TRNG I HC CNG NGH KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Nhp mn Mng My Tnh

Ni dung Cc kin thc chung Cc loi mng ch yu Thit k mng M hnh mng OSI Cp mng - phng tin vt l Giao thc Kim sot li nh gi tin cy trn mng An ton thng tin trn mng Qun tr mng

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

Bi 1: Cc kin thc chung

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H thng mng kt ni ti Tng cng ty Dt may

Nhp mn mng my tnh

M VPCP ng

M ch CSDL y - CSDL k ton - CSDL bo co

M ch truyn tin y
Modem

Cng bo

- My ch Proxy - My ch th tn - My ch W eb - Nhn cng bo

Modem

IBMNetfinity 5000

Computer

Router

Gi th in t v kt ni Internet
ISP H ni

My ti cc n v ph thuc

Hub/Switch
Mng in thoi cng cng

Modem M tnh ti y cc n v

Ban TC-KT

Ban KK-TT

Ban KT-T

Ban xc tin XK

Ban ngnh khc

My ti cc n v khc
Modem

My ti cc n v dc lp

M tnh ti y cc n v

Modem

M tnh ti y cc n v

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Mng truyn thng v cng ngh mng

1. Gii thiu chung: Mng my tnh l mt h thng cc my tnh t tr (Autonomous Computer) c kt ni vi nhau bi cc ng truyn vt l v theo mt kin trc no . T nhng nm 70 bt u xut hin khi nim mng truyn thng (Communication Network) trong cc thnh phn chnh ca mng l cc nt mng, c gi l b chuyn mch (Switching Unit) dng hng thng tin ti ch. Cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn (Communication Subnet hay Communication Line). Cc my tnh x l thng tin ca ngi s dng - (Host) v cc trm cui (Terminal) c ni trc tip vo cc nt mng khi cn c th trao i thng tin qua mng. Bn thn cc nt thng cng l mt my tnh nn c th ng thi ng vai tr my ca ngi s dng.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

1. Gii thiu chung

Cc my tnh c kt ni thnh mng nhm: Lm cho cc ti nguyn c gi tr cao, t tin (thit b, chng trnh, d liu,...) tr nn kh dng i vi mi ngi trn mng, khng ph thuc vo khong cch a l. Tng tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi xy ra s c i vi mt my no .

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Khi nim v mng

mc c bn nht, mng bao gm hai my tnh ni vi nhau bng cp sao cho c th dng chung d liu. Trong mi mng my tnh, d c phc tp n u chng na, chng cng u bt ngun t h thng n gin . Mng my tnh pht sinh t nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung ti nguyn. Nu khng c h thng mng, gi thng tin t mt my tnh ny n mt my tnh khc, d liu tin phi c in ra giy hoc ghi ra a mm hoc cc thit b nh ngoi chuyn i.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Khi nim v mng

Cc my tnh khi c ni mng vi nhau, chng c th dng chung cc ti nguyn nh: D liu Thng ip Hnh nh My fax Modem Cc ti nguyn khc

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Khi nim v mng

Mng lin quan n nhiu vn bao gm: Giao thc truyn thng (protocol): M t nhng nguyn tc m cc thnh phn mng cn phi tun th c th trao i c vi nhau. Topo (m hnh ghp ni mng): M t cch thc ni cc thit b vi nhau. a ch: M t cch nh v mt thc th nh tuyn (routing): M t cch d liu c chuyn t mt thit b ny sang mt thit b khc thng qua mng. Tnh tin cy (reliability): Gii quyt vn tnh ton vn d liu, m bo rng d liu nhn c chnh xc nh d liu gi i.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Khi nim v mng

Kh nng lin tc (interoperability): Ch mc cc sn phm phn mm v phn cng ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau c th giao tip vi nhau trong mng. An ninh (security): Gn lin vi vic m bo an ton hoc bo v tt c cc thnh phn ca mng. Chun ho (standard): Thit lp cc quy tc v lut l c th cn phi c tun theo.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

3. Ti sao phi dng mng?

Thit b ngoi vi: My in v cc thit b ngoi vi khc: Trc khi mng my tnh c a vo s dng, ngi ta thng phi t trang b my in, my v cho my tnh ca ring mnh, v mi ngi phi thay phin nhau ngi trc my tnh c ni vi my my in . D liu: Nu khng c mng my tnh, vic chia s thng tin s b gii hn : phi truyn t thng tin trc tip (bng ming), gi th thng bo, chp thng tin vo a mm chuyn thng tin in t sang my tnh khc. ng dng: Mng c dng chun ho cc ng dng, chng hn chng trnh x l vn bn, nhm m bo rng mi ngi dng trn mng u s dng cng phin bn ca cng ng dng.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

4. Th no l mt mng my tnh
Mng bao gm nhiu thnh phn v c ni vi nhau theo mt cch thc no v s dng chung 1 ngn ng: Cc thit b u cui (end system) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng c th l cc my tnh hoc cc thit b khc. Mi trng truyn (media) m truyn thng c thc hin qua . Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (cp), sng (i vi mng khng dy). Giao thc (protocol) l quy tc quy nh cch thc trao i d liu gia cc thc th.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

4. Th no l mt mng my tnh
Cc thnh phn mng: thit b, nt, my tnh

Thit b c dng ni n bt c mt thc th phn cng no. Nhng thc th ny c th l cc thit b cui nh: my tnh, my in, hoc mt thit b phn cng c bit lin quan n mng, v d nh cc server truyn thng, repeater (b lp), bridge (cu), switch, router (b nh tuyn), Cc thit b mng u dng 1 s phng php cho php xc nh duy nht chng, thng th thit b c chnh hng sn xut gn 1 s nhn dng duy nht. V d card Ethernet c gn 1 a ch duy nht bi hng sn xut a ch ny khng trng vi bt k a ch no khc. Khi m t cc thnh phn mng cn phn bit gia khi nim thit b v my tnh. Xem xt kha cnh mng my tnh thng c gi l host (hoc server) hoc trm lm vic.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

