o&mZf ordkif;q&m awG&J@ rSKdif;wkdufrSKudk rif;wkd@vli,fawG cHae&wm// igwkd@ oabmaygufygw,f// 'ga=umifh ordkif;trSefudkrod em;rvnfwJh rif;wkd@ Arm vli,fawGtay: igwdk@u cGifhv$wf oD;cHcJhw,f// rif;wkd@ em;vnfatmif &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if/ igwdk@rGefvlrsdK;[m/ xD;eJ@eef;eJ@/ usiSef;eJ@ aevmcJhwJhvlrsdK;/ Armtif;0e,f txd 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG/ ykdifpdk;cJhbl;w,f/ 1752ckeSpfrSm/ tif;0e,f[m/ 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ ajczsm;atmuf a&mufcJhbl;w,f// rif;wkd@ Armtif;0e,f[m 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ vufatmufcHe,f jzpfcJhbl;w,f// 'dk@rGefbk&if/ Anm'vrif;[m tvGefpdwfxm;jrifhjrwfw,f// bmomw&m;udkif;&SdKif;w,f// owW0gwkd@tay:/ arwWmw&m; =uD;rm;w,f// ArmawGudk wa,mufrS rowf apcJhbl;// OD;atmifaZ,svkd ,kwfrm&kdif;pdkif;wJh pdwfxm;r&SdcJhbl;/ ArmawG tm;vkH; udk 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;awGu rsdK;jyKwfatmif rowfcJhbl;// tu,fI OD;atmifaZ,svkd &ufpuf,kwfrm &kdif;pdkif;wJhpdwf 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awGrSm &SdcJh&ifrif;wkd@ ArmawGudkrsKd;jyKwf atmif owfedkifcJhygw,f// 'Duae@qkd&if/ rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK; qkwm/ 'DurBmrSm d awmif r&Sdawmhbl;// 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;[m/ bmomw&m; udkif;&kdif;wJhvlrsdK;/ ,Ofaus;wJhvlrsdK;/ owW0gawGtay:/ arwWm w&m;=uD;rm;wJh vlrsdK;jzpfvkd@ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rowfbJxm;cJhw,f// oem;cJhw,f// 'gayrJh/ 1757-ckeSpfrSm/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ [Hom0wDekdifiHawmffudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK; rkqdk;OD;atmifaZ,su vma&mufwkdufcdkuf zsufqD;vkdk@ ysufqD;cJhw,f// igwkd@rGefvlrsKd;udkvJ/ rsKKd;jyKwf atmifowfcJhw,f// cav;i,fawG/ udk,f0efaqmifrdefcav;awGeSifh rGef&[ef;
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oHCmtyg0if/ rGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;udk wa,mufrusef vdkufvHzrf;qD; owfcJhw,f// usLyifckwfusLikwf rusefqkdjyD; 'dk@rGef vlrsdK;udkowfcJhw,f// OD;atmifaZ,s[m arwWmw&m; acgif;yg;w,f &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfw,f// 'ga=umifh igwkd@rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ b0[m/ 'Dtajc 'Db0a&mufae&wm/ vlenf;pk jzpfae&wm// Arm&J@ vufatmufcHjzpfae&wm// igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG b,fawmhrS tcJra=ubl;// igwkd@ rGefwkdif;jynfudk rw&m; usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;wJh ArmawGudk 'kd@rGefe,fajru wae@ae@rSm armif;xkwf =urSmaocsmw,f// tckawmh tm;redkifvkd@om oD;cH ae=uwm// 'DavmufbJ igajymcsifw,f// aemufwcg igwkd@ rGefausmif;om; awGudk wvdkif;vkd@ rac:bkd@ igawmif;yefygw,f// 'Davmuf ajym&if rif;em;vnfr,f xifw,f/ uJigoGm;awmhr,f// txufygtwdkif; rmHaw;(ac:) rif;atmifxGef;u xkdtnmom; Armausmif;om;udk rdrdpdwfxJrSm &SdwJhtwkdif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; raxmufrnSmajymvkdufw,f// rif;atmifxGef; taeeJ@ tJ'Dvkd w&Snfwac:=uD; ajymcsvdkuf&wJhtwGuf &ifxJrS cHpm;csuf tenf;i,f ayghoGm;w,f// rdrdajymoGm;wJhtxJrSmrdrdcHpm;csufeJ@twl cufxefrma=umwJh pum;vkH; awGvJ ygoGm;w,f// rajymoifhwJhpum;awG ajymoifhwJhpum;awGa&mygoGm;w,f// tJ'D pum;vkH; awG[m tvkdvkd yg;pyfzsm;u rpOf;pm;bJ ol[mol ay:xGufvmwmudk rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@ tHh=ovdk@ rqkH;jzpfaerdw,f// rlvu &kd;&kd;eJ@ at;at; aq;aq; ajymbkd@ &nf&G,fxm;ayrJh ajym&if;ajym&if;eJ@ cHpm;csufjyif;xefvmw,f// cHpm;csufeJ@twl pum;vkH;av;awGvJ rma=um cufxefvmw,fvkd@/ rif;atmifxGef; odvdkfufw,f// xkdtnmom;Arm ausmif;om; taeeJ@ em;vnfoabmaygufonf raygufonfudk pOf;pm;raeawmhbJ rdrdteSpfeSpftvvu jrdKodyfxm;cJhwJh &ifwGif;cHpm;csuftwdkif; zGifh[ajymcswmjzpfw,f// e*kducHpm;csuf &SdaewJhtwGuf pum;ajymwJhtcg tenf;i,f rmefygygajymqkdrdwmuvGJ&if rif;atmifxGef;ajymoGm;wJh ta=umif;&m tm;vkH;wkd@[m trSef=uD;jzpfw,f// 'gayrJh xkdtnmom; Armausmif;om;tbdk@rSm tenf;i,f cHjyif;aumif;jzpfoGm;[ef&Sdw,f// rmHatmifxGef;&J@ ajympum; awGudk vkH;0em,l[efr&Sdbl;// rdrdtcef;rSausmckdif;xGufoGm;onfh rif;atmifxGef;eJ@ rGefausmif;om; wpkwkd@udkd/ aemufrS rsueSm&GJ@jyjyD; vsmxkwfjyao;w,f// wvkdif;vkd@ac:awmh bmjzpf&rvJ qdkwJhoabm f yrmrcef@wJh[ef jycJhw,f// 'gayrJh aemufausm vSnfhxGufoGm;wJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;wpk uawmh 'Dausmif;om;&J@ yrmrcwJh tjyKrludk rodvkduf=ubl;// aemufae@rsm;wGi/f xkdArmausmif;om;onf/ rmHaw;udkawG@wkdif;awG@wdkif;/ aemufaeus twkdif; wvkdif;[lI aemufajymifajymqkd aejyefonf// xrif;pm;cef;Y4if;/ pmoifcef;Y 4if;/ tm;upm;uGif;Y4if;/ rmHaw; (ac:) rif;atmifxGef;udk awG@v#if/ ac:aeustwkdif;
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wvkdif; [kyif aac:qkdjyefonf// rmHaw;onf qufvufI oD;rcHekdifawmhay// rdrdtm;Tokd@rac:&ef t=udrf=udrf awmif;yef ajymqkdv#uf/ rdrdtm; xyfrHac:aejyefonf// wae@wGif rif;atmifxGef;onf xrif;pm;aqmifodk@ apmapma&mufjyD;acgif;ikH@I xrif;pm; aeonf// xkdokd@@xrif;pm;aeaom rmHaw;(ac:) rif;atmifxGef;tm; awG@v#Sif xkdArm ausmif;om;u wvkdif;[k aemufajymif ac:qkdoGm;jyefonf// rifatmifxGef;. OD;acgif;udk vnf; ykwfoGm;jyefonf// TwcgwGif rmHaw;onf qufvufI oD;rcH edkifawmhay// xkdausmif;om; vGefoGm;jyD;aemuf/ rmHaw;(ac:)rif;atmifxGef;onf rdrdtem;wGif&Sdaom acgif;avmif;acguf oHacsmif; aumufudk aumufudkifjyD; xkdArmausmif;om; &Sd&mokd@ wtm; ajy;v$m;oGm;onf// bmr#rajymrqkdbJ/ acgif;ikH@I xrif;pm;&ef [efjyifaeaom xkdArmausmif;om;.OD;acgif;udk/ aemufrSaejyD; oHacsmif;aumufc|efjzihf wtm;vGJ&kduf csvdkufonf// xdkArmausmif;om;. OD;acgif;wGif oHacsmif;aumuftc|efu euf&Sdif;pGm pl;0ifjyD;/ pkdufaxmifaeonf// tnmom;ausmif;om;onf/ xkdae&mYyif yGJcsif;jyD; aoqkH; oGm;onf// rmHaw;tm;/ w&m;&kH;awmfrS jypfrSKxif&Sm;awG@&Sdojzifh/ jypfrSK axmif'g% f woufwu|ef; csrSwfvdkufonf// rmHaw;onf/ rdrdrGeftrsdK;om;tm; apmfum;onfudk rcHedkifIrcHcsif aompdwfjzifhjyKcJhrdaom rdrd.jypfrSKjzihf axmifuscJhonf// rdbwkd@onf rmHaw;twGuf a=uuGJ0rf;enf;vkd@ rqkH;jzpfcJh&onf// rmHaw;twGuf urm0ufausmif;rS rGefausmif;olom;rsm; tm;vkH;wkd@u 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh=uonf// rmHaw;twGuf/ qkawmif; arwWmykd@=uonf// ,ckqkd rmHaw;axmifxJhodk@ a&mufaeonfrSm/ (6)eSpf ausmfjyD;jzpfonf// rmHaw;. tpfrajymjycsuft& rmHaw;onf r=umcifrSm axmifrS xGufajrmufvmawmhrnfjzpfonf// rmHaw;twGuf tvGef0rf;ajrmufoGm;onf// (Tae&mYaoqkH;oGm;aom xkdausmif;om;tm;/ vGefpGmoem;rdonf// xdkausmif;om; aooGm;onfhtwGuf/ u|efawmfvkH;0 pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf// tvGef0rf;enf;rdonf// xkdaoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om;.*k%f/ rdbaqGrsdK;wkd@.*k%fudk xdcdkufapvkdaomapoem/ u|efawmfY vkH;0r&Sda=umif; odapvkdygonf// Ttjzpfudk a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh/ xkdausmif;om;. *k%fudkxdckdufapekdifygonf[k jrifcJhv#if/ TtwGuf u|efawmf awmif;yefygonf// trSefudk trSeftwdkif; jynfolvlxk od&Sdatmif a&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf// trSefudkod&SdjyD; oifc%f;pm,ledkfif&efjzpfonf// u|efawmftm;cGifhv$wf=u&ef/ aoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om;eSifh udkaw;wdk@tm; tel;tnGwfawmif;yefygonf//)5
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128
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130
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163
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164
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165
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167
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168
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174
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9
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175
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10
rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@.aemufcHordkif;/pm/62/
176
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177
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178
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11
Mon Nationalism and Civil War In Burma.P.104
179
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180
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12
1982-1962/jrefrmhekdifiHa&;/pm/262/
181
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(6) (7) wkd@jzpfonf//13
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13
1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/262/
182
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183
u&ifvlrsdK;udkjynfe,fay;&wJh tjcm;aomta=umif;csufw&yfrSm tu,fI u&ifvlrsdK;pk udkyg jynfe,fray;cJhvSsif/ u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. ppftiftm;eSifh &ifqkdif&bG,f&Sdonfukd Arm acgif;aqmifrsm;u =udKwif xGufqrd=uonf// 4if;tjyif zdeSdyfcHb0wl rGefeSifhu&if vlrsdK;wkd@aygif;pnf; nDnGwfrSKonf/ tiftm; =uD;xGm;vmedkifonf// xkdtcg rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ ydkifqdkifcJhonfh atmufArmjynfwckvkH; ordkif;taxmufxm;t&/ o&ufjrdK@txdudk/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom edkifiHtjzpf wkdufyGJ0if awmif;qkdvmekdifp&m ta=umif;&Sdekdifonf// jrefrmjynfonf eSpfykdif;jzpfvmekdifonf// txufArmjynfeSif@ Armjynf atmufykdif;(rGefu&if&mrnedkifiH)[lI eSpfjynfaxmif/ eSpfekdifiHjzpfvmekdifonf// xkdokd@jzpfrl ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ tbkd@ rawG@0Hhonfh tvGef=uD;rm;aom tEW&m,frsm;eSifh &ifqkdif&bG,f &Sdvmonf// TtEW&m,fwkd@udk zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;u xGufqrd=u[efwlonf// TtEW&m,f wkd@udk wGufqjyD;/ zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ/ 0g;rsdK ypf&ef oabmxm; csrSwfvmonf// u&ifvlrsdL;udk jynfe,fay;jyD; pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;,l&ef =udK;pm;vmonf// rGef-u&if cspf=unf/ nDnGwfa&;udk wkdufzsuf acsrSKef;&ef/ ekdifiHa&; &nfrSef;csuf=uD;wcktjzpf owfrSwfjyD; =udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifvm=uonf// Todk@ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;rl0g'udk csrSwfjyD; vkyfaqmifvmonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf/ zqyv Armacgif;aqmifwkd@. edlifiHa&;tjrif usOf;ajrmif;rSK/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;tay: oabmxm; rrSefuefrSK/ oabmxm;rjynfh0rSK/ wef;wl nDr#onftjrifr&SdrSK ponfh h nHhzsif;aom t&nfcsif;wkd@udk az:jyaeonf// zqyvArmacgif;aqmifwkd@rSm r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'udk eSpfeSpfjcdKufjcdKuf &if0,fydkuf xm;=uonf[k rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwkd@u pGyfpGJajymqkdonf// Tokd@ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifwkd@. rSm;,Gif;aom oabmxm; tjrifa=umifh/ jrefrmedkifiH. uH=urRmonf aemifwGif qkd;0g;vmrnf[k rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u av;av;eufeuf owday; ajym=um; cJhonf// TrSm;,Gif;aom/ tjrifoabmw&m;udktajccHI zqyv/ y%mrnDvmcHrS/ zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pktjzpf owfrSwfa&;rl oabmxm;w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf// vlrsm;pk. q,fykHwykH &Sdaom/ wkdif;&if;om;udkom/ vlenf;pktjzpf owfrSwfjyD;/ tajccHOya'qkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; ay;oifhonf[k qkdxm;onf// wdkif;jynfvlOD;a&(10)ykH(1)r&Sdaom rGefvlrsdK; onf/ vlenf;pk qdkif&m tcGifha&;rsm; vufvGwf qkH;&SK;H cJhonf// 4if;rlonf vlrsdK;pkwpk owfrSwf&mwGif/ vlOD;a& tenf;trsm;tay:Yom/ vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;rSDI owfrSwf onfudkawG@&onf// rGefvlrsdK;ukd (usLyifckwf/ usLikwfr# rusefapeJ@)/ "Cut down the kyu [reed], let not the stump remain" a=uG;a=umfjyD;/ OD;atmifaZ,s tif;0Armwdk@ u owfjzwfcJhI/ rGefvlrsdK;onf// tpwkH;eD;yg;jzpfcJhonf// Todk@vlrsdK;wkH;atmif/ (Genocide)
184
vkyfcHxm; &jcif;a=umifh vlOD;a&t& enf;yg;aeonf// rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ckwzef/zqyv/ Arm acgif;aqmifrsm;u/ xyfrHeSdyfpufnSif; yef;vmjyefonf// zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ vlrsdK;jyKef;wD;jyD; vlOD;a&enf;&onfh ta=umif;&if;trSefukd tenf;i,frSs xnfhoGif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;/ udk,fcsif;pmw&m;xm;jcif; r&SdonfrSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrif ekdfifonf// ordkif;rSm Arm vlrsdK;wkd@ usL;vGefcJhaom trSm;rsm;udk jyefvnfukpm;bkd@ vkH;0 rpOf;pm;bJ/ tjrwfxkwbdk@yif xyfrH=udK;pm;vmjyefonf// vlenf;pkrGefvlrsdK;udk vlrsm;pk f ArmuvlOD;a&jzifh tedkfif,l edSyfhpufjcif; jzpfonf[k rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u ajymonf// a&epfaeaom oludk/ 0g;ulxkd;/ eSpfowfqkdonfhoabm jzpfaeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm &Sdonfh/ vlrdsK;pkwpk.ckdifrmaom aemufcHordkif;/ pmay/pum;/ ,Ofaus;rSK/e,fajr ydkfifqkdifrSK ordkif;/ pD;yGm;a&;ckdifrmrSK/ponfh/ vlrsdK;pkw&yfudk todrSwfjyK&mwGif tvGefta&;yg t&ma&muf aom pHxm;&rnfhtcsufvufwkd@udk vkH;vkH;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKcJhonfudk xif&Sm;pGm awG@&onf// aemufwcsufrSm Armjynfatmufydkif;onf rGefvlrsdK;wdk@. bkd;zGm; ydkifqdkifaom e,fajrtppfjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk vkH;vkH;arhaysmufypfvkduf=uonf// e,fcsJ@vk,uf wkdufckdfuf odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonfh rGefe,fajr/ &ckdife,fajrwkd@udk rdrdwkd@. bkd;bGm;ydkiftarGteSpf tjzpfoabmxm;jyD; rdrdwdk@ pdwf=udKuf pDrHcef@cGJedkfifonf[k txif a&muf oGm;=uonf// Zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ ,cifu rdrdwkd@ya'o&mZf Armbk&ifrsm;u/ ppfwkduf atmifekdfifcJhonfudk4if;/ vGrf;rdk;ekdifcJhonfudk4if;/ tajccHxm;jyD;/ usefvlrsdK;rsm;udk rdrdwkd@. vufatmufcH wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf txifao;pGmjrifae=uonf// Ttjrifoabmxm;jzifh/ tjrJwrf;vlenf;pkvlrsdK;pkwkd@udk tedkfifusifh=uonfudk awG@ekdifonf// usefvlrsdK;rsmudk/ rdrdwkd@ vufatmufcHxm;jyD;/ rdrdwdk@pDrHcef@cGJouJhokd@/ ae&rnf[laom/ ya'o&mZftjrif/ ya'o&mZft,ltq/ teSHtoufonf/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm/ pGJuyfayusH aeonfudkawG@&onf// ,ae@acwfonf ya'o&mZf acwfr[kwfawmhacs// acwfajymif;vJ vmjyD; jzpfonf// acwfopfeSifhtnD vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;/ =uD;onf/ i,fonfr[l/ wef;wl &Sd&rnf[laomtjrif/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmif awGrSm/ r&Sdao;onfudkvnf; awG@jrifekdfi f onf// =uD;onf/ i,fonfr[l/ enf;onf/ rsm;onfr[l/ vlrsdK;wkdif;wef;wla&;w&m; usifhokH;aom/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkppfppf. tajccH oaabmudkvnf;zqyv/ Arm acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkwkd@rSm/ em;vnfoabmayguf xm;=u[ef rwlacs// z,f'&,f [laom/ pum;vkH;onf/ zqyv/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm;tbkd@ tu|rf;r0ifao;/ tvGefpdrf; aeao; onfudkawG@&onf// ArmvlrsdK;udkvlrsdK;=uD;tjzpf owfrSwfcg/ tm%mrSeforSs vuf0g; tkyfxm;jyD;/ usefvlrsdK;pkrsm;udk vlenf;pkqkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; owfrSwfjyD; ay;onfh tcsufukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ wef;wl &nfwl tjrif r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;onf//
185
vlenf;pkqkdfif&mtcGifha&;rlonf/ ArmvlrsdK;rSty usefvlrsdK;rsm;ukd vlenf;pktjzifh owfrSwf jyD;/ vlrsdK;=uD; jzpfonfhArmvlrsdK;u oem;ojzifhay;rS/ urf;rS&onhf tcGifha&;rsdK; jzpfae onfudkawG@&onf// ya'o&mZftjrif y,fazsmufjyD;/ Twkdif;jynfonf/ rGef/Arm/&ckdfif/ &Srf;/ u&if/ u,m;/ ucsif/ csif;ponfh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;wef;wl/&nfwl ykdifqkdifonf [laom tjrif xm;&Sd &rnf@tpm; zqyvtzGJ@csKyfonf Arm yao&mZf tjrifudk ukdifpJG xlaxmifvmonf// vlenf;pkqkdif&m tcGifha&; Oya'udkjyXmef;vmonf// tiftm;=uD;aom vlrsdK;wrsdK;u tm;enf;ao;i,faom vlrsdK;wrsdK;tm; tedkfifusifhjcif;jzpfonf// tay:pnf; rS aeI jrifaomtjrifjzpfaeonf// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyf odrf;ydkufxm;onfh rdrdwkd@bkd;bGm;ydkif e,fajr vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ awmfvSef wdkfufyGJ0if=uaom Armacgif;aqmifwkd@onf/ e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyftm; trsdK;rsdK;pGyfpJG ajymqdk cJ@=uonf// ,ckrlrdrdwkd@u e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyf ae&mudk ,lvkduf=uonf// e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfArm bk&ifrsm; rw&m;vk,l wkdufcdkuf/ odrf;ydkufxm;cJhaom/ rGefe,fajr/ &ckdife,fajrwkd@udkrl/ tpOfxm0&vuf0g;tkyfxm;csifae=uonf// rlvykdif&Siftppf jzpfonfh/ rGeftrsdK;om; &ckdif trsdK;om;vufokd@ jyefvnfcGJa0ay;tyf&rnfudkrl qifajcqifvuf trsdK;rsdK;jyjyD;/ ypfypfcgcg jiif;y,f ae=uonfudk awG@&onf// e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;[k a=uG;a=umf atmf[pfaeonfhol wOD;onf/ rdrdudk,fYu/ t=uD;pm;e,fcsJ@orm;=uD;wOD; jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf// e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyftm; awmfvSefpOfu twlvufwJGcJhaom rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;wdk@udk arhaysmufvdkuf=uonf// rSefuefr#waom/ ekdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf tjrif Armacgif;aqmifrsm;Y &Sdonf[kqkdedkifygrnfavm [laomar;cGef;udk rGefacgif;aqmif/ &ckdifacgifaqmifwkd@u ar;jref; vmonf// xdk@a=umifzqyvtzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pkqkdif&mrltay:/ rGeftrdsK;om;acgif;aqmif rGefbkd;csdK h onf vkH;0 rauseyf/ vufrcHekdfifacs/ 4if;rltay:jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwkdufckdufxm;aom pmwrf; wapmifudk a&;om;cJhonf// /(zqyvu/ rGefrsm;udk wywf&kdufjyD;) [laom acgif;pOfjzihf pmwef;a&;om;cJhonf// 4if;pmwrf;Y rGGefbkd;csdKonf atmufygtwkdif; a&;om; xm;onf/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u/ rdrdwkd@vlrsdK;/ bmompum;eSifh ,Ofaus;rSK xkH;"avh raysmufuG,f &avatmif/ =udK;yrf; aecsdefwGif/ zqyv/ tzGJ@csKyfonf/ vlrsm;pk. q,fykHwpfykH &Sdaom/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;udkom/ vlenf;pktjzpf/ owfrSwfjyD;/ tajccHOya' qkdif&m tcGifha&;rsm; ay;oifhonf[k qkdjcif;rSm/ rGefvlrsdK; uG,faysmuf oGm;atmif jyKvkyfjcif; omjzpfonf//14
14
1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/263
186
