Research & Discovery

What I Know About How to Legal Research

MULS
The Macquarie University Law Society 2011
Contact MULS: Building W3A, Macquarie Law School, (Bottom level) Postal Macquarie University Law Society c/- Macquarie University Law School Macquarie University NSW 2109 Web: www.muls.org Email: educationofficer@muls.org Telephone: (02) 9850 7939

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Contents
Whyfrom the Editor An Introduction to Australian Legal Research HOW TO..start researching Database Searching Useful Legal Sites Tips for successful database searching Troubleshooting HOW TO...find Legislation HOW TO..find an historical version of a legislative instrument HOW TO..locate the relevant Hansard HOW TO..locate the relevant Explanatory Memorandum HOW TO..find cases HOW TO..search accurately HOW TO..plan your essay HOW TO.structure your essay ComLaw Basics 3 4 6 7 10 11 12 13

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Why..from the Editor..

The ability to conduct legal research is essential for lawyers, regardless of area or type of practice. It is my firm belief that this tool should be given to students and budding professionals. The most basic step in legal research is to find the leading case governing the issues in question. As most researchers know, this is far more difficult than it sounds, common issues you will encounter include: Often the issues are not correctly identified, or some issues are missed altogether. Issue identification is crucial for effective research. The law is constantly changing. Some of the decisions you have encountered during your studies clearly show the fluidity of legal doctrine. Even where there is a recent decision of the High Court, split decisions of the court make it difficult to determine how the next case will be decided. In many areas there are conflicting decisions, or no binding authority. You must then research the law of other jurisdictions, and apply creative analysis to the existing case law or create an argument based on first principles. Finding the law is an important part of legal research, but the ability to analyse what you have found and reach a conclusion or formulate an argument based on it is just as essential. As a beginning researcher, one of the bigger mistakes you can make is to envision legal research as a bibliographic checklist of sources to consult. You need to formulate research strategies that tell which source, of several sources, you should consult. And your strategy should incorporate flexibility. Even more important, you also need to learn how to advance your analysis of a law-related problem by means of your research. Even the most diligent researcher, armed with the latest technology, will not arrive at a successful result if he or she approaches legal research as a mechanical process devoid of analysis. Thus, legal research is really just a portion of legal problem solving. Although we have more tools for conducting legal research than our predecessors, the research task has become harder rather than easier. There are more bases to cover. Accordingly this Guide has been compiled to assist all you could be lawyers, advocates and over analytical argumentative types, in utilising the appropriate resources for conducting your research. So, without further delay, I present to you my Introductory Guide to Legal Research, released in conjunction with the LexisNexis Research Seminar. This is my final initiative of my term as Education Officer of Macquarie University Law Society 2011 and I hope it is as invaluable to you as this knowledge has been to me. All the best in your future studies and happy researching! Aimee Riley

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An Introduction to Australian Legal Research

Despite the various tools available to the legal researcher there is a common thread in the research process. 1. 2. 3. Finding the relevant law; Updating the information identified; and Reading and interpreting the information identified

It is generally recognised that legal information is divided into two types; primary (the law as stated) and secondary sources (discussions about the law). Primary Sources These materials consist of the authoritative texts of the law and include: 1. 2. 3. Legislation Acts or statutes made by a legislative body such as Parliament Subordinate Legislation Rules, regulations and by-laws made by delegated authorities Law Reports Reports of decisions or judgments of courts on points of law

Legislation generally of two types; Acts (Statutes) OR Delegated (Subordinate) legislation including rules, Regulations, By-Laws etc Law Reports Written judgments of courts on points of law, published for use as precedents. A report is authorised if, before publication, it has been checked by the judge. The disadvantage of authorised reports is that they take up to a year to be published. To compensate for this time lag other series of reports are published to provide quick access to decisions that arent available in authorised format yet. Its essential to cite the authorised version of a case when available. Australian Authorised Report Series i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi Commonwealth Law Reports (CLR) High Court LawBook Federal Court Reports (FCR) Federal Court LawBook NSW Law Reports (NSWLR) Supreme Court of NSW - LawBook Victorian Reports (VR) Supreme Court of Victoria - LexisNexisAU South Australian State Reports (SASR) Supreme Court of SA LawBook Queensland Reports (Qd R) Queensland Supreme Court - AustLII Western Australian Reports (WAR) Supreme Court of WA State Reports (Western Australia) SR(WA)) Family and District Courts - AustLII Tasmanian Reports (Tas R) Supreme Court of Tasmania - AustLII Northern Territory Law Reports (NTLR) Supreme Court of NT LawBook ACT Reports (ACTR) Supreme Court of ACT - LexisNexisAU