4. Th no l mt mng my tnh
Phng tin v giao thc truyn thng trn mng

chia s thng tin v s dng cc dch v trn mng, cc thnh phn ca mng phi c kh nng truyn thng c vi nhau. p ng c yu cu ny chng ta phi xt ti hai tiu ch c th ca mng: kh nng lin kt v ngn ng. Kh nng lin kt ch ng truyn hoc kt ni vt l gia cc thnh phn Ngn ng ch 1 bng t vng cng cc quy tc truyn thng m cc thnh phn phi tun theo.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

4. Th no l mt mng my tnh
Phng tin truyn thng (media) Mi trng vt l c s dng kt ni cc thnh phn ca mng thng c gi l phng tin truyn thng. Phng tin truyn thng mng c chia thnh 2 loi: Cp (cable): v d cp xon i, cp ng trc v cp si quang Khng dy (wireless): C th l sng radio (sng cc ngn hay truyn thng thng qua v tinh), bc x hng ngoi.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc yu t ca mng my tnh

1. ng truyn vt l: ng truyn vt l dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on- off). Chng hoc l cc sng in t hoc l tia hng ngoi. Hin nay c hai loi ng truyn: hu tuyn (cable) v v tuyn (wireless).

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

1. ng truyn vt l:
ng truyn hu tuyn gm c: Cp ng trc (coaxial) Cp i xon (twisted -pair cable), c hai loi bc kim (shielded) v khng bc kim (nushielded). Cp si quang (fiber-optic cable). ng truyn v tuyn gm c: Radio Sng cc ngn (viba) (microware). Tia hng ngoi (infrared)

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Kin trc mng

Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Cch kt ni cc my tnh c gi l hnh trng hay topo ca mng, cn tp cc quy tc, quy c truyn thng gi l cc giao thc (protocol) ca mng. Tp v giao thc mng l hai khi nim rt cn bn ca mng my tnh.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Kin trc mng

a) Tp mng. C hai kiu kt ni mng ch yu l im - im (Point to point) v khuch tn (Broadcast hay Point to multipoint). Kiu im - im Theo kiu ni ny, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt u c trch nhim lu tr tm thi sau khi ng truyn ri, n s chuyn tip d liu i cho ti ch. Do vy m mng loi ny cn c gi l mng "lu v chuyn tip" (store and forward). Ni chung cc mng din rng s dng nguyn tc ny.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Kin trc mng

Kiu khuch tn - Theo kiu ni ny, tt c cc nt (cc my tnh) dng chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu chuyn i t mt my no (mt nt) c th c tt c cc my khc tip nhn. Ch cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu mi nt kim tra xem d liu c phi gi cho mnh hay khng. - Trong cc tp dng xa l (bus) v dng vng (ring) cn c c ch "trng ti" gii quyt "xung t" khi nhiu nt mun truyn tin cng mt lc. Vic cp pht ng truyn c th l "tnh" hoc l "ng". Cp pht "tnh" thng dng c ch quay vng (round robin) phn chia ng truyn theo cc khong thi gian nh trc. Cn cp pht "ng" l cp pht theo yu cu hn ch thi gian "cht" v ch ca ng truyn.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

2. Kin trc mng

b) Giao thc mng Vic trao i thng tin cho d n gin nht, u phi tun theo nhng quy tc nht nh. Hai ngi ni chuyn mun cho cuc ni chuyn kt qa th t nht c hai ngi cng phi tun theo nguyn tc "khi ngi ny ni th ngi kia phi nghe v ngc li". Vic truyn tn hiu trn mng cng vy, cn phi c nhng quy tc, quy c v nhiu mt t khun dng (c php, ng ngha) ca d liu cho ti cc th tc gi nhn d liu, kim sot hiu qu v cht lng truyn tin v x l cc li v s c nu c. Tp hp tt c cc quy tc, quy c c gi l giao thc ca mng. R rng l cc mng c th ty dng cc giao thc khc nhau ty s la chn ca ngi thit k.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh ty thuc yu t chnh c chn lm ch tiu phn loi, chng hn l "khong cch a l", "k thut chuyn mch" hay "kin trc mng",...
1.

loi th ta c cc mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng v mng ton cu, mng c nhn, mng lu tr. Mng cc b (Local Area Network - vit tt l LAN) l mng c lp t trong mt phm vi tng i nh (trong mt ta nh, khu trng hc) vi khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh nt mng ch trong vng vi chc mt n vi km tr li.

Nu ly "khong cch a l" lm ch tiu phn

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Mng th (Metropolitain Area Networks - vit tt l MAN) l mng c lp t trong phm vi mt th hay mt trung tm kinh t-x hi c bn knh khong 100 km tr li. Mng din rng (Wide Area Networks- vit tt l WAN) c phm vi vt qua bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a. Mng ton cu (Global Area Networks - vit tt l GAN) c phm vi tri rng khp cc lc a. Mt loi mng na l Mng c nhn (PAN) mt mng my tnh nh s dng trong gia nh Ch rng khoang cch a l dng lm mc phn bit cc loi mng ch c tnh tng i.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

yu t chnh phn loi th ta c: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi. Mng chuyn mch knh (circuit-switched networks). Khi c hai thc th cn trao i thng tin th gia chng s thit lp mt "knh" (circuit) c nh v duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch c truyn theo con ng c nh .