zqyvtzGJ@csKyf. vlenf;pkqdkfif&m tcGifhta&;rludk4if;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ/ u&ifvlrsdK;udkom jynfe,fay;rnfh tpDtpOfudk4if;/ 1947-ckeSpfarv(18)wGif usif;y aom/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; trSKaqmifaumfrwD tpnf;a0;u tjyif;txef uef@uGufcJhonf// tjcm;aomtzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@/ rGefoHCmtzGJ@/ rGefausmif;om;/vli,ftzGJ@ toD;oD;wdk@uvnf; jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufcJh=uonf// Todk@ zqyvtzGJ@csKyfu u&ifvlrsdK;tm; jynfe,fay;rnf/ rGefvlrsdK;tm;/ jynfe,f ray;[laomoabmxm; a=umihf/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;onf wqifhwufI weoFm&Dwdkif; tm;/ u&ifa'otjzpf zefwD;&ef zqyvtzGJ@csKyfxHodk@ t=uHjyKcJhonf// u&ifvlrsdK; wdk@. =udK;yrf;rSKtay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rauseyfjzpfvmI trsdK;rsdK;wkef@jyefvmonf// zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. edkifiHa&;xkd;eSufcsufonf rGef-u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@tay: tvGefxda&muf oGm;onf// 194&-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif usif;yonfh rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; tvkyf trSKaqmiftzGJ@ txl;tpnf;a0;uvnf; ausjimcsuf wapmifxkwfjyefI u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@. =udK;yrf;csufudk uef@uGufcJhonf// ausjimcsufrSm// weoFm&Dwkdif;tm; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,ftjzpf awmif;qkdjcif;rSm vkH;0ravSsmfuefyg// ,cktcg atmufjrefrmjynf[k ac:qkdonfh &mrna'owGif/ rGefeSifhu&if twlwuG a&S;ya0o%Duwnf;u/ oifhjrwfpGm aexkdif=uouJokd@ ,ckvnf; aexkdifvsSuf h &Sd=uonf// &mZ0ift&'GefwGJI/ aexkdifvmaom/ TvlrsdK;eSpfrsdK;rSu&ifwrsdK;wnf;u/ v$rf;rdk;I e,fy,f xlaxmif&ef awmif;qkdjcif;rSm/ ravsmufywfaom/ udpPjzpfonf// xkda=umifh/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS Todk@awmif;qkdjcif;udk tjyif;txef uef@uGufonf// rGef-u&if&mrn e,fy,ftjzpf xlaxmifjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@ taejzifh/ vkH;0ruef@uGufvkdyg// u&iftrsdK;om;wpfOD;wnf; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,f jyKvkyfjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@taejzifhvkH;0 vufrcHekdifyg//15 rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS/ txufygtwkdif; jywfjywf om;om; uef@uGufcJhonf/ rGefvlrsdK;tay: xm;&Sdaom zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. rl0g' oabmxm;tay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rauseyf jzpfvm=uonf// jyefvnfwkef@jyef&ef/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ pkpnf;nDnGwfvm =uonf// rGefvlxk vlwef;pm;aygif;pkH/ tzGJ@aygif;pkHyg0ifaom 'kwd,t=udrf rGeftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifh w&yfudk ac:,lusif;y&efpnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfcJh=uonf// 1947-ckeSpfpufwifbmv (6)&ufwGif/ 'kwd,t=udrfajrmuf/ rGeftrsdK;om;uGefz&ifhudk nDnGwfpGm usif;yekdfifcJhonf//
15
1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/266
187
T'kwd,t=uDrf rGeftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifhrS ta&;=uD;aom/ atmufaz:jyyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; udkwnDwnGwfwnf;csrSwfqkH;jzwfcJh=uonf// (1) tjcm;aomvlrsdK;rsm;oD;oef@e,fajrawmif;qdk&mY/rGefe,fy,frsm;udktvsOf; rxdckdufap&ef// (2) rGeftzGJ@aygif;pkHu awmif;qdkxm;onfh tcsuf(7)csufudk 1947-ckeSpf pufwifbmv (25)&ufae@ aemufqkH; xm;I r&&Sdygu/ rGefoD;jcm;e,fy,f/ awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifhudk/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@uqkH;jzwfzdk@wm0efv$Jtyf&ef// (3) rGefeSifhurBm/ rdwfqufa&;twGuf/ bdvyfoGm;oifhroGm;oifhudkA[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@rS tajctaeudk=unfhjyD; qkH;jzwf&ef// (4) rGefjrefrmjynftwGuf 'kdrDeD,Hr[kwfbJ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom &&Sdap&ef TuGefz&ifhuawmif;qkd&ef// (5) rGefrsm;twGuf oD;oef@a&G;aumufyJGtay:Y tajcjyKonfhtrwfrsm;&&Sd&ef/ TuJhokd@a&G;aumuf wif ajrSmufvkdufaom/ trwfrsm;xJrS rGefa&;&mtzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;&ef//Tawmif;qkdxm;onfhtcGifhta&;udk r&&Sdygu rGefvlrsdK;rsm;tay: pnf;=uyfaeonfh rnfonfhtcGefawmfrsdK;rqdk rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u ay;aqmifoifh ray;aqmifoifh/ jy\emudk qkH;jzwfekdif&ef/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@okd@ TuGefz&ifhrS vkH;0wm0efv$Jtyfa=umif;//16 ponfhta&;=uD;onfh trsdK;om;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk nDnGwfpGm csrSwfekdfifcJh=uonf// T 'kwd, t=udrfajrmuf/ rGefuGefz&ifh. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm/ ,cifrGeftzGJ@aygif;pkHrS/ awmif;qkdxm;onfh tcsuf(7)csufudk ocifek.bk&ifcH trSKaqmif(0ef=uD;)tzGJ@ tpkd;&u/ vkdufavsmap&ef zdtm;ay;onfhoabmyifjzpfonf// rdrdwkd@awmif;qkdxm;onfh tcsufrsm; udkr&ygu/ wqifhwufI rGefoD;jcm;e,fy,f awmif;qkd&ef/ pdrfac:oHay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf// 4if;tjyif rdrdwkd@vkdvm; aom/ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk rvdkufavsmygu ay;aqmif ae&aom tcGeftwkwfrsm;udkyif ray;bJ oydwfarSmuf=u&ef/ wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&ef/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;u/ jyifqif vm=uonf//
16
/oHawmfqifhowif;pm/7 pufwbFm/1947 udk,fawG@ajym=um;csufrsm;/0156/ ordkif;Xme(okawoe)/&efukefwuUodkvf/
188
tcef;(8) rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf// usdKufokwfrGefvlxk&Sif;vif;yGJ=uD;// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tiftm;opf// rGefvli,f.f awmif;qkdcsufrsm;// wkdif;&if;om;A[ktpnf;a0;rS d qkH;jzwfcsu/f / ,kd;',m;cspf=unfa&;c&D;/ rGefeSpfzGJ@nDnGwfrSK/ apmbOD;=uD;. tiftm;jya&;t=uH// rGefeSifhu&iftajcaerwl// Zmojyifta&; awmfykH// edkifbvGifwkd@ zrf;qD;cH&// &JcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifeSifh awG@qkHyGJ// armfvjrdKif rGef-u&ifodrf;// zqyvtpdk;&. Om%feDOm%feuf// armfvjrdKifrSrGe-u&if f qkwfcGm// zqyv.jynfe,fray;a&;rl// rGeftrsdK;om;OD;ek// rGefvl=uD;rsm;qEN uGJjym;// ekdifpHolusqkH;// ekdifbvGifxyfrHzrf;qD;cH&// urm0ufppfoifwef;// urm0uf&Gmtm;rD;&SdK@//
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189
rd[Hom edkfifxGef;wif/ wkdk@yg0ifaom,m,DtrSKaqmiftzGJ@udkzGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm/rGefvlrsdK;onf (1) (2) (3) (4) ordkif;pOft&/wnfwHhckdifjrJaomvlrsdK;// oD;jcm;bmom/pmay/pum;/,Ofaus;rSK&Sdjcif;// pkpnf;aexkdif&ma'o&Sdjcif;// pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; jrefrmjynf.t"duaoG;a=umjzpfaom/ v,f,m pD;yGm;a&;udk a&S;,cifumvrS/ ,ckxufwkdif vkyfudkifvSsuf&Sdjcif; a=umihf/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ckdifrmaom vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonf// xkda=umifh vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonfh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ trsdK;om; udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh/(National Self Determinataion)udk&xkdufonf// 4if;&xkdufaom udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifhudk'Drdkua&pDenf; t&tjzpfekdfifqkH; awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&efjzpfonf//
rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@rS/ ekdifbvGift,f'Dwmtjzpfxkwfa0vSsuf&Sdaom/ weoFm&Dowif;pm ukd/ ekdifbvGifuyif t,f'Dwm qufvuf wm0ef,ljyD;/ (rv&)a=uG;a=umfoHtjzpf qufvuf xkwfa0oGm;&efoabmwl=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfrS OD;pD;usif;yaom rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcHudk 1947-ckeSpfwGif rk'kHjrdK@e,f zg;atmufaus;&GmwGif (3)&ufwkdifwkdif pnfum;okdufjrdKufpGmusif;ycJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHudkrGefa'o&Sd rGeftrsdK;om; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufcJhonf// 4iff;nDvmcHrSm trsm;oabmwl atmufyg rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf trSKaqmifopfudk a&G;aumuf wifajrmuf=u onf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;;&mtzGJ@csKyf tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@opf OuUX 'kOuUX taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdfifvSarmif rGefocif=uD;/ekdfifjratmif ekdifaiGodrf;
190
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191
rSxGufvmaom a&S@wef;rS yk*~dKvfwkd@onf/ armfvjrdKifaps;=uD;&yfuGufodk@ a&mufonfhwkdif/ pk&yfae&mwGif vltkyf=uD;onf/ rukefekdifao;bJ rsm;jym;pGmpk&kH;vSsuf&Sdaeao;onf// TrsS rsm;jym;aom rGefvlxk=uD;onf/ trsdK;om;ta&;wGif wuf=uGpGm/ pdwftm;oefpGmjzifhyg0ifcJh =uonf// pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyaom rGefvltkyf=uD;onf/ rGefjynfe,f csufcsif;ay; ykdpwmrsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;=ujyD; atmufyg a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk jydKifwl a=uG;a=umf cJh=uonf/ rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/ rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/ [lI wcJeuf tqufrjywf a=uG;a=umfatmf[pf awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// rGefvlxkwkd@. wcJeufa=uG;a=umfvkdufaom a=uG;a=umfoHonf/ ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;udk wkH[;D oGm;ap cJhonf// owfrSwfxm;aom aemufqkH;pk&yfjzpfonfh/ oHvGifO,sOfodk@ eHeuf(11)em&DwGif vlxky&d\wf=uD; pkHnDpka0;a&mufvm=uonf// pka0;a&muf&Sdvmonfh/ axmifaomif; rsm;pGmaom rGefvlxktm;/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf OuUXekdifvSarmifu/ ordkif;wGifaom atmufyg rdef@cGef; pum;udk tm;rmefjzifh wufwuf=uG=uG jrGuf=um;oGm;cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;onf/ vlrsdK;a&;t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifhjynfhpkHaom/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonfh tavSsmuf rdrdwkd@&J@ udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifh jzpfonfh/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmif&ef/ zm;atmuf&GmY usif;ycJhaom/ rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHrS wnDwnGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcscJhonfudk/ rGefjynfolrsm;od&SdjyD;jzpfw,f// 'DvkdrGefjynfe,fawmif;&ef/ qkH;jzwfcJhonfrSm/ tjcm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;. &ykdifcGifhudk xdckdufapvkdI r[kwfyg// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bkd;bGm;ydkifqkdifcGifhudk/ w&m;ojzifh jyefvnf awmif;qkdaejcif;rsSom jzpfw,ff// Todk@ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifa&; vkyfief;udk twwfedkifqkH; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& aqmif&GufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f// ,ae@ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ at;csrf;pGm pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm qENjypDwef; vSnfhvnf aejcif;uyif oufaocHaejyD;jzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ &oifh&xkdufaom/ ukd,fuH =urRm/ udk,fzefwD;cGifh(Right of Self Determination)ukd w&m;ojzifh/ 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;t& awmif;qkdonfukdyif aeSmuf,Suf zsufpD;vmygu/ rGefjynfe,f&wJhtxd/ &edkifonfhtaumif;qkH; enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;/ rGefjynfolvlxkeSifhvufwGJcg/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@rS qufvuf vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef oH'dXmefcsxm;jyD;jzpfw,f// 'dvkdoH'dXmefcsrSwf aqmif&Guf&mrSm/ rGeftrsdK;om; w&yfvkH;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ wufwuf=uG=uG yl;aygif;yg0if=ubkd@ tav;teuf wkdufwGef;vkdygw,f//
192
OuUX=uD;ekdifvSarmif.rdef@cGef;tqkH;wGif/ rGefvlxky&d\wf=uD;u/ wcJeuf vufckyfvuf0g; wD;I =obmoHay;=uonf// xkdaemuf=uGa&mufvmaom/ vlxky&d\wf=uD;u atmufyg qkH;csufrsm;udk/ wnDwnGwfwnf;wcJeufqkH;jzwf =uonf// (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhwuG/ usqkH;oGm;aom/ 0ef=uD;rsm;udk vkyf=uHowfjzwfaom vlowform;wkd@udk Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u/ txl;uJh&J@&Skwfcsyga=umif;// (2) rGefwkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&Sd onfhtwGuf/ 0rf;enf;a=umif;// (3) rGefwkd@onf/ ArmedkfifiH&Sdwkdfif;&if;om;/ tcsif;csif;eSifh &if;eSD;nDnGwfpGm/ qufqHvkdvm; onftavSsmuf rGefwkd@.w&m;ojzifh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdaomfvnf;/ h tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf oD;jcm; jynfaxmifpk taeeSifh awmif;cJhaomf/ ydkrdkc&D;a&mufvdrfhrnf[lI Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u ,lq a=umif;// (4) txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;eSifh ywfoufI ay:aygufvmaom/ udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@(XmecsKyf) tvkyftrSKaqmiftzJG@odk@ tm%m v$Jtyfa=umif;// [lIjzpfonf// TrGefjynfolvlxk. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;t&/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ rGefoD;jcm; jynfe,f ay;&ef twdtvif;awmif;qkdvmonf udkavhvmawG@&Sd&onf//17 1947-ckeSpfatmufwkdbmv(11)&ufae@wGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom edkifbvGi/f ekdifpHolwkd@u owif;pmq&mrsm;eSifh awG@qkH&Sif;vif;yGJ w&yfudk armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@&kH;XmecsKyfY usif;yonf// xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY rdrdwdk@awmif;qkdrnfh rGefoD;jcm;jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;udk edkifbvGifeSihf edkfifpHolwdk@u &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// ekdifbvGifeSifhrGefpHolwkd@. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufwkd@rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufteufrS/ zqyvtpkd;&u/ tcsuf(1) (3)eSifh (4)wkd@udkom ay;jyD;/ usefta&;=uD;aom/ tcsufrsm;udkrvkdufavsmojzifh/ rGeftrsdK;om;rsm; taejzifh/ ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufI awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 1947ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(9)&ufae@u/ rGeftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyfwGif/ acgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;a0;=ujyD;/ atmufjrefrmedkifiH/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. e,fy,frsm;udk/ rGefoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpktjzpf owfrSwfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdrnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwf
17
1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268
193
=uw,f// tus,ft0ef; twdtusajym&vSsif/ rGefoD;jcm; jynfaxmifpkonf/ taemufbufwGif ykodr/f taemufyifv,f urf;&kd;wef;/ ajrmufbufwGif o&ufjrdK@/ ta&S@bufwGif awmifile,f ajreDukef;jrdK@&Sd rSwfwkdifrsm; txdeSifh awmifydkif;wGif 0dwkd&d,iltxd yg0ifygw,f//18 ekdifbvGifeSifh rGefpHolwkd@onf/ ajrykHeSihfwuG taotcsm/ owif;axmufrsm;tm; &Sif;vif; wifjycJhonf// owif;axmufrsm;. tar;rsm;udkvnf;jyefvnfajz=um;&Sif;vif;cJh=uonf// tu,fI ,cktcsdefrSm zqyv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&u/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk vkdufavsmcJhyg&if/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh auseyf=u rnfvm;// ToD;jcm; rGefjynfaxmifpke,f awmif;qkdjcif;udk jyefvnf&kwfodrf; rnfvm;// txufygowif;axmufwOD;.ar;jref;csufudk/ekdifbvGif/ rGefpHolwdk@u atmufygtwkdif; ajz=um;cJhonf// ,ae@rGefvlxkrSm/ rdrdwkd@&J@rlv awmif;qkdcsuf/ (7)csufudk zqyvtwdkifyifcH tpkd;&uvkdufavsm apumrl/ tvkdr&Sdawmhbl;// rauseyfawmhbl;// rdrdwkd@&oifh &xkdufwJh/ rGefoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpke,f&rSomauseyfawmhr,f// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ awmif;qkdcsufudk/ ,ckr&&ifvnff;/ vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg/ qufvufawmif;qkd oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f// zqyvtzGJ@udka&m/ tjcm;rnfonfhtzGJ@pnf;udkyg/ twkdufcH vkyfvkdIr[kwfyg// rdrdwkd@ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifha&;udk awmif;qkdjcif;omjzpfw,f// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r=umc% ajymqkdaewJh/ vlrsdK;pkwkdif; udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh &Sd&r,fqkdwJh tjrifudk/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@u tjynfht0 axmufcH =udKqkd w,f/// ukd,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhudkom rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvf (Lord Listowel)eSifh jrefrmekdifiHbk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH 0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf;/ a=u;eef;&dkufta=umif;=um; jyD;jzpfw,f//19 ekdfifbvGifeSifhedkfifpHolwkd@utxufygtwdkif;@jywfjywfom;om; ajz=um;oGm;onf//
18 19
1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268 1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268
194
ya'o&mZftaiG@toufrukefao;aom r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'udkudkifpGJxm;onfh/ zqyv twkdifyifcHtpdk;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudkf y,fcs cJhonfhtwGuf ,ckvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u wkd;jrSifhI awmif;qdkvmjcif;jzpfonf// Armya'o&mZf wkd@ rw&m; tekdif,l odrf;ykdufxm;aom/ rdrdwdk@.bdk;bGm; ydkifqkdifonfh/ e,fajra'o tm;vkH;udk/ rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u jyefvnfawmif;qkdvmonf udkawG@&Sd&onf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(9)&ufae@u jyKvkyfusif;yaom/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;a0; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m/ 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvfeSifh/ jrefrmekdifiH bk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf; xkdae@rSmyif/ a=u;eef;&dkuf ta=umif;=um; vkduf=u onf// 1947-ckeSpf arv(1)&ufae@Y pwifusif;yaom/ wkdif;jynfjyK v$wfawmftpnf;a0;rS jrefrmekdifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyD;/ u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;udkom/ tcGifha&; ay;vkduf=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf tcGifha&;ay;jcif; r&Sdonfhtay: rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@u rauseyfI ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufawmif;qkdvmonf[k qkdekdifygonf// zqyv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&. rGefvlrsdK;tay: xm;&Sdaomoabmxm;udk rauseyfI rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@rSm wif;rmaomtjrif oabmxm;&SdvmjyD;/ ,ckvkd atmufjrefrmekdifiH wckvkH;udk awmif;qkdvmonf[kvnf; qkdekdifonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf oD;jcm;e,f xlaxmif&ef t"du xm;awmif;qkdvm=uonf// TuJho@kd trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsufudk wpfqifhwufjyD; rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@ awmif;qkd vmonf// rGefjynfolvlxk vlwef;pm;toD;oD; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfvmonf// wcsdefwnf; rSmyif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ b0wltjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;eSihfvnf; r[mrdwf zGJ@ekdKif&ef enf;vrf;&Smvmonf// rdrdwkd@.trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;qkd &mwGif/ b0wlvlrsdK;pkrsm;. axmufcHrSK vkdtyfa=umif;udk rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrifvm=uonf// xkda=umifh u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf ykdrdkcspf=unf&if;eSD;rSK&Sd&ef rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@u =udK;pm;vm=uonf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(3)&ufwGif usif;yaom/ armfvjrdKif u&iftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifhokd@ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ rd[Hom/ rGefq&mwif/ rGefomvif;/ rGefpdefxGef;wkd@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkH=ujyD; trsdK;om;ta&;udk aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// rGefu&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. a&S@vkyfief;pOf twGufnSdeSKdif;wkdifyifcJh=uonf// trsdK;om;a&;wGif rGef-u&if yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; udpP rsm;udk u&ifacgif;aqmif apmb=uD;eSifh aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif
195