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Case Citations Understanding the components of a case citation is crucial to locating the law report. The components are as follows in the example of: Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 Bropho Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 Plaintiff Defendant Year of decision Volume of law report Abbreviation of series of law reports First page where the case is reported

However, be aware that some law report series, particularly those published by CCH, do not adhere to the traditional mode of citation. Identifying and interpreting primary sources is simplified with the use of Secondary Sources These materials generally perform one of two functions: 1. 2. Aid in the IDENTIFICATION of relevant primary sources. Aid in the INTERPRETATION of relevant primary sources (commonly referred to as commentaries)

When commencing research on an unfamiliar topic it is almost always imperative to first consult a secondary source. A commentary in a textbook, journal article or loose leaf service may be the best starting point as they will give you an overview of the topic and provide references to the relevant primary material. Having identified the relevant primary authorities it is then crucial to update these authorities. The major secondary sources include: journal articles, indexes, digests of law reports, legal encyclopaedia, loose leaf services, monographs/textbooks, bibliographies and dictionaries.

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HOW TO..start researching

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Database Searching
To access the following databases you will need a login, available at www.library.mq.edu.au - databases law, use your student number and mq portal password to login.
AGIS Plus Text

An Informit database covering many aspects of law including administrative law, constitutional law, criminal law, environmental law, family law, human rights, international law, medical law and trade practices.
CaseBase

Covers more than 60 Australian and overseas report series as well as a range of Australian unreported decisions. Links to some full-text journals & law reports produced by the publisher LexisNexis.
CCH Online

Provides access to all Australian CCH looseleaf services and their associated cases and legislation. Titles include: Australian Contract Law Reporter, Australian Torts Reporter, Australian Employment Law Guide, Australian Master Tax Guide, Australian Family Law & Practice, Australian Federal Tax Reporter, Australian Health & Medical Law Reporter...
FirstPoint

An Australian case citator and digesting service sourced from The Australian Case Citator, Australian Digest and ALMD; includes full-text authorised versions of cases from CLR, FCR and NSWLR.
Hein Online

International law journal archive providing full-text PDF access to articles from Volume 1 onwards. The collection contains over 1200 journals, 800 within the Law Journal Library. Other resources include The English Reports, Legal Classics, Treaties & Agreements, US Attorney General Opinions, US Presidential Library, US Statutes at Large 1789-2006, US Supreme Court and US Reports 1754-2004.
International Court of Justice

Contains the full text of official judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court in both English and French as well as supporting materials on the Court, the judges and international law.
International Criminal Court

A searchable website which gives access to the records and cases of the International Criminal Court.
LawBook/Legal Online

Offers a variety of looseleaf services, the legal encyclopaedia Laws of Australia and the case citator FirstPoint (an online amalgamation of the Australian Digest and Australian Case Citator). Also contains some full-text law journals and unreported judgments. Full-text law reports on this database include: CLR, FCR, NSWLR, A Crim R, FLR, SASR, LGERA, and ATR.

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EBSCOhost

EBSCOhost is a platform which provides access to various databases, both multisubject and subject specific. Full text of many of the articles is available, varying according to the database. Includes: Legal Periodicals Fulltext - A bibliographic database citing articles from legal periodicals, indexes and law books. Provides international coverage including periodicals from the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. Also includes Index to Legal Periodicals Retrospective 1908-1981.
Lexis.com

An international database produced by the publisher LexisNexis. It contains material primarily from the U.S. and Canada, with many other countries represented in a more limited capacity. The databases provide full-text legislation, case law and journal articles (predominantly American).
LexisNexis AU

