:

:(E (Kinetic Energy

Joules
E = 1/2 m .V2
m
:P
P =1/2 . (m/s) .V2
:
- m/s (mass flow rate per second).
- P
= A .v kg/s m.

:
3
- kg/m
2
A ) m (
V m/s
= A .V

P = 1/2 ( . A .V) .V2
P = 1/2 .A.V3
Watts
1 .

FIGURE 1
Horizontal axis wind turbine showing major components. (Courtesy:
Energy Technology Support Unit, DTI, U.K.. With permission.)

. 2

FIGURE 2
Vertical axis 34-meter diameter wind turbine built and tested by
DOE/Sandia National Laboratory during 1994 in Bushland, Texas.



) (specific wind power / Ps
:
Ps = 1/2. . V3
w/m2
Ps

)(the power of upstream wind

) (the power of downstream Wind
Power Extracted from the
: Wind
upstream wind downstream Wind
:
2
2
] P0 = 1/2 (m/s) . [V V0
:
- P0
.
V
))upstream wind velocity
V0
)downstream wind velocity of the exit of the rotor
(blades

:
v + v0
2

V = .A.

:
v + v0
2

[P0= 1/2 [ .A ).

).v2 v02

2
v0 v0
1
+
1

P0 = 1/2 .A. V3 . v v
2

:
3
P0 = 1/2 .A. V .Cp

v0 v0
1+
1
Cp = v v
2

Cp
) (upstream wind power .
v v0 0.59 3

FIGURE 3 Rotor efficiency versus Vo/V ratio has single maximum.

Rotor efficiency is the fraction of available wind power extracted by
the rotor and fed to the electrical generator.

:
Pmax =1/2 .A. V3 .0.59
Cp :
Cp 0.5
)American multi- blade) 0.2-0.3 .
4

FIGURE 4 Rotor efficiency versus tip speed ratio for rotors with different
numbers of blades. Two-blade rotors have the highest efficiency. (Source:
Eldridge, F.R., Wind Machines, Energy Research andDevelopment
)Administration, Washington, DC, Report AER-75-12937, p. 55, 1975.

:
W/m2 Pmax= 1/4 . .V3

2
A = /4 D
:

. )
(Parabola :
A= 2/3 W.H
:
- W
( (maximum rotor width at the center of the blade
H )(
)((Height of the rotor (blade
:

= R.T
5

 P
T .
R )(
) (
0
3
One atmospheric pressure spi 14.7 kg/m is 60 F 1.225
m 6000 20000 :
0.297Hm

3048

.e

=P

Hm .
:
P = 0 - 1.194 . 10-4 Hm
: 2000 kg/m3 0.986

3
kg/m 1.225 %20
:

19.83Hm
3048

T = 15.5 -