apmbOD;=uD;u rdrd.t=uHpnfudk rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; xkwfaz:ajymjyonf// 4if;wkd@ u&iftrsdK;om;taejzihf zqyvtpkd;&tm;/ vufeuftiftm;jzifh/ t=uyfudkifjyD; trsdK;om; tcGifha&;udk ta&;qkdoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; taejzifhvnf; TuJhokd@yif vufeuftiftm;jyjyD; zqyvtpdk;&xHrS/ rdrd&oifh&xkduf aomtcGifha&;udk awmif;qkdoifhonf[k apmbOD;=uD;u t=uHjyKcJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ekdifvSarmif/ ekdfifbvGifwkd@uvnf;/ rdrdwkd@onfvnf;/ vufeuf tiftm;jyjyD;/ zqyvtpkd;&tm; t=uyfudkfifta&;qdkoGm;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf// xkdokd@rGefu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jyD;/ wOD;.ta&;udkwOD;u 0kdif;0efulnD=u&ef oabmwl=uonf// wlnDaom tusdK;udpP&yfrsm;wGif yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf=u&efvnf; oabmwl =uonf// xkdokd@rGef-u&if eSpfOD;eSpfzuf nDnGwfaeonfhtjzpfudk zqyv tpkd;&u pdk;&drf=uD;pGm rsufajcrjywf tuJcwf apmifh=unfhaeonf// rGeftrdsK;om;eSifh u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ wpfOD;udpPukd wpfOD;u axmufcHulnD=u&ef/ oabmwlnDrSK &&Sdxm;=uonf[k owif;pmtoD;oD;wkd@u xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfu/ o&ufjrdK@txd/ atmufjrefrmekdifiHwpfckvkH;udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf awmif;qkd rnf[lIvnf; owif;pm toD;oD;rS a&;om;az:jy=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfonf/ rdrdwkd@OD;aqmif qkH;jzwfawmif;qkdxm;aom/ rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;twGuf/ vkH;yrf; =udK;pm;vm&awmhonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifaom/ c&kdif/ jrdK@e,f/ aus;&Gma'orsm;qDodk@ uGif;qif;pnf;&kH;&ef/ wm0efcGJa0 ,l=uonf// rGefjynfe,f tjrefaz:xkwfa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ ydkrdkjyif;xefaom pnf;&kH;a&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf edkfif&ef wm0efcGJa0=uonf// a&;e,feSifhusdKuQrDe,fudk rGefocif=uD;/ rGefpHol/ edkifbvGifeSifh a'ocHacgif;aqmifrsmjzpf=uaom ekdifyef;om (0Juavmif)/ ekdif'Gwf(uGmefvSm)/ ekdif&kd;wdk@eSifh vufwGJjyD; pnf;vkH;a&;qif;usonf// rk'kHe,fudk/ edkifvSarmif/ ekdifomeSif;eSifh a'ocH acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ekdifausmif(uavmhaomh)/ ekdifbkd;aumif;wkd@eSihf vufwGJjyD; pnf&kH;a&; vkyfief;ukd aqmif&Guf=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. xkd;azgufpnf;&kH;a&; vkyfief;onf/ txl;yif atmifjrifvmonf// zqyvtpkd;&onf rsufvkH;jyL;vmonf// Tokd@ pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wkd;wufatmifjriff vmonfeSifhtrSs/ zqyvtpkd;&onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhpwif/ &efjyK vmonf// jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf// rGefvlrsdK; a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfuvnf; tpkd;&jcdrf;ajcmufrSKudk wkef@jyef&ef jyifqif vmonf// zqyv tpkd;&uwdk;I vufeufjzifh zdeSdyf vmygu/ vufeufjzifh jyefvnf ckcHedkfif&eftwGuf/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf vufatmufwGif trsdK;om; umuG,fa&; Xmewckudk v#dK@0Sufwkd;csJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;vkdufonf//
196
TuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS ajcvSrf;oGufoGufjzifh t&Sdeft[kefwif pnf;&kH;a&; qif;aeonfhtcsdefwGif wzufY rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; uvnf; tm;tifopfjzifh pkpnf;nDnGwfpGm zGJ@pnf;vm=uonf// rdrdwkd@wkdufyGJ qifcJhonfh/ wkdifjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJtm; oydwfarSmufrSKa=umifh rdrdwdk@twGif; tcsif;csif; oabmuGJjym; jcm;em; cJ=h ujyD;/ txkduftavSsmuf tm;enf; ,drf;,dkifvmcJhonf// tiftm;opfrsm;udk pnf&kH; odrf;oGif;I topfwzef pnf;vkH;nDnGwf tm;aumif;aom tpnf;t&kH;wck jzpfvm&ef =udK;pm; vm=uonf// 1947-ckeSpfwGif rk'kHjrdK@e,f urm0uf&GmY rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcH w&yfudkac:,l usif;yygonf// 4if;nDvmcHrSvnf; rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&ef awmif;qkd a=umif; qkH;jzwf=uonf// tiftm;aumif;aom trSKaqmifopf w&yfudkvnf; jyefvnf a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrSKaqmifopf OuUX rGefzkd;csdK 'kOuUX ekdifatmifxGef;(yi) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGef(urm0uf) trSKaqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; rGefq&m[kd(urm0uf) q&mrGefzkd;pdef(urm0uf) ekdifxGef;cif(urm0uf) ekdifausmfvS edkifarmif=uD; edkifpHnGef@ q&mpH&$ef;(urm0uf) wkd@jzpfonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;onf/ rGefvli,frsm;udk pnf;&kH;a&;twGuf vli,faumfrwD w&yfukdvnf;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// 4if;rGefvli,faumfrwDudk ekdifxGef;ciftm; OD;aqmifapcJhonf/ 4if;aumfrwDrS=uD;rSL;usif;yaom/ vli,fum,AvvSKyf&Sm;rSKoifwef;w&yfudk/ armfvjrdKif/
197
&GmvGwfausmif;wGif zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf// oifwef;jyD;qkH;aomtcg/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@ay:wGif pDwef;vSnfhvnfI rGefvli,f tiftm; jyyGJw&yfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS &mrnowif;pmudk (3)ywf w=udrfus rGef-jrefrm bmom (2)&yfjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. a=uG;a=umfoHjzifh xkwfa0aom &mrnowif;pmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefeSifh q&m[kd wkd@u =uD;=uyf wm0efcHI xkwfa0;onf// Tokd@rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@.trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSK/tvGeft&Sdef&tm;aumif;aepOfrSmyif/ &efukefjrdK@&Sd rGefvli,ftzGJ@uvnf;/ txl;tpnf;ta0;w&yfudkac:,lcJhonf/ 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(12)&ufae@wGif/ &efukefbk&m;vrf;&Sd/ uefx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmf/ aetdrfYusif;y=uonf// tpnf;ta0; obmywdtjzpf/ rGefausmfvSuaqmif&GufjyD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfrGefatmifcspf(xkH;tkdif)uaqmif&Gufonf//20 4if;tpnf;ta0;u oabmwltwnfjyKvkdufonfh/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;teuf ta&;ygonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm/ (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhtaygif;tyg0ef=uD;rsm;usqkH;onfudk/txl; 0rf;enf;a=uuGJjyD;vSsif/ vlowf0g'udkt=uGif;rJh&SKwfcsa=umif;// (2) 1948/ckeSpfZefem0g&DvxufaemufrusapbJ/Armjynftm;vkH;0vGwf vyfa&;ay;&efawmif;qkd a=umif;// (3) &Srf;/u&if/ucsif/csif;/ vlrsdK;wdk@onfrdrdwkd@uH=urRmudk rdrdwkd@bmom/ zefwD;ekdifaomtcGifha&;rsm;ukd&&Sd=uonfudk0rf;omtm;&yga=umif;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf 4if;tcGifhta&;rsdK;udk r&&Sdojzifh txl;0rf;enf; rda=umif;// (4) ArmekdifiHtpkd;&u/ rGefvlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csuf teuf/ wcsufrSsjynfhjynfhpkHpkHray;bJ// rajymyavmufonfhtcGifh ta&;eSifhom/t=uKH;0ifaom/tpdwftydkif;uav;tenf;i,fudkom/ vkdufavsmaoma=umifh/Ttpnf;ta0;uvkH;0rauseyfa=umif;// (5) rGefvlxktm;vkH;.w&m;ojzifh/ awmif;qkdaomvkdvm;csufrsm;udk &&Sdatmif/ rGefrsdK;cspf acgif;aqmifrsm;/ pdwftm;ravsSmhbJ/ w&m; Oya'twGif;Y wnf&Sdaom vrf;a=umif;rsm;jzihf/ &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H=udK;yrf;
20
1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/269
198
aqmif&Guf&mwGif/ rGefvlxk ZmwdaoG;eSihf ulnD tm;ay;&ef/ T tpnf;ta0;u wkdufwGef;yga=umif;// (6) ArmekdifiHawmftpkd;&u/ rGefvlxk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. awmif;qkd csufrsm;udk tcdsefrSDjyefvnf pOf;pm;oifha=umif;//21 [lIjzpfonf// rGefvli,fwdk@. qkH;jzwfcsufudk =unfhvsSif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom/ awmif;qkdcsuf (7)csufudk/ zqyvtpkd;&u rvkdufavsmonfhtwGu/f tvGefrauseyfa=umif; ay:vGif aeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@onfvnf;/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; enf;wl/ ukd,fuH=urRm udkf,fzefwD;cGifhudk &vkda=umif; xif&Sm;onf// rGefjynfe,fudk r&vSsif/ &onfhtxd Oya'abmif twGi;f rSaeI/ w&m;rSswaom enf;vrf;jzif qufvufawmif;qkdoGm;&ef rGefjynfolvlxkudk eSKd;aqmfxm;onfudk awG@&onf// rGefvli,f tzJG@pnf;onf/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;awmif;qkdrSKwGif/ wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifvmonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(16)&ufae@wGif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifvrdkif;&GmY rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;.tpnf; ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f awmif;qkd&efeSifh rGef&Jabmftpnf;t&kH; zGJ@pnf;&ef tqkdjyKcJh=uonf// wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf22uvnf; vrdkif;&GmY tpnf;ta0; usif;y=uonf// 4if; tpnf;ta0;rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bmom/ omoem wkd;wufa&;twGuf/ aqmif&Guf ay;&ef/ rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@tm; ppfwyfeSifh ykvdyftzGJ@wGif/ trSKxrf;cGifhjyK&ef/ oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f/ awmif;qkd&efwkd@eSifhywfoufIaqG;aEG;nSdeSKdif;=uonf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv/(29)&ufae@wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u =uD;rSL;I rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@.tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk udsKuQrDc&kdif/ acsmif;qkHjrddK@e,f/ &GmvGwfaus;&Gm Yusif;ycJhonf//23 4if;tpnf;ta0;wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH;. OuUXrGefbkd;csdKu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@.=uD;rm;aom ordkif;tpOfvmudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// wqufwnf;rSmyif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taejzifh/ rdrdwkd@&oifh&xkdufaom tcGifhta&;twGuf/ wkdufyGJ0if=u&ef vkdtyfa=umif; eSdK;aqmf wkdufwGef; oGm;onf// rdrdwkd@uH=urRm rdrdwkd@ udk,fwkdif zefwD;cGifh &Sdaom/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f &&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefwrsdK;om;tm;vkH;pnf;vkH; nDnGwf=u&ef
21
1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/270 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271 23 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271

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wkdufwGef; eSdK;aqmfoGm;onf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSmyif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefuvnf;/ atmufyg twkdif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;onf/ ordkif;tpOftvmt&/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ykdifeufe,fy,fonf/ o&ufjrdK@txd &SdcJhonfudk rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrsSrjiif;ekdifyg// okd@&mwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH. tvHawmfopfrSm/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@ txdrf; trSwftjzpf/ =u,fwpfvkH;pD &&SdcJh=uaomfvnf; rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm/ rdrdvlrsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKaom/ =u,fwpfvkH; r&&SdcJhonfrSm/ tvGef0rf;enf; rdw,f// txufygtwdkif; ekdifcsrf;rGefonf/ jywfom;pGm ajym=um;oGm;onf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSm/ ekdifxGef;&ifu/ rGeftrsdK;om;wdk@. tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0if&eftwGuf/ rGefvli,f tpnf;t&kH;rsm; zJG@pnf;xlaxmif oifha=umif; tqkdjyKwifoGif;oGm;onf//24 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv (30)&uf ae@wGi/f acsmif;qkHjrdK@e,f/ &GmvGwfaus;&GmY/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ A[kdOD;pD;tzJG@ tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk usif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS/ qkH;jzwfcsuf(15)csufudk qkH;jzwfcJhonf// 4if;wkd@rS ta&;=uD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufwcsdK@rSm/ (1) jAdwdefeSifh ,d;k ',m;ekdfifiHrsm;odk@/ rGefcspf=unfa&; ud,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ apv$wf&ef// k (2) rGefudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;/ bk&ifcHeSifhvnf;aumif;/ ocifekeSifhvnf;aumif;/ awG@qkH cGifhjyK&ef// (3) ekdifiHwGif;vrf;opfrsm;azgufvkyfa&;/ tvkyfvufrJhjy\emajz&Sif;ay;a&;//tdrfwGif; vufrSKvkyfief;rsm;/ tm;ay;a&;twGuf/ bk&ifcHtm;wkdufwGef;&ef// (4) A[kdwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u/ oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f ay;&ef awmif;qkdrSKudk axmufcH&ef// ponfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;yg0ifonf// TrGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH;/ A[kdOD;pD;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;. qkH;jzwfcsuft&/ 1310-ckeSpf yxr0gqkdvqef;(2)&uf/ (7/6/48)ae@wGif rGefwkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rS rGefzkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ rGefpHvSdKif/ q&mbdk;pdefwdk@onf/ ,kdk;',m;jynf/ befaumufjrdK@okd@ cspf=unfa&;c&D;oGm;cJhonf// cspf=unfa&;c&D;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ ,dk;',m;edkifiH&Sd rGefrsdK;eG,f rsm;eSihfawG@qkHjyD;/ rGeftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKtwGuf/ wkdifyifaqG;aEG;&ef jzpfonf// txl;ojzifh 1757-ckeSpfu ArmOD;atmifaZ,s.&efudk wdrf;a&Smifaomtm;jzifh/
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208
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209
zqyvtpkd;&onf armfvjrdKifudk =udKwifumuG,fr_rsm; uref;uwef; aqmif&Guf&ef =udK;pm; vmonf// zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifjyD; axmifoGif; xm;aom/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif rsm;jzpfonfh ekdifbvGif/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ rGefpHol/ ekdifausmif/ rGefbkd;aumif;/ ekdifpdefxGef;wkd@eSifh4if;/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@&Sd u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf4if; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,f apv$wf vmonf// &efukefjrdK@SrS&JcsKyf/ AkdvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifeSifh u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;&kH;rS u&if acgif;aqmif apmom'ifwkd@udk tpdk;&uapvGwfvmonf// 1948-ckeSpfZlvkdifv(31)ae@wGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@AdkvfwJwGif &JcsKyfAkdvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifonf/ wkdif;rif;=uD; OD;cifaarmif&if/ c&kdif0efOD;bpef;/ c&kdif&J0efaxmufOD;vSarmifwkd@eSifh/ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;=uonf// jy\em t&yf&yfajyvnfa&;twGuf rnfuJhokd@ aqmif&Gufv#if oifhav#mfrnfudk n_de_dif;wkdifyif =uonf// TuJhodk@pka0; n_de_dif;wkdifyifaepOfrSmyif/ ppf&Jwyf&if;t&m&Sd u&iftrsdK;om; apm[if'gqifeSifh u&if&Jabmfwyfom;rsm;u/ 4if;pnf;a0;xkdifae=uaom/ tpdk;&t&m&Sd tmvkH;wkd@udk n(8)em&DwGif zrf;qD;vkdufonf// AkdvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif wOD;onfom/ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;onf// xkdtm%modrf;aom/ u&iftrsKd;om; apm[if'gqifwkd@ tzJG@uyif/ ekdifbvGif/ ekdifaiGGodrf;/ ekdifpHol/ ekdifausmif/ rGefbkd;aumif;/ rGefpdefxGef;wkd@udk nwGif;csif;yif/ axmifrSxkwfcJhonf// 1948-ckeSpfZlvkdifv(31)nYyif rGef-u&ifacgif;aqmifwdk@ n_dekdif;wdkifyifjyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@eSifh usdKuQrDc&kdifwckvkH;udk odrf;,l&efqkH;jzwf=uonf// 1948-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(1)&ufae@ eHeuf rdk;rvif;rD armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk odrf;ydkuf,lvkdufonf// rk'kHjrdK@udk eHeuf(11)em&DtcsdefwGi f odrf;ykduf,lvkdufonf// usefaomoHjzLZ&yfjrdK@/a&;jrdK@eSifh acsmif;qkHjrdK@rsm;udk odrf;ykduf,l&ef/ toD;oD;wm0efcGJa0,l=ujyD;/ aqmif&Guf=uonf// txl;ojzifh/ OD;pD;aqmif&GufolrSm ekdifaiGodrf;jzpfonf// usdKKuRa&mjrdK@rSwyg;tm;vkH;aom jrdK@rsm;udk rGefwdk@uodrf;,lekdifcJhonf// rGefwyf&if;&kH;udkrl bkdukef;&yf txufvrR=uD;/ a&$wnifwGifzGifhvSpfxm;onf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@ udkodrf;ydkfufjyD;aemuf/ ekdifiHa&;/ppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;udkyl;wGJaqmif&Gufekdif&ef/ rGef-u&if yl;wGJaumfrwDw&yfudk zGJ@pnf; =uonf// 1948-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(2)&ufwGiftpdk;&. ar,kppfoabFmonf armfvjrdKifjrpfwGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufqkdufuyfvmonf// &JcsKyfAkdvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifvnf;oabFmeSifhtwlygvmonf// AkdvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif.zdwf=um;csuft&/ edkifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ ekdifaiGodfrf;wkd@(3)OD;onf/ ar,koabFmrSm&Sdaeaom AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifudk oGm;a&mufawG@qkHcJhonf// rGefjynfe,f udk tpdk;&rS tjrefqkH;taumifxnfaz:ay;ygu tm;vkH;jidrf;csrf;oGm;rnf[k rGefacgif;aqmif rsm;u wifjy cJhonf//
210
z/q/y/v/ tpdk;&onfvnf; vdrfrm yg;eyfpGm enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk usifhoH;k I jy\emudk udkifw,f ajz&Sif;&ef tylwjyif; =udK;pm;vmonf// rGef-u&ifwkd@=unfndKav;pm;aom/ G au/tif/,l/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;eSifh apm0DvDausmf wkd@udk pnf;&kH;I armfvjrdKifokd@ apv$wfcJhjyefonf// 1948-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(8)&ufwGif/ u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;&kH;rS OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;eSifh apm0DvDausmfwkd@ armfvjrdKifjrdK@udka&mufvmonf// OuUX=uD;apmbOD;eSifh rGef-u&ifacgifaqmifwkd@ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;=uonf// xkdaqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ OuUX=uD;apmbOD;=uD; onf/ rdrd.tjrifudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjyajymqdkoGm;onf// ,ae@tcsdefcgonf/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsdefrusao;a=umif;/ jrdK@&Gmwdk@udkodrf;jyD;/ ,SOfjydKiftpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;&efvnf; roifhav#mfao;a=umif;/ rdrdtaejzifh jrifa=umif;/ z/q/yv/tpdk;&tm;/ vufeuftiftm;jyjyD; rGefu&ifwkd@ vkdvm;aeaom/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&; tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;,l&efom jzpfoifha=umif;// ponfjzifh tus,fw0ifh apmbOD;=uD;u &Sif;vif;wifjyonf// 4if;apmbOD;=uD;.tjrif tay: armfvjrdKif&Sdu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGefacgif;aqmif rsm; jzpf=uaom ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ekdifpHolwkd@u oabmwlvufcHonf// OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;eSifh armfvjrdKif&Sd rGef-u&if acgif;aqmifwkd@. aqG;aEG;r_ oabmwl nDcsuft&/ tpkd;&onf 'k/AkdvfrSL;=uD;aemfvm OD;aqmifaom/ ucsifwyf&if;(2)wyf&if;udk armffvjrdKifokd@apvGwfcJhonf// 'k/AkdvfrSL;=uD;aemfvmonf/ rGef-u&if acgif;aqmif;rsm;eSifh nSdke_dif;wkdifyifjyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@udk(3)ykdif;/ydkif;ItkyfcsKyf=uonf// armfvjrdKif'kdif;0efuGif;ykdif;udk u&ifwyfrsmukd4if;/ a&$awmif&yfrS armifiH&yfxdudk rGefwyfrsm;u4if;/ rkyGefeSifhqdfyfurf; &yfuGufrsm;udk tpdk;&. wyfu4if;/ toD;oD; ykdif;jcm;I tkyfcsKyf=u&ef oabmwlcJhonf// 4if;tjyif/ usdKuQrDc&kdif vkHjcKHr_twGu/f ppf0efxrf;wyf wwyfudkvnf; zGJ@pnf;&ef oabm wl =uonf// 4if;zGJ@pnf;rnfh/ ppf0efxrf;wyf wyf&if;wGif/ rGefwyfcGJwcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJ wcGJeSifh tjcm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;yg0ifonfh wyfcGJwcGJ/ pkpkaygif; wyfcGJ(3)cGjJ zifh/ zGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwl =uonf// okd@aomf z/q/y/v/ tpkd;&onf rlvuyif r&kd;om;aom/ oabmxm; &SdcJhonfh twkdif;/ wajz;ajz;/ 4if;.Zmwd&kyf ay:vmonf// rGefwyfcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJrsm;jzifh/ zJG@pnf;rnfh/ ppf0efxrf; wyf&if;udk/ rGefwyfcGJ/ u&ifwyfcGJrsm; rygbJ tjcm;wyfrsm; jzifh zGJ@pnf; xlaxmifvmonf//
211