Provides access to legal materials including: CaseBase (case citator), LawNow legislation and the legal encyclopedias Halsbury's Laws of Australia, Halsbury's Laws of England and Australian Encyclopaedias of Forms and Precedents. Also contains some full-text law journals and unreported judgments. Full-text law reports on LNAU includes: VR, ACTR, NTLR, ALR, Fam LR, ALD, IPR, ACSR and All ER. For a comprehensive guide to using LexisNexis please see: http://www.lexisnexis.com.au/aus/products/lexisnexisau/training/documents/lnauuser guide2008final.pdf
Proquest 5000

An international multidisciplinary database providing access to academic journals, newspaper and magazine articles.
Social science research network

Social Science Research Network (SSRN) is composed of a number of specialized research networks in the social sciences. Topics covered by networks include accounting, economics, financial economics, legal scholarship, and management (including negotiation and marketing). The SSRN eLibrary consists of an abstract database containing abstracts of scholarly working papers and forthcoming papers, and an electronic paper collection of downloadable full text documents in pdf format. Access to the database and collection is free; some services may require registration or fees.
TimeBase LawOne

Consolidated full text legislation for all Australian jurisdictions, updated daily. Includes access to some repealed legislation, Bills, Explanatory Memoranda and Second Reading Speeches. Timebase has also developed an extensive range of Point-in-Time Products providing complete legislation pictures at any date, with instant version comparison and comprehensive, date sensitive, related materials. These include: Social Security, Employment, Intellectual Property, ASX Listing and Market Rules, Competitions and Consumer Service, Corporations Law, Income Tax, GST, Commonwealth Criminal Law and legislation only services for Cutoms, Excise, Migration and Student Assistance.

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Westlaw International

An international online legal research tool providing indexing and full-text access to case law, newspaper articles, law reviews and legislation.
Workplace OHS

Designed for Australian OHS managers and professionals. Contains the latest updates in Occupational Health and Safety cases and legislation and current OHS policies & safety procedures to give the necessary insights to make work place operations legally compliant, efficient and safe.
WorkplaceInfo

An Australian web-based resource for workplace relations professionals. It contains workplace relations news, industrial relations reference materials and human resource tools.
WorldLII

The World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII) is the global version of AustLII. It provides a single search facility for databases located on the following Legal Information Institutes: AustLII; BAILII; CanLII; HKLII; LII (Cornell); and PacLII. WorldLII also includes as part of this searchable collection its own databases not found on other LIIs. These include databases of decisions of international Courts and Tribunals, databases from a number of Asian countries, and databases from South Africa (provided by Wits Law School). Databases of case-law, legislation, treaties, law reform reports, law journals, and other materials are included.

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Useful Legal Sites

AustLII http://www.austlii.edu.au The Australian Legal Information Institute is the most comprehensive and useful free site for Australian legal practitioners. It provides full text primary and secondary legal information. There are indices and subject guides to browse or you can do a search within any of the databases. In addition there is a range of links to other legal sites, both Australian and international. The databases are updated daily. The Law & Justice Foundation of New South Wales http://www.lawfoundation.net.au/ This organisation, which was a major sponsor of AustLII for its first five years of operation, allows access through its site, to many of the same legal materials as AustLII, but also provides many additional sources of particular interest to NSW practitioners, for example daily court lists, practice collections and legal discussion groups. Australian Government Publications (previously AusInfo and AGPS) http://www.publications.gov.au Provides assistance to people searching for Australian Government publications as well as links to publications and other resources on the web sites of Australian Government agencies. You can read the Commonwealth Budget and related documents, visit sites such as the National Health and Medical Research Council. Findlaw Australia http://www.findlaw.com.au Somewhat congested, this free legal site is updated everyday. Operated by Thomson Legal & Regulatory. You can search for law firm information, legislation and case law through some of the 2000 links to legal resources. Australian Institute of Criminology http://www.aic.gov.au Excellent links to publications, related sites, conferences, research and statistics in the area of criminology.

