Chng 2 C TNG - PHIN BN U TIN (VERY SIMPLE CHINESE CHESS PROGRAM - VSCCP 1.

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I. Gii thiu
Tr chi C Tng (tn phin m Trung Quc XiangQi, tn ting Anh Chinese Chess) l mt minh ho rt tt cho bi ton tm kim trn cy tr chi v p dng thut ton AlphaBeta trn cy ny nh th no. y l mt tr chi th v v tng i ph bin Vit nam, chu cng nh trn ton th gii. N to cm gic dng nh my tnh c th suy ngh v sc vi con ngi (thc t cho n nay n vn ch tnh ton m thi). C Tng l loi c c phc tp v rt nhiu mt tng ng vi c Vua. Trong phn ny, chng ti s gii thiu vi bn nhng kin thc c bn nht v mt chng trnh chi c phi nh th no. Cc chng trnh mu VSCCP (Very Simple Chinese Chess Program Chng trnh C Tng rt n gin) cng ht sc n gin v c y trong cc ph lc.

II. Vit chng trnh chi c VSCCP 1.0 1. Biu din bn c v qun c
Bn c trong tr chi c Tng l mt bng ch nht bao gm 9 ng dc v 10 ng ngang. Cc qun c chia lm hai bn ng ti cc giao im ca cc ng. Bn c v v tr khi u cc qun c nh hnh 2.1. Cch n gin nht biu din mt bn c trong my tnh l ta dng mt mng hai chiu, kch thc 9 x 10: piece: array[1..10, 1..9] of byte Mng trn hot ng tt nhng c ci bt tin l ta phi dng ti hai ch s truy cp vo mng (v d v tr qun Pho gc trn bn tri (ct 2, dng 3) l piece[3, 2]). Mt ci tin nh l ta dng mng mt chiu nh sau:

piece: array[1..90] of byte Truy nhp n v tr qun Pho gc trn bn tri lc ny l piece[20].

Cc ca mng s cha nhng gi tr khc nhau cho bit l qun c g. Mi qun c s c gn mt m s khc nhau nh bng di y. Cc ch trng (khng c qun c) s c in k hiu trng (EMPTY): Qun c Tt (Cht) S Tng M Pho Xe Tng Trng K hiu PAWN BISHOP ELEPHANT KNIGHT CANNON ROOK KING EMPTY Gi tr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

Ngoi mc ch gn mi qun c mt m s phn bit, m ny cn gip ta c lng s b tm quan trng ca qun c . Nh vy, lc khi u, cc trong mng s c gn cc gi tr qun c nh khai bo const (trong Pascal) nh di, trong BOARD_SIZE (kch thc bn c = 90) l mt hng s c nh ngha trc : piece: array[1..BOARD_SIZE] of byte = ( 6, 4, 3, 2, 7, 2, 3, 4, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,

0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 4, 3, 2, 7, 2, 3, 4, 6); n y, bn c cn cha c thng tin phn bit mt qun c l ca bn no. Ta c th ci tin thay cho kiu byte ca mng piece l mt bn ghi nhm lu thm cc thng tin ny. Chng ti xin gii thiu mt phng php n gin l dng thm mt mng na - mng color, lu cc thng tin v bn. Hai bn c gn k hiu v m nh bng di. Nhng ch trng s dng cng k hiu trng EMPTY. Bn en Trng Trng K hiu DARK LIGHT EMPTY Gi tr 1 2 0

Ta li c thng tin v bn c khai bo khi u tng t: color: array[1..BOARD_SIZE] of byte = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2); bit bn no ti lt i, ta dng mt bin ton cc side cha mt trong hai gi tr LIGHT v DARK. Mt bin ton cc khc xside s c sn gi tr ngc vi side tin tnh ton (v d nu side = LIGHT th xside = DARK). Khi ti phin i phng i, ta cn o ngc gi tr trong c side v xside bng cc lnh nh sau (ch l LIGHT+DARK = 3): side := xside; xside := 3 - xside; Ngoi ra, ta cn khai bo bin computerside cng ch c mt trong hai gi tr LIGHT v DARK nhm cho bit bn no l my. hin bn c, phng php n gin nht l hin ch text (vn bn). Tuy cch ny trng xu v thng khng dng trong cc chng trnh c trn th trng nhng n c cc u im ni tri sau:

Vn hin c bn c rt y , trc quan, d hiu, cho php theo di v thi u bnh thng. Rt n gin v tin cy. Bn s nhiu thi gian tm hiu v pht trin giao din, dn sc cho vic quan trng hn - lm chng trnh chi hay hn. Giao din ho ch cn thit lc hon chnh - lc bn "ng gi" chng trnh.

Vic hin thm cc thng tin kim tra, tm li rt d dng. R rng vic dng hai th tc c sn ca Pascal l gotoxy v write th d, nhanh v m bo hn cc hm ho. D chuyn i h my v h iu hnh. C th bn s mun th chy trn nhng my tnh c nn tng khc nh my mini, macintosh, h iu hnh Windows 3.1, Win95, Win98, WinNT, System7, UNIX... Bn c th t pht trin giao din ho v ci chut theo mnh.

Qun c c biu din bng mt ch ci vit hoa ng u tn ca n. Qun hai bn s c mu khc nhau. Do qun Tng v Tng c cng ch ci u T nn trnh nhm ln ta dng ch V (Voi) biu din qun Tng. Tuy qun Tt v Tng cng c cng ch ci u nhng ta khng s nhm do Tt khng th nhp cung bn mnh c. N ch c th "tip chuyn" Tng i phng, nhng lc ny hai bn li phn bit c nh mu (cc phng php khc l dng ch ci u tn ting Anh: P-Tt, E-Tng, N-M, B-S, R-Xe, C-Pho, K-Tng; hoc theo qui nh ca Lin on c Vit Nam: Tg-Tng, S-S, T-Tng, X-Xe, P-Pho, M-M, C-Cht). Ta s hin bn c dng nh hnh 2.3. Ch cch nh k hiu cc v tr trong bn c bng ch v s ging nh bn c Vua. hin mt qun c, ta vit mt th tc DrawCell vi tham s l v tr bn c. Ngoi ra, n cn mt tham s na cho bit s hin mu nn ca qun c vi mu bnh thng NORMAL (s c nn en) hay mu khc SELECT (s c nn xanh sm) th hin qun c c chn (phc v cho chn v i qun ca ngi chi). procedure DrawCell(pos, mode: byte); Nh vy, hin ton b bn c ta ch cn gi mt vng lp for l xong: for i := 1 to BOARD_SIZE do DrawCell(i, NORMAL);

2. Sinh nc i

Mt trong nhng vic quan trng nht my tnh c th chi c c l phi ch cho n bit mi nc i c th i c t mt th c. My s tnh ton chn nc i c li nht cho n. Cc yu cu chnh i vi mt th tc sinh nc i l:

Chnh xc (rt quan trng). Mt nc i sai s lm hng mi tnh ton. ng thi chng trnh c th b trng ti x thua lun. Do s lng nc i sinh ra ln, lut i qun nhiu v phc tp nn vic kim tra tnh ng n tng i kh. y (rt quan trng). Sinh c mi nc i c th c t mt th c. Nhanh. Do chc nng ny phi sinh c hng triu nc i mi khi my n lt nn gim thi gian sinh nc i c ngha rt ln.