zqyv tpdk;&onf jynfol@&JabmfeSifh/ z/q/y/v/ tpkd;& vufatmufcH vufeufudkif wyfrsm;udk v#dK@0Suf/ vufeuf tiftm; ay;urf; axmufyHhjyD;/ rGefeSifh u&ifwyfrsm;udk/ v#dK@0Suf wkdufckduf acsrSKef; aponf// v#dK@0Suf vlowftzGJ@rsm;zGJ@I rGefacgif;aqmif/ u&if acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vkyf=uH owfjzwfaponf// zqyv/ tpdk;&. tvpf0ifwkdufrSK/ tvpf acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfrSK/ vkyf=uHrSKwkdk@a=umifh/ rGef-u&if vufeufudkfif wyfzGJ@wkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@ vkHjcKHa&; twGuf/ armfvjrdKifrS qkwfcGm cJh&onf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@rS zg;atmuf&Gmodk@4if;/ uavmhaomh/ xkH;tkdif/aumheSyf paom aus;&Gmodk@4if;/ qkwfcGmoGm;&onf// 1948-ckeSpfpufwifbmv/(2)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom wkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfqXr nDvmcH wGif/ 0ef=uD;csKyfocifekonf oD;jcm;jynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufI ekdifiHawmftpkd;&. oabmxm;udk ajym=um;cJhonf// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH[m/ vlOD;a& enf;wJh ekdifiHwekdifiH jzpfw,f// 'DvkdvlOD;a&; t& enf;yg;wJh ekdifiHwekdifiH[m/ wpk wa0;wnf; &Sdbdk@ vkdw,f/ pD;yGm;a&; t& vnf;aumif;/ umuG,fa&;t& vnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkudk tpdwfpdwf tjr$mjr$m cGJvdk@r&bl;// vuf&Sd &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,f ponfjzifh cGJjcrf;rSK udkyif/ u|efawmf taejzifh &meSKef;jynfh oabmrwlbl;// 'grdk@ aemufxyf jynfe,fray;bkd@ u|efawmfwkd@ zqyv tpkd;&rSm rlcsxm;w,f//26 OD;ek. zqyvtpkd;&onf aemufxyf jynfe,fay;&ef tvdkr&Sda=umif;udk twdtvif; ausjimvkdufonf// ocifek. rdef@cGef;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzihf/ zqyv Armacgif;aqmifrsm;. qENrSm jynfe,f ay;a&;udk vkH;0 rvkdvm;a=umif; ay:vGif xif&Sm;aeonf// &Srf;/ u,m;/ ucsifjynfe,frsm;udkay;cJhonfudkyif vkH;0pdwfqEN r&Sdonfudk az:n$ef;aeonf// &Srf;/ u,m;/ ucsif/ csif; ponfwkd@udk vufopf ArmudkvdkeDatmufwGif xm0&xm;vkdonfrSm ay:vGifaeonf//cGJxGufcGifhudktwdtvif; todtrSwfrjyKa=umif; tvGefxif&Sm;aaeonf// yifvkHnDvmcHY Arm acgif;aqmifrsm; ajym=um;cJhaom pum;eSifh OD;ekOD;aqmifaom zqyv acgif;aqmifwkd@. ajym=um;aom pum;rsm;wkdk@onf/ tvGef uGmjcm; aeonfudk awG@&onf// vGwfvyfa&; &jyD;aemuf zqyv acgif;aqmifwkd@. pum;onf/ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;. tjrifeSihf xifxif &Sm;&Sm; uGJv$J aeonfudk tuJcwf rd=uayrnf// yifvkHnDvmcHeSifh vGwfvyfa&; &csdefonf/ &ufydkif;vydkif;rS#yif tcdsefumv uGmjcm;onf// Armacgif;aqmif wkd@. edkifiHa&;tjriffajymif;vJrSKu jrefqefvGef vSonf//
26
(1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/273)
212
Tae&mwGif yifvkHnDvmcHY ajym=um;cJhaom/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.pum;ukd tenf;i,f axmufjyI a&;om;vkdygonf// 1947-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv(9)&ufwGif qufvuf usif;yaom/ yifvkH nDvmcHwGif/ odEMDapmfbGm;u obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufjyD;/ Armudk,fpm;vS,f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u/ atmufygtwkdif; rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhjyefw,f/ jrefrmjynfonf/ ,cktcg/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD[k qkdekdifa=umif;/ usef&Sdaeao;aom jy\emrSm/ awmifwef; a'orsm;yif jzpfa=umif;// AD;vyfaqG;aEG;yGJY/ awmifwef; a'orsm;udk jrefrmjynfreSifh wcsdefwnf;Y/ vGGwfvyfa&;ray;Irjzpf[k rdrdajymqkd cJha=umif;// awmifwef; a'oudk/ jAdwdoSswkd@ wkduf&kduf tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk jrefrmwkd@u/ reSpfouf// awmifwef;e,fudk awmifwef; vlrsdK;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;udkom/ rdrdwkd@ vkdvm;a=umif;// jrefrmrsm;onf/ jAdwdoSswkd@.u|ef/ rjzpfvkda=umif;/ xkdenf;wl/ awmifwef; a'o rsm;vnf; jAdwdosSu|ef rjzpfapvkda=umif;// xkd@jyif awmifwef; a'orsm;onf/ jrefrmwkd@. u|ef/rjzpfapvkda=umif;//27 txufygAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajym=um;cJhaom pum;eSifh apwem wkd@onf/ ,ck0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek ajym=um;aom pum;wkd@eSifh teSpfom&t&4if;/ apwemt&4if;/ rwlnD wvGJ wacsmf jzpfaeonfudk awG@&onf// txufyg pum; eSpf&yfudk xkdyk*~dKvf eSpfOD;wkd@u ajymqkd cJh=uaom/ tcsdefumvudk =unfhvSsif/ atmuffygtwkdif; awG@&ayrnf/ 1947-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv (9)&ufeSifh 1948- ckeSpf pufwbFmv(2)&uf wdkd@jzpfonfudk awG@&ayrnf// Tpum; eSpf&yfudk ajymqdkcJhonfh/ tcsdeftydkif;jcm;udk =unfhvSsif eSpfumv tm;jzifh ruGmjcm;vS/ wpfeSpf ausmfausmfrSsom &Sdonf// odk@aomf/ t"dy`g,fonf tvGefuGmjcm; vSonfudk awG@&ayrnf// Tpum;eSpf&yfudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ zqyvArmacgif;aqmifrsm; rSm tprlvuyif/ &dk;om;rSKr&Sdonfh tcsufu ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeonf// [efaqmifrSKeSifh jynfheSuf aeonfudk tuJjzwfawG@ekdifonf// zqyv tpdk;&. wkdif;&if;om;tay: xm;&Sd aom/ rl0g'vrf;pOfonf/ Tokd@ajymif;vJ/ azgufjyef vmonfeSifhtwl/ wzuf wGifvnf;/ rGef-u&if trsdK;om;wkd@. trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk enf;rsdK;pkHjzifh/ acsrSKef;wkdufckduf&ef t=uHxkwfvmonf// rGef-u&if trsdK;om;wkd@ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKeSihf trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKwkd@udk/ ekdifiHa&;enf;t&/ xkd;eSuf jzdKcGJekdifa&;twGuf =udK;pm;vmonf//rGefu&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvkyf=uHowfjzwf&efvSsdK@0Suf=uHpnfvm=uonf//
27
/AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;rSKvpOfrSwfwrf;/pm/141
213
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28
214
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215
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216
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217
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220
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uGefjrLepfwkd@. wkdufcdkufrSKa=umifh tzufzufrSm t=uyftwnf; rsdK;pkH=uKHawG@ &ifqkdfif ae&aom zqyv OD;ektpkd;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk tcsdKenf; jzifh owfedkifatmif =udK;pm; vmonf// axmifrS vGwfvkdufaom OuUX=uD; rGefbkd;csdK eSifh OuUX=uD; edkfifvSarmifwkd@udk zqyv tpdk;&u toHk;cs vdkufonf// zqyv tpdk;&. wm0ef ay;csuft&/ rGefbdk;csdKeSifh edkifvSarmifwkd@onf/ yiaus;&Gmodk@ oGm;a&mufI/ 4if;aus;&GmY ppfXmecsKyfjyK tckdiftrm wyfpGJxm;aom/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS acgif;aqmif ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ q&mpdefwkd@eSifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf// rGefbdk;csdKeSifh ekdifvSarmifwkd@u tpkd;&. oabmxm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf// tpkd;&. oaabmxm; rSm/ vufeufcsvSsif/ vGwfjidrf; csrf;om;cGifhay;rnf// 'Drdkua&pD tcGifha&;rsm;udk ay;rnf jzpfonf// xdkodk@aqG;aEG;csdefrSm/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfrS ekdifaiGodrf;vnf; &Sdaeonf// edkifaiGodef;onf/ udk,fa&; udk,fwm ta=umif;udpP wcka=umifh rGefwdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@csKyf pcef;/ wnf&Sd&m yi&GmwGif a&mufaecsdefjzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ q&mpdefeSifh ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@onf vma&muf aqG;aEG;aom OuUX=uD;eSpfOD;wdk@eSifh aqG;aeGl;nSdeSKdif;=ujyD; atmufygtwdkif; tpdk;&xHokd@ jyefvnfta=umif;=um;cJhonf// (rGefjynfe,fudkay;ygu/ vufeufcsrnf) [k OuUX=uD;eSpfOD;rSwqifhzqyvtpdk;&odk@ ta=umif;jyef=um;cJhonf// zqyvtpdk;&onf vufeufcsv#if/ vGwfjidrfcsrf;om cGifhay;rnf [laom rludkom vufqkyf udkifxm;onf// rGefjynfe,fay;v#if vufeufudkif vrf;pOfudk pGef@rnf[laom rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif wkd@. awmif;qkdcsufudk vkH;0 tav;teufxm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs// 1950-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(1)&ufae@wGif aumhu&dwf ppfrsufeSmodk@ tpkd;&xkd;ppfqifvmonf/ (4)&ufajrmufaom ae@wGif aumhu&dwfjrdK@udk/ rGef-u&ifwkd@.vufrStpkd;&u odrf;ydkuf&&Sd oGm;onf// xkdpOf OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD;onf zmyGefY&Sdaeonf// tpkd;& vufxJodk@ aumhu&dwfjrdK@ usoGm;onf qkdaom owif;ukd =um;od&aom apmbOD;=uD;onf/ ouFef;nDaemifwGi/f rGef-u&if/ yl;wGJppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; zGifhvSpf xm;&Sda&;twGuf zmyGefrS ouFef;nDaemifokd@ qif;vmonf// xkdodk@ouFef;nDaemifY rGefu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@qkH&ef/ zmyGefrStvmwGif/ vrf;c&D;Y rdk;oD;xefpGm &GmoGef;ojzifh/ xDaumhul;&GmteD;/ prf;a&vsSHI/ apmbOD;=uD;eSifh tzGJ@wkd@onf/ c&D;rqufekdifbJ &yfem;ae&onf// xkdae&mY apmbOD;=uD;wdk@tzGJ@ckdvSKHaepOf Tta=umif;ukd trsdK;om;opPmazguf u&ifwpfpku tpkd;& wyfxHokd@owif;ay;/ ta=umif;=um;cJhonf// 4if;owif;ay;aom/ trsdK;om; opPmazguf u&ifwkd@. vrf;jyrSKjzifh/ AkdkvfpdefvGif/wyf=uyf=uD;armifat;/ OD;pD;aomtpkd;&wyfu vkdufvH wkdufckduf&m/ 1950-ckeSpf=o*kwfv(12)&ufwGif apmbOD;=uD;eSifhtaygif;tyg/ apmpHau;eSifh u&ifwyfom;rsm;usqkH;cJh&onf// OuUX=uD;apmbOD;=uD; usqkH;jcif;onf/ wdkif;jynftwGuf =uD;rm;pGm epfemqkH;&SKH;oGm;onf// jrefrmedkifiH. edkifiHa&;jzpfay:wkd;wufrSKudk rsm;pGm xdckduf
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zqyv/ Armacgif;aqmifrsm; wkd@onf/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD; axmufjyaom tcsufudk ZGwrsufaphrSdwf ypfy,fjyD;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk jynfe,fray;bJ vSspfvsL&SKxm;cJhonf// f 1951-ckeSpfekd0bFmv(28)&ufae@wGif ekdifbvGifonfrEWav;axmifrSvGwfajrmufvmonf// axmifxJhY (3)eSpfeD;yg; aexkdifcJh&onf// ,ck vGwfvmonf[k qkd&aomfvnf;/ uif;uif; &Sif;&Sif;tpkd;&u ekdifbvGifudk v$wfvkdufonf r[kwfyg// ajccsKyfjzifh v$wfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ &efukefjrdK@ e,fedrdwftwGif;/ weSpf aumif;rGefpGm aexkdif&rnf// tmrcHaiG (3000)usyf ay;jyD; aumif;rGefpGm aeygrnfqkdaom/ 0efcHcsufjzifh axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmjcif;jzpfonf// &efukefjrdK@e,f/ e,fedrdwf twGif;wGif aexkdif&onf// rnfonfh e,fajr a'ookd@ rSroGm; &acs// oGm;vkdaomf/ c&kdif0efxH/ cGifhyefjyD;rS oGm;cGifh&Sdonf// tu,fI azgufzsufcJhv#i f tmrcHolu xkdtmrcHaiG(3000)udk tpkd;&tm; ay;av#mf&ygonf// ekdifbvGifukdtmrcHcsuf ay;olrSm/ u'kd;&GmrS rGefukefonf ekdifboGifjzpfonf// axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmv#if/ vGwfajrmufvmcsif;/ ekdifbvGifonf wcgwnf;yif/ awmodk@oGm;vkd pdwf&Sdonf// wae@w&ufrS &efukefjrdK@wGif raevkd/ rdrdwkd@. &Jabmftaygif;oif;rsm;&Sd&m awmodk@om wcgwnf;wef;IoGm;vkdpdwf&Sdonf// rdrdaxmifxJY aecJJh&aom (3)eSpf twGif;umvwGif/ jyify avmuY rsm;pGm ajymif;vJ oGm;onfudk/ ekdifbvGif wa,muf/ aumif;rGefpGm tuJcwf rdonf// rdrd. awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk pkHprf;aomtcg/ tm;vkH;vkdvkdonf/ awmokd@a&mufae=ujyD; jzpfonf// ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ edkfifxGef;pdef/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdifqdwfekd@/ Akdvfausmif wdk@u awmwGif;odk@ a&mufaejyD;jzpfonf// OuUX=uD; ekdifvSarmifeSifh OuUX=uD;ekdifbkd;csdKwkd@rS wyg;/ tm;vkH;vkdvkd awmokd@ a&mufae =ujyD;jzpfonf// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;udk/ twdtvif; pwifaejyD; jzpfonf// edkifbvGifonf rdrd&Jabmfrsm;&Sd&mokd@ oGm;a&muf yl;aygif;vkpdwf wzGm;zGm;jzpfaeonf// okd@aomfrdrdudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;aom/ oludkiJhuGuf d &ao;onf// rddrd0efcHxm;onfhtwkdif;raeI azgufzsufcJhv#if/ tmrcHxm;olu rdrdtwGuf aiGav#mfa=u; ay;&rnfudk pkd;&drf&jyefonf// xkdacwf xdkdcsdefwGif aiG(3000)qkd onfrSm enf;vSaom aiGr[kwfyg// xkdacwf a&$wusyfom;/ aiG(150-200)usyfaps; eSKef;jzifh wGufv#if tvGef wefbkd;=uD;onf[k qkd&ayrnf// xkda=umifhawmokd@ csufcsif;oGm;vkdaom pdwfudk edkifbvGifwpfa,mufonf/ ,m,Dtm;jzifh/ azsmufzsufxm; vkduf&onf// EkdifbvGifonftkwfeDvrf;/ A[ef;&yfuGuf&Sdrdrd. oli,fcsif; tdrfwtdrfwGifacwW,m,D/ rSDckdaexkdfif&onff// Tokd@ajccsKyfjzifh &efukefjrdK@wGif aepOfrSmyif/ rdrdaxmifxJY aecJh&onfh (3)eSpfumv tawmtwGif;/ jzpfay: ajymif;vJ vmaom/ ekdifiHa&; tajctae/ wkdif;jynf. tajctae/ vkyfaz:udkifzufwkd@. tajctaewkd@udk
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jyefvnf pOf;pm; vmrdonf// yxrOD;pGm/ zqyv tpdk;&. ekdifiHa&; xkd;eSufrSK a=umifh/ rGef/u&if pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSK jydKuGJpjyKvmonfudk awG@&onf// ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@ vltkyfpkudk u&if vlwpku acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfcJhonf// txifjrifvGJrSm;jyD; u&if ppfom;. ypfowf jcif;udk edkifomeSif; wa,muf cHvkduf&onf// xkdxuf 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;onfrSm/ u&if trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif=uD; apmbOD;=uD; wkdufyGJwGif usqkH;oGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ apmbOD;=uD; aoqkH;oGm;jcif;onf/ rGef-u&if cspf=unfa&;twGuf/ =uD;rm;aom qkH;&SKH;rSK wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf// xkd@twl jrefrmekdifiHtwGufvnf; tvGef=uD;rm;aom/ qkH;&SKH;rSK wpf&yf jzpfonfudk atmufygtwkdif; ekdifbvGifonf0rf;enf;pGmekwfygpyfrS nD;wGm; ajymqkdrdonf//
The untimely deaths of General Aung San and Saw Ba U Gyi were the two greatest disasters of modern Burmese History.29
acwfopf jrefrm ekdifiHa&; ordkif;rSm/ tcsdefapmjyD;/ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;eSifh apmbOD;=uD;wkd@ acgif;aqmifeSpfOD; aoqkH;oGm;rSK[m /jrefrmhekdifiH twGuf rsm;pGm epfem qkH;&SKH; apcJhw,f// [kekdifbvGifu rSwfcsufcscJhonf// au/tif/,l/ OuUX=uD; apmbOD;=uD; usqkH;uG,fvGefjyD; aemufykdif;wGif rGef-u&ifwkd@. cspfcif &if;eSD;rSKonf ykdrdkjyD; ododomom/ ysufjym;vmonf udk ekdifbvGif tuJcwfrdonf// ekdifbvGifonf rdrdaxmifxJY &Sdaeonfh tcsdefumv tawmtwGif;wGif/ ajymif;vJjzpfay: vmaom/ jrefrmedkfifiH. ekdifiHa&; tajctaeeSifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK jzpf&yfrsm;wkd@udk avhvm okH;oyfjyD;aemuf (TheMon National Question and Creation of Mon State)pmwef;ukd jyKpka&;om;cJhonf// (qpPvefjynfaxmifpHepf udk tajccHonf[kqkdxm;onf/)
The Mon National Question And Creation Of A Mon State
A Statement issued by Nai Ba Lwin, President of The Mon Freedom League, Burma. December, 1951 A.D. Aspirations Of A Forgotten Race The Burmese, Shan, Kachin, Chin, Karen and Kayah members of grantedd indigenous races of the Union of Burma have had or has recently been granted regional autonomy by
29
Mon Nationalism and Civil War In Burma.P.114
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or under the Constitution. The Arakanese and Mon members however, who unlike the others are bereft of the common rights are working hard in order to induce the Government to accede to their requests by publishing their aspirations in the public press recently. Historical Background In probably about 600 B. C., the Mon-Khmer sub-family migratred from Monglolia in a southerly direction. By about 300 B. C. they have already founded the Kingdom of Haripunjaya in the north with Lamphun as capital and the Kingdom of Dvaravati with Lopburi as capital in the south in the valley of the Menam River within the area of the present day Thailand. An octagonal pillar bearing ancient Mon inscriptions, discovered at Lopburi, can now be seen at the Vajiranana Library in Bangkok. In the area of the present day Tenasserim Dvision, they founded another Suvannabhumi Kingdom with modern day Thaton as capital. The Khmers who were the founders of the Cambodian Kingdom are still the leaders of the Indo-China peninsular. The Mon in Burma proper colonised Lower Burma and established the Kingdom of Hamsavati. I 1757 A. D. the last Mon King Binya Dala lost his kingdom to the Burmese. Since then the Mons have been dominated by other powers for well high 194 years. Language, Literature And Culture Mon Language, Literature and Culture can claim to be almost 3000 years old and it is not surprising that the Mons should have no desire to see their precious heritage decay and lost. The present Government of Burma is making an attempt to have the Tripitakas translated into Burmese, but the Tripitakas in Mon has been in existence for hundreds of years. Historians have recorded that the Burmese obtained their alphabets from the Mons during the reign of Anawrata. In this country, although we find that the inhabitants had migrated from the north, culture and fine arts found and are finding their way northwards from the south. Resistance To Race Assimilation History has shown us time and again that races with a strong cultural and territorial background have always successfully resisted any attempt at assimilation by other races; and it is worhy of serious consideration. The Turkish assimilators, by devious and devilish means endeavoured to assimilate the Balkan races for hundreds of years, but failed miserably: the TsaristRussian Russifiesrs and Prussian Germanizers tried over 120 years to absorb the Poles but it was in vain. The Czechs too came under the same treatment for 300 years and have successfully resisted being engulfed. Thus history has proved that any attempt at a solution of racial problem by force or assimilation always resulted in defeat. The Mon, who had a strong and unshakable historical background at present has no autonomous rights of any sort. The various Mon political organizations have been
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working very hard to obtain their rights by democratic means. It is regrettable to record that the indifference of those in power has misled many Mons to take up unlawful means. With honest intent and sincere heart, I would earnestly urge those in power to make a serious attempt to solve this problem through the Regional Autonomy Enquity Commission at an early date. Karen Mon Relation Old Burmese and Mon writings declare that the civilised man is made up of 101 races; of which 60 were Foreigners, 30 Shans, 7 Burmese and 4 Mons. The 4 Mon clans were Mon Daung, Mon De, Mon Nya and Mon Du. The last - Mon Du - is really the present day Karens. The Pali word "Du" read with a Mon tone sounded the word for a "Frog" and Mon Du was the name given to those who use the Frog Drums. The Mons and Karens lived in peace in Hamsavati for many centuries. The Karens too like the Burmese obtained their alphabets from the Mons and such Karen writings are still in use in some of the Karen Areas. So we see that it is not possible to leave the Karens out when considering the Mon problem, nor it is wise to take up the Karen problem and overlook the Mons. The Government has so far found a solution to the Karen problem, but has not even given out any hint on the Mon question. In deference to the various Mons who have served this country throughout her history, in the field of literature, culture and mutual security, it is to be sincerely hoped that an amicable solution satisfactory to both the Mons and Burmese wil be found. Practices In Progressive Nations In the truly democratic Swiss Commonwealth, in addition to affording full autonomy to the German, Italian and French members of the country; in 1937, without considering the numerical strength of a community, the 44, 000 strong Romansch race in the Canton of Granbuendern was granted full autonomy and Romansch was made the fourth offficial language of the country. American Ambassador, Josesph E. Davies in his 'Missin to Moscow says: "Every unit in the Soviet Union uses its own language in its schools and law courts, with Russian the second and also compulsory language. Of the 180-odd natinal units, several had no written language of their own till the Soviet orientalists creatd them. Central Asia has served as a great school for young Russsian administrators. Even here, literacy, starting practically from scratch with the revolution, has been brought up to 70.6 per cent." Any Government in power n this country should follow the practices of true Statesment and be able to give satisfaction to all the indigenous races within this country. Let us work till peace is attained: Nai Ba Lwin President, Mon Freedom League, (Camp Rangoon) Dated December, 1951 A. D.