2. Nu ly "k thut chuyn mch" (switching) lm

C 2 nhc im: mt l tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh c nh gia hai thc th v hai l hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao v khi hai bn ht thng tin cn truyn, knh b b khng trong khi cc thc th khc cn khng c php s dng knh. Mng in thoi l mt v d in hnh ca mng chuyn mch knh

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message-switched networks). Thng bo (message) l mt n v thng tin ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo u c cha vng thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip theo ng dn ti ch ca n. Nh vy, mi nt cn phi lu tr tm thi "c" thng tin iu khin trn thng bo ri sau mi chuyn tip thng bo i. Ty iu kin c th ca mng, cc thng bo khc nhau c th c gi i trn cc con ng khc nhau.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Nhng u im: Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng chim dng c quyn ng truyn m ng truyn c phn chia gia nhiu thc th. Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng bo cho ti khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng bo i, do gim c tnh trng tc nghn (congestion) mng. C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp theo u tin cho cc thng bo. C th tng hiu sut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b (broadcast addressing) gi thng bo ng thi ti nhiu nt

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Nhng nhc im: Khng hn ch kch thc thng bo dn n ph tn lu tr tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian p (response time) v cht lng truyn. N thch hp vi dch v thng tin kiu th in t (electronic mail) hn l cho cc ng dng thi gian thc v c tr nht nh cho vic lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt.

Mng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched networks).

Trong mng loi ny mi thng bo c chia ra thnh nhiu phn nh hn gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng c cc thng tin iu khin trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca mt thng bo no c th c chuyn i qua mng ti ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Phng php chuyn mch thng bo v chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. iu khc bit l ch cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng (nt chuyn mch) c th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. Chnh v vy mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn so vi mng chuyn mch thng bo. Vn kh khn nht ca mng loi ny l vic tp hp cc gi tin to thnh bn thng bo ban u ca ngi s dng, c bit trong trng hp cc gi c truyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Cn phi t cc c ch "nh du" gi tin v phc hi cc gi tin b tht lc hoc tr n b li cho cc nt mng

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Do cc u im mm do v hiu sut cao hn nn hin nay cc mng chuyn mch gi c dng ph bin hn cc mng chuyn mch thng bo. Vic tch hp c hai k thut chuyn mch (knh v gi) trong mt mng thng nht (c gi l mng dch v tch hp s - Integrated Service Digital Networks - vit tt l ISDN) ang l mt trong nhng xu th pht trin hin nay. Cui cng, c th phn loi mng theo kin trc mng (tp v giao thc s dng). Chng hn mng SNA ca IBM, mng ISO (theo kin trc chun quc t) hay mng TCP/IP v.v...

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

3. Nu ly "k thut ghp ni" m hnh Topo gn ging nh bn ng ph. C 3 chin lc kt ni tng qut: im im (point to point), broadcast (im nhiu im) v multidrop (a chng). Cc cu hnh dng chun: Mng bus Cu hnh vt l: bao gm mt dy cp n l ni tt c cc my tnh trong mng theo mt hng. y l phng php ni mng n gin v ph bin nht. Truyn thng: d liu c gi v nhn n mt my tnh xc nh v a d liu ln cp di dng tn hiu in t. S hng hc ca mt my khng nh hng n hot ng ca ton mng.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

Server(s)

Printer(s)

Notebook(s)

Workstation

Cable

S BUS tuyn tnh

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Mng star (hnh sao)

Cu hnh vt l: Cc my tnh c ni cp vo mt b phn c gi l hub (u ni trung tm). Cu hnh ny bt ngun t thi k u, khi vic tnh ton da trn h thng my tnh ni vo mt my chnh trung tm. Truyn thng: Tn hiu c truyn t my tnh n hub n tt c cc my tnh trn mng. Nu hub trung tm hng, ton b h thng mng s sp .

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

M hnh mng hnh sao tp trung

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

M hnh mng hnh sao phn tn

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

Mng ring (vng khp kn) Cu hnh vt l: cc my tnh c ni vi nhau trn mt vng cp. Khng c u no b h. Truyn thng: Tn hiu c i qua mt chiu v i qua tng my tnh, mi my tnh ng vai tr nh mt trm chuyn tip, khuch i tn hiu v gi n n my tnh tip theo. Do tn hiu i qua tng my nn s hng hc ca mt my c th nh hng n ton mng. Mng kt hp Mng kt hp l kiu ghp ni sp xp cc my tnh trong mng kt hp cc cu hnh ghp ni trn (bus, start, ring) li dng c ti a u nhc im ca mi cu hnh.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

WorkStation Switch/Hub

Database Server

WorkStation Switch/Hub

WorkStation Switch/Hub

WorkStation Switch/Hub

File Server

Switch/Hub

S BackBone

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

Mt s v d v kt ni VLAN

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

Cu hnh mng Bus

u im
Dng cp tit kim Phng tin r tin v d lm vic n gin, ng tin cy m rng Mi my u c quyn truy cp nh nhau Tin thi hnh n nh bt chp nhiu ngi dng

Nhc im
Chy chm khi lu lng mng tng Kh pht hin v tch ly cc vn Cp t c th nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca ton mng S hng hc ca mt my tnh c th nh hng n cc my cn li trn mng Kh pht hin v tch ly cc vn Ti cu hnh mng s lm mng ngng hot ng Nu im trung tm b hng th nh hng n ton mng.

Ring

D chnh sa v b sung my tnh mi.