Sinh nc i l mt thut ton vt cn. My s tm mi nc i hp l c th c. My phi sinh c t nhng nc i rt hay cho n nhng nc i rt ng ngn (nh y Tng vo v tr khng ch ca i phng). Ta hnh dung ngay th tc sinh nc i Gen s c y nhng vng lp for, cc cu lnh kim tra if v r nhnh case, trong cc php tnh kim tra gii hn chim mt phn ng k. Th tc ny lun sinh nc cho bn ang ti lt chi cn c vo ni dung ca bin side. y l mt trong nhng th tc phc tp v d sai nht. Mt nc i c hai gi tr cn quan tm. l im xut pht (from) v im n (dest). Ta s khai bo mt cu trc move nh sau dng nhng ni cn n d liu nc i. type move = record { nh ngha cu trc nc i } from, dest: byte; end;

Kim tra gii hn bn c V d c mt qun Xe nm s 84 (trong mng piece). By gi ta s sinh th mt nc i sang tri mt cho n. Nc i sang tri mt c chuyn thnh s 83 l mt v tr cng hng vi xut pht nn c chp nhn. Mt nc i khc cn phi xem xt l sang tri ba - 81. 81 tuy c trong bn c nhng khc hng nn khng c chp nhn. Nh vy, mun bit ca nc i sang tri c c php khng ta phi kim tra xem n c cng hng vi xut pht khng. Vic

kim tra thc hin bng cch chia cho 9 (kch thc ca mt dng) v ly phn nguyn (trc li phi chuyn th t v gc l 0 bng cch tr i 1). Ta thy ((83-1) div 9) = ((84-1) div 9) nn 83 c chp nhn; trong khi do ((81-1) div 9) <> ((84-1) div 9) nn kt lun l nc i n 81 khng hp l (hnh 2.5).

Cc nc i va sinh ra s c a vo danh sch nc i nh gi th tc Gen_push. Th tc ny c hai tham s l v tr xut pht ca qun c s i v ni n dest ca qun c . Di y l on chng trnh dng sinh nhng nc i sang tri ca mt qun Xe, trong x l v tr ca qun Xe ny . i := x - 1; { Nc sang tri u tin } while ((i-1) div 9) = ((x-1) div 9) do begin if ( th i l trng) or ( th i c qun i phng) then gen_push(v tr ca Xe, v tr ang xt); if th i khng trng then break; { Kt thc qu trnh sinh nc i sang tri } i := i - 1; { Xt tip v tr bn tri } end; Vic sinh nhng nc i theo chiu khc cng tng t (v d sinh nc i theo chiu ng ta ch cn cng hoc tr mt bi s ca 9) nhng iu kin kim tra s khc nhau. Nh vy, chng trnh sinh nc i Gen c dng nh sau: for Xt ln lt tng qun c bn hin ti do case qunc of Xe: begin while Xt ln lt tt c cc t bn phi Xe cho n l tri bn c do begin if ( ang xt l trng) or ( ang xt cha qun i phng) then gen_push(v tr ca Xe, v tr ang xt) if ang xt khng trng then break; end; while Xt ln lt tt c cc t bn tri Xe cho n l phi bn c do ... while Xt ln lt tt c cc t bn trn Xe cho n l trn bn c do ... while Xt ln lt tt c cc t bn di Xe cho n l di bn c do

... end; { Xong qun Xe } Pho: ... Phng php ny c nhc im l chng trnh phi vit phc tp, cng knh, kh tm li nhng kh nhanh. Trong chng trnh mu VSCCP, chng ti gii thiu mt k thut khc c tn gi l "hp th" (mail box - do cc bng ca n c dng cc hp phn th). Mc ch chnh ca k thut ny l nhm gim bt cc php kim tra vt gii hn bn c v lm n gin chng trnh. Mu cht l thay cho bn c c kch thc bnh thng 9x10 = 90, ta dng mt bn c m rng, mi chiu c thm 2 ng na (bn c mi c kch thc 13x14 = 182). Cc ng vi cc ng bao m rng u c gi tr -1, tc l cc gi tr bo vt bin. Cc nc i trn bn c 9x10 c chuyn tng ng sang bn c ny. Nu mt nc i c sinh ra li ri vo mt trong hai ng bao th c ngha n ri ra ngoi bn c ri, phi b i v ngng sinh nc v pha . S d c n hai ng bin (ch khng phi mt) do qun M v Tng c th nhy xa n hai (hnh 2.6).

Vic chuyn i to thc hin nh hai mng. Mng mailbox90 dng chuyn t to bn c thng sang to bn c mi. Mng ng vi bn c mi - mailbox182 dng kim tra cc nc i vt qu ng bin v d liu chuyn tr li to bnh thng. V d, nu v tr qun Xe nm s 84 (trong mng piece) nh hnh 2.5, th khi i sang bn c m rng s thnh v tr mailbox90[84] = 148. C ngha l n ng vi th 148 ca mng mailbox182. By gi ta s sinh th mt nc i sang tri mt cho qun Xe ny. Vic sinh v kim tra s c thc hin trong bn c m rng, nc i mi l s 148 - 1 = 147. Do mailbox182[147] = 83 -1 nn nc i ny c chp nhn. S 83 cho bit kt qu sang tri mt l v tr 83 trong bn c bnh thng. Tuy nhin, nc i sang tri ba , c s 148 - 3 = 145 v mailbox182[145] = -1 cho bit l mt nc i khng hp l. Chng trnh cng cn kim tra s nc i ti a theo mt hng ca qun c ang xt. Ch c qun Pho v Xe c th i n 9 nc i, cn cc qun khc c nhiu nht l 1. Vic i mt qun sang v tr mi thc cht l ta thay i to ca n bng cch cng vi mt hng s (dng hoc m). trn ta thy qun Xe sang tri mt nc ta phi cng v tr hin ti vi -1. sinh mt mi theo hng dc, ta phi cng vi +13 hoc -13 (ch , vic sinh nc v kim tra hp l u da vo mng mailbox182 nn gi tr 13 l kch thc mt dng ca mng ny). sinh cc nc i cho ta phi cng tr vi mt hng s khc. Ta nn lu cc hng s

ny vo mng offset c 2 chiu. Mt chiu da vo loi qun c nn ch s c nh t 1 n 7. Chiu cn li l s hng i ti a ca mt qun c. Qun c c nhiu hng nht l qun M c ti 8 hng nn chiu ny c khai bo ch s t 1 n 8. Cc qun c c s hng t hn s c in 0 vo phn tha. Ch l nc i qun Tt ca hai bn khc nhau hng tin. tit kim ta ch lu nc tin ca Tt en, cn nc tin ca Tt trng ch n gin ly ngc du.