233
4if;pmwef;onf t*Fvdyfbmomrsm;jzifh/ a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf// tvGefxufjrufaom tawGG;tac:/ t,lqrsm;yg&Sdonf// 4if;pmwef;ukd zwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh/ ekkdifbvGif. t*Fvdyf bmom/ ta&;om;wGif rnfr#u|rf;usif ajymifajrmufonfudkfvnf;/ tuJcwf ekdifygonf// rnfrSsA[kokweSifhjynfhpkHonfudkvnf;awG@jrifekdifonf// 1951-ckeSpf'DZbFmv&ufpGJeSifh rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@OuUX taejzifh ekdifbvGifu vufrSwf a&;xkd;xm;aom/ 4if;pmwef;ukd/ tpkd;&t=uD;uJrsm;/ ekdifiHjcm;oH&kH;oHrSL;rsm; owif;pm wkduf toD;oD;okd@ ydk@cJhonf// ekdifbvGifonf ajccsKyf yk'frjzifh rdrdae&aomumv tawmwGif;wGif rGeftrsdK;om;a&;twGuf rdrdwwfedkifor#wkd@udk =udK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhonf// ekdifbvGifonf/ oli,fcsif;tdrf tjyif wcgw&H udsKufoDrGefausmif;wGifvnf; oGm;a&muf rSDcdk aexkdifonf// xkdodk@ weSpfwmqkdaom tmrcHumv ukefqkH;&ef apmifhqkdfif;aepOf tokH;p&dwf eSifh pm;p&dwf &vkd&jim;/ qkdaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh/ ekifbvGifonf t*Fvdyfpm d usL&Sif ay;cJhonf// &efukefjrdK@&Sd/ anmifwkef; bkef;=uD;ausmif;pmoifwkdufrSm oGm;a&mufI usL&Sif ay;onf// ausmif;om;rsm;rSm urm0ufrS OD;Zif; OD;=obmovnf; wOD;tyg0if jzpfonf// OD;=obo(bDat)onf/ aemifwGif awmif=uD;jrdK@ ygVdwuUokdvf ausmif;tkyf jzpfvmonf// xkdtcsdefumvu ekdifbvGif. usL&SifrS &&Sdaom tc0ifaiGonf/ trsm;qkH; wvv#if aiG(25)usyf/ (30)usyfom &&Sdonf// xkdaiGjzifh aexkdif pm;aomuf p&dwftwGuf tokH;jyK &onf// ekdifbvGifonfaq;vdyfaomufwwfonf/f / aq;wHvnf; aomufwwfonf// t&ufaopm udkrl raomufwwfacs// uGrf;,mvnf; pm;avh pm;xr&dSacs// rdrd&&Sdaom 0ifaiGjzifh vkHavmufatmif/ acGswmI aexkdifvmcJhonf// pm;0wfae a&;twGuf tekdifekdif&atmif pkaqmif;&SmazG ae&aom ekdifbvGifonf rdrd0ifaiGjzifh pkaqmif;jyD; tmrcHaiGukd ay;&efrnf okd@r#rjzpfekdifay// weSpfwm apmifh&rnfqkdaom tcsdefuvnf; ekdifbvGiftwGuf tvGef =umanmif; vSonf[k xifonf// awmfvSefa&; e,fajrokd@om oGm;vkdpdwf wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:I aeonf odk@aomf tajctaeu ray;ao;I oGm;vkdaom pdwfqENudk acwWc% rdsK;odyfhxm;vkduf&onf// 1951-ckeSpf 'DZbFmv(24)&ufae@wGif zqyvtpkd;&rS zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ a'otvkduf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif. tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpfol/ rGefpdef'kdifu rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. vkdvm;csufrsm;eSiywfoufI atmufyg tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmifudk aumfr&Sif obmywdxH fh wifoGif;cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya' yk'fr(199)t&/ jynfe,fopf xlaxmifcGifh &&Sdonfh tavsSmuf/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifcGihf ay;apvkdonf//
234
rGefjynfe,f aumifpDudk usdKuQrDc&kdifeSifh oxkHc&kdif udk,fpm;vS,ftrwf tm;vkH; jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ekdifiHawmf orRwu a&G;cs,fcef@xm;aom/ trwfr[kwfonfh/ yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ zGJ@pnf;apvkdonf/ jynfol@ vGwfawmf twGuf/ vlOD;a&eSihf trwfOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;udk u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGuf owfrSwfxm; ouJhokd@ rGefjynfe,f twGufvnf; owfrSwf xm;&Sdapvkdonf// vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmfwGif/ u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGuf trwfokH;OD; owfrSwfay;xm;ouJhokd@ rGefjynfe,ftwGufvnf;/ vkdtyfonfhtrwfOD;a& owfrSwfay;&ef wkdufwGef; onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ taejzifh rnfonfhtcgrS jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGuf&ef tvkdqEN r&Sdyg// tajccHOya'yg jynfe,f aumifpDwkd@u jyKvkyfekdifonfh/ jynfe,f Oya'jyK pm&if;t& cGifhjyKxm;aom tcGifhtm%mudk rGefvlrsdK; wkd@vufcH&ef tqifoifh &Sdonf// a&G;aumufyGJjyD;onfhaemuf/ yxrt=udrfusif;yaom rGefjynfe,f ,m,D aumifpD tpnf;ta0;wGif aumifpDtrwfrsm;xJrS/ yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh aomfvnf; aumif;/ aumifpDtrwf r[kwfolrsm;jzihf vnf;aumif;/ rGefjynfe,f tpkd;&udk tjcm;jynfe,frsm; enf;wl zGJ@pnf;ap&ef vkdtyfyg onf// ,ck aemufqkH; usif;y rnfh ,m,DygvDrefwGif rSGefjynfe,f xlaxmifa&; tufOya' jzpfvmap&ef a'o tvkdufudk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Siftm; t=uHay; vkdygonf//30 txufygtwkdif; ekdifpdef'kdifonf &Snfvsm;pGm &Sif;vif; wifjycJhonf// udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&Sif tpD&ifcHpm rxGufvmrSDrSmyif/ 1952-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(14)&ufY/ &efukefjrdK@ '*kefoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyf=uD;. arwWm&yfcHcsuf a=unmpmwrf; wapmif xGuf vmonf// &efukefjrdK@ '*kHoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyf=uD;onf/ jrefrmhedkifiHY tvGeftiftm; =uD;rm;aom oHCmtzGJ@pnf; jzpfonf// jrefrm jynfolvlxk tvGef=unfndK av;pm;aom oHCmtzGJ@pnf;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ 4if;a=unm pmwrf;wGif atmufaz:jyyg ta&;=uD;onfh oabmxm;tcsufvufrsm;ygvmonf// ekdifiHawmftpkd;&onf jynfe,fopfrsm; vkdtyfygu zefwD;ay;ekdifonfh vlxkqEN t& a&;qGJ xm;onfh jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'/ yk'fr(199)udk &kdao av;pm; aom tm;jzifh/ rGefvlxk=uD; wpf&yfvkH;u txl;vkdvm; awmif;wvsuf &Sdonfh rGefjynfe,fudk/ pDpOfay;&ef '*kefoHCmawmf tzGJ@csKyfrS txl;arwWm &yfcHygonf// auseyfrSK r&&Sdaom rGefuJhokd@ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;wkd@ qGJiifaoG;aqmif &mokd@ tvG,fwul ygekdifojzihf/ jynfaxmifpk=uD;tzkd@ rnfrsS ab;tEW&m,f jzpfapekdifonfudk txl;csJ@xGif ajymqkd&ef rvkday// vGefcJhonfh av;eSpfausmfrS
30
(rGefjynfe,fzefwD;a&;jy\em/ File No. 5 RAC. 48(M), Mon Affairs, NAD)
235
pI ,ckwkdifatmif jzpfyGm; aeonfh jynfe,f qlylrSK=uD;u/ oufaocH vsuf&Sd onf rGeflvlxkudpPudk tjcm;vlwkd@ qENt& r[kwfrlbJ/ rGefvlxk qENt&/ jzpfajrmufrS omvSsif jyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifrnf jzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK; wkd@onf/ wpfxD;wpfeef; pkd;rdk; tkyfcsKyfaom/ vlrsdK;jzpfI wpfxD;wpfeef; awmif;qkd ekdifaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,fudkom awmif;qkdcJhonf// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' tcef;(10)t& jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; rGefwkd@onf cGJxGuf&ef vkH;0rvkdvm;bJ// Arm/&Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ u,m; tp&Sdonfwkd@eSifh twlwuG jynfaxmifpk=uD; xJwGif tpOftjrJ aevkd=uolrsm;jzpfygonf// xkda=umifh rGefjynfe,f xlaxmif ay;oifha=umif; tpkd;&tm; tav;teuf wkdufwGef; vkdufonf//31 txufyg &efukefjrdK@ '*kHoHCm tzGJ@csKyf=uD;. xkwfjyef a=ujimcsufonf tvGefta&;yg t&ma&mufaom arwWm&yfcHcsuf jzpfonf// '*kHoHCm tzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmekdifiHwckvkH;u tvGeftav;xm;aom/ jrefrmh oHCmtzGJ@pnf; w&yfjzpfonf// xkdkodk@tvGef ta&;yg t&ma&mufjyD; tiftm; =uD;rm;aom jrefrmhoHCm tzGJ@. arwWm&yfcHcsuf xkwfjyef ausjimcsufudkyif/ zqyv tpdk;&onf/ tenf;i,frsSyif tav;teuf xm;cJhjcif; r&SdcJhay// *&krpdkuf vspfvsL&SkcJhonf// a'otvdkuf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&; aumfr&SifxHodk@ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;/ eSifhrGeftzGJ@pnf;rsm;rS awmif;qkdcsuf toD;oD; wifjy=uonf// Tokd@ wifjyvmaom rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;eSifh ywfoufI pkHprf; a&;aumfr&Sifu 4if;. oabmxm;udk xkwfjyefausnmcJhonf// 4if;xkwfjyefcsufwGif/ ,ckacwf atmufjrefrmekdifiHY aexkdif=uaom/ vltrsm; wkd@onf/ rGefppfppf/ Armppfppf[k rqdkekdifa=umif;// ArmeSifh rGefa&mpyfI ay:aygufvmaom/ vlrsm; jzpfa=umif;// Tvlrsm;udk rGefArm[lI trsm;u ac:a0: orkwf=ua=umif;// 4if;wkd@onf trsm;tm;jzifh/ rGefpum; rajymwwfa=umif;// rGefpum; ajymwwf onfh rGefvlrsdK; aexkdifonfh a'oudkom pkaygif;jyD; rGefjynfe,f xlaxmif ay;&vSsif/ weoFm&Dwkdif;Y acsmif;qkH jrdK@e,f/ usdKuQrD jrdK@e,f/ usdKufra&m jrdK@e,f/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f/a&;jrdK@rsm;om yg0ifrnf[k aumfr&Sifu oabm&onf[k az:jyxm;
31
'*kefrGefoHCmawmftzJG@csKyf=uD;.arwWm&yfcHcsufa=unmpmwrf;
File No. 5 RAC. 48(M), Mon Affairs, NAD.
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onf// TuJhokd@ ao;i,faom jynfe,fonf/ jynfaxmifpk=uD;tm; rnfonfh enf;eSifhrSs/ taxmuftyHh tultnD ay;ekdifrnf r[kwfonfhtjyif/ jynfaxmifpk =uD;/ tiftm; ,kwfavsmh aprnfom jzpfonf[k aumufcsufcs wifjyxm; onf// txufygtajctjrpfr&Sd/ ,kwWdrwefaom/ pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmtay: rGefvlxk onf/ vkH;0 rauseyfcJh=uacs// trsdK;rsdK; qENNjy uef@uGufcJh=uonf// 1952-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv (19)&ufwGif awmwGif;&Sd jyef@usJ aeaom rGefvufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;wkd@onf/ awmifayguf&Gm ta&S@ydkif;/ edkifxGef;wif. zcif aetdrfY vma&muf pkpnf;=uonf// (7)a'orS ppfa&;/ ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm; pkHpkH nDnD pka0; a&mufvm =uonf// pka0; a&muf&Sdvmaom/ xkd(7)a'orS ppfa&; ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifwdk@onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. a'o toD;oD;wGif jzpfay: aeaom edkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;udpP t&yf&yfwkd@udk a=ua=u vnfvnf aqG;aEG;nSdKeSKdif; wkdifyif=uonf// wckwnf;aom nDnGwfrSK &Sdonfh tzGJ@pnf;w&yfudkzGJ@pnf;&ef oabmwlnDrSK &vmonf// a'otoD;oD;rS ppfa&; ekdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifwkd@. oabmwlnDrSKjzifh (rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk)udk ,m,D zGJ@pnf;xm;=u onf// rGeftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ rGefvufeufudkfi f tiftm;pk (7)a'orS ppfa&;edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u pdwfa&mudk,fyg wufwuf=uG=uG nDnD nGwfnGwf qENjyK yg0ifvmonf// T wyfaygif;pkonf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; zGJ@pnf;a&; twGuf/ jyifqifrSKrsm; jyKvkyf&ef/ ta&;ygaom a&S@ajy; tzGJ@pnf; w&yf jzpfonf// rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkuzGJ@@pnf;pOfyg0ifcJhaom/ dk (7)a'orS ppfa&; edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm/ 1/edkifxGef;armif(aumh'Gwfa'o) 2/ekdifatmifxGef;/ edkcsrf;rGef(yia'o) 3/Akdvf&mZ(urm0ufa'o) 4/edkifpdefausmf/Akdvfa&$&if(aumhbdef;a'o) 5/ekdifodrf;armif/Akdvfrif;ekdif(oxkHa'o) 6/Akdvfavm/(a&;awmifydkif;a'o) 7/edkfifarmif/edkifaomif;/(vrdkif;awmifyGefa'o) wkd@jzpfonf// 4if;tpnf;a0;wGif rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifxGef;odef;/ edkifodrf;armif/ rd[Hom rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS edkifatmifxGef;/ edkifcsrf;rGef/ q&mpdef/
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edkifxGef;cif/ rGefq&m[kd =umtif; qdyf=uD;rS edkifxGef;wif aumh'Gwf&Gm edkifxGef;armif tkyfpkrS Akdvfwifh acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ pkHpkHnDnD wufa&muf yg0if cJh=uonf// Twyfaygif;pk. A[kd XmcsKyfudk xif;&l;&GmY zGifhvSpf xm;&Sd&ef oabmwl =uonf// rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk. ,m,DOuUXrSm ekdifaiGodef;eSifh twGif;a&;rSL;rSm ekdifxGef;odef;wkd@ jzpfonf// ekdifbvGifonf/ xkdokd@ awmwGif;wGif jzpfay: ajymif;vJ vmonfh tajctaeudk =um;od &aomtcg/ &efukefjrdK@Y qufvuf raevkdawmhay/ awmodk@om oGm;vkd pdwfwzGm;zGm; jzpfay:aeonf// rdrd.tmrcHaiGudk ay;avSsmfjyD; awmodk@ wcgwnf;oGm;vkdonf// xkda=umifh ,m,Dwyfaygif;pk. OuUXjzpfaom ekdifaiGodrf;xHokd@tmrcHaiGtwGuf ay;ekdifygu/ ay;&ef pma&;awmif;onf// edkifaiGodef;wkd@uvnf; aiGa=u; tvGefvdktyfaeaom umvjzpfonf// ekdifbvGif awmif;vmaom tmrcHaiGudk ray;ekdifaom tajctaewGif &Sdaeonf/ awmfvSefa&;pwifp/ aiGa=u;uvnf;vkHavmufr_r&Sd/ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf 0,f,l&ef twGuf/ ykdIyifaiGa=u;u vkdaeao;onf// xkda=umifh ekdifbvGif awmif;vmaom aiGudk ekdifaiGodef;wkd@u ray;edkifcJacs/ 0rf;enf;pGm ta=umif;jyef=um; cJhonf// 'gayrJh ekdifbvGifudkrl h awmodk@ tjrefqkH; a&mufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfonf[kvnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrif=uonf// tmrcHaiGukdrl aemifajyvnfaom wcsdefcsdefwGif/ edkifboGif tm;jyefvnf ay;qyf&ef t=uHHOm%f&vm=uonf// xkda=umifhedkifoef;wifudk apv$wfjyD; ekdifbvGifudk awmokd@ac:vm&ef ekdifaiGodrf;u wm0ef ay;vkdufonf// ekdifoef;wifonf wm0efay;csuft&/ ekdifa&$usifudk ac:aqmif&eftwGuf &efukefjrdK@odk@ wufa&mufvm onf// ekdifoef;wifonf ekdifbvGifeSifawG@jyD;aemuf awmrSS h v$wfvmaom &nf&G,f csufudk ajymjyonf// ekdifbvGifonf twdkfif;rod 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfrdonf// csufcsif;yif awmodk@ vkdufoGm;vkpdwfjzpfvmonf// okd@aomf rnfokd@ d oGm;rnfenf;// rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;ygu edkifbvGiudk rSwfrdaom/ olrsm;eSifh awG@ekdifonf// f &JpHkaxmufrsm; od&Sdygu/ jyefvnf tzrf;cHekdifonf// axmifxJY eSpf&Snfvrsm;aexkdif &OD;rnf// xkd@a=umifh rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;rnfh tpDpOfudk zsufodrf;&onf// pufavSjzifh oGm;ygu tEW&m,f uif;onfukd t=uHOm%f &vmonf// ekdifbvGifeSifh/ ekdifoef;wifwkd@ eSpfOD;onf/ a&;jrKd@odk@oGm;rnfh/ pufavSjzifhoGm;&efqkH;jzwf=uonf// pufavS owif;rsm;udk/ pkHprf;aomtcg/ armhueif&Gm OD;pdefwdwf.pdefwdwf qm;wiff pufavSwpD;onf/ r=umcif a&;jrdK@okd@ jyefoGm;rnfh ta=umif;/ owif;&&Sdonf// xkdacwftcg umvwGif ,ckacwf avmuf/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm; r&Sdao;acs// &JpkHaxmuf enf;enf;yg;yg;om &Sdao;onf/ xkda=umifh ekdifbvGifeSifh ekdifoef;wif wkd@eSpfOD;onf/ tvG,f wulyif udk,fazsmufI &efukefjrdK@rS pufavSjzifh wdwfwqdwf xGufcGmvmekdifcJh=uonf//
238
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239
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240
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33
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zqyv tpkd;&. u&ifjynfe,fudk xlaxmif ay;jyD;/ rGefjynfe,fudk rxlaxmif ay;onfh tay: jynfwGif;&Sd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGefjynfol vlxkwdk@u vkH;0 rauseyf jzpf=uonf// zqyvtpkd;&tm; txl;yift,kHt=unfr&Sd jzpfvm=uonf// zqyvtpdk;&rS aqmif&Guf ay;aom/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;rSK rsm;eSifh vkH;0 rauseyf=uacs// tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om; nDaemifbGm;rsm; uJhokd@ jynfe,f w&yfudkom tvkd&Sd=uonf// tpkd;&. aqmif&Gufcsuf tay: &Skwfcs uef@uGuf=uonf// xkda=umifh rGefjynfol vlxk wpf&yfvkH;onf rGefjynfe,f taumifxnfay:vmonfhtxd/ jidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh/zqyv tpkd;&tm;qufvuf wkdufyGJ0if oGm;&ef =udK;pm;=ujyefonf// 1954-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufwGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ yef;bJwef;&yf OD;omnif; "rR&kHwGif rGefacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom/ ekdifxGef;0if;/ rGefbdk;csdK/ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdiftkef;armif/ rGefpdef'kdif wkd@rS =uD;rSL;jyD; rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHtpnf;a0; wpf&yfudk ac:,lusif;ycJhonf// 4if;nDvmcH tpnf;a0;=uD;rS 0ef=uD;csKyfxH wifjy awmif;qkdrnfh atmufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk wnD wnGwfwnf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf// (1) usdKuQrD c&dkifeSifh/ oxkHc&dkif rGefacgif;aqmif vl=uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rS/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrm ekdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya' ed'gef;eSifh yk'fr(13)eSifhtnD/ u&if vlrsdK;rsm;udk ekdifiHa&; cHpm;cGifh ay;onfeSifh wlrsSpGm/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;udk ay;zdk@ tpkd;&tm; awmif;qkdonf// (2) tu,fI u&if vlrsdK;rsm;udk ay;onfh ekdifiHa&; cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk rGefwkd@tm; wlrSspGm ay;vsSif ekdifiHawmftm; ykefuefaeonfh rGefvufeufukdif tzGJ@pnf;rS tpkvkduf vufeufcsa&;twGuf rGefacgif;aqmifvl=uD;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef// (3) 1951-ckeSpftuf Oya'trSwf(41)udk jyifqifay;jcif;jzifh/ ,cifu/ weoFm&D wkdif;[k ac:wGifcJhaom a'oudk jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0if e,fwpfe,ftjzpf yg0if zGJ@pnf;&rnf// xkdjynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0ifudk aemifwGif jynfaxmifpk tajccH Oya'yk'fr92(1)/93/94/95eSifh 96/ t& udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& (&mrnjynfe,f) [k ac:wGifaprnf// (4) ,cktcg u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif; ay;vkdufonfh rGefaus;&Gm rsm;rS/ rdrdwkd@. tkd;tdrf/ ajr,m wkd@udk pGef@cGmI armfvjrdKifjrdK@wGif/ vma&muf ckdvSKH aexkdifol rGef'kuQonf (20000)cef@ &Sdae&m/ 4if;wkd@. touftkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf udk ekdifiHawmf tpkd;&u umuG,f apmifha&Smuf ay;yg&ef/ TnDvmcHrS awmif;qdkonf//
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(5) ,cktcg/ usdKuQrD c&kdifeSifh oxkH c&kdifrsm;wGif touf tkd;tdrf pnf;pdrf vkHjcKHrSK r&Sdygojzifh/ ekdifiHawmf tpkd;&u tumtuG,f ay;yg&ef/ T nDvmcHrS awmif;qkdonf// (6) a'otvkduf udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif tpD&ifcHpmonf/ rGefeSifh u&if trsdK;om;wkd@. vkdvm; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;eSihf qe@fusifaeonf// txufyg awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfxH wifjy awmif;qkd&ef/ ekdifxGef;0if;/ ekdiftkef;armif/ ekdifvSarmif/ rGefpdef'kdifwkd@ yg0ifaom rGefudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wpfzGJ@udk a&G;cs,fI &efukefjrdK@odk@ apv$wfcJhonf// rGefukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@onf/ ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekeSifh azaz:0g&Dv(18)&ufae@wGif wpf=udrf/ azaz:0g&Dv(22)&ufae@wGif wpf=udrf/ eSpf=udrf wkdifwkdif awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJhonf// Todk@awG@qkHpOf/ rGefukd,fpm;vS,ftzG@Jonf/ rGefnDvmcHrS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd 0ef=uD;csKyftm; wifjycJhygonf// 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;eku rGefnDvmcH tqdkjyK csufrsm;eSifh rGefa&;&m udpP&yfrsm;udk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;ay;rnf[k *wdjyKcJhonf// 4if;udpPudk tav;teuf aqmif&Guf&ef/ u&ifacgif;aqmifvl=uD; ref;0if;armiftm; wm0ef v$JtyfcJhonf// okd@aomf Tawmif;qkdcsufeSifh ywfoufjyD; tpdk;& taejzifh tav;eufxm; aqmif&GufcJhonfudk rawG@&acs// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifa&; =udK;yrf;csuf udk/ zqyv tpkd;&onf vkdufavsmjcif;r&SdbJ/ aemufxyf jynfe,f ray;a&; oabmxm; twkdif; tckdiftrm &yfwnfcJhonf// 1954-ckeSpfY jrefrm tpkd;&onf/ jrefrm ekdifiHwGif;okd@ usL;ausmf 0ifa&muf aeaom (autrfwD)w&kwfjzL wyfrsm;udk jrefrmekdifiHrS tjrefqkH; xGufoGm;atmif/ ukvor*~rS ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef wkdif=um;cJhonf// (au/trf/wD/)wyfrsm; jrefrmekdifiHrS qkwfcGm oGm;&rnfh tajcaejzpfay:vmonf// au/trf/wD/acgif;aqmifu/ wkdif0rf;odk@ rxGufcGmrD/ rGef-u&if acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@qkH aqG;aEG;vkda=umif; zdwfac: cJhonf// 1954-ckeSpf rwfv (3)&ufae@wGif jr0wDY awG@qkH=u&ef csdef;qkdxm;=uonf// rGefukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@udk/ ekdifa&$usiftm; acgif;aqmif apjyD; tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ edkifxGef;cif wkd@ yg0ifonf// autrfwDrS/ *sife&,facsmif wufa&muf vmonf// *sife&,facsmif uyif 4if;wkd@ autrfwDwyfrsm; r=umcif jrefrmekdifiHrS xGufcGm oGm;&awmhrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymjyonf// rdrdwkd@ xkdif0rfokd@ jyefa&mufaomtcg/ rGefeSihfu&ifta&; udpPudk/ xkdif0rftpdk;&xHodk@ wifjy ay;rnf jzpfa=umif;// xkdxdkif0rf tpkd;&rS wqifh tar&duH tpkd;&eSifh nSdeSKdif; wkdifyifjyD; ukv or*~odk@ rGef-u&ifudpPudk wifjyay;ekdif&ef rdrdwkd@=udK;pm; ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymyg onf// xkdokd@ rdrdwdk@ taejzifh/ =udK;yrf; ulnDekdif&ef/ rGef-u&ifwkd@eSifh r[mrdwf pmcsKyf/ csKyfxm;&ef vkdtyf onf[k ajymvmonf// edkifa&$usifwkd@ rGefukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJ@u/
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r[mrdwftjzpf vufrSwf xkd;&ef jiif;qef cJhonf// rGefeSifh r[mrdwfzGJ@&ef autrfwDwkd@. &nf&G,fcsufonf/ taumifxnf ray:bJjzpfoGm;onf// 1954-ckeSpfwGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; twGuf/ awmfvSefaom rGeftrsdK;om; wyfrawmf w&yf/ wnfaqmuf&ef/ txl; tylwjyif; vkdtyf vmonf[k jrif=uonf// rxrOD;qkH; rGeftrsdK;om; awmfvSefa&;udk wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif oGm;ekdifrnfh aau'grsm;udk arG;jrL&ef twGuf/ awmifayguf pcef;wGif ekdifa&$usif/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifyef;om/ ekdifoef;wif wkd@yg0ifaom/ aqG;aEG;yJG w&yfudk usif;yonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS/ au'g oifwef;ausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpf&ef qkH;jzwf=uonf// au'goifwef; ausmif;udk/udsKuRa&meSihf aumhu&dwf jrdK@e,fqkH&m yef;&yfaus;&GmwGif zGGihfvSpf&ef owfrSwf =uonf// ekdifcsrf;rGef/ ekdifodrf;armif/ ekdifa&$usifeSifh ulrifwefrS oifwef;jyq&mwkd@u wm0ef,l oif=um; =urnfjzpfonf// ekdifa&$usifu awmfvSefa&;ppf/ oabmw&m; oifwef;udk ykd@cs oif=um;ay;jyD;/ ppfa&;AsL[menf;ynmudkrl/ ulrifwefoifwef;rSL;u wm0ef,lydk@cs ay;rnfjzpfonf// Toifwef;eSifh ywfoufjyD; ekdifa&$usifonf atmufygtwkdif; *k%f,lI ajymqkdwwfonf// rGefvufeufudkif wyfawG/ ol@a'oeJ@ol/ ole,fajreJ@ol jzpfjyD; jyef@=uJ aeonfh tjzpfrS/ wpfckwnf;aom rGGeftrsdK;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf; jzpf&ef =udK;yrf;wJh tcsdefjzpfw,f// rGefppfom; rsm;[m/ txl;ojzihf/ v,form; b0u vm=uw,f// tcsdK@u/ &mbmjcpf orm;b0u vm=uw,f// tcsdK@usawmhvJ/ wpfae@vkyf wpfae@pm;wJh tvkyform; b0u vm=uwmrsm; w,f// ynmwwf enf;w,f/ 'ga=umifh 'kd@oifwef; q&mawG taeeJ@/ olwdk@em;vnf vG,fulatmif/ pum;vkH; vG,fvG,f uav;awGudkokH;jyD; oif=um;ay;&w,f// 'DvkdeJ@ppfom;awG/ olwdk@&J@ zdeSdyfcH ae&wJhb0/ acgif;ykHjzwf cHae&wJhb0/ vlrsdK;t& 0g;rsdK cHae&wJh b0tajctaewkd@udk em;vnf vm=uw,f// &efoltay: ykdrdk rkef;wD; vmw,f// &efoltm; wkdufckduf vdkfwJhpdwf/ jyif;xef vm=uw,f// trsdK;om;ta&;udk Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm/ at;at;aq;aq; raqmif&Gufekdifvkd@ ,ckvkdrvGJ ra&Smif om vufeufudkif vm&wJh ta=umif;udk em;vnf vm=uw,f// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;onf/rjyD;jywfao;aom/ ekdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufudk/ tjyif;xefqkH;aom enf;vrf;jzifh qufvuf taumifxnfaz: vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfw,f/ qkdwJh oabmw&m;udk em;vnf oabmayguf vm=uw,f//
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'kd@vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifrSK[m/jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHrSKtay:rSm rlwnfw,f// 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxk&J@ touftkd;tdrf pDpdrfOpPmawG vkHjcHKrSK twGuf/ wkd@ppfom;awG umuG,f apmifha&Smuf ay;&r,f// jynfol vlxkudk tm%m tyfeSif; ay;&r,f// rdrdwkd@&J@/ vrf;pOf/ &nf&G,f csufwkd@udk jynfolvlxk awGem;vnfoabmaygufatmif/&Sif;vif;wifjyay;ekdif&r,f// 'Dvkd&Sif;jyedkifatmif/ ekdifiHa&; vrf;pOf/ ppfa&; vrf;pOf/ pnf;vkH;a&; vrf;pOfeJ@ ywfoufaom pmtkyf pmwef;rsm;udk avhvm zwf&SK&r,f// 'grS rdrdudk ay;xm;aom wm0efxrf;aqmif ekdifr,fvkd@/ tJ'Dvkdppfom;awG/ ekdifiHa&;oabmw&m;awG 0ifvmatmif oif=um; ay;cJhw,f// ppfom;awGvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvm =uw,f// trdef@ emcHwJh todpdwfawG 0ifvm=uw,f//35 txufygtwkdif; ekdifa&$usifonf/ rdrdzGifhvSpfoif=um;cJhaom ppfoifwef;eSifh ywfoufjyD; *k%f,lpGm &Sif;vif;ajymjywwfonf// 1955-ckeSpf/ eSpfOD;ydkif;wGif rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkY yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;=uaom/ tzGJ@pnf;wdk@wGif tjrifrwlnDrSKrsm;udk tjrifwlnDrSK &atmif/ =udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufvmonf udk awG@&onf// Oyrm w&kwfjzL/ ulrifwefeSifh yl;aygif;a&; ryl;aygif;a&;/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDeSifh yl;aygif;a&;/ raygif;a&;eSifh vlwef;pm;tjrif/ tvkyform;/ v,form; tay:cH,lonfhtjrif ponfwkd@wGif uJGjym;jcm;em; ae=uonf// Tokd@uGJjym;jcm;em; ae=u onfh tjrifrsm;udk nSdeSkdif;I wlnDaom tjriftay: ygwDwpf&yf xlaxmifekdif&ef =udK;yrf; aqmif&Gufaom umvjzpfonf// TonfeSihf ywfoufI edkifa&$usifonf/ atmufyg twkdif; a0zefprf;ppf okH;oyfxm;onf// 1955-ckeSpfrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;twGuf/ tajymif;tvJ jzpfay:apcJhwJh/ tauG@taumufwpfckudk a&mufwJhumvjzpfw,f// tJ'DtcsdefrSm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@/ r[mrdwftjzpf tpOfvufwGJcJhwJh/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;rSm/ rlvppfa&;/ ekdifiHa&; vrf;pOfrSonf/ wkd;wufaom t,ltqudk cH,lwJh/ 'kwd, vrf;pOfudk ajymif;vJcH,l usifhokH;vmwJh tcsdefumv jzpfw,f// wekdifiHvkH; awmfvSefa&; wjznf;jznf;/ usqif; vmwJh twGuf/ vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; ygwtoD;oD;wkd@rSmrdrdwkd@.vkyfief;vrf;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf/ tuJcwfonfh D umv jzpfw,f// rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;rSmvnf;/ rdrdwkd@. vkyfief;/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk jyefvnf okH;oyf nSdeSkdif; =uw,f//
35
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vlrsdK;pkHawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yJG//HDR: Political Papers C II (e).