Star

Theo di v qun l tp trung S hng hc ca mt my tnh khng nh hng n cc my cn li trn mng

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IV. a ch mng, nh tuyn, tnh tin cy, tnh lin tc v an ninh mng
1. a ch mng: Gn cho mi nt mng 1 a ch duy nht cho php cc thit b khc nh v c n.

V d: Mi in thoi (1 nt) c m vng v 1 s (a ch). M vng cung cp thng tin v v tr ca nt trong 1 vng no , cn s in thoi l s xc nh duy nht my in thoi trong vng . V thc cht m m vng li c phn cp thnh m quc gia v m khu vc.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

IV. a ch mng, nh tuyn, tnh tin cy, tnh lin tc v an ninh mng
2. Routing nh tuyn Quyt nh tuyn ng m d liu s i qua khi chuyn t nt nhn n nt gi. Chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin bi 1 thit b phn cng c bit: router (nh tuyn). Vic la chn tuyn ng tt nht phi da trn 1 tiu chun c th - c gi l o (met). Cc o nh tuyn ph bin l: khong cch, s chng (hop) v bng thng.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

IV. a ch mng, nh tuyn, tnh tin cy, tnh lin tc v an ninh mng
3. Tnh tin cy: Ch tnh ton vn d liu m bo rng d liu nhn c ging ht d liu c gi i. Trong thc t li c th xy ra tt c cc mi trng truyn mng. V vy phi thit k sao cho h thng c kh nng x l li. Mt trong nhng chin lc in hnh l thm thng tin vo d liu c truyn i sao cho pha bn nhn pht hin c li (nu c). Khi pht hin li n c th thc hin: Yu cu truyn li d liu b li Kim tra xem d liu ng l g v sa i d liu b truyn li. Cch th nht sa li bng cch yu cu truyn li, cch th hai gi l kh nng t sa li. Vic sa li ni chung kh thc hin.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

IV. a ch mng, nh tuyn, tnh tin cy, tnh lin tc v an ninh mng
4. Tnh lin tc: Cc sn phm ca cc hng khc nhau c th giao tip thnh cng vi nhau trn mng. Ngy nay vi b giao thc m TCP/IP cc hng sn xut nhng ngi vit v bn cc ng dng da trn TCP/IP c t do lm nhng th h mun, khng lo ngi v vi phm bn quyn.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

IV. a ch mng, nh tuyn, tnh tin cy, tnh lin tc v an ninh mng
5. An ninh: An ninh mng ch vic bo v mi th lin quan n 1 mng bao gm d liu, phng tin truyn thng v cc thit b. An ninh mng cn bao gm cc chc nng qun tr, cc cng c k thut v thit b nh cc sn phm m ho, cc sn phm kim sot truy cp mng (v d: firewall thit b phn cng c bit bo v 1 mng khi th gii bn ngoi). An ninh mng bao gm vic quy nh nhng chnh shc s dng ti nguyn mng, kim tra xem ti nguyn mng c c s dng ph hp vi chnh sch nh trc hay khng, quy nh v kim tra nhng ngi c quyn mi c s dng cc ti nguyn .

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

V. M hnh mng OSI

Truyn thng mng: Hot ng mng l qu trnh gi d liu t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. Qu trnh ny c th c chia thnh cc tc v ring bit: Nhn bit d liu Chia d liu thnh tng gi c th qun l c Thm thng tin vo tng gi xc nh a ch my nhn v v tr ca gi tin. B sung thng tin kim tra li v thi lng a d liu ln mng v gi i Cc th tc ny c HH tun theo mt cch nghim ngt, nhng th tc ny c gi l giao thc. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) c t chc tiu chun quc t ISO bn hnh m t kin trc mng dnh cho vic ni kt nhng thit b khng cng chng loi.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

V. M hnh mng OSI

M hnh OSI: M hnh OSI l kin trc chia mng truyn thng thnh 7 tng. Mi tng bao gm nhng hot ng, thit b v giao thc mng khc nhau. Mi tng cung cp dch v hoc hot ng chun b d liu chuyn giao qua mng n my tnh khc. Cc tng u c phn chia bng ranh gii c gi l giao din. Mi yu cu u c chuyn t tng ny sang tng khc thng qua giao din ri n tng tip theo. Mi tng u phi tun theo chun v hot ng ca tng bn di.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

V. M hnh mng OSI

1. Tng ng dng ng vai tr nh ca s dnh cho cc hot ng x l ca trnh ng dng nhm truy nhp cc dch v mng. Tng ny biu din nhng dch v h tr trc tip cc ng dng ngi dng, nh cc phn mm chuyn tp tin, truy cp c s d liu v email 2. Tng Presentation Tng ny quyt nh dng thc dng trao i d liu gia cc my tnh mng. Tng Presentation my gi din dch d liu c truyn t tng ng dng sang dng thc trung gian m ng dng no cng c th nhn bit, pha my nhn, tng ny kt hp d liu t dng thc trung gian v truyn ln tng ng dng.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

V. M hnh mng OSI

3. Tng Session (phin) Cho php hai chng trnh ng dng trn cc my tnh khc nhau thit lp, s dng v chm dt mt ni kt gi l phin lm vic. Tng ny thi hnh cc th tc cho php nhn bit tn v thc hin cc chc nng cn thit nh bo mt. Tin hnh vic ng b ho bng cch t cc im check point vo lung d liu, bng cch ny, nu mng b ngt, ch nhng d liu sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi chuyn li. 4. Tng Transport (giao vn) Tng ny bo m gi tin truyn i khng c li, theo ng th t, khng b mt mt hay sao chp. Tng ny ng gi thng ip, chia thng ip di thnh nhiu gi. Ti u nhn, tng ny m gi thng ip, lp ghp li cho ng th t