Kim tra v tr c php n Vic chuyn to t bn c thng sang bn c m rng ch gip ta loi b c cc nc vt qu bin. Ta cn phi kim tra mt s gii hn khc. V d nh Tng v S khng th i ra ngoi cung, Tng ch c php 7 im c nh pha bn mnh, Tt ch c php tung honh trn t i phng, cn pha bn mnh cng b gii hn ngt ngho mt s ... thc hin nhng php kim tra ny, ta dng mt mng l legalmove ng vi tng trn bn c s cung cp cc thng tin ny. kim tra mt qun c c c php khng, ta dng mt mt n bt Maskpiece m tu theo tng qun s c gi tr khc nhau. Nu cn kim tra c bit trng vi mt n ny c t l 1 th qun c c php n y.

V d, s 3 c gi tr legalmove[3] = 5 (chuyn thnh s nh phn l 00000101) cho bit cc qun c c php i n l Tng, Xe, Pho, M. Ngoi ra, ta cn phi kim tra nc b cn (i vi Tng v M) v x l cch n qun ca qun Pho nh mt trng hp c bit. Nh vy, tng th sinh cc nc i cho mt qun c c dng nh sau: p := piece[i]; { Sinh nc i cho qun c p v tr i } for j := 1 to 8 do begin { S hng i ti a } if offset[p,j] = 0 then break; x:=mailbox90[i]; { Chuyn sang bn c m rng} if p in [ROOK, CANNON] then n := 9 else n := 1; for t:=1 to n do { S nc c th i theo mt hng} begin if (p=PAWN) and (side=LIGHT) then x := x - offset[p, j] else x := x + offset[p, j]; { Nc i mi } y := mailbox182[x]; { Chuyn v to bnh thng } if side = DARK then t := y else t := 91-y; if (y=-1) or { Ra ngoi l ? } ((legalmove[t] and maskpiece[p])=0) { c php v tr ny khng ? }

then break; { Thot nu nc i khng hp l } { Kim tra nc cn vi Tng, M v x l Pho y } ... Mt vn na l lut hai Tng khng c i mt trc tip vi nhau. Vic kim tra c thc hin nh hm kingface. Hm s tr li gi tr true nu nc va i gy h mt Tng. Hm ny c th c t trong th tc sinh nc Gen. Tuy nhin n gin hn, ta t n trong th tc gen_push, nu h mt Tng th tc ny s khng a nc i vo danh sch cc nc i.

3. nh gi mt th c
nh gi mt th c l mt trong nhng nhim v quyt nh chng trnh chi c ca bn c l "cao th" hay khng. Cn c vo mt th c my s gn cho n mt im s (lng gi tnh) nh gi tt - xu. Nh im ny my mi c th so snh cc th c vi nhau v bit chn nc i tt nht. y l mt nhim v rt kh khn v phc tp do khng tn ti mt thut ton tng qut v thng nht no tnh im c. im ca mt th c da trn rt nhiu yu t m kh c th s ho ht c nh ph thuc vo s lng v gi tr cc qun c hin ti, ph thuc vo tnh hm, tnh bin, th cng, th th ca tng qun c cng nh c cc din trn u. V d, mt cp M giao chn, c th st cnh tin qun v ta lng phng th thng c gi hn hai M ng ri. Nhng cng c lc hai M ng ri li tt hn hai M giao chn khi M ny li cn M kia trong mt th trn no . Ta cng bit rng, "lc nc hai Xe nh b ph, gp thi mt Tt cng thnh cng", th nhng s ho iu ny qua hm lng gi qu l mt iu kh qu sc. Chng ta bt u vi vic cng nhn cc gi thuyt sau: 1. Ta c th biu din cht lng mt th c bng mt con s. V d, con s c th l nh gi ca ta v xc sut chin thng, nhng i vi a s chng trnh th con s khng c g c bit, n ch l con s m mc ch chnh l so snh c vi nhau. 2. Chng ta nn o cht lng ca mt th c tng t nh php o ca i phng (do , nu ta coi l t c mt th tt th i phng ca ta phi thy l th xu i vi h v ngc li). iu ny tuy khng tht ng lm, nhng n gip cho thut ton tm kim ca ta lm vic tt v trong thc t cng kh gn vi s tht. Trong chng ny chng ta ch ci t phng php n gin nhng c bn nht: lng gi da trn c s gi tr ca tng qun c. Cch tnh ny s ly tng gi tr cc qun c hin c ca bn mnh tr i tng gi tr cc qun c hin c ca i phng. Do , mt th c ny hn th c kia ch n cn nhiu qun bn mnh hn, nhiu qun gi tr cao hn cng nh c bt c nhiu qun v qun gi tr cao ca i phng hn khng. Cch lm ny b qua mt nhng ngh thut, chin lc chi c (m l nhng im nh gi mt ngi l gii c hay khng). Cc qun c c trin khai khng theo mt chin lc chung no ht (v nh). N cn to cm gic nh c "v", ngha l ch nhm nhm s h ca i phng l "n" ngay m khng cn bit n hu qu (iu ny khng hn ng, l do s trnh by di). Tuy nhin phng php tnh im ny c nhng u im sau:

L cch tnh im c bn nht, ng vai tr ch o trong im ca mt th c. N l c s ca a s hm nh gi. Ta cng c th nhn thy trong phn ln thi gian din ra trn u, hai bn u tm cch tiu dit qun ca nhau. Cc phng n, chin lc thng ch c tnh nh nhng im cng thm vo v ng gp mt t l nh trong tng s im ca mt

th c. Vic ch nhm "v" qun ca i phng nhng sau khi suy ngh su nhiu nc cng tr thnh "cao c" ri y. Ni cho cng, mc ch chnh ca chng ta cng l "v" bng c qun c gi tr cao nht - Tng i phng. L cch tnh n gin nht v nhanh nht. Do tnh nhanh, ta c th tng thm su tm kim. Vic tng thm su li gip my c ci nhn xa hn, "cao c" hn v nhiu khi khc phc c nhc im ca cch tnh n gin.

im cc qun c c nh gi theo kinh nghim v cho bit s tng quan gia cc qun c. Sau y l im tng qun m mi ngi thng chp nhn: Qun c Tt S Tng M Pho Xe K hiu PAWN BISHOP ELEPHANT KNIGHT CANNON ROOK im 1 (2 nu qua sng) 2 2 4 4.5 9

Bn cng c th theo bt k thang im no khc tu theo hiu bit v s thch ca mnh. V d nh trong lng c Vit nam thng cho im cc qun hi khc (xem bi c di): Tt - 1 (2 nu qua sng), S - 2, Tng - 2.5, M - 4.5, Pho - 5, Xe - 10. Trong chng trnh c ca chng ta, im c th ca tng qun c l cc s nguyn 10, 20, 20, 40, 45 v 90. Ta dng mt mng piecevalue lu im tng qun c. Cho im nh vy khng nhng vn gi nguyn c tng quan v trnh dng s thc (tnh chm) m ta cn c mt khong cch hp l gia cc im sau ny d dng thm nhng im b xung "thng" hoc "pht", tc l nhng im cn c vo nhng yu t khc (v d cng l Pho nhng lc ch c 40 im do v tr "b", lc khc li c th n 85 do v tr Pho trng v ang e do Pho lng). Trong bn c, qun Tng l qun quan trng nht, d mt mi qun hoc t c th c no i na u khng c mt Tng v n dn n thua c. Do , Tng thng c cho mt im rt cao, cch bit nhiu ln so vi cc qun khc, m bo im tng ca cc qun cn li cng mi loi "thng", "thm" u khng bng c Tng. Trong chng trnh, ta cho n 1000 im. Hm lng gi tht n gin nh sau (ch l ta cha tng im cho Tt qua sng): function Eval: integer; const piecevalue:array[1..7]of integer=(10,20,20,40,45,90,1000); var i, s: integer; begin s := 0; for i:=1 to BOARD_SIZE do begin if color[i] = side then s := s + piecevalue[piece[i]] else if color[i] = xside then s := s - piecevalue[piece[i]]; end; Eval := s; end; Vn ci tin hm lng gi s c bn ring trong mt chng phn sau. Tham kho kin thc c Tng