/(1958-62/ jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/287)/
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Armya'o&mZfrsm;udk/ 'l;axmuf cpm;cJh&onfhordkif;onf4if;/bmquf vufatmufcH/ b0rsdK;tjzpf aecJh&onfh ordkif;onf4if;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@. ykHjyifwGif r&SdcJhay// vGwfvyfaom e,fajra'ojzpfcJhonf//csif;vlrsdK;wkd@*k%f,l avmufatmif/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@e,fajra'oonf/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom/ a'ojzpfcJhonf// rGefya'o&mZfeSifh Armya'o&mZfwkd@ tcsif;csif; wkdufckduf=uonfudkvnf;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodcJhacs// &Srf;ya'o&mZfeSifh Arm ya'o&mZfwkd@ tcsif;csif;/e,fajrvk=u wkduf=u/ ckduf=uonfudkvnf;/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u rodcJhay// csif;vlrsdK; wkd@odonfrSm/ rdrdwkd@ csif;e,fajr a'oudk rnfonfh ya'o&mZfrSvnf; vma&muf usL;ausmf apmfum;jcif; r&SdcJhwJh ta=umif;yif jzpfonf// udk,fykdif vGwfvyfrSK tjynf@t0 &Sdaom vlrsdK;wrsdK; jzpfonf[k csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u *k%f0ifh=uGm;=uonf// okd@aomf/ 1885-ckeSpf jrefrmekdifiHudk odrf;ydkfuf tkyfpkd;aom/ t*Fvdyf vlrsdK;wkd@u/ rdrdwkd@ e,fajra'oudk vma&muf omoemjyK&if;/ rdrdwkd@. e,fajra'oudk/ vGrf;rdk; vmonfudkrl cHcJh&onf[k qkdonf// t*Fvdyf vlrsdK;wkd@. tkyfcsKyfrSKykHpH w&m;Oya' pHepfrsm;/ vGrf;rdk; vmonfudkrl/ csif;trsdK;om;wkd@u cHcJh&onf[k csif;trsdK;om;rsm;u odxm;=uonf// Armjynfudk/ t*Fvdyfu vGwfvyfa&; ay;aomtcg/ csif;vGwfajrmufa'oudkyg/ wyg;wnf; xnfhoGif;ay;vkdufIom/ csif;vlrsdK;wkd@onf/ bkrod/brodbJvsuf/ ArmtkyfcsKyfrSKatmuf odk@/ usa&mufoGm;onf[k csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u cH,lxm;=uonf// csif;vlrsdK;wdk@udk/ tb,f a=umifh/ ArmvufatmufcH b0odk@usa&mufoGm;atmif vkyf=uoenf;/ qkdaomar;cGef;udk/ csif;vlrsdK;wkdif;u ar;vm=uonf// igwkd@ csif;vlrsdK;udk tb,fa=umifh udk,fydkfif jyXmef;cGifh &Sdaom/ jynfe,f ray;ekdif=uovJ qkdaom ar;cGef;udkvnf; csif;vlrsdK;wkdkif;. yg;pyfzsm;rS ar;vm=uonf// atmufyg pmyk'fudk avhvmzwf&SKvSsif/ csif;pk&GmrS/ csif;trsdK;om;rsm;. ajym=um;csufrsm;onf/ wvkH;wyg'rSs/ tydkryga=umif; xif&Sm;pGmawG@& onf//
In 1899, during the British colonial rule, a missionary couple, Arthur E. and Laura Carson from the American Baptist Mission (Now American Baptish Churches) set foot in the Chin Hills of what is now known as the Chin State of Western Burma. They established a mission center at Haka, the present day capital of Chin State. The Chin, until conquered a decade earlier by the British, were never under the rule of outsiders, and had enjoyed autonomy under their own indigenous administrative system headed by local chiefs. Traditionally fierce fighters who resisted the British occupation with unsurpassed courage, one British soldier earned the highest military honour, the Victoria Cross during a battle with Chin resistant forces. (Keeping the Faith, Chin Celebrate Centennial Year of Christianity/ by Salai Za Uk Ling and Salai Bawi Lian Mang)
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aejynfawmfokd@ a&mufoGm;aom/ t*Fvdyfukefonf/ Ralph Fitch,u/ A*dk;[Hom0wDjrdK@ . wkd;wuf pnfum;rSKonf/ ol@tm; tvGeftHh=o/ ai;armapcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcJh onf// A*kd;jrdK@onf tvGefom,m vSyaom jrdK@wjrdK@jzpfjyD; olawG@cJhor#S aomvrf;wkd@wGif A*kd;jrdK@&Sd vrf;wkd@onf tvStyqkH; jzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;wif a&;om;cJhonf// A*dk;ol/ A*dk;om;wkd@onf/ tvGefat;csrf; om,m=uonf// pD;yGm;a&;/ ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&; tvGefzGH@jzKd; wkd;wufojzifh tvGef=uG,f0 csrf;om=uonf// jidrf;csrf;pGm/ aysmf&$if/ csrf;ajr@pGm/ aexkdif=uonf// ppfruf/ ppfcif;uif;rJhcJhonf// tvGefjidrf;csrf;ojzifh Tacwfudk a&$acwf (Golden-Age)[kyif/ taemufwkdif;om; rsm;udkajymprSwfjyK=uonf// "rRapwDrif;aemuf/ eef;wufvmaom om;awmf/ Anm;&Hrif; vufxufwGifvnf;/ A*dk; [Hom0wD rGefwkd@ aejynfawmfonf/ tvGefpnfum;onf// pnf;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefonf// Anm;&Hrif;onf tvGef =uD;jrwfaom rif;wyg; jzpfonf// Anm;&Hrif;wGif qifOD;a& taumifaygif; (1)aomif;ausmf &Sdonf// eSpfpOf eSpfwkdif;/ qiftaumifa& (5)&mausmf aygufyGm;onf[k tDwvDukefonf Hieronymo Santo Stefano,u rSwfwrf;wif a&;om; xm;onf// atmufaz:jyyg/ tDwvDvlrsdK;/ Varthema, a Bolognese traveller .rSwfwrf;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/ vnf;/ "rRapwD. om;awmf/ Anm;&Hrif; vufxuf/ A*kd;[Hom0wD aejynfawmf. =uD;us,fcrf;em;ykH/ =uG0csrf;omykHwkd@udk cef@rSef;I&edkifygonf//
Varthema, a Bolognese traveller , says of Pegu in 1501-4 in the reign of Bin-yaRan: "The city is on the mainland, and is near to the sea. On the left hand of this that is towards the East, there is a very beautiful river by which many ships go and come. This city is walled and has good houses and Palaces built of stone with lime. The King is extremely powerful in men, both foot and horse, and has with him more than a thousand Christians. And he gives to each, for pay, six golden pardai per month, and his expenses. Varthema speaks of its abundance and its trade in rubies, which came from Caplan, distant thirty days' journey. "When we arrived in this country, the King," he says 'was fifteen days' journey distant, fighting with another who was called King of Ava." The King returned, having gained a great victory over his enemy, and Varthema and his fellow-travellers from India were admitted to an audience.
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"Do not imagine," he says, "that the King of Pegu enjoys as great a reputation as the King of Calicut, although he is so humane and domestic that an infant might speak to him, and he wears more rubies on him than the value of a very large city; and he wears them on all his toes. And on his legs he wears certain great rings of gold, all full of the most beautiful rubies; also on his arms, and his fingers are full. His ears hang down half a palm, through the great weight of the many jewels he wears there, so that seeing the person of the King by a light at night, he shines so much that he appears to be a sun." On their being introduced into the presence by the Nestorian Christians settled at Pegu, the King asked what people the strangers were. The Chritians answered, "Sir, these are Persians." Said the King to the interpreter (pointing to the corals they had brought,) "Ask them if they are willing to sell these things." The answer was that the articles were at the service of His Highness. "Then the King began to say that he had been at war with the King of Ava for two years, and on that account he had no money; but that if we were willing to barter for so many rubies, he would amply satisfy us. We caused him to told that we desired nothing further from him than his friendship- that he should take the commodities and do whatever he pleased. He, hearing this, liberally answered: "I know that the Persians are very liberal, but I never saw one so liberal as this man." And he swore by God and by the devil that he would see which would be the more liberal, he, or a Persian. And then he desired one of his confidential servants to bring him a certain little box which was two palm in length, worked all round in gold, and was full of rubies within and without. And when he had opened it, there were six separate divisions; all full of different rubies; and he placed it before us, telling us that we should take what we wished. My companion answered: "' O Sir, you show me so much kindness, that by the faith that I bear to Mahomet, I make you a present of all these things. And know, Sir, that I do not travel about the world to collect property, but only to see different people and different customs.
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The King answered: "' I cannot conquer you in liberality, but take this which I give you. And so he took a good handful of rubies from each of the divisions of the said casket, and gave them to him. Their value was estimated at 100, 000 dicats. Wherefore, by this he may be considered to be the most liberal King in the world, and every year he has an income of about one million in gold and he gives all his 38 income to his soldiers."
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Mandalay and Other Cities of The Past In Burma.P.362
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294
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295
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296
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41
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297
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298
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310
rGefjynfopf ygwDudk pkpnf; &&Sdaom &Jabmfrsm;eSifh zGJ@pnf; jyD;aemuf edkifa&$usifonf oxkHe,fY pwifjyD; pnf;&kH;a&; qif;onf// xkdpOf armfvjrdKifc&kdifbufwGif/ vufeufrcsol &Sdao;onf[laom owif;udk &&Sdonf// ekdifa&$usifonf/ vufeufrcsbJ/ xkdusef&pf aeao;aom &Jabmfrsm;eSihf tqufoG,f&&ef=udK;pm;onf// r=umcifrSm xkdusef&pfcJhonfh/ tkyfpkeSifh tqufoG,f&onf// xkdolwkd@onf ekdif"rRae tkyfpkjzpfonf// ekdif"rRaeonf/ t&if;&Sif ygvDrefudk vkH;0r,kH=unf/ zqyv tpkd;&udkvnf; vkH;0r,kH=unfoljzpfonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD; vufeufcsoGm;aomfvnf;rdrdwpfOD;wnf;/ usef&pfaejyD; zqyvtpkd;&udk qufvuf awmfvSefwkdufckdufaeonf// rGefjynfopfygwDudk/ tawG;tac:opfjzifh xlaxmif jyD; edkifa&$usifonf/ qufvufI zqyvtpkd;&udk awmfvSefoGm;OD;rnfudk od&aomtcg/ ekdif"rRaewpfOD;onf/ twkdif;rod0rf;omoGm;onf// ekdifa&$usifeSifh vufwGJ&ef tqifhoifh &Sdonf[k ta=umif;=um;cJhonf// okd@aomf oGm;a&;vma&; tcuftcJ trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh edkifa&$usifonf/ ekdif"rRaeeSifh yk*~dKvfcsif; awG@qkHjyD; aqG;aEG;jcif; rjyKedkifcJh=uyg// edkif"rRaeeSifh awG@qkHa&;udk c%acwWtm;jzifh ab;z,f xm;vkdufonf// edkifa&$usifonf/ u&if A[kdpcef;okd@ rdrdjyefroGm;cif wwfekdif orSsudk pnf;&kH;a&;qif;&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufonf// yxrOD;qkH; pnf;&kH;a&; qif;&mrSm edkfifa&$usifeSifhtwl vli,fvl&G,f rGeftrsdK;om;edkifarmifnkdwOD;ygcJhonf// edkifa&$usifeSifhoxkHrS ekdifarmifnSdwkd@onf/ oxkHe,f&Sd vufeufuif awmfvSefa&;tay: pdwf0ifpm;aom/ &Jabmfrsm;udk pkpnf;=uonf// xkdokd@ dkf pkpnf;I&aom &Jabmfrsm;udk ajratmuf pnf;&kH;a&; pwifaqmif&Guf=u&ef pDpOfcJhonf// xkdpnf;&kH;a&; qif;=urnfh/ &Jabmfrsmtm; atmufygtwkdif; ekdifa&$usifu trSmpum; ajym=um;cJhonf// 1948-ckeSpfrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ awmfvSefa&;[m/ ewfawG zefqif;wJh awmfvSefa&;vkd@ qkd&r,f// tJ'DwkH;u/ a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ cav;/ vl=uD;ra&G;/ &[ef;oHCmtyg0if tm;vkH; pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH; nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ yg0ifcJh=uw,f// ykdifqkdiforSs ypPnf;/ &SdorSs t&m0wK tm;vkH;wkd@udk/ awmfvSefa&;twGuf/ bkH;atmjyD;/ ay;urf; axmufyHh cJh=uw,f// rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;rSm pdwftm; wuf=uGpGm yg0ifvmrSK[m/ rnfonfhvlrsdK;urS r,SOfomedkfifcJhbl;// rwkyekdifcJhbl;// 1958-ckeSpf vufeufcswJh trSm;a=umifh/ wefbkd;ajrmufrsm;pGm t&if;wnfjyD; &vmcJhwJh/ awmfvSefa&;&J@ toD;tyGifhawG/ qkH;&SKH; oGm;w,f// tv[\ tcsnf;teSD; jzpfoGm;w,f// tJ'DtrSm;udk &Jabmfwkd@ ocFef;pm,l=u//
311
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&; r&cifeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; &prSm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk Armtpkd;&u tpdk;&drfqkH; ta=umuf&GH@qkH;bJ// tjcm;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSKxuf tpdk;&u pkd;&drf a=umuf&GH@w,f// bmjzpfvJqkdawmh/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm/ ckdifrmwJh aemufcHordkif;&Sdw,f// rdrdwkd@ xD;eJ@eef;eJ@ aevmcJhwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,f// rdrdwkd@ ydkifqkdifcJhwJh/ e,fajra'oawG txift&Sm;&Sdw,f// 'gukd tcsdefra&G; jyefvnfawmif;qkd,lekdifw,f// 'ga=umifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om; edkfifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK pwifwJh 1947-ckeSpf uwnf;u/ Armtpkd;&[m enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhw,f// tJ'Dvkd ydwfyif wm;jrpfonfhtjyif/ tiftm;eJ@vJ/ trsdK;rsdK; zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,f vmw,f// rvGJra&Smifom vGef;vkd@ aemufqkH;rSm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; pcJh&w,fqkdwm pnf&kH;wJhtcg/ jynfol vlxkawGem;vnf atmifajymjy&r,f//43 TuJhokd@/ edkifa&$usifwpfOD;onf/ pnf;&kH;a&;udk pwifqif;cJhonf// rGefawmfvSefa&;orm; vli,frsm;udk pwifpnf;&kH; odrf;oGif;cJhonf// 1958-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(28)ae@rSm/ OD;ektpdk;&onf/ ,m,Dtm;jzifh/ AdkfvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&udk tm%m vGJtyfay;cJhonf// 4if;tdrfapmifh tpkd;&onf/ (6)vtwGif;wGif/w&m;rSswaoma&G;aumufyGJudkusif;yay;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=ujimcJhonf// xkdokd@ ppfwyfrS tekenf;jzifh/ OD;ektpkd;&xHrS/ wkdif;jynf. tm%mudk odrf;ydkuf vkdufonfh twGuf/ ekdifa&$usifonf/ rdrd=udKwif wGufq xm;onfhtwkdif; jzpfvmonfudk odvkduf &onf// ekdifa&$usifonf/ oxkHc&kdifwGif pwifpnf;&kH;a&; qif;&mwGif txdkuftav#muf atmifjrif rSK&cJhonf// rGefjynfolvlxk. axmufcHrSKudk &cJhonf// 'gayrJh wyfaygif;pk udpP/ r[mrdwf udpPwkd@udk aqmif&Guf&ef &Sdaeao;onfhtwGuf A*dk;&kd;rbufokd@ jyefvnf xGufcGm vmcJhjyefonf// 1959-ckeSpf/ eSpfOD;rSm/ u&ifaumfol;av A[kdXmecsKyf &Sd&modk@ a&mufoGm; onf// ekdifa&$usif wpfOD; aumfol;av A[kdodk@a&mufaomtcsdefwGif/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;. uGefu&ufusif;yIjyD;qkH;pyif&Sdao;onf// e,fpkH/a'opkHrS a&mufvmaom/ u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkH&if;eSD;cGifh &vkdufonf// =uKH=udKufojzifh aemufqkH;ae@ usif;yaom eSKwfqufyGJwGif/ ekdifa&$usifonfvnf; wufa&mufI rdwfquf pum; ajym=um;cGifh&cJhonf// vufeufrcsonfhtwGuf ekdifa&$usiftm;/ 0kdif;0ef;jyD;csD;rGef;=uonf// wpfa,mufwnf; usefaomfvnf;/ tvHrvSJ/ ZGJebJ=uD;wJh awmfvSefa&; orm;tjzpf
43
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312
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337