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Tips for successful database searching

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Computers search for characters, not concepts Try to think like the computer Do not make your search terms either too broad or too narrow Decide which are the appropriate synonyms for the search Use truncation wisely Use Boolean operators and nesting Some databases use hypertext links to connect information Refine your search by searching in specified fields of the database Do not assume that the results of your search are exhaustive Document your research

Example Cathy, an Australian, married Nigel, an American. They have a daughter, Sally, who has dual citizenship. The marriage broke down and Cathy wanted to return to Australia. Nigel refused to consent to Sally living in Australia. Cathy secretly brought Sally to Australia and they are living with Cathys parents. Nigel says Sally was abducted and demands her return. 1. Decide the general subject area. Family law seems appropriate. You would probably need an international aspect to the research. The principal search terms might be: 1ST concept: (variations of) abduction, kidnapping 2ND concept (variations of) child, parent, (possibly) grandparent

The search expression could be: (abduct* or kidnap*) w/10 (child* or parent* or grand*) With this search expression you are looking for the first concept found within 10 words of the second concept. It is a good idea to start your research with secondary materials to obtain an overview of your subject. CCH Family Law Library is a good place to start. Open the Family Law and Practice Commentary and read the section Child Abduction. Case Law While you are in the CCH Family Law Library also have a look at Family Law Cases. This series reports family law cases from the High Court, the Family Court and the State Supreme Courts. Open Family Law Cases You would have noticed that there is an international convention governing these matters and it is implemented by Australian regulations the Child Abduction Convention or Hague Convention 1986 and the Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations 1986. These titles and the names of some of the cases that you have found can be used to provide additional search terms and strategies as you proceed with your research. This provides 401 results, use the filters in the left pane to narrow the results.

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Troubleshooting
Problem Search retrieves too much material Solution > Refine the search > Search within specified fields > Use Boolean operators (e.g. and) and proximity operators to limit retrieved list > Use parentheses to limit hits > Add date operators > Use synonyms in the search > Check for spelling variations and errors > Do not rely on one search. Try the same search using three or four different methods > Use a variety of databases > Check the database help screens. Most legal databases have specific methods for doing this search. You will need to follow the instructions exactly > Refine the search by using alternative search terms > Check the currency of the database. It is usually (but not always) found at the beginning of the database > Most databases have a function which lets you see (and sometime edit) a previous search. Check if the software has a button called trail, history, previous or similar. Look for breadcrumbs > Look for a contents function > Certain packages do allow you to search in alternative modes, e.g. browsing and query searching. Browsing lets you scan contents and use hypertext links to jump to relevant parts of the database

Search retrieves too little material

Cannot find references to a particular section of the relevant legislation Most of what I have retrieved is irrelevant I do not know how up-to-date the material is I want to go back to the previous search. Do I need to type it again?

I do not know what is in this database I prefer to browse the material rather than do a search, as I am not sure how to structure the search

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HOW TO...find Legislation

AustLII is a source that is run entirely through contributions, for this reason it is not as reliable as other resources. Use this resource with caution. AustLII can be accessed at: http://www.austlii.edu.au/ New South Wales 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/ Browse. Browse in Force. Select the corresponding letter for the Act, Regulation or EPI e.g. Regulation, U, Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005. You have several options. If you know which sections you need to look at scroll down the left hand side of the page until you find the relevant section and select it. If you want to search the entire act for a phrase or word, Select the title on the left hand side for the entire regulation to download, and then click on the section of the screen that the legislation is on, press the Ctrl and f key at the same time and enter the word(s) that you are searching for e.g. service of affidavit, this will take you directly to regulation 10.2. Problem shooting: if you have pressed ctrl f and you are only finding words on the left side of the screen you need to keep clicking on the right side where the legislation is and then try ctrl and f again.

6.

Commonwealth 1. 2. The process is exactly the same above except, the website is: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ Searching for an Act, compilations current.

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HOW TO..find an historical version of a legislative instrument

Austlii 1. 2. 3. http://www.austlii.edu.au/ E.g. based upon the Legal Profession Act 2004 (NSW), Left hand side New South Wales, New South Wales Consolidated Acts, L. E.g. Select section 6, along the top are some options, select the second last option History, on the next page select Versions. This provides you with only the one choice, if provided with more, click on the relevant one and it will show you section 6 as it was at that time.

Comlaw 1. 2. http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ Historical versions and click through the pages until you locate the one you are looking for, click on the PDF option and the historical version as it was will download.

New South Wales 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/ Browse. Acts. Legal Profession Act 2004 No 112. Scroll down left hand-side, select section 6. Historical Versions (the third option up along the top of the page), choose the relevant version.