GI TR CA CC QUN C Khi nim gi tr ca cc qun c khng phi l mi i vi nhng ngi chi c t cc th k trc. T lu, lng c c cu nhn nh sc mnh ca cc qun ch lc l "Xe 10, Pho 7, M 3" hoc nh gi Xe l qun ch lc mnh nht bng cu "Nht Xa st vn" hay nh gi mt Tt qua h, sc mnh bng na con Xe (nht Tt h, bn Xa chi lc). Th nhng s nh gi nhn nh ny v sc mnh ca cc qun khng chnh xc v cng khng y . Do khi nim gi tr ca cc qun cn c xc nh r v hon chnh hn. Thng thng, theo thi gian mt vn c c chia thnh ba giai on: khai cuc, trung cuc v tn cuc. Trong ba giai on ny th trung cuc chim nhiu thi gian nht v c ngha n thng thua nhiu nht. Do cc nh gi qun c thng l cho giai on ny. Chng ta bit mi loi qun c hay mi binh chng c c im, tnh nng v tc dng khc nhau nn sc mnh ca chng cng khc nhau, gi tr ca chng cng khng ging nhau. Ngay bn thn mi qun c cng khng phi lc no sc mnh cng gi nguyn nh c. Khi ng v tr tt n pht huy tnh nng tc dng ti a khc hn vi khi n ng v tr xu, khng th pht huy tnh nng tc dng c, hay ch pht huy mc rt hn ch. Vy iu trc tin chng ta phi thy mi qun c c hai gi tr: gi tr vn c v gi tr bin ng. Gi tr vn c thng c gi l gi tr c bn (gi tr tnh), cn gi tr bin ng c gi l gi tr tng i. Cc nh nghin cu l lun v c trao i thng nht vi nhau bng gi tr c bn ca cc qun nh sau: Nu ly Tt cha qua sng lm chun xc nh gi tr th n l qun km nng lc nht trn bn c. Khi cha qua sng n ch kim sot hay khng ch mi mt im trc mt n nn tm cho n c gi tr bng 1. Khi Tt qua sng, n khng ch n 2 hay 3 im trc mt v bn cnh (Tt bin ch khng ch c 2). By gi n mang gi tr tng i, phi thy n mnh hn lc cha qua sng nn gi tr lc ny ca n phi bng 2. i vi S, Tng l loi binh chng phng ng, c nhim v chnh l bo v an ton cho Tng, i lc chng cng tr gip cc qun khc tn cng. Trong giai on trung cuc, Tt i phng qua sng i c mt S hoc mt Tng. Do ngi ta nh gi S hoc Tng c gi tr bng mt Tt qua sng, tc l bng 2. Nhng v so snh nng lc gia Tng v S th thy Tng c phn c lc hn nn nh gi tr S l 2 th Tng phi l 2.5 mi cng bng. Qun M trn bn c c kh nng khng ch ti a 8 im. Mi bc nhy ca n vt c hai tuyn ng ngang hay dc. So ra th M cng mnh y nhng tc chin tm c ly ngn m thi. Nu so vi hai Tt qua sng cp k nhau th nng lc ca M khng hn bao nhiu, do nh gi tr c bn ca M 4.5 l va. Nn nh hai Tt cp k nhau khi qua sng phi c gi tr hn 4. Pho l binh chng tc chin tm xa rt c hiu qu. Trn ng dc, Pho khng ch ti a ch 8 im nhng n cn khng ch c c ng ngang. Mt khc Pho l qun c tnh c ng cao, n c th i mt bc vt n 9 tuyn ng. Nhng c li gn, nhiu khi Pho bt lc, khng lm g c khng ch i phng. Do so vi M th phi thy mi qun c mt s trng ring, sc mnh ca chng coi nh tng ng nhau. Th nhng trong giai on trung cuc qun s ca hai bn tng i cn nhiu, M i li d b cn tr, cn Pho th nhanh nhn hn, d pht huy nng lc hn nn gi tr c bn ca Pho phi hn M mt cht v bng 5. i vi Xe th r rng l mt binh chng c ng mnh nht, n khng ch ngang, dc ti a n 17 im. Nu em Xe i ly mt Pho v mt M ca i phng th thy c phn thit thi mt cht, cn i vi hai Pho th c th coi l cn bng. Do gi tr c bn ca Xe l 10. Cn Tng, bn thn n khng c sc mnh g nhiu d i khi n cng lm c nhim v tr gip

cho cc qun phe n tn cng c kt qu. Th nhng gi tr c bn ca n th v cng to ln, khng mt qun no so snh c. Tt c cc qun u c th i, c th hi sinh nhng ring qun Tng khng th nh i m cng khng th hi sinh, v mt Tng l thua c. Do cng khng nn nh gi tr c bn ca Tng v nh cng chng c ngha g. (Su tm)

4. X l mt nc i "th"
Trong qu trnh tnh ton tm nc i tt nht cho mnh, my thng phi i "th" mt nc ri li tnh tip. Sau n s phc hi li nc i ny. Do qu trnh th - phc hi din ra rt nhanh v khng hin ra mn hnh nn my c th th hng chc triu ln mi khi n lt. Vic i th c thc hin nh gi hm Makemove. Vic khi phc nc i ny nh gi th tc UnMakemove. Nh vy, chng trnh thng xuyn thc hin cc cu lnh dng nh sau: while tt c cc nc i c th c t mt th c do begin Makemove(mt_nc_i); { i th mt nc } best := Tnh im ca nc i th ; UnMakemove; { phc hi nc i ny} Lu nc i c im cao nht; end; tnh c im ca nc i va thc hin, nhiu khi my li phi th i tip mt s nc na. C nh vy cc hm Makemove v UnMakemove c th c gi lng nhau rt su. Khi i th, hm Makemove phi lu li cc thng tin cn thit cho vic khi phc li sau ny. Cch n gin nht - lu li c bn c, khng dng c do cc thng tin phi lu qu nhiu. Thc cht, ta ch cn lu cc thng tin bao gm: im xut pht ca qun c, im n v loi qun c m n bt c (nu c). lu cc thng tin ny, hm s dng mt mng hist_dat cc bn ghi cha thng tin v con tr hdp c t chc nh mt ngn xp, ngha l nc i sau cng s c phc hi trc nht. Khi my i "th" cho mt bn mt nc, th nc sau s n lt i phng. Do hm ny cng phi thay i gi tr cc bin ton cc v bn i v i th side v xside (vic thay i ny l rt cn thit hm Gen sinh nc i cho ng bn ti lt). N cng tng bin ply ( su) thm 1 do dn su thm mt bc trn cy tm kim. Hm khi phc nc i th UnMakemove c nhim v l lm mi th ngc li vi hm Makemove. Mt vn ny sinh y l nu mt qun Tng b bt th c cn phi i "th" na khng. Nu mt mt Tng, vn c s kt thc ngay lp tc, do khng cn phi i th tip v nhnh cy tr chi b ct ti y d vn cha t n su tm kim ti a. Cn nu my i th tip, my s coi Tng nh mt qun bnh thng (d c gi tr rt cao) v c th i qun c - n sn sng mt Tng min l ngay sau n li c Tng i phng (hnh 2.8). Ta buc phi ct nhnh nhng ni Tng b mt (hnh 2.9).