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aqmifyk'fudk rif;0if;xdefu qGJudkif xm;ol jzpfonf// ppftm%m&Sif. tkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrSm tzdeSdyfcH b0jzifh touf&Sif aexkdif&jcif;xuf/ vGwfvyfaom awmfvSefa&; orm;b0udk ydkrdkckHrif eSpfoufoljzpfonf// rif;0if;xdef aqG;aEG;rSKudk =um;&aom rGefausmif;om; rsm;onf tm;i,f nSd;eGrf; ae=u&mrS/ rsufeSmrsm; vef;qef; vmonf// tm;rmef &Sdvmonf// wdwfqdwf jidrfouf ae&mrS vSKyf&Sm;=uonf// rif;xGef;azonf vnf; rdrd. tjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; ajymcsvkdufonf// [kwfw,f ukd0if;xdef ajymwm rSefw,f// uGsefawmfh oabmvnf; udk0if;xdef ajymwJh twkdif;ygbJ/ awmfvSefa&; vrf;udkbJ a&G;&rSmbJ// u|efawmfwkd@twGuf wjcm;vrf;r&Sdbl;// tzrf;awmhrcHekdifbl;// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ axmifxJrSm tcsdefukef rcHekdifbl;// rGefjynfopfygwD/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@eJ@ oGm;a&muf yl;aygif;bkd@ u|efawmf oabmwlw,f// ppftm%m&Sifudk u|efawmfwkd@ awmfvSef jzKwfcs&r,f// ppftm%m&Sifudk 'l;axmuf tnHhcH awmif;yefaevkd@ tusdK;r&Sdbl;// ukd,fhudk csrf;omcGifhay;rSm r[kwfbl;//tm;vkH;udk zrf;jyD; axmifcsrSm aocsmw,f// u|effawmfwkd@rSm udk,fhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;twGu/f wm0efu &Sdao;w,f// axmifxJrSae&if bmrSrvkyfekdifbl;// b0om ukefqkH;oGm;r,f// 'Dppftm%m&Sif vufatmufrSm u|efawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;[m u|efjzpfaerSm aocsmw,f// trsdK;rsdK; eSdyfpuf nSif;yrf;cH&rSm aocsmw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@b0/ b,fawmhrS vGwfajrmuf rSm/r[kwfbl;// rGefvlrsdK;b0 vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ vufeufudkfifawmfvSefa&;rS wyg;/tjcm;vrf;u|efawmfrjrifbl;// vufeuftm;udk; tekdifusifhwJhppftm%m&Sif udk vufeufeJ@bJ/ u|efawmfwkd@jyefvnf awmfvSefoGm;&rSmbJ// rGefjynfopfygwDeJ@ yl;aygif;jyD; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; vkyfwm trSefuefqkH;bJvkd@ u|efawmf xifw,f// tzrf;awmh rcH=ueJ@// uGsefawmf oabmuawmh awmckd rSmbJ// vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;orm; b0rSm vGwfvyfrSK qkdwm &Sdekdifao;w,f// ppftm&Sif bdeyfatmufrSm vGwfvyfrSK qkdwm vkH;0 &SdrSm r[kwfbl;// ppfbdeyf atmufrSm touf&Sif aexdkif&jcif;xuf/ awmfvSef&if;/ aowmu tqaygif; axmifaomif;ru omrSm aocsmw,f// u|efawmf 'DavmufbJ ajymcsifw,f// Todk@ rif;0if;xdefeSifh rif;xGef;azwkd@. aqG;aEG;rSKa=umifh tjcm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;. rsufESmonf/ &$ifvef; wuf=uGvmonf// jidK;i,faom pdwfyaysmuf oGm;jyD; &J&Jawmuf pdwf"gwfawG rsufeSmtoD;oD;rSm ay:vGifvmonf// rif;om&ifuvnf; atmufygtwkdif; xyfavmif;I aqG;aEG;jyefonf//
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vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;onfom u|efawmfwkd@twGuf wckwnf;aom vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;bJ jzpfw,f// tjcm;vrf;r&Sdbl;// 'gudk vlwkdif; oabmwlwJh tcsufbJ//u|efawmfvnf; 'DtjrifudkvkH;0 vufcHw,f// ppftm%m&SifatmufrSm b0vGwfajrmufrSKqdkwm r&Sdekdfifbl;// wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tcGifha&;wkd@/ 'Drdkua&pD tcGifha&;wkd@qkdwm/ tdrfrufrSmbJ &Sdedkiawmhw,f// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ ppfbdeyf f atmufrSm touf&Sif ae&wJh b0[m t"dy`g,frJhw,f// &SifvsufeJ@ aoaewJh olwpfOD;eJ@ wlw,f// b0om,mrSK/ b0vGwfvyfrSK/ b0jidrf;csrf;rSKwkd@qkdwm vkH;0 r&Sdekdifbl;// u|efawmfvJ udk0if;xdef/ udkfxGef;azwkd@ ajymovkdbJ/ u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; awmckdjyD;/ rGefjynfopfygwDeSihf yl;aygif;bdk@ oabmwlw,f// u|efawmf tjynfht0 axmufcH w,f// u|efawmf uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm; ykdrdk tm;&Sdatmif xyfavmif;I atmufyg twkdif; xyfajym vkdufonf// udk0if;xdef/ udkxGef;az/ udkom&ifwkd@ ajymwJh twkdif;ygb/J wckwnf;aom vGwfajrmufa&; vrf;[m vufeufudkfif awmfvSefa&; vrf;bJ &Sdw,f// jynfol@ tm%mudk vk,lwufvmwJh ppftm%m&Sif[m/ oufqkd; r&Snfekdifbl;// jynfol vlxk&J@ axmufcHrSK vkH;0r&&SdwJh tpdk;&[m b,ftpkdk;&rSvJ rwnfjrJekdifbl;// ae@vm; nvm; jyKwfusrSm aocsmw,f// ppftm%m&Sif&J@ zdeSdyftkyfcsKyfrSK atmufrSm/ touf&Sif ae&jcif;xuf/ awmfvSef ykefuefjyD; vGwfajrmufrSKudk &Smwm ydkrdk rSefuefw,f// 'DqkH;jzwfcsuf[m b,fawmhrS rrSm;ekdifbl;// tjrJwrf; pkd;&drf a=umufusrSKeJ@ touf&Sif ae&ol wpfa,muf[m/ b0csrf;ajr@ aysmf&$ifrSK r&Sdekdfifbl;// ppfbdeyfatmufrSm pkd;&drf a=umuf&GH@ xdef@vef@rSKeJ@ touf&Sif ae&wJh/ rGefjynfol vlxkwdk@&J@ b0[m/ bmrSt"dy`g,f r&Sdedkifbl;// zdeSdyfcHu|efb0bJ jzpfrSm aocsmw,f//ppfbdeyfatmufrSrGefvlrsdK;wkd@b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ u|efawmf wkd@rSm wm0eftjynf&Sdw,f// 'g[m u|efawmfwkd@ rGefausmif;om;&J@ zckH;ay:rSm/ h ,ae@ usa&mufvmwJh trsdK;om; wm0efw&yfbJ// tzdeSdyfcH/ tnSif;qJcHae&wJh/ rGefjynfolvlxkudk u|efawmfwkd@u ausmckdif;jyD; rsufuG,fjyK aevkd@r&bl;// u|efawmfwkd@tay: usa&muf vmwhJ trsdK;om; wm0efu/kd rxrf;aqmif &Jbl;/ a=umuf&G@HjyD; a&Smifwdrf; aevkd@r&bl;// a=umuf&G@H a&Smifwdrf;wJh ol[m/ ppf tm%m&Sif&J@ rw&m; zdeSdyf tkyfcsKyfrSKudk axmufcH tm;ay; ovkd jzpfaew,f// rvGwfajrmufwJh rGefjynfolvlxk&J@ b0udk vufykduf=unfh aeekdifwJholeSifhwlw,f// udk,hfvlrsdK;twGufbmrStokH;ruswJhvlwpfa,muf/jzpfoGm;w,f//
344
ppftm%m&Sif[m r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKaew,f qdkwJhtcsufudk ukd0if;xdefaxmufjyoGm;w,f// 'Dtcsuf[m odyfhta&;=uD;w,f// ppftm%m&Sif oufqkd;&Snf aeor# umvywfvkH; vlrsdK;pkwkd@rSm b0vGwfajrmufrSK qdkwm r&Sdekdifbl;// tzdeSdufcH u|efb0 tjzpfeJ@ ed*Hk;csKyf oGm;=urSm aocsmw,f// rGefvlrsdK; tyg0if wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tm;vkH;wkd@[m/ 'DpHepfudk wkdufzsufypfrvm;/ odk@r[kwf 'DpHepf&J@ u|efjyKwmudk cH=urvm;qkdwm/ qkH;jzwf&r,fh tcsdefjzpfw,f// u|efawmfhtjrifuawmh/ 'Dr[m ArmvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udk wkdufzsuf&if/ wkdufzsuf/ rwkdufzsufekdif&if/ 'Dr[m vlrsdK;=uD;0g'u wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pk tm;vkH;udk 0g;rsdK oGm;rSm aocsmw,f// tJ'Dawmh 'D0g'udk wkdufzsufrvm; odk@r[kwf 'D0g'&J@ 0g;rsdKwmudk jidrfcHae=u rvm;qkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ 'Duae@ tqkH;jzwf ay;&rSm jzpfw,f// 'Dpepf[m/ rw&m;wm odvSsufeJ@/ a=umuf&G@HjyD; acgif;ikH@ cHae&if tJ'D vl[m touf&Sifv#ufeJ@ aoaewJh vleJ@bmrSrxl;bl;// ol@b0rSm/ vGwfvyfrSK wkdk@/ aysmf&$ifrSKwkd@qkdwm r&Sdawmhbl;// woufvkH; a=umuf&G@HrSKeJ@ touf&Sif oGm;&rSmbJ// a=umuf&G@HwJh vlrsdK;rSm olwyg;&J@ tzdeSdyfcH aus;u|efb0 tjzpfeJ@ touf&Sif aexkdif oGm;&rSm aocsmw,f// toem;cHoludk ppftm%m&Sifu oufnSmrSm r[kwfbl;// ykdjyD;jzJajcmufr,f// vufeuftm;udk;eJ@ wkdif;jynf tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppftm%m&Sif[m/ jynfolawG/ a=umufav olwkd@ t=udKufjzpf avbJ// rsufjzLqkdufav q&m=udKufavbJ// ppftm%m&Sifudk awmfvSefjzKwfcs &J&r,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// TurBm avmurSm/ a=umuf&G@HwJh vlrsKd ;awG twGuf ae&m r&Sdekdifbl;// vGwfvyfrSKqkdwm/ &JpGrf;owWd&SdwJh vlrsdK;wkd@twGufom jzpfw,f// b0vGwfvyfrSKtwGuf xkdifqkawmif;aevkd@ r&edkifbl;// 'ga=umifh vufeufukdfif awmfvSefa&;udk u|efawmfvJ =udKufw,f// wjcm; enf;vrf;r&Sdbl;// 'gudk u|efawmf tjynfht0 oabmwlw,f// u|efawmfhpum;tqkH;rSm udk0if;xdefvnf; atmufygtwkdif; xyfrH aqG;aEG;oGm;onf// ppftm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSm wae@w&ufrS qufjyD; raecsifbl;// 'Dtwkdif; u|efawmfwkd@ aeoGm;&if ppftm%m&Sif&J@ zdeSdyf csKyfcs,frSK nSif;yrf; eSdyfpufrSKudk u|efawmfwkd@ rGefwrsdK;om;vkH; &moufyef cHoGm;&r,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ &J@b0vGwfvyfrSKqkdwm rar#mfvifheJ@awmh/ r&edkifbl;// zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK atmufrSm
345
a=umufa=umuf &G@H&G@HeJ@ woufvkH; aeoGm;&rSm aocsmw,f// 'gawG tm;vkH;udk odvsufeJ@ u|efawmfwkd@u rod [efaqmiff vspfvsL&SkKjyD;/ ausmif;oifcef;pmrSm at;at; aq;aq; pmoif ae=ur,fqkd&if/ rSefyghrvm;// aemuf wcsufu ynm wwfvmjyD; udk,fhvlrsdK;udk zdeSdyf csKyfcs,faewJh/ 'DtkyfcsKyfrSK pHepfrSm udk,fuyg/ yg0ifjyD; trSKxrf;ae oifygovm;/// av;av; eufeuf xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm; h =unfhbkd@ vkdw,f// todOm%f&SdwJholwkdif; 'Dvkyf&yfrsdK;[m/ rrSefbl; roifhbl;/ qkdwm aumif;aumif; odw,f// 'Du|efynmudk oif=um;aewmudku/ udk,hfudk,fudk vdyfjymroef@ jzpfaew,f// &Sufrdw,f// wudk,faumif;qefw,fvkd@ udk,hfudk,fudk/ jyefvnf okH;oyfaerdw,f// 'Dawmh udk,fhvlrsdK;udk u|efjyKaewJh 'Dynma&;pepfudkvnf;/ u|efawmfwkd@ qufvuf oif=um;aevkd@vJ bmrS tusdK;rxl;bl;// 'Duae@ ta&;w=uD; u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; vkyf&rSmu udk,fhtrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJGbJ// udkxGef;az/ udkom&ifwkd@ ajymoGm;ovkd vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; udkb/J u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; a&G;&rSmbJ// tjcm;a&G;cs,f p&mvrf; r&Sdbl;// 'Dwvrf;bJ&Sdw,f//'gavmufbJu|efawmfajymcsifw,f// tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;vJ aqG;aEG;bdk@zdwfac:w,f// rif;oef;xGef;uvnf;wuf=uGpGmatmufygtwkdif;aqG;aEG;vmonf/ u|efawmf oabmu b,fvkdrS tzrf;cHvkd@awmh rjzpfekdifbl;// tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;&udk jzpfonfh enf;eJ@ awmfvSefjzKwfcsbkd@ vkdw,f// ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;& qkdwm/ rnfhonfh ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&rSvnf;/ oufqkd; r&Snfekdifbl;// wm&Snf r&yfwnfekdifbl;// urBmh 'Drdkua&pD ekdifiHrsm;uvnf; ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&rsdK;udk/ b,fvkdrS axmufcHrSm r[kwfbl;/ vufcH=urSmvnf; r[kwfbl;// tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;&[m txD;usefjzpfaerSm aocsmw,f// taeS;eSifhtjref jyKwfusrnfrSm aocsmw,f// 'Drdkua&pD/ qdwfokef;wJh/ tm%m&Sif ppftpkd;& vufatmufrSm/ u|efawmfwkd@ vkH;0raeoifhbl;// tm%m&Sif pHepfatmufrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ b0 vGwfajrmufrSK qkdwmvJ rar#mfvifheJ@/ woufvkH; &rSmr[kwfbl;// udk,fhtrsdK;om; wm0efudk odwwfwJh ausmif;om; wpfa,muf taeeJ@ 'Dppftm%m&Sif pHepff jyKwfus oGm;wJhtxd jzpfwJhenf;eJ@ awmfvSef oGm;&rSmbJ// u|efawmfwkd@ rGef ausmif;om;awG ppftpkd;&udkd vufeufudkfif awmfvSef=ubkd@ u|efawmftjynfht0 axmufcHw,f//
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xkda=umifh aus;&GmteSH zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhbl;onfukd tajccHI rGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; udk tjrefqkH;qufoG,fjyD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifvmekdif&ef u|efawmftm; wm0ef ay;jcif; jzpfonf// 4if;tpnf;a0;rSmyif rif;ausmfat; (urm0uf/ trsdK;om;owif;pm. owif;axmuf/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;/ tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD. jyef=uma&;wm0efcH) ta=umif;udk/ xnfhpOf;pm; vm=uonf// rif;ausmfat;/ rif;0if;a,mfeSifh u|efawmfwkd@ (3)OD; vSKd@0SufpGm aqG;aEG; oabmwl xm;onfh tcsufrsm;udk u|efawmfu ajymjyonf// udkausmfat;eSi fh u|efawmfwkd@ oabmwl xm;aom/ oabmwlnDrSKrSm udkausmfat; taeeSifh ,kd;',m;&Sd rGefvli,frsm;udk oGm;a&muf tqufoG,f,lrnf// ,kd;',m;&Sd rGefvli,frsm;eSifh tquf toG,f,ljyD;/ 4if;,kd;',m;rGefvli,frsm;. tultnDjzifh/ ,kd;',m;Y vSsdK@0Sufppfoifwef; wckzGihfvSpf&ef pDrHrnf// 4if;ppfoifwef;odk@ wufa&muf&eftwGuf/ vkdtyfaom ynmwwf rGefvli,frsm;udk/ pkaqmif;ay;rnf[k rif;0if;a,mf eSifh u|efawmfu *wdjyK xm;cJh=uonfh ta=umif;udkajymjyonf// tu,fIrif;ausmfat;/ rlv=uH&G,fxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xajrmufatmifjrifvSsi/f u|efawmf wkd@ aumvdyf rGefausmif;om; rsm;yg0if yl;aygif;=u&ef trsm;oabmwl=uonf// ,ae@ tcsdefrSm udkausmfat;wpfa,mufonf rnfonfhae&modk@ a&mufaejyD;rnfokd@ tajctae &Sdaeonfudk rnfolrSs rajymekdifjzpfaeonf// xkda=umifh rif;ausmfat;udkvnf;/ =udK;pm; &SmazG qufoG,f&efvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u oabmwl=uonf// aqG;aEG;yJGtqkH;wGif/ atmufygtwkdif; a=uG;a=umf=uonf// qM.pLnj8t,\ pu&kW,v.mnj qM.pLnj8t,\ pu&kW,v.mnj qM.pLnj8t,\ pu&kW,v.mnj awmfvSefa&;orm;/'kd@rGefausmif;om; awmfvSefa&;orm;/'kd@rGefausmif;om; awmfvSefa&;orm;/'kd@rGefausmif;om; rGefbmom pum;jzifh okH;=udrfokH;cg atmf[pfjyD; aqG;aEG;yGJudk &kwfodrf;vkduf=uonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJjyD;I vltkyfpkcGJ=uonf//
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368
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369
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370
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371
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372
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373
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ALL RAMANNYA MON ASSOCIATON, RANGOON
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THE ADOPTED CONSTITUTION PRINTED AT BURMESESE BAPTIST SCHOOL
1939
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374
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375
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376
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377
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@? (u) toif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0if vl}uD;rsm;ukd wESpfwcg toif;. ESpfygwf vnf tpnf;ta0;}uD;Y toif;om; toif;ol/ qENtrsm;qkH;&aomolrsm;ukdom a&G;aumuf wifajrSmuf&rnf? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;ESifh if;wkd@.wm0ef vkyfief;rsm;? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) toif;.em,uvl}uD;rsm;? OuUXvl}uD; 'kOuUXvl}uD; tusKd;aqmifpuU&Daw&D wGJbuf tusKd;aqmifpuU&Dw&D aiGxdef;vl}uD; pm&if;ppfvl}uD; aumfrwDvl}uD;rsm; (wOD;) (2 OD;) (wOD;) (2 OD;) (w OD;) (w OD;) (wOD;)
(7)
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378
toif;.tpnf;ta0;rsm; qifyifusif;y&mYvnf;/ &Gufaqmif&ef tpDtpOf rsm;ukd ae&mwusjzpfap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf? 4? wGJbuftusKd;aqmif puU&Daw&D? wGbuftusKd;aqmifpuU&Daw&Dwkd@onf/tusKd;aqmifpuU&Daw&Dawmif;qkd J aom tultnDudpPrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf&Gufaqmifay;&rnf? 5? aiGxdrf;vl}uD;? aiGxdrf;vl}uD;onftoif;.Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;wGif n$e-f um;xm;onfhtwkdif; toif;.aiGxGufaiG0if pm&if;ESifh b%fwGiftyfESHonfh aiGpm&if;rsm;ukd aumif;rGefusepGm xm;&Sd &rnf? 6? pm&if;ppfvl}uD;? pm&if;ppfvl}uD;onf tusKd;aqmifESifhaiGxdrf;vl}uD;wkd@abmfjyaom toif;. aiGxGufaiG0ifpm&if;rsm;ukdaumif;rGefpGmppfaq;&rnf?aiGxm;ykHokdykH okH;pGJykHrsm;/ toif;.Oya't& pnf;urf;usatmif t_rJn$ef-um;jcif;jyKvkyf&rnf? 7? aumfrDwDvl}uD;rsm;onf toif;wnfwnfh&efESitoif;}uD;yGm;&efukd t_rJqEN fh wGif&Sdcgrdrdw@kd &Gufaqmifoifh &Gufaqmifxkdufaom tvkyf0wW&m;wkd@wGif 0ifa&muf&Guf aqmif_yD; v#if toif;tm;tpnf;ta0;rsm;okd@ rysuf ruGuf tcsdefrSefrSefwufa&muf&rnf? 8? toif;0ifolwkd@.0wW&m;rsm;? (u) toif;0ifolwkd@onf rdrdwkd@. rsKd;&kd; rdrdwkd@. ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefukd t_rJ &Gufaqmifonf omru rGefpum;rGef&mZ0if rGefpmay rsm;ukd rarhavsmh&ef rdrd ukd,fwkdifvnf; oif-um;jcif;/ tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; owdrl-ujcif;/ oif-um;jcif; jyKvkyf-u&ef wkdufwGef;tm;ay; jyKvkyf&ygrnf? txl;ojzifh rGefaemifvmaemufom;rsm;ESifhuav;i,frsm;tm; ulnDapmifha&Smuf jcif;jyKvkyf&ygrnf? (c) toif;0ifolwkd@onf toif;.Oya'pnf;urf;wGif azmfjyn$ef-um;xm;aom toif;om;/ toif;olrsm;. vpOfa-u;awGukd tusKd;aqmifpuU&Daw&Dokd@ tcsdefrSefrSefay;oGif;I toif;tpnf;ta0;wufa&muf&ef bdwfpm &onfhtcgwkdif; rysufruGufwufa&muf&rnf? (*) toif;ysufpD;&m ysufpD;a-umif; jzpfaprnfhudpPrsm; ay:aygufI rdrodonf d w_yKdieufta-umif;rsm;ukd pkHvifpGm pmtm;jzifh a&;om;_yD;vsif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;okd@ f ay;oGif;&rnf? (C) toif;okd@0ifpOfuay;xm;aomae&yfvdyfpmrsm;ukd tjcm;ae&yfokd@ ajymif;a&$ @oGm;wkdif; tusKd;aqmif puU&D aw&DxHokd@ pmtm;jzifh ta-umif;-um;&rnf? 10? toif;tpnf;ta0;rsm;? toif;. tpnf;ta0;trsKd;tpm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfavonf? 1? ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;}uD;? 2? txl;tpnf;ta0;}uD;?