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

V. M hnh mng OSI

5. Tng Network (mng): Chu trch nhim lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l. Tng ny quyt nh ng i t my ch n my ch, n s quyt nh chn ng mng no i 6. Tng Data Link (Lin kt d liu):Gi khung d liu u): t tng Network n tng Physical. u nhn, tng ny ng gi d liu th (cha c x l) t tng Physical thnh khung d liu. 7. Tng Physical: Tng ny chuyn lung bit th qua phng tin vt l. Tng ny chu trch nhim lin kt cc giao din hm, c, quang v in vi cp. N nh ngha cch kt ni cp vi card mng nh th no, nh r tng k thut truyn no s c i vi tng loi cp mng.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VI. Kt ni cc mng my tnh

Do nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy cng cao nn vic kt ni cc mng my tnh li vi nhau tr thnh mt vn c quan tm c bit. Mc tiu t ra l phi lm sao nhng ngi s dng trn mng khc nhau (v chng loi, v kin trc hoc v tr a l) c th trao i thng tin vi nhau mt cch d dng v hiu qu.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VI. Kt ni cc mng my tnh

1. Cc chin lc kt ni. kt ni cc mng my tnh ang tn ti li vi nhau ngi ta thng xut pht t hai quan im sau: 1. Xem mi nt ca mng con nh mt h thng m. 2. Xem mi mng con nh mt h thng m. Quan im 1 cho php mi nt ca mng con c th truyn thng trc tip vi mi nt ca mng con bt k khc. Nh vy ton b cc mng con cng s l nt ca mng ln v tun th mt kin trc chung. Trong khi theo cch tip cn th 2 th hai nt thuc hai mng con khc nhau khng th trc tip "bt tay" nhau c m phi qua mt phn t trung gian gi l giao din ni kt (Interconnection Interface) t gia hai mng con c ngha l cng hnh thnh mt mng ln gm cc giao din kt ni v cc my ch (Host) c ni vi nhau bi cc mng con.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VI. Kt ni cc mng my tnh

Tng ng vi hai quan im trn c hai chin lc kt ni cc mng.

Tm cch xy dng cc chun chung cho cc mng (cc cng trnh chun ho ca CCITT v ISO) C gng xy dng cc giao din ni kt m bo tnh c lp ca cc mng con hin c.

S hi t v mt chun chung l iu l tng, nhng thc t khng th loi b hng ngn mng khc nhau ang tn ti trn th gii. V vy trn th trng xut hin hng lot cc sn phm giao din kt ni cho php chuyn i gia cc mng khc nhau. l biu th tnh thc t hn ca chin lc th 2.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VI. Kt ni cc mng my tnh

2. Giao din kt ni Chc nng c th ca mt giao din kt ni ph thuc vo s khc bit v kin trc ca cc mng con. S khc bit cng ln th chc nng ca giao din cng phc tp. Mt giao din kt ni c th thc hin ni "tay i" hoc "tay ba" hoc "nhiu tay" tu ngi thit k. Hn na chng c th l mt my tnh c lp nhng cng c th c ci t ghp vo mt nt ca mt mng con no .

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VI. Kt ni cc mng my tnh

Tu thuc vo chc nng c th m giao din kt ni c th c cc tn gi ring nh bridge, router, gateway. Gateway (ca khu) l tn gi chung nht cho cc giao din kt ni v thng dng trong nhng trng hp chc nng ca cc giao din ny l phc tp, i hi s chuyn i gia cc h giao thc khc nhau c dng trong cc mng con. Trong khi bridge (cu) c dng ch giao din kt ni trong trng hp n gin nht, v d kt ni gia cc mng cc b (LAN) cng loi. Cn router (b chn ng) hot ng mc cao hn so vi bridge v n cn m nhn c vic chn ng cho cc n v d liu hng chng ti ch.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VII. M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP

Mng ARPANET c xy dng bi B Quc phng M t 1969 vi h giao thc TCP/IP ni ting v l tin thn ca INTERNET ngy nay. B Quc phng M s rng nu chin tranh ht nhn xy ra, cc ng truyn vt l cng nh cc Host, router, Gateway t tin ca h s c th b ph hy ngay t pht u tin. Mng ARPANET cn c kh nng hot ng ngay c trong trng hp , min l my ngun v my ch vn cn hot ng v cn c mt ng truyn (vt l) gia chng. Sau ny khi cc mng v tinh v mng v tuyn ra i v b sung vo th cc giao thc ang c dng ca ARPANEt khng p ng c yu cu lin mng. Cn phi c mt m hnh kin trc mi c kh nng lin kt nhiu mng vi nhau mt cch trong sut. Kin trc ny c tn M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP, t theo tn ca 2 giao thc c bn ca n.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VII. M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP

1. Tng Internet (The Internet Layer). Cc yu cu nu trn dn ti mt la chn mt mng chuyn mch gi da trn mt tng internetwork khng hng ni. Tng ny c gi l Internet Layer. Nhim v ca lp ny l chn ng cho cc gi tin (packets routing) v trnh tc nghn (avoiding congestion). N cho php cc Host truyn cc packet vo mi mng, mi packet c th i n ch theo cc con ng khc nhau, th t nhn cc gi tin c th khc vi th t m chng c gi i, cc tng trn phi t gii quyt vn th t cc packet. Tng internet nh ngha mt khun dng packet v giao thc chnh thc (official) c gi l IP (Intetrnet Protocol). Cng vic ca Tng Internet l phn pht cc IP packet ti ch ca chng.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VII. M hnh tham chiu TCP/IP

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

VIII. V d mng

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

D a ta b a se S e r v e r B a c k u p S y s te m Pro xy S erv er Pro xy S erv er P ro x y