 x l nhng trng hp ny, ta cn chuyn Makemove thnh mt hm boolean, tr li gi tr true nu nc i th ny li n c Tng i phng. Nu n c, hin nhin im s rt cao (c 1000 im) v khng cn phi tnh im cho nhng nhnh con na. Phn chng trnh i th c dng nh sau:

while tt c cc nc i c th c t mt th c do begin if Makemove(mt_nc_i) then { i th mt nc. Hm tr v gi tr true nu n c Tng i phng } best := 1000 - ply { im ca nc c nu n c Tng i phng} else best := Tnh im ca nc i th; UnMakemove; { phc hi nc i ny} Lu nc i c im cao nht end; Trong cc cu lnh trn c mt ch hi kh hiu: ti sao ta li cho nc n Tng l 1000 - ply m khng phi ng 1000? Bin ply l bin ch su tm kim. Nu khng c bin ny v trong trng hp Tng (bn my tnh) sp b bt d i bt c nc no th mi nhnh cy u tr v im -1000. Do my s chn nhnh u tin i. Nc i ny c th khng hay do chp nhn thua qu sm nh minh ho trn hnh 2.10. My nn chn nc thua lu nht hi vng i phng i "nhm" (cn nc cn tt) v ng tinh thn chin u hn.

5. Tm kim AlphaBeta
Ta thy chng trnh mu ca th tc AlphaBeta trong chng 1. Hm AlphaBeta ca VSCCP v c bn l ging nh vy, ch b i cc tham s pos (th c hin ti - y l gi tr ca hai mng piece v color) mt s hm do bin i trc tip vo cc mng ton cc piece v color (nh cc hm Makemove v UnMakemove m ta cp n trn) nn chng chnh l th c ang xt. function AlphaBeta(alpha, beta: integer; depth: byte): integer; var i, best, value: integer; begin if depth = 0 then AlphaBeta := Eval else begin Gen; best := -INFINITY; i := gen_begin[ply]; { Khi u lp tt c cc nc } while (i < gen_end[ply]) and (best < beta) do begin if best > alpha then alpha := best;

if MakeMove(gen_dat[i].m) then value := 1000-ply else value := -AlphaBeta(-beta, -alpha, depth-1); UnMakemove; if value > best then begin best := value; if ply = 0 then newmove := gen_dat[i].m; end; inc (i); end; { while } AlphaBeta := best; end; end; Nc i tt nht (im cao nht) su 0 (ply = 0) c lu vo mt bin ton cc newmove. My s chn i theo nc ny. Th tc gi hm AlphaBeta ch c cc lnh n gin nh di. N gi hm ny vi cc gi tr khi u thch hp bt u tm kim. (***** THINK - MY TNH TNH NC I *****) procedure ComputerThink; { Tm nc i tt nht cho my } begin AlphaBeta (-INFINITY, INFINITY, MAX_PLY); end;

6. X l iu khin ca ngi chi

Ngi chi dng bn phm iu khin cc qun bn mnh khi n lt: dng cc phm mi tn iu khin con tr mn hnh chy n qun c thch hp, bm phm Space hoc Enter ch mnh s i qun ny, chuyn con tr n ch mi v vn bm phm Space hoc Enter ch l ch n. Ngi chi c th ngng chi gia chng bng cch bm phm ESC. Hm x l iu khin ca ngi chi GetHumanMove phi lm nhim v x l cc phm iu khin v tr v nc i c chn trong bin ton cc newmove. Hm cng x l hai bin ton cc x, y l to ca con tr mn hnh. Mt chng trnh chi c tt cn phi gip ngi chi khng i sai lut. Cc nc i khng hp l (d c hay v tnh) u cn c pht hin v ngn cm. Cch lm th c nhiu, y chng ti gii thiu phng php n gin nht s dng hm sn c: hm Gen. u tin, ta gi n sinh ra tt c nhng nc i c th c t th c hin ti vi bn i l ngi - chnh l cc nc i hp l. Mi khi ngi chi chn mt nc, my s kim tra xem n c trong danh sch cc nc i hp l khng. Nu c, my s chp nhn nc i v thot khi hm GetHumanMove. Nu khng n s i ngi chi phi chn li. function GetHumanMove: boolean; const x: byte = 5; y: byte = 5; var ch: char; selecting, from, t, i: integer; begin Gen; { Dng kim tra nc i hp l ca ngi chi }

GetHumanMove := false; selecting := 0; while true do begin MoveTo(x, y); ch := ReadKey; case ch of #13, ' ': begin { nh du/chn mt nc i } t := x + (y-1)*SIZE_X; if selecting=0 then begin { Ngi chi nh du } if color[t]=side then begin selecting:=1; from := t; DrawCell(t,SELECT); end; end else begin { Ngi chi ch ra nc i n } if t <> from then DrawCell(from, NORMAL); if color[t]=side then begin from := t; DrawCell(t, SELECT); end else begin newmove.from := from; newmove.dest := t; { Kim tra xem nc i va chn c trong danh sch cc nc i hp l khng. Nu c s thot khi hm ny n lt my } for i := gen_begin[ply] to gen_end[ply]-1 do if (gen_dat[i].m.from = from) and (gen_dat[i].m.dest = t)then exit; { Nu nc khng hp l, hin li qun xut pht, ngi chi chn nc i khc } DrawCell(from, SELECT); end; end; end; #27: { X l cc phm khc y } ...

7. Cp nht mt nc i
Sau khi "suy ngh" xong, n lc my hoc ngi phi thc hin mt nc i thc s. Chng trnh phi cp nht tt c cc thng tin cn thit lin quan n nc i v hin hnh nhng thay i. Vic ny c thc hin nh gi hm UpdateNewMove. N c kh nhiu ch ging nh hm Makemove nhng n gin hn. Tham s quan trng nht m n quan tm l nc i c ngi hoc my chn i (t trong bin ton cc newmove). Hm cng ng thi s kim tra tnh trng thng c ca bn va i (n c Tng i phng) v tr v gi tr true nu c mt bn thng. Vng lp chnh s cn c vo gi tr chn l ny ngng chi.