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HOW TO..locate the relevant Hansard

A Hansard is an official report of the proceedings and debates of a legislature in the Commonwealth of Nations. AustLII http://www.austlii.edi.au Commonwealth www.aph.gov.au/hansard/ New South Wales http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/V3Home http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/lawlink_libraries/ll_libraries.nsf/pages/ll_legal_r esources_australia_legislation#Hansard

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HOW TO..locate the relevant Explanatory Memorandum

The Explanatory Memorandum is extrinsic material that aids in the interpretation of an Act as introduced in its first reading in Parliament. It usually outlines the intentions of the Act and explains each clause in numerical order. Austlii http://www.austlii.edu.au/ Left hand side of page select New South Wales and scroll down the page to New South Wales Legislation in the right hand column is NSW Bills Explanatory Notes 1990- New South Wales http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/lawlink_libraries/ll_libraries.nsf/pages/ll_legal_r esources_australia_legislation Commonwealth http://www.aph.gov.au/bills/index.htm

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HOW TO..find cases

Determine the citation and refer to the list of databases under Database Searching to pinpoint which database is likely to have a copy of the case. Example Dualcorp Pty Ltd v Remo Constructions Pty Ltd (2009) 74 NSWLR 190; [2009] NSWCA 69; BC200902880. Referring to the database list provides that NSWLR can be located on Firstpoint. You will need a login to access this database. See the tab Firstpoint Quick Guide for how to locate the case. To locate the case on AustLII in the search box type Dualcorp Pty Ltd v Remo Constructions Pty Ltd using the quotation marks. The Database Searching does not list all case citations, for example ODonnell Griffin Pty Ltd v John Holland Pty Ltd (2009) 25 BCL 313; [2009] WASC 19; BC200900341. This case can be found on LexisNexisAU. It is just a matter of trying the different databases if its not specifically listed. Try LexisNexisAU first. Reminder, when looking for a case on LexisNexisAU do not use v between the parties names, instead search for ODonnell Griffin Pty Ltd and John Holland Pty Ltd, again use the quotation marks.

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HOW TO..search accurately

Developing a Search
To create a search request start with terms and phrases that reflect ideas essential to your research. Multiple search terms will be treated as an exact phrase you do not need quotation marks If you do not want to search for an exact phrase then separate the terms with a connector (such as OR and AND and W/P) to link the terms and phrases, and to search for word variations.

Terms
Terms are the basic units of a search. A term is a single character or group of characters, alphabetic or numeric, with a space on either side. A hyphen and a bracket and full stop is treated as a space, so a hyphenated word or a word in brackets or numeric is seen as two words. Examples: 22 22.2 22(2) one searchable term one searchable term two searchable terms

A hyphen is treated as a space, so a hyphenated term is seen as two terms. Examples: pretrial pre-trial pre trial one term two terms two terms

Phrases Consecutive terms are assumed as a phrase. You must use a connector to separate words that you wish to find in the same part of a document. Examples: contributory negligence finds the phrase contributory negligence contributory AND negligence finds separate occurrences of the words contributory and negligence

Search Terms: Guidelines

Choose search terms that are specific or closely related to the topic of interest. Example: medical malpractice OR physician! negligence Choose terms you might use when discussing the topic with a colleague, including current jargon or buzzwords. Example: Freedom of Information Act OR FOI The terms should reflect ideas essential to your research topic, such as treatments, cures, or side-effects. Include alternative terms and abbreviations. Example: mri OR magnetic resonance imaging Avoid terms that are too general, such as jurisdiction or tort

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Proper Names
Because of the many ways in which a proper name can be expressed, use the following search pattern to obtain a comprehensive result: Example To find documents referring to Mary Jones, use this search: Mary OR M W/3 Jones (first name OR first initial W/3 last name) Note: This method ensures comprehensive results and includes variations such as Mary J. Jones, M. J. Jones, Mary Jane Jones, Jones, Mary J., and Jones, M. J. Example To find articles by Raymond Smith, Raymond J. Smith and Raymond J. A. Smith use a proximity connector like W/n: raymond W/3 smith

Plurals
Using the singular word form will retrieve the singular, plural, and possessive forms of most words. Example: city would find city, cities, citys, and cities The system will not automatically fInd the plural form of words that end in us or is, or other irregular plural forms. Examples: bonus would not find bonuses Example: child would not find children Note: Use the OR connector in these instances, for example child OR children, or use truncation child!