M odem F ile S e r v e r R o u te r NTU

D ia l- u p

L A N B A C K B O N E G IG A B I T V P T C T H N I

M odem
Leaselin e

M odem

W o rk sta tio n

P r in te r

L a p to p

W o rk sta tio n

Leaselin e

D ia l- u p

D ia l- u p

PSTN
F ile S e r v e r P ro x y S e rve r

D a ta b a s e S e r v e r P rox y Se rve r F ile S e r v e r

L A N 1 0 /1 0 0 B A S E - T X V P T C T H N I

D ia l- u p

Leaselin e D ia l- u p

W o r k s ta tio n

P r in te r

L a p to p

W o r k s ta tio n

D ia l- u p

W o r k S t a t io n

M od em

D ia l- u p D ia l- u p

M odem N o te b o o k R E M O T E U S E R H O C V P /C N CHA C LAN D a ta b a s e S e r v e r M odem F ile S e r v e r P rox y S e rve r P rox y Se rve r F ile S e r v e r

PST N
Leaselin e D ia l- u p

L A N 1 0 /1 0 0 B A S E - T X V P T C T H N I NTU R o u te r M odem W o r k s ta tio n P r in te r L a p to p W o r k s ta tio n

Leaselin e

D ia l- u p

D a ta b a s e S e r v e r

F ile S e r v e r

IS P /In te rn e t
M odem D ia l- u p NTU R o u te r M odem Leaselin e D ia l- u p

L A N 1 0 /1 0 0 B A S E - T X V P C T /C N L N

D ia l- u p D ia l- u p

W o r k s ta tio n

P r in te r

N o te b o o k

PSTN

D ia l- u p Leaselin e Modem D ia l- u p NTU R o u te r F ile S e r v e r P r o x y S e r v e r

D ia l- u p N o te b o o k

D a ta b a s e S e r v e r P ro x y Se rve r F ile S e r v e r

W o r k s ta tio n

L A N 1 0 /1 0 0 B A S E - T X V P T C T H N I

L A N 1 0 /1 0 0 B A S E - T X V P C T /C N n h

M odem

M odem W o r k s ta tio n P r in te r L a p to p W o r k s ta tio n

W o r k s ta tio n

P r in te r

F ile S e r v e r

Lng Vit Nguyn

4006 Multilayer 10/ 100/1000 L3 Switch
Modular 6 slot 10/100 Base TX

Nhp mn mng my tnh

1000 Base SX

Fiber Optic Cable Backbone Gigabit Ethernet

Leased line NTU Router Cisco 2620 Modem Modem Dial up Workstation Dial up Dial up or Leased line

PBX

DB Server

Web Server

Mail Server

Mail Server

Net Printer

Dial up or Leased line

Dial up

Calalyst 3524XL L2 10/100/ 1000 Switch

Calalyst 3524XL L2 10/100/ 1000 Switch

Calalyst 3524XL L2 10/100/ 1000 Switch

Remote User hoc V Thnh vin cha c LAN

Tng 3

Tng 2

Tng 1 Tng lng

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

File Server

WallPlate

Workstation

Switch Hub
WallPlate
Workstation

CABINET

Patch Panel

WallPlate

Workstation

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

Bi 2: Cc loi mng ch yu
Ni chung, tt c cc mng my tnh u c chung mt s thnh phn, chc nng, v c tnh nht nh. l: My phc v (Server) - My cung cp ti nguyn chung cho ngi dng mng My khch (Client) - My truy cp ti nguyn mng dng chung do my phc v cung cp Phng tin truyn dn (media) - Cch thc v vt liu ni my tnh D liu dng chung (shared data) - Cc tp tin do my phc v cung cp ngang qua mng My in v cc thit b ngoi vi - Cc ti nguyn khc do my phc v cung cp Ti nguyn (resource) - Tp tin, my in, hoc nhng thnh phn khc m ngi dng mng s dng Mc d nhng im tng ng trn, mng my tnh vn c chia lm hai loi r rt: Ngang hng v Da trn my phc v

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Mng ngang hng:

Trong h thng mng ngang hng, khng c bt k my phc v chuyn dng no. Mi my tnh trong h thng mng u bnh ng v c vai tr nh nhau. V mi my u hot ng vi vai tr va l my ch, va l my phc v. Ngi dng trn t quyt nh ti nguyn no s c dng chung trn mng. 1. Quy m: Mng ngang hng cn c gi l nhm lm vic. Mi nhm c khong 8 - 10 my tnh

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Mng ngang hng:

2. Ph tn Mng ngang hng tng i n gin. V mi my tnh kim c hai chc nng phc v v my khch, nn khng cn phi c my ch trung tm tht mnh. Mng ngang hng c th r tin hn mng da trn my phc v. Nn dng mng ngang hng khi:

C di 10 ngi dng Mi ngi dng u trong mt khu vc Tnh bo mt khng l yu cu bt buc

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Mng ngang hng:

3. H iu hnh ngang hng Phn mm h iu hnh mng khng nht thit phi c kh nng thi hnh v tnh bo mt tng xng vi phn mm iu hnh cho my phc v chuyn dng. Ch cn s dng nhng h iu hnh n gin nh: MS Windows NT Workstations, MS Windows for Workgroups, MS Windows 95 thch hp cho m hnh mng ngang hng. Khng cn phi c thm phn mm no khc thit lp mng.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

Nu mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng (trn 10 my), mng ngang hng chc chn s khng tho ng. V th, hu ht cc mng u c my ch phc v chuyn dng. My phc v ch hot ng nh mt my phc v ch khng l my khch nh my trm lm vic. Tuy nhin vi s pht trin v quy m v lu lng thng tin trn mng, mt mng my tnh yu cu phi c nhiu my ch. Phn phi tc v gia cc my ch t c hiu qu cng vic cao nht.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