8. Vng lp chnh x l tr chi

Sau khi c cc hm v th tc cn thit, n lc ta lin kt chng li thnh mt tr chi hp dn. Trong phn thn chng trnh chnh, ta s bt gp vng lp repeat. Vng lp ny s lp mi cho n khi ngi chi bm phm ESC hoc mt bn thng c. Tu theo bn ti lt n s gi hm x l thch hp cho ngi hoc my. Sau khi nhn kt qu n lo cp nht cc s liu cn thit, chuyn i phng thnh ngi n lt chi. repeat if side=computerside then ComputerThink else if GetHumanMove then break;{ Thot nu ESC c bm} side := xside; xside := 3 - xside; { i bn ti lt chi } until UpdateNewMove;

9. Hin thng tin

n y, chng trnh sn sng sc vi bn ri y. Nhng c th bn mun bit thm mt vi s liu nh: thi gian mi ln my ngh, h s phn nhnh ca cy tr chi, s th c n phi tnh gi tr, kh nng xt th c trung bnh ca my l bao nhiu cng nh nhiu s liu khc. Vic quan st cc s liu ny cn gip ta bit cc ci tin, sa i v sau c thc s hot ng tt khng. Cch ly s liu rt n gin, ta khai bo thm mt s bin ton cc, thm mt s lnh v cui cng in chng ra mn hnh ch thch hp. Mt s thng tin rt kh ly chnh xc, ta s tm bng lng vi nhng s liu gn ng vy. bit mi ln ngh, my lng gi bao nhiu th c - mt thng tin v cng quan trng, ta khai bo mt bin ton cc evalcount v mi khi hm Eval c gi ta li tng gi tr ca n thm mt. Ta cng cn bit my ngh trong bao lu bng cch khai bo cc bin tnh thi gian. Thi gian c o cn c vo s xung ng h v tr tuyt i $40:$6c trong b nh. T y ta tnh c thi gian tnh bng giy nh chia cho 18.23 - s xung trong mi giy. Khi bit c thi gian tiu tn c th c tnh tc lng gi ca my bng cch chia tng s nt lng gi cho thi gian tiu tn. Tt nhin thi gian tiu tn ny ngoi thi gian tiu cho hm lng gi cn phi chi cho nhiu th khc nh chy cc lnh ca hm Gen, hm AlphaBeta... nn cch lm ny ch cho bit con s c lng m thi. c c h s phn nhnh chnh xc ta phi thng k qua mt s d liu ln. Ch rng, s nhnh con c sinh ra mi ln gi hm Gen c o bng hiu gen_end[ply]-gen_begin[ply]. Do h s phn nhnh c o bng cch ly tng cc nhnh con ny ri chia cho s ln gi hm Gen (o bng bin gencount). Cng chi lu, cc d liu o c cng ln, kt qu s cng chnh xc. Ngoi ra, bn c th cn mun hin ch gii nc va i ca my d theo di v xem xt im t c. Hy ch cch tnh cc con s ny (ch s 65 l m ca ch ci A, 9 l s ct ca mt dng bn c). Sau y l nhng ch cn b xung bn c c cc thng tin cn thit. Nhng ch thm, sa t nay v sau u c nh du bng mt mi tn trng cho d tm. const ... { Cc bin dng o h s phn nhnh } brandtotal: longint = 0; gencount: longint = 0; ... Var

evalcount: longint; systicks: longint absolute $40:$6C; { Bin o thi gian } ... procedure Gen; ... brandtotal := brandtotal + gen_end[ply] - gen_begin[ply]; inc(gencount); end; function Eval: integer; var i, s: integer; begin inc(evalcount); ... procedure ComputerThink; { Tm nc i v hin thng tin } var best: integer; tickstart, tickend: longint; begin evalcount := 0; tickstart := systicks; best := AlphaBeta(-INFINITY, INFINITY, MAX_PLY); { Phc v hin cc thng tin theo di } tickend := systicks; textcolor(7); gotoxy(50, 4); write('Do sau : ', MAX_PLY); gotoxy(50, 5); write('So nut luong gia: ', evalcount, ' '); gotoxy(50, 6); write('He so phan nhanh: ', brandtotal/gencount:3:2, ' '); gotoxy(50, 7); write('Thoi gian (giay): ', (tickend-tickstart)/18.23:0:2, ' '); gotoxy(50, 8); write('Toc do xet nut : ', evalcount*18.23/(tickend-tickstart+1):0:0, ' '); gotoxy(50, 9); write('Diem dat duoc : ', best, ' '); gotoxy(50,11); write('May tinh di : ', chr(((newmove.from-1) mod SIZE_X)+65), SIZE_X -(newmove.from-1) div SIZE_X, chr(((newmove.dest-1) mod SIZE_X)+65), SIZE_X-(newmove.dest-1)div SIZE_X,' '); end;

10. Chy th
By gi bn hy dch v chy th chng trnh trn (ton b ngun trong Ph lc A). Cn thn nh, ta cha ci chc nng cho php hon i. Nu i nhm bn khng th i li. Chng trnh my tnh li khng "nhm ln" v vi su ngm nh 4 (tc l ngh trc ti 4 nc i) n c kh nng nh bi nhng ngi chi c trnh trung bnh v chi u. Bn hy chu kh suy ngh k mt cht, cn thn mt cht th c th thng c. Hnh 2.11 l thng tin in ra mn hnh sau khi my i nc u tin. Chng trnh c chy trn my tnh Pentium 166MHZ ci h iu hnh Windows 98 v tm kim n su bng 4. Cc s liu cho ta bit cy tr chi c h s phn nhnh khong 41. Nu ly trn l 40 th ta c bd = 404 = 2560000 (tc l s nt l ca cy tr chi c khong trn hai triu ri nt). chnh l s nt ta

phi xt nu dng phng php tm kim Minimax. Vi tc trung bnh xt c 55985 nt mi giy th thi gian xt ht bng phng php ny s mt khong 2560000/55985 46 giy. y, ta ang dng phng php tm kim AlphaBeta, s nt phi xt ch cn 150480, ngha l t hn 17 ln v tng thi gian phi b ra ch 2.63 giy thay cho 46 giy. Nc i M vo gc khng c hay lm - nhng khng sao, y mi ch l phin bn u tin v su tm kim cn hn ch.

su 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S nt lng gi 44 877 24411 150480 5574794 62929742 723007130