Connector Order and Priority

Connectors operate in the following order of priority: 1. OR 2. W/n, PRE/n, NOT W/n 3. W/sent 4. W/para 5. W/SEG 6. NOT W/SEG 7. AND 8. AND NOT If you use two or more of the same connector, they operate left to right. If the "n" (number) connectors have different numbers, the smallest number is operated on first. You cannot use the W/para and W/sent connectors with a proximity connector (e.g., W/n). Example: bankrupt! W/25 discharg! AND student OR college OR education W/5 loan is operated on in the following manner: Because OR has the highest priority, it operates first and creates a unit of student OR college OR education! . W/5, the smaller of the W/n connectors, ties together the term loan and the previously formed unit of student OR college OR education! . W/25 operates next and creates a unit of bankrupt! W/25 discharg! . AND, with the lowest priority, operates last and links the units formed in the second and third bullets above.

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Changing Connector Priority

To change the connector priority, use brackets. Connectors inside brackets have priority over, or operate before, connectors outside brackets. Example: bankrupt! W/25 discharg! AND (student OR college OR education W/5 loan) The search above prioritizes as: (student OR college OR education W/5 loan) AND (bankrupt! W/25 discharg!)

Wildcard Characters
Using truncation (!) and wildcard (*) characters lets you easily combine or eliminate search terms, making your search simpler. The exclamation mark (!) is used to truncate a word to find all the words made by adding letters to the end of it. Example acqui! would find variations on the term acquire such as acquires, acquired, acquiring, and acquisition. Note Use ! only on unique roots; fir! will find fired, firing, and fires, but will also find first, which you may not want. The wildcard (*) replaces a single character at any point in a word. Example: maximi*e finds both the maximise and maximize The wildcard (*) is particularly useful if you are unsure of the spelling of a particular word or name. You can also use multiple wildcards in a single word. Note: You cannot use a wildcard character (*) at the beginning of a search word.

Date Restrictions
Sometimes you need to limit your searches to a particular time frame. The easiest way to specify a date restriction is by using the Specify Date options on a search form. However, you may also manually enter dates in the Search Terms field if documents in the source you're using contain a date section. For example, you may want to restrict your search to find cases decided on, before, or after a particular date. Because date sections involve numbers, they are "arithmetically searchable." The most effective date format is: dd/mm/yyyy and date sections use the arithmetic operators shown below: = is equal to or is > aft greater than or after < bef less than or before The following are examples of date restrictions. date = 2004 date > 31 December 2004 date < 1/1/1997 or date is 2004 or date aft 31 december 2004 or date bef 01/01/2004

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Document Section Searching

Documents have a structure that is common to all documents of that type. For example, cases contain name, date, court, judge, among others. This structure is called document sections, which are the natural parts or divisions of the document. Many of these document sections have been included in the Search Templates for you to use but you can also construct your own. You can restrict your search to a specific part or section of a document, such as the court that heard the case or the judge who wrote the opinion. Section searching is especially useful when you are looking for: Decisions of a particular judge Cases involving a particular party Cases in which a particular solicitor or firm appeared as counsel Cases decided on, before, or after a particular date Different types of documents have different document sections. For example, a case will not have the same sections as a newspaper article. To search within document sections: 1. Click on Show Options to search specific document sections 2. Select the document section you want to search from the Section drop-down list. 3. Enter your search term(s) in the Terms box. 4. Click "Add to search". 5. The syntax of your search will be correctly formulated for you. 6. You may repeat these steps as many times as you wish. When you're ready, complete the rest of the form and click the Search button. You may also restrict your search to specific document sections by typing your section search terms directly in the Search Terms box. Enter the section name, then type your search terms enclosed in brackets. Complete the rest of the form and click Search.

To find cases when you know the party names, enter:

name(wik AND Queensland) To find decisions by Justice Gray, enter: JUDGE(gray) Use the AND connector to link a section search to other search terms or to other document sections. For example, to find opinions by Justice Grayr that discuss the disciplining of medical practitioners JUDGE(gray) and MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS w/p DISCIPLINE

To search within headlines, type:

headline(cheap flights! fly for less!) Or, you can enter more than one document section in your search. For example: Headline(diabolic logic) and author(aust)

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HOW TO..plan your essay

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HOW TO.structure your essay

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