1. My phc v chuyn dng My phc v dnh cho cc mng ln c chuyn mn ho nhm p ng trn vn nhu cu ca ngi dng. V d, mng Windows NT c nhiu loi my phc v khc nhau nh:

My phc v tp tin/in n (file/print server) My phc v chng trnh ng dng (application server) My phc v th tn (mail server) My phc v fax (fax server) My phc v truyn thng (communication server)

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

2. Vai tr ca phn mm Mt my phc v mng v h iu hnh mng phi hp vi nhau nh mt n v. Cho d l mnh m ti u chng na, nu my ch khng c c mt h iu hnh c kh nng vn dng ti a ti nguyn vt l ca n. Hin nay, c nhiu h iu hnh mng c s dng p ng nhu cu cng vic khc nhau nh:

UNIX Linux Windows NT, Window 2000 family

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

3. u im ca mng da trn my phc v Dng chung ti nguyn: My ch c thit k cung cp kh nng truy cp nhiu tp tin v my in, ng thi duy tr hiu sut thi hnh v s an ton cho ngi dng. Ti nguyn trn my ch phc v thng c lp t tp trung nn d tm kim v truy xut hn l ti nguyn c t nm ri rc cc my. An ton v bo mt: Gii php mng da trn my ch phc v chim u th hn trong cc vn v an ton v bo mt. Trong mt h iu hnh mng, ngi qun tr thng t ra cc chnh sch v p chnh sch cho tng ngi dng trn mng.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

Sao lu: Do nhng d liu quan trng c th phi t tp trung ln mt hoc hai my ch m bo cho d liu c an ton tuyt i. S d tha: Thng qua h thng d tha d liu, bt c d liu no cng c sao chp v lu tr trn mng, sao cho vn c th phc hi li d liu ban u t cc vng bn sao d liu . Cc yu cu v phn cng: Phn cng ca my khch thng nh, ch cho ngi dng. Nhng phn cng cho my ch phc v phi yu cu cao hn, tu thuc vo mc ch s dng ca my ch phc v.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Mng da trn my phc v

4. Mng kt hp Vic kt hp hai loi mng trn vi nhau li dng c cc c tnh u vit ca c hai loi mng khng c g l. Trong mng kt hp, cc h iu hnh hot ng phi hp vi nhau nhm to cm gic v mt h thng hon chnh. H iu hnh mng da trn my ch phc v: nh MS Windows NT Server hoc Novell, NetWare. H iu hnh my khch c th l MS Windows NT Workstation, MS Windows 98. Loi mng ny tuy ph bin, nhng n i hi nhiu cng sc v thi gian hoch nh v o to, bo m s thi hnh ng n v mc an ton tt.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Cu hnh mng

Cu hnh mng l vic sp xp, b tr vt l ca my tnh, dy cp, v cc thnh phn khc trn mng theo phng din vt l. Cu hnh mng nh hng n cc kh nng ca mng. Mt cu hnh mng c th nh hng n:

Loi thit b mng cn Cc kh nng ca thit b S pht trin ca mng Cch thc qun l mng

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

III. Cu hnh mng

Cu hnh mng hay cch xp t cc my tnh trong mng ph thuc vo card mng, dy cp mng, h iu hnh mng v cc thnh phn ph tr khc. Mt cu hnh mng khng ch quyt nh loi cp s dng m cn quyt nh phi i cp qua mi trng thc t nh th no (trn nh, sn nh, tng). Thm ch n cn quyt nh n giao thc giao tip gia cc my tnh trong mng. Cu hnh khc nhau s i hi phng php giao tip khc nhau.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

Bi 3: Phng tin vt l cho vic thit k mng

I. Cp mng Cc loi cp chnh: Ngy nay, phn ln cc mng c ni bng dn dn hoc cp, dy dn v cp ng vai tr nh phng tin truyn tn hiu gia cc my tnh trn mng. C 3 nhm cp chnh:

Cp ng trc (coaxial) Cp xon i (twisted-pair)

Cp xon i trn Cp xon i c bc

Cp si quang (fiber-optic)

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
1. Cp ng trc Cp ng trc gm mt li ng nguyn cht c bc cht cch ly, mt lp bo v bng li kim loi v mt lp v bc ngoi. Lp bo v l tm li kim loi bc quanh mt s loi cp, c tc dng ht tn hiu in t chy lc khng cho nh hng n tn hiu d liu c truyn trn dy cp. Li ng trc mang tn hiu in t to thnh d liu. y l li c hoc li c dng bn. Bao quanh li l mt lp cch ly, ngn cch li vi li kim loi.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
Cc loi cp ng trc: Loi cp mnh (thinnet)

C ng knh khong 0.5cm. Mang tn hiu i xa ti 185m C ng knh khong 1.3cm Mang tn hiu i xa ti 500m

Loi cp dy (thicknet)

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
2. Cp xon i Gm hai si dy ng cch ly qun vo nhau, c hai loi: Cp xon i trn (UTP) v Cp xon i c bc (STP). Cp xon i s dng b ni in thoi RJ-45 ni ti my tnh

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
3. Cp si quang Trong cp si quang, si quang truyn tn hiu d liu dng s hnh thi xung nh sng iu bin. Cp si quang truyn khi lng d liu vi vn tc rt cao do tn hiu khng b suy yu trong qu trnh truyn v do trong sch (khng b nhiu) ca tn hiu. Si quang gm mt si thu tinh cc mnh, gi l li, c bao quanh bi mt lp thu tinh ng tm gi l lp v bc.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
4. Chn kiu i cp Mun xc nh kiu i cp no thch hp nht cho mt a im, ngi thit k ng mng phi quan tm n cc vn sau:

Lu lng truyn trn mng c nhiu khng? Yu cu an ton mng l g? Khong cch m mng phi ko ti l bao nhiu? Cc chn la cp l g? Tin ko cp l bao nhiu?