Thi gian (giy) 0.00 0.00 0.38 2.63 90.73 1031.32 13355.24

H s phn nhnh 44.00 43.78 41.73 41.75 40.40 40.15 39.86

im

Nc i B7B0 B7B0 B7B0 B9A7 B7C7 B7C7 B7C7

S ln tng s nt lng gi 19.9 27.8 6.2 37.0 11.3 11.5

40 -5 35 -5 10 -5 10

Hnh 2.11 Nu bn cha h thc hin mt ci tin no m ch nhp nguyn vn chng trnh mu t Ph lc A v dch chy th cc gi tr v su, s nt lng gi, h s phn nhnh, im t c, my tnh i (tr nhng thng s lin quan n thi gian do tu thuc loi my bn c) phi y ht nh hnh 2.11. Nu c iu g khc c ngha l c sai st trong khi nhp chng trnh ngun, bn cn thn trng kim tra chng trnh. Tu theo sc mnh my tnh (v c kh nng ch i), bn hy th tng su tm kim bng cch sa khai bo hng s MAX_PLY t 4 ln 5 hoc 6. ng ham tng nhiu. Do bng n t hp, nu tng nhiu bn s khng ch ni u. Cng tng su, bn s thy chng trnh chi cng bt h hnh v cng kh thng y. Bn hy th kim nghim vi su 5 xem sao. Cc con s u tng khng khip. Trn my tnh ca ti, thi gian xt nc u tin tng t 2.63 ti 88 giy (tng 33 ln). S nt phi lng gi l 5574794 nt (tng 37 ln). Nu my tnh ca bn l loi tt, hy th tip vi su 6. Trn my tnh ca ti, thi gian my "ngh" nc u tin mt ti 1031 giy (hn 17 pht, gn gp 12 ln). Cn s nt phi lng gi l 62929742 (gp 11 ln). Bn c th thy cc con s cng tng rt nhiu nhng d sao ch tng c 11 ln. H s phn nhnh c thng k qua s lng nhiu hn tt xung cn 40.15. Nc c chn i hi khc l B7C7 (c l l nc tt hn). Cn su 7 ti ch dm th mt ln v thi gian tiu tn cho ln ngh nc u tin mt n... 3.7 gi (trong khi qui nh tng cng tt c cc nc ca mt u th ch c trong 1 gi khi thi u). Nu ta cho rng tng mt su thi gian tnh ton ch di thm trung bnh 10 ln th ch cn n su 11, cc my tnh c Pentium 166 MHZ s mt n... 4 nm ngh nc i u tin (cn n su 14 th mt... 4223 nm).

Ta hy th c m nu c c chic my tnh mnh v chuyn dng (cho c) nh Deep Blue th tnh c n u. Loi my ln u tin thng c Kasparov (nm 1997) c kh nng xt c trung bnh 200 triu (i khi ln n 400 triu) nc i mi giy. Vi su 7 (m my tnh ca ti phi ch trong 3.7 ting ng h) s c my chiu c trong khong... 3 giy. Nu c ngh mt nc trong 3 pht (thi gian c php trung bnh cho mt nc) th su c th n c s khong t 8 n 10 (nu khng c ci tin c bit). n y ta cng c th thy, cc chng trnh c thuc loi tt nht chy trn cc my tnh thng thng (loi PC v khng gn cc mch chuyn dng) cng ch tm kim c y n su t 5 n 8 m thi (vi gii hn thi gian thi u bnh thng). D vy cc c gng ci tin b ra cng phi rt nhiu v rt lu mi t c n cc su nh vy (bn s c nghin cu mt vi ci tin nhm nng su trong thi gian chi hp l). Ch l thng bo v tc xt nc c th rt khc nhau khi thay i su cc i do hm lng gi dng y qu n gin, t trng thi gian khng ln so vi cc hm khc v thi gian o li bao gm tt c mi th nn cc con s b nh hng nhiu. Tuy nhin, nu vi cng su th tc hin tng i n nh. Ton b m ngun chng trnh c Tng VSCCP phin bn 1.0 cho trong phn Ph lc A.

Tng kt chng 2
Chng ny i su vo cch vit mt chng trnh c Tng n gin. Nhng im quan trng trong chng l cc khai bo cc loi d liu khc nhau, cch biu din mt bn c, cc th tc v hm c bn. Ch l cc cu trc d liu v cc khai bo trong chng trnh mu rt n gin nhng cng rt hiu qu. Th tc Gen l lng nhng, phc tp v d sai nht. Thut ton AlphaBeta tuy ging nh cp n trong chng 1 nhng n chng ny bn cn phi hiu n tht s. Bn cng cn nm vng cch ly s liu cng nh hiu cc s liu ny tip tc theo di cc ci tin chng trnh trong cc chng sau.

GI PHT TRIN
1. Thay cho mng mt chiu biu din bn c, bn hy th dng mng hai chiu (dng piece[1..10, 1..9] of byte). T mnh khm ph cc u, nhc im ca cch lm ny. 2. Mt byte l qu lu thng tin v qun c v bn chi. Ni cch khc, mng color khng tht cn thit. Bn hy sa li chng trnh sao cho vn gia nguyn khai bo ca mng piece, nhng li b c mng color. 3. Ti sao bn li phi chuyn sang bn c m rng kch thc 1314 (v ri li phi chuyn v bn c thng 910) lm mi nhim v kim tra vic vt qu bin cho nc c ang c sinh? Bn c th dng trc tip bn c m rng ny chi c khng (dng trc tip bn c 13x14)? 4. Bn hy t sa chng trnh cho php c hai bn u l my (hoc u l ngi) chi. Ngha l cho my c th t u. 5. Th my u c hai bn vi su ging v khc nhau (v d nh 3-3, 3-4, 4-4, 3-5 hoc 4-5) v thay i lt i trc ca cc bn. Bn no thng? 6. Bn hy t ci tin hm lng gi theo mnh. V d hy th cho im cc qun c tu .

7. Hy thi u nhiu vi my. Chc chn trong qu trnh chi my s i nhiu nc kh l lng (trn quan im ca ngi chi bnh thng). Hy ghi li nhng nc i v hy th l gii v sao my li i nh vy. Kho st k v hy th ci tin hm lng gi nu my phm sai lm nhiu. 8. Bn hy ci thm mt chc nng na cho ngi chi: chc nng "hon", ngha l b nc va i (hoc mt lot nc va i) v cho ngi chi i li nc khc. Ch : hy tn dng ti a nhng th tc c sn nh UnMakemove. 9. Bn hy ci chc nng "gi " (hay "mch nc") cho ngi chi bit nn i nc no bng cch ch ra cc nc i chng c tt nht. Bn nn tn dng nhng kt qu c sn trong ln my ngh trc m khng cn phi tnh li. 10. Hy cho php ngi chi ghi li vn c ang chi d v lc khc c th np vo chi tip. 11. Cho php ngi chi c by c th. By xong mi thi u. 12. Hy t ci tin giao din: dng ho, ci thm chut, thm menu, phm g tt... Hy tham kho cc chng trnh c c trn th trng lm cho tt. 13. Bnh lun: Theo di mt trn u bt k, mi khi mt u th i mt nc th c gng gii thch l do chn nc . V d gii thch nc i dn ti th c hay (nh im cao), s n c qun no ca i phng hoc trnh c mt qun, hoc dn ti thng hoc trnh thua sau bao nhiu nc... 14. Ghi nc i: Ta lm quen vi cch ghi nc i n gin trn. V d nh A1A6 ngha l qun c v tr A1 s chuyn n v tr A6. Cch ny x l tht n gin. Tuy vy, y khng phi l cch ghi nc i thng dng trong "lng c". Nu bn a bn ghi mt vn c nh th cho mt ngi chi c bnh thng th h khng hiu. Ta cn ghi mt vn c theo cc qui nh ghi chp bin bn vn u (do Lin on c Vit nam a ra). Cc qui nh ny nh sau:

Bn c c tnh theo ct (hnh 2.12). Bn no tnh theo ct bn .