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3? 4?
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@. vpOftpnf;ta0;? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@. txl;tpnf;ta0;?
ESpfywfvnftpnft;a0;}uD;? (u) ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;}uD;ukd ESpfpOf 'DZifbmv&uftwGif; oifhavsmfaom ae&m ae@&ufwGif jyKvkyf&ygrnf? (c) ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;}uD;Y &Gufaqmif&rnfh udpPrsm;rSm? (1) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;wkd@uwifoGif;onfhtESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmESifh aiGpm&if;rsm;ukd a-ueyfu twnfjyK&ef? (2) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@wGif ESpfopftwGuf 0ifa&muf&Gufaqmifzkd@vl}uD;rsm; a&G;aumufwifajrSmufjcif;? (3) twnfjyKxm;aom Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;ukd jyifqifjznfhpGufESKwfodrf; y,fzsufvkdu jzwfEkdifjcif;? (4) pm&if;ppf vl}uD;. wESpftwGuf aiGpm&if;csKyfukd twnfjyKjcif;? (*) ESpfwygwfvnf tpnf;ta0;}uD;. bdw-f um;pmrsm;ukd (10)&ufxufrenf; }uKdwifumay;&rnf? (C) ESpfwygwfvnftpnf;ta0;wGiftoif;0iftm;vkH;teuf 5ykH 3ykH jzpfap&rnf? txl;tpnf;ta0;}uD; (u) txl;ta-umif;ay:aygufI toif;0ifol 10OD;xufrenf; vufrSwfa&;xkd;I wifoGif;cJhvsif txl;ta0; jyKEkdifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? (c) if;tpnf;ta0;twGuf zdw-f um;pmukd(7)xuf renf;wif}uKdI bdw-f um; &rnf? (*) toif;. pnf;rsOf;rsm;ukd jyifqif xyfwkd; jznfhpGuf&eftwGuf ESpfwygwfvnf tpnf;ta0;}uD;wkdifatmif qkdif;iHhIroifh tv#iftjref jyKvkyfoifhonf xifjrifv#if toif;0if 15OD;xufrenf; vufrSwfa&;xkd;ta-umif;-um;&rnf? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0; (u) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;ukdwvv#ifw}udrfus oifhavsmfaom ae&mae@ &ufESifh tcsdefwGif jyKvkyf&rnf? (c) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;wGif tjcm;ta-umif;rsm;tjyif atmufygwkd@ukd aqmif&Guf&rnf? (1) pm&if;ppfvl}uD;u wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmESifh aiGpm&if;rsm;? (2) vlopfrsm;ukd toif;0ifoltjzpf cGifhjyKjcif;? (3) tusKd;aqmif puU&Daw&Drsm;/ pm&if;ppfvl}uD;ESifh aiGxdrf;vl}uD; wkd@onf 0wW&m;twkdif; aqmif&Gu-f uonfukd apmifha&Smuf&jcif;? (4) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ tpnf;a0;wGif tzGJ@0ifvl}uD; (9)OD; vma&mufv#if tpnf;ta0;txajrmufap&rnf?
380
tkyfcsKKyfa&;tzGJ@txl;tpnf;ta0; (u) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ txl;tpnf;ta0;ukd tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@ESifhom oufqkdifaom udpPrsm;twGufomusif;yjyKvkyfEdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? (c) tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ txl;tpnf;ta0;ukd tusKd;aqmif puU&Daw&D jzpfap/tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap/okd@r[kwftoif;0if5OD;xufrenf; vufrSwfa&;xkd;I a-umif;-um; wifoGif;onfjzpfap/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ txl;tpnf;ta0;ukd usif;yjyKvkyf edkifcGifh&Sd ap&rnf? a&G@qkdif;aom tpnf;ta0;rsm; (u) rnfonhf tpnf;ta0;rqdk yXrt}udrf bdw-f um;onfh tpnf;ta0;Y pnf;ur;;f Oya't& vlpHnDpGm rvma&mufEkdifI pnf;a0;jcif; rjyKvkyf&v#if xkdae@rS (7) &uf k uGmI csdef;qkd&rnf? (c) xkd'kwd,t}udrf csdef;qkdaom ae@&ufwGif owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefem&Dr S 15rdepfr# qkdif;ief@aomfvnf;/ vltpkHtnD rvma&mufcJhv#if/ vma&mufaom olrsm;ESifhyif tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;jyKvkyfEkdifap&rnf? (*) xdka&G@qkdif;&aom tpnf;ta0;wkd@wGif yXrt}udrf zdw-f um;pOfu pDpOf xm;aom ta-umif;tcsufrsm;ukdom aqG;aEG; qkH;jzwf EkdifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? wpkHw&m ykdrkdaom ta-umif; rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwfcGifh r&Sdap&? 11? tpnf;ta0;OuUX? rnfonfhtpnf;ta0;rSrqkd OuUXonf obmywdtjzpfjzifh &Gufaqmif&rnf? OuUXvl}uD;rvma&mufEkdifaomtcg'kwdyOuUXvl}uD;wOD;OD;uobmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnf? if;wkd@(3)OD;vkH; rvma&mufEkdifr#omv#if vma&mufonfh toif;0if wOD;OD;ukd trsm;oabmwl a&G;aumufcg obmywdwifajrSmufI pnf;a0;EkdifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? pnf;a0;csrSwfcsufrsm;? toif;tpnf;wkd@. pnf;a0; rSwfcsufrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd oD;oef@ xm;aom pnf;a0;csuf rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd oD;oef@xm;aom pnf;a0;csufrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif a&;oGif;&rnf? 12? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;tjzpfrS &yfpJjcif;? (u) tedpPa&mufjcif;? (c) rdrdoabmtav#muf pmjzifhta-umif;-um;I ESKyfxGufjcif;/ (*) vpOf tpnf;ta0;okd@vkHavmufaom ta-umif;-um;pmukd ray;ykd@ bJ 3}udrfwkdifwkdif qufvufI rvma&muf ysufuGufjcif;? (C) txufwGif azmfjyaom ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@wGif vl}uD;ae&m vpfvyfcJhonf&Sdaomf ESpfwygwfvnf tpnf;ta0; rjyKvkyfrSDtwGif; tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJ@0ifvl}uD;wkd@u xdkvpfvyf aomae&mwGif vl}uD;opfa&G;aumuf wifajrSmufcGifh&Sdap&rnf? 13? toif;0ifoltjzpfrS &yfpJjcif; (u) tedpPa&mufjcif;?
381
(c) rdrdtvkdtv#mufpmjzifh ta-umif;-um;I ESKyfxGufjcif;? (*) ESpfpOfa-u;aiG2usyfteuf 2yJutoif;0ifvkdaom av#mufv$mESifh kd twlay;oGif;&rnf? usefaiGwusyf8yJay;onfhae@rS okH;vtwGif; ay;oGif;&rnf? TuJhokd@rS ray;oGif;v#if toif;0iftjzpfrS &yfpJap&rnf? toif;0ifoltjzpfrS ESKyfxGufjcif;? toif;. wnf_rJckdifcef@&ef ta-umif;tusKd;jzpfxGef;&ef ta-umif;ESifhtoif; aqmif&GufrSK udpPwkd@ukd ysufpD;&m ysufpD;a-umif; jyKvkyfol toif;0ifukd toif;om; toif;ol tm;vkH;wufa&mufcGifh&Sdaom tpnf;ta0;Y pOf;pm;um/ ESKyfr,fhcGifh&Sdap&rnf? toif;om;toif;olwkd@. omr+emr+udpP? toif;om; toif;ol wa,mufa,mufu omr+emr+ udpP&SdI toif;okd@ zdw-f um;ygv#if toif;0ifwkdonf nDnGwfpGm oGm;a&mufI csD;jrSSifh&rnf? tusKd;aqmif puU&Daw&D. &Gufaqmifr+ESifhtoif;ay:wGifwnf_rJykH? toif;udpPESifhywfoufI toif;.t&yf&yfqkdif&m tpnf;ta0;}uD;ujzpfap/ tkyfcsKyftzGJ@tpnf;ta0;ujzpfap/qkH;jzwfjyXmeftwnfjyK_yD;aomudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufI a&;om; &aompmrsm;ESifhpmcsKyfpmwrf;wkd@wGitusKd;aqmif puU&Daw&Dtoif;.ukd,fpm;vufrSwf a&;xkd; f EkdifcGifh &Sdap&rnf? if;vufrSwfa&;xkd;jcif;onf toif; tay:Ywm0ef&Sdap&rnf? 17? 18? wwf&rnf? Ttoif;trnfESifh rnfonfhwkdif;a&;jynfa&; udpPwGifrS r&Gufaqmif&? Ttoif;om; toif;olwkd@onf okH;ESpftwGif; atmufxkHpH rGefpum;ajym 16? 15? 14?
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382
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383
TuJhokd@ rGefwkd@u ESvkH;&nftm;jzifh Oya'twGif;Y awmif;qkdcsufrsm; awmif;qkdcJhygaomfvnf;zqyv tpkd;&u rGefESifhArmtwlwlygyJ/ oD;jcm;tcGifhta&;rsm; awmif;qkd&ef rvkdygbl;/ tp&Sdonfh racsiHaom ta-umif; jycsufrsm;ESif rGefwkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfxm;cJhayonf? rGefvlxk w&yfvkH;onf ra-ureyfjzpfcg jynfvkHu|wf nDvmcHrsm; ac:qkdI oD;jcm;jynfe,f az:xkwfay;yg&ef wqifhwkd;wufIawmif;qkdvm-uavonf? jidrf;csrf;rSKukd vkdvm;onfhtwGuf Oya'twGif;rS rdrdwkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdcJhaomfvnf; rGefacgif;qmifrsm;ukd owfjzwfzrf;qD; axmifcsjcif; rGeftrsKd;om; tzGJ@rsm;ukd rw&m;toif; ausnmjcif; rGefbkef;awmf}uD;rsm; zrf;qD; owfjzwf zdESdyf csKyfcs,fjcif; rGefaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh omoemtaqmuftOD;rsm;ukd rD;&SKd@zsufqD;jcif;rGefaus; &Gmom;rsm;tm; ta-umif;rJ@owfjzwfjcif; tp&Sdaom nSif;yrf;r_rsm;ukdom rGefwkd@cHcJh -u&ayonf? rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;.tay:Y jynfaxmifpk zqyv tpkd;&. wzufowf t"rR zdESdyfcsKyfcs,ftEdifusifhjcif;ukdrGefwkd@rvkdvm;-uacs?okd@jzifh rGefvlxk}uD;onf jynfaxmifpk k zqyvtpkd;&. nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufrSKatmufrSwGif wcJeufaom tkH-uGrSK}uD;jzihf 1948ckESpf -o*kwfvwGif vufeufqGJukdifcg ckcHawmfvSefcJh-uavonf? rGefwkd@.awmfvSefwuf-uGrSKukd vufeuftm;ukd; rwm;qD;EdkifawmhonfwGif rGefpmayukdoif-um;cGifhay;apjcif; rGef,Ofaus;rSK jyyGJ+yKdifyGJrsm; cif;usif;apjcif; vufyg;ap rGeftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdzGJ@pnf;apjcif;tp&SdonfhrGefwkd@.b0opfzefwD;rSKESifh rqDavsmfonfh pDrHudef;wkd@jzifh 'Drkdua&pD pHepfukd tajccHxm;I rdrdwkd@. b0opfukd vkdvm;awmifhw ae-uaom rGefvlxk}uD;ukd awGa0rl;arhapcJhonf? rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;. ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfr_ukd &&Sdap&ef ckcHawmfvSef&mwGif rdrdwkd@. b0ESifh [yfrdukdufnDI rSefuefonfhvufeufukdif wkdufyGJtoGifjzifh 10 ESpf 10rkd;tr# jzwfausmfvmcJh-uavonf? rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh jynfolw&yfvkH;.ta&; jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&; twGuf jyif;xefI tkH-uGaom wkdufyGJrsm;a-umifh zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJcg vlrsKd;pkta&; jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm; ykdrkdus,fjyef@vmrnfh tvm;tvm ay:ayguf vmcJh&onfh tavsmuf rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;onf e,fcsJ@ya'o&mZf qef@usifa&; rGefjynfe,f &&Sda&; rGefwrsKd;om;vkH; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&; vlrsKd;pkHaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ESifh xm0pOf jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vufeufukdif wkdufyGJtoGifrS ygvDrmefwkdufyGJtoGifokd@ 1958 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae@rSpI ajymif;vJwkdufyGJ 0ifvmcJhjyD; rGefvlxk}uD; w&yfvkH;. axmufcHtm;ay;yg0ifrSKjzifh qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfyga-umif;?
384
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'
(1) (u) &nf&G,fcsuf (1) e,fcsJ@ ya'o&mZfpepfukd qef@usifI vkH;0 vGwfajrmufI tcsKyftcsm tm%mykdifaom rGefjynfol@ orRwEkdifiH xlaxmif&ef? (2) vlrsKd;pkHaoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;ukd wnfaqmuf&ef? (3) 'Drkdua&pD tjynhft0&&Sd&ef? (4) xm0pOf+idrf;csrf;a&; &&Sd&ef? tajccHrl0g' (1) yXr tqifhtaejzifh jynfol@ 'Drkdua&pD rGefjynfol@ orRwEkdifiHokd@ csDwufoGm;&ef? (2) 'kwd,tqifhtaejzifh qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHokd@ csDwufoGm;&ef?
(c)
(*)
vkyfief;pOf (1) rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. OD;aqmifrSK atmufwGif vlxk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vlwef;pm; tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;oGm;&ef? (2) rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.rl0g'ESifhukdufnDaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;&ef? (3) vlwef;pm;(4)&yf yg0ifaom trsKd;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk az:xkwfoGm;&ef? pD;yGm;a&;u (1) tvkyform;rsm; tusKd;iSmvlaerSK tqifhtwef; wkd;wuf vma&;twGuf vkyfcvkyfcGif vkyfcsdefowfrSwfay;a&; usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ tkdempm &HykHaiGxm;a&;/ tp&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd a'oumv tm;avsmfpGm vkyfaqmif oGm;&ef? v,form;rsm; tusKd;iSm oD;pm;c avsmhaygha&;/ pkaygif; xGef,uf vkyukdifa&;ESifh pkaygif;a&mif;0,f arG;jrLa&;/ f tp&Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd a'oumv tm;avsmfpGm vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef? trSKxrf; t&mxrf;rsm;tm; aexkdif pm;aomufrSK p&dwf umrdaom vkyfcukd &&Sdap&ef?
(2)
(3)
385
(4)
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386
(4) &Sd&rnf?
tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0ef0wW&m; ? (1)
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(1) tzGJ@0ifrsm;onfrdrdwkd@.oufqkdif&mtzGJ@.tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf ykdifcGifh&Sdonf? (2) tzGJ@.a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ta&G;cHykdifcGifh a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufykdifcGifh&Sdonf? (3) tzGJ@. tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif rnfonfhtzGJ@0ifu rnfonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh wm0efcHrsm;ukd rqkd pepfwus vGwfvyfpGm a0zefykdifcGifh&Sdonf? (6) tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS&yfpJa&;? ?
(1) tzGJ@0if wa,mufonf (u) &l;oGwf oGm;aomtcg (c) vkHavmufaom t a-umif;jycsufr&SdyJ/ (3) vwkdifif tzGJ@.wm0efukd rxrf;aqmifaomtcg (*) Elemapaom ul;pufwwfaom a&m*g&Sdaomtcgwkd@Y tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS tvkdvkd &yfpJoGm;onf? (2) tzGJ@0iftjzpfrSESKwfxGufvkdaomtcg/ oufqkdif&mtzGJ@trSKaqmifokd@ rdrd. ESKwfxGufv$mukd wifoGif;jy&rnf/ oufqkdif&m trSKaqmiftzGJ@tpnf;ta0;u vufcHtwnfjyK aomtcgwGif tzGJ@0iftjzpfrS&yfpJvdrfhrnf? (3) tzGJ@0ifwa,muf wm0efrS &yfpJoGm;aomtcg (okd@r[kwf) oufqkdif&m tzGJ@ trSKaqmifrsm;u xkwfypfaomtcg/ xkwfy,fjcif; cH&oltm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ pm&if;y,fjcif; jyKvkyf&ef oufqkdif&mtr_aqmifwkd@u A[kdokd@ tcsdefrSD tpD&ifcH&rnf?
387
(7)
tzGJ@ -zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH?
tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;&mwGif tajccHw&m;onf 'Drkdua&pD usaom A[kdrS csKyfukdifa&; pepf jzpfonf/ TtzGJ@wGif; 'Drkdua&pDonf A[kdcsKyfukdifa&;pepfukd emcH&rnf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifa&;pepfonf vnf; tzGJ@wGif; 'Drdkua&pDukd vkdufem&rnf? Tvkyfr_aqmiftm;vkH;onf pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_pepfukd vdkufem&rnf? (1) aus;&Gm (okd@r[kwf) &yfuGufwGif/ tzGJ@0if (10) OD;&Sdvsif OuUX-twGifa&;rSL; bmxdrf;yg0ifaom (3) OD; trSKaqmiftzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf/ tzGJ@0if (25) OD;xufausmfvGefv#if OuUX/ 'kOuUX/ twGif;a&;rSL;/ bmxdrf;/ 0g'jzef@csD;a&; ESifh pnf;&kH;a&;yg0ifaom (5) OD;rS (7)xufrrsm;aom trSKaqmif aumfrwD tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf? (2) wkdufe,fwGif/ aus;&Gm (7) &Gm okd@r[kwf &yfuGuf (7)uGuf jynfhpkHv#if trSKaqmif (7) OD;xm;I/ wkdufe,f trSKaqmif aumfrDwD w&yfukd zGJ@pnf; Ekdifonf? (3) a,sbk,stm;jzifh jrKd@jy tkyfcsKyfa&;t&/ owfrSwfxm;aom j+rKd@e,fwGif/ aumfrDwD (7)OD;ESifh t&HjrKd@e,f aumfrDwD (2) OD;yg0ifaom jrKd@e,ftrSKaqmif aumfrDwD tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf? (4) a,sbk,stm;jzifh jrKd@jy tkyfcsKyfa&;t& owfrSwf xm;aom c&kdifwGif c&kdif aumfrDwD(7)OD;ESifh t&Hc&kdifaumfrDwD(2)OD;yg0ifaom c&kdiftrSKaqmif aumfrDwD tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf? (5) A[kdzG@Jpnf;&mwGif A[kdaumfrDwD (9) OD;ESifh t&HA[kdaumfrDwD (4) OD;yg0ifaom A[kdtr_aqmifaumfrDwDukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdifonf? rSwfcsuf ? ? a&G;aumuf wifajrSmuf&mwGif v#Kd@0Suf rJay;pepfjzifh usifhokH;&rnf? (6) t&HaumfrDwDonf rJay;EkdifcGifhr&Sd t}uHay;cGifhESifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;EkdifcGifom &Sdap &rnf? rSwfcsuf ? ? (u) wkdufe,f/ jrKd@e,f/ c&kdifESifh A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHrsm;twGuf/ ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ukd A[kdrS owfrSwftwnfjyK&rnf? (c) aus;&Gm&yfuGuf trSKaqmifaumfrDwDrsm;ukd aus;&Gm &yfuGutpnf;ta0;rSif;/ wkdufe,f trSKaqmifaumfrDwDrsm;ukd wkdufe,f f nDvmcHrSif; j+rKd@e,ftrSKaqmif aumfrDwDrsm;ukd jrKd@e,fnDvm cHrsm;rSif;/ c&kdiftrSKaqmif aumfrDwDrsm;ukd c&kdifnDvmcHrSif;/ wifajrSmufoGm;&rnf/ A[kdtrSKaqmifrsm;ukd A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHrS wifajrSmufEkdifaomfvnf; wrsKd;om; vkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHray:rDSpyf-um; if;A[kdtrSKaqmifonf ,m,Dr#omjzpfI EkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m nDvmcHrSomv#if A[kdtrSKaqmifrsm;ukd jyefvnfa&G;cs,fwif ajrSmuftwnfjyK&rnf?
388
(8)
tzGJ@. tcGihftm%mrsm;? ? (u)= (1) wkdufe,ftrSKaqmiftzGJ@onf wkdufe,f nDvmcHwckESifhwck umv tykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf? (2) jrKd@e,f trSKaqmiftzGJ@onf j+rKd@e,f nDvmcH wckESifhwck umv tykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf? (3) c&kdiftr_aqmiftzGJ@pnfc&kdifnDvmcHwckESifhwck umv tykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdifjzpfonf? (4) A[kdtrSKaqmiftzGJ@onf A[kdOD;pD; (okd@r[kwf) wrsKd;om; vkH;qkdif&m nDvmcHwckESifhwck umvtykdif;tjcm; twGif;wGifom tm%mykdif jzpfonf? rSwfcsuf? ?tqifhqifh nDvmcHESifhA[kd OD;pD;nDvmcHrsm;onf tzGJ@. trSKaqmif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; (3)ykH(2)ykH wufa&mufrS omvsif w&m;0if jzpfonf? (c) =(1) wkdufe,fnDvmcHukd (6) vw}udrf usif;y&rnf? (2) jrKd@e,fESifhc&kdifnDvmcHukd (1) ESpfw}udrf usif;y&rnf? (3) A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHukd wESpfw}udrf usif;y&rnf/ wrsKd;om;vkH; qkdif&m nDvmcHukd (3) ESpfw}udrfxuf aemufrusapbJ/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm umva'ovkdufI usif;y&rnf? rSwfcsuf? ? (u) A[kdOD;pD;nDvmcHukd OD;pD;tzGJ@0ifOD;a& (3)ykH (1)ykHu awmif; qkdvsif ta&;ay:nDvmcHukd ac:ay;&rnf? (c) wkdufe,fjrKd@e,fc&kdifrS A[kdOD;pD;twGuf/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ukd txuftzGJ@tpnf;. n$ef-um;csuft& oufqkdif&mnDvmcHrS a&G;cs,fapv$wf&rnf? (*) (1) nDvmcH/ A[kdOD;pD; nDvmcHrsm;wGif wufa&muf vmaom ukd,fpm;vnf rsm;omvsif rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh &Sdonf? (2) wkdufe,ftrSKaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGif wdkufe,f trSKaqmifrsm;omvsif rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh&Sdonf? (3) jrKd@e,ftr_aqmiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jrKd@e,f trSKaqmifrsm;omv#if rJqEN ay;EkdifcGifh&Sdonf? (4) c&kdiftrSKaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGifc&kdiftrSKaqmif rsm; omv#if/ rJqENay;EkdifcGifh &Sdonf/
389
(5)
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The History Of Rangoon Burma Burma Through The Century Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The golden Sheldrake/by Ashley South Mandalay And Other Cities Of The Past In Burma/by V. C. Scott O'Connor Burma (with special reference to her relations with China)/Edward Harper Parker, 1893. The Germany in the Era of Bismarck The Dvaravati Old Mon and The New Mon Immigrants in Thailand/ by Nai Pan Hla

L003C07R1-20110907 - Naipetheinzar President Nai Shwe Kyint and Revolutionist - Mon Students

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