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

I. Cp mng
Nhng yu t phi quan tm n:

Tnh hp l: Cp c d lp t khng? Nu lp t mng phm vi hp, v bo mt khng thnh vn , khng cn phi chn cp dy, cng knh v t tin. V bc bo v: Nu mi trng c nhiu nhiu in th ng cp cn c v bc bo v nhiu in. Tc truyn: Tu thuc vo nhu cu cn thit m ngi thit k mng la chn loi cp no thi cng. Ni chung cc loi cp ng thng c tc chm khong 10Mbps n 100Mbps. Ph tn: S chn la loi cp tt, tc truyn cao thng lm cho ph tn rt ln. S suy yu: S suy yu tn hiu thng xy ra khi ng i cp qu di, my nhn s khng hiu c tn hiu t my truyn ti. Trong trng hp , ta phi thit lp cc h thng kch tn hiu v kim tra li.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

1. NIC Network Interface Card L thit b ph dng nht i vi my tnh. Trong NIC c b thu pht (Tranceiver) hot ng nh mt Transmitter v mt Receiver. Transmitter chuyn i cc tn hiu bn trong my tnh thnh tn hiu c th truyn i c qua ng mng. Receiver lm ngc li.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

2. Hup 2.1 HUB b ng (HUB Passive) Khng cha cc lnh kin in t cc x l tn hiu, ch c chc nng t hp cc tin hiu t mt s cc on mng. Khong cch ln nht gia mt my tnh vi hub khng th ln hn mt na khong cch cho php gia 2 my tnh. 2.2 HUB ch ng (HUB Active) C cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l tn hiu. Cho php khong cch gia cc thit b tng ln.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

2.3 HUB thng minh (Intelligent Hub) L hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng mi sau:

Qun tr hub: c b sung cc giao thc qun tr mng, cho php hub gi cc thng tin v trm iu khin mng trung tm. V cho php trm trung tm qun l hub. Chuyn mch: cha cc vi mch cho php chn ng nhanh cho cc tn hiu gia cc cng trn hub. Thay v chuyn gi tin cho ton b cc cng ca hub, chng ang thay th dn cho cc bridge v router.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

3. Repeater (B chuyn tip) C chc nng tip nhn v chuyn tip cc tn hiu d liu, thng c dng ni 2 on cp mng Ethernet m rng mng. C kh nng khuch i v ti sinh tn hiu.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

4. Bridge (Cu) L mt thit b mm do hn repeater. Mt repeater chuyn i tt c cc tn hiu m n nhn c. Nhng Bridge c chn lc v ch chuyn i cc tn hiu c ch phn mng pha bn kia.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

5. Multiplexor (b dn knh) L thit b c chc nng t hp mt s tn hiu chng c th truyn c vi nhau v sao khi nhn, li c tch ra tr li cc tn hiu gc.

Lng Vit Nguyn

Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

6. Modem (Modulation/Demodulation)
L thit b c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu thnh tn hiu tng t v ngc li, kt ni cc my tnh qua ng in thoi. Cho php trao i th in t, truyn tp, truyn fax v trao i d liu theo yu cu.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Cc thit b mng

7. Router (B chn ng) L thit b thng minh Bridge v c cn thc hin cc gii thut chn ng i ti u cho cc gi tin. Bridge hot ng hai tng Physical v Datalink, trong khi router c th hot ng ln ti tng 3 (Network). Cho php kt ni nhiu mng vi nhau to thnh lin mng.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Card mng

Vai tr ca card mng Card mng ng vai tr nh giao din hoc kt ni vt l gia my tnh v cp mng. C nhng vai tr sau:

Chun b d liu cho cp mng Gi d liu n my tnh khc Kim sot lung d liu gia my tnh v h thng cp

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Card mng

1.

Chun b d liu: D liu trc khi truyn i phi c card mng chuyn i t dng m my tnh c th hiu c sang dng tn hiu m c th gi c qua cp mng. Trn cp mng, d liu phi i theo mt lung bit n l. Khi chng i trn cp mng, cc bit c truyn i ni ui nhau, d liu chy trn cp ch theo mt hng. iu ny c ngha l: ti mi thi im, my tnh ch c th hoc ang nhn d liu, hoc ang gi d liu.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Card mng

2. a ch mng: Bn cnh vic bin i d liu, card mng cn phi cho bit a ch ca n phn bit vi cc card mng khc trong mng. Vic nh a ch cho card mng cho vin cng ngh in v in t (IEEE Institude of Electrical and Electrics Engineers) quyt nh. Vic ny cung cp cho mi hng sn xut mt a ch, cc hng sn xut s ni thm m tch hp vo tng card mng. V th tt c cc card mng trn th gii u c a ch khc nhau.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Card mng

3. Gi v kim sot d liu: Trc khi gi d liu, hai card mng hai my tnh u phi thng nht vi nhau cch thc truyn d liu nh: kch thc cm d liu, lng d liu c gi i, thi gian ch ngt qung gia cc cm d liu.

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Nhp mn mng my tnh

II. Card mng

4. Kh nng tng thch ca card mng Card mng l mt modun c gn vi my tnh, v th my tnh v card mng c th lm vic c vi nhau, card mng phi:

Va vn vi cu trc bn trong ca my tnh C b ni cp thch hp vi h thng cp