K hiu qun c: Tg - Tng; S - S; T - Tng; X - Xe; P - Pho; M - M; B - Tt (Binh).

phn bit cc qun cng loi ng trc, sau hay gia th dng cc ch vit tt: t trc, s - sau, g - gia. K hiu i qun:

+Tn (tin): (.) du chm. Ch l nc tn ca Xe, Pho, Tt c ghi hi khc vi M, Tng. V d: X2.6 c ngha Xe ct 2 tin 6 . Cn M 2.3 c ngha l qun M ang ct 2 tin sang ct 3). +Thoi (lui): (/) gch cho. Ngc vi tn. V d M7/8 ngha l M ct 7 thoi lui sang ct 8. +Bnh (sang ngang): (-) du ngang (P2-5 ngha l Pho 2 sang ngang n ct 5). V d: Cc nc i dn n th c nh hnh 2.12 (th ny c tn di dng l: Pho u Xe tun h i bnh phong M c in) c ghi nh sau: 1. P2-5 M8.7 2. M2.3 C3.1 3. X1-2 X9-8 4. X2.4 M2.3

Bi c VI NT V NGUN GC C TNG
C Tng ra i u? thi i no? C lin quan g n c Vua? l nhng cu hi m ngi hm m rt mun tm hiu. Ngun gc c Tng l vn rt th v, hin nay vn cn ang tranh lun v tip tc c tm ti, kho cu. Cc nh nghin cu b ra nhiu cng sc tm ra cu tr li. Tuy vy cho ti nay, c mt iu phn ng chuyn gia tha nhn l: C Tng xut x t Trung Quc, trong khi c Vua li c ngun gc t mt loi c c ca n (xut hin vo khong th k th 6, c truyn b sang Iran ri sang chu u v pht trin thnh c Vua nh ngy nay). Hai loi c ny c ngun gc khc nhau nhng li c nhng im tng ng nh cch i ca mt s qun. D nhin khng loi tr trng hp tng c nhng m hnh tng trng cho chin trng c i cng c hnh thnh t nhiu min t khc nhau v mang nhng c im ring bit. Trong qu trnh tin ho ca lch s, do s ho nhp, giao lu hnh thnh hai loi c Tng ca phng ng v c Vua ca phng Ty cng c nhng im ging nhau. C Tng theo Hn vn gi l Tng k. Tng c ngha l hnh tng, tng trng ch khng phi l qun voi (Tng) trn bn c. Theo cc vn kin lch s v cc vn vt c pht hin th c Tng xut hin t thi Chin Quc (t nm 403 n 221 trc cng nguyn) m tin thn l "Lc bc k", mt loi c rt thnh hnh thi k . Nu ng nh vy th c Tng c trn 2000 nm lch s. Nhng c th khng nh rng c Tng lc mi c m hnh s khai ch cha phi loi c Tng m chng ta chi ngy nay. c bit c Tng c i khng c qun Pho. Cc nh nghin cu u nht tr l qun Pho c b xung t thi nh ng (sau nm 618) l qun c ra i mun nht trn bn c Tng bi cho ti lc con ngi mi tm ra v kh "Pho" s dng trong chin tranh - l cc loi my mc th s dng bn cc vin to. Trong mt thi gian di, qun Pho trong ch Hn vit vi b "thch". Cho ti i Tng (nm 960 - 1276) khi pht minh ra loi Pho mi mang thuc n th qun Pho mi c vit li vi b "ho". iu l th nht l theo cc ti liu lch s c Tng thi ng c gi l Tng h (du h tr chi) c c im l qun c lp th, bn c c 8 8 = 64 vung xen k hai mu trng en,

ging ht bn c Vua hin nay. Loi bn c ny c li trn cc bc tranh dt "Cm, K, Thi, Ho" thi ng. Ti Uyn ng tr, Vnh Xng, tnh Cam Tc (Trung Quc) ngi ta cng pht hin dng bn c ny trn cc vt dng bng s c i vi 64 . Nhiu kin cho rng loi bn c ny rt hp vi cc con s m nhiu hc thuyt thuc nn vn minh Trung hoa thng cp n nh "Thi Cc, Lng Nghi, m dng, T Tng, Bt qui, Lc thp t ngao"... Trong khi , theo Bch khoa ton th ca nc Anh th trc th k 13, ngi chu u s dng loi bn c 64 cng mu. Nh vy lch s c Tng, c Vua ra sao? Cho ti nay cc nh nghin cu cha c ng lun im. Nhng c mt iu c th gi l chung: C Tng hin i c hon chnh vo i Tng. Cc quy nh v bn c, qun c rt hp vi c ch qun s thi : Tng soi trong dinh ch huy, c v s tc trc, binh cht c 5 qun ng vi lut "ng nhn vi ng" (nm ngi mt i ng). iu ny c ghi chp li trong nhiu tc phm i Tng nh "Qung tng k " ca Triu V Cu, " m kinh" ca L Thanh Chiu, bi th "Tng dch" ca thi s Lu Khc Trang. Cun k ph u tin v c Tng hin i l "S Lm Qung k" ca Trn Nguyn Tnh thi k cui i Tng (cch y hn 700 nm) trong khi tc phm u tin v c Vua c xut bn ti Ty Ban Nha vo nm 1495.

CU CHUYN V HNH CC QUN C TNG

Ngi chu u (v c nhiu ngi chu ) hc chi c Tng rt kh khn do khng nh ni mt ch ca qun c. n thun ch l cc ch Hn, khng c hnh tng r rng, c th nh c Vua. Cc ch tng hnh ny trng kh lng nhng rc ri (ti chc bn khng th m bo v li c ton b cc qun c m khng nhn mu). Bit th nhng ti sao ngi chu chng ta (v c Vit nam) li khng thay i m vn c dng mi nhng qun c ch truyn thng cho ti tn hm nay? Thc ra, nhiu ln ngi ta mun i v th i. My nm gn y mt s gii u ngi ta cng b cc qun c c dng biu tng nh M hnh u nga, Pho c hnh khu thn cng... (bn c th xem li cc qun c biu tng hnh 2.1, qun c lp th hnh di) v thm ch c ni sn xut cc qun c theo kiu c Vua ci bin ri. Th nhng "u li hon y": cc gii c Tng trong tng quc gia cng nh cc gii th gii ton chi bng cc qun c truyn thng dng cc ch Hn quen thuc. V sao vy? C l thi quen n su vo u c nhng ngi chi c, khin ngi ta kh tip nhn mt s ci tin hoc ci cch. Cng c th i vi ngi ng cch suy ngh c phn su sc hn: ci cch th ni dung l chnh ch khng phi l hnh thc. Nu ch ci cch hnh thc m khng ci cch ni dung th ci cch cng khng cn thit lm. Qun c truyn thng c ci tin ca n: khng cng knh nh c Vua, rt gin d, d lm, d mang i, hng d thay... bnh dn v gn gi vi mi ngi. Nhng cng c th l s t ho su xa ca mt nn vn ho phng ng: mun c ci g mang du n ca ring mnh, khng mun c s lai cng bt chc t bn ngoi. Bi xt cho cng c Tng cng hay, cng hp dn khng km c Vua. (Trch t bo Ngi Chi C )