1

Chng II. MA TRN NH THC

I. MA TRN

1. Cc nh ngha:
Cho K l trng s ( , R hay C)
Cho {1, 2,..., } I m = v {1, 2,..., } J n = , vi , m n l 2 s nguyn dng.
Mt nh x t I J n K gi l mt ma trn cp m n vi phn t
thuc K .
Tp cc ma trn cp m n vi phn t thuc K c k hiu l
( , )
K
Mat m n hay gn hn: ( , ) Mat m n .
Cho ( , ) A Mat m n , ta thng ghi ma trn A di dng 1 bng c m
dng v n ct:

11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a



=

. . .

vi qui c
ij
a l nh ca cp ( , ) i j qua nh x A.
Th d:
Ma trn : {1, 2} {1, 2, 3} A R

(1,1) 2
(1, 2) 0
(1, 3) 2
(2,1) 1
(2, 2) 1
(2, 3)

c ghi l:

2 0 2
1 1
A

=



Vy ta c th ghi ma trn di dng tng qut nh sau:

1,
1,
i m ij
j n
A a
=
=

=


hoc
ij
A a

=

, nu khng s nhm ln v cp ca A.
Cho ma trn
1,
1,
i m ij
j n
A a
=
=

=

.
2
Phn t
ij
a gi l phn t dng i, ct j ca ma trn A.

1 2
{ , ,..., }
i i in
a a a gi l dng i ca ma trn A.

1 2
{ , ,..., }
j j mj
a a a gi l ct j ca ma trn A.
Cho 2 ma trn ( , )
ij
A a Mat m n

=

v

[ ]
( , )
kl
B b Mat p q = . T nh ngha nh x bng nhau, ta thy ngay:

, ,
ij ij
m p
A B n q
a b i j

= =

Ma trn dng-Ma trn ct:
Ma trn ch c 1 dng gi l ma trn dng.
Ma trn ch c 1 ct gi l ma trn ct.
Ma trn khng:
Ma trn ( , )
ij
A a Mat m n

=

vi 0 , ,
ij
a i j = , c gi l
ma trn khng, k hiu 0
mn
hay vn tt l 0( nu khng s
nhm ln v cp).

Ma trn chuyn v.
Cho ma trn
1,
1,
( , )
i m ij
j n
A a Mat m n
=
=

=

.
Khi ma trn
1,
1,
( , )
i n ij
j m
B b Mat n m
=
=

=

xc nh bi
, 1,..., , 1,...,
ij ji
b a i n j m = = =
c gi l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A, v k hiu l
t
A .

Th d:


1 2
0 1
1 0 2
x
A a


=



v
1 1
0 0
2 1 2
t
a
A x



=



.
Ma trn vung.
Nu ma trn c s dng m bng vi s ct n th ta gi l
ma trn vung cp n. Khi ta ghi
( , ) ( ) Mat n n Mat n = .
Cho ma trn vung ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

.
11 22
{ , ,..., }
nn
a a a gi l ng cho chnh ca ma trn.
3
Ma trn vung cp n c bit
n ij
I

=

, trong


1
0
ij
khi i j
khi i j

=
=

( k hiu Kronecker), gi l ma trn n v cp n.

Th d:


2 3 4
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
, 0 1 0 ,
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0 1
I I I






= = =








,

2. Php ton gia cc ma trn.

2.1. Php cng 2 ma trn cng cp:
Cho 2ma trn , ( , )
ij ij
A a B b Mat m n

= =

.
Khi , ma trn ( , )
ij
C c Mat m n

=

xc nh bi
, ,
ij ij ij
c a b i j = +
c gi l tng ca 2 ma trn A v B, k hiu A B + .


Th d:

1 2 0 1 1 3
2 1 1 1 3 2
2 0 2 1 0 1



+ =




Tnh cht:

, ( , ) A B Mat m n A B B A + = +
, , ( , ) ( ) ( ) A B C Mat m n A B C A B C + + = + +
( , ) 0 A Mat m n A A + =
( , ) ( , )
ij ij
A a Mat m n A a Mat m n
= =


0 A A A A + = + =
, ( , ) ( )
t t t
A B Mat m n A B A B + = +




4
2.2. Php nhn mt s vi mt ma trn.
Cho s K v ma trn ( , )
ij K
A a Mat m n

=

.
Ma trn ( , )
ij K
a Mat m n

c gi l tch ca vi ma trn v
c k hiu l A .
Th d:
Cho
1 3 0
1 2
0 1
A x
b

=



. Khi
2 6 0
2 2 4 2
0 2 2
A x
b

=




Tnh cht:
, ( , ) ( )
K
A B Mat m n K A B A B + = +
, ( , ) ( ) ( )
K
K A Mat m n A A =
, ( , ) ( )
K
K A Mat m n A A A + = +
( , ) ( )
t t
K
K A Mat m n A A =

2.3. Php nhn 2 ma trn thch hp.

Cho 2 ma trn:
( , )
ij K
A a Mat m

=

p ,
( , )
ij K
B b Mat n

=

p .
Ta nh ngha mt ma trn ( , )
ij K
C c Mat m n

=

nh sau:

1 1 2 2
1
p
ij ik kj i j i j ip pj
k
c a b a b a b a b
=
= = + +

.
Ma trn C ny c gi l tch ca ma trn A v ma trn B.
K hiu AB.


1
2
1 2 1 1 2 2
j
j
i i ip ij i j i j ip pj
pj
b
b
a a a c a b a b a b
b





= = + +








.


.
.




Th d:
0 1 1
1 1 1 2 0 2
1 1 1
2 0 2 2 6 2
1 2 0

=







5

1 0 0 0 0 0
0
2 0 1 3 0 0

= =

Tnh cht:

( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( ) ( )
A Mat m p B Mat p q C Mat q n
AB C A BC

=

( , ) , ( , ) ( ) A Mat m p B C Mat p n A B C AB AC + = +
, ( , ) ( , ) ( ) B C Mat m p A Mat p n B C A BA CA + = +
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) K A Mat m p B Mat p n A B AB A B = =

( , ) ( , ) ( )
t t t
A Mat m p B Mat p n AB B A =
( , )
n m
A Mat m n AI A I A = =





























6
II. NH THC

1. nh ngha:
Cho ma trn vung ( )
ij K
A a Mat n

=


1.1. S

1 (1) 2 (2) ( )
( ) ( )
n
f f nf n
f S
D A s f a a a

=


c gi l nh thc ca ma trn A.
Ta cn ghi ( ) D A l det( ) A hay | | A .
cho nh thc ca ma trn A m khng cn cho trc ma trn A, ta
thng ghi nh thc nh sau:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
D
a a a
=

. . .

nh thc c n dng (tt nhin cng c n ct) gi l nh thc cp n.

1.2. Th d:

1 n = :
11
| | a
11
a =
2 n = :
11 12
21 22
a a
a a
11 22 12 21
a a a a = .
3 n = :
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a

11 22 33 12 23 31 13 32 21 11 23 32 13 22 31 12 21 33
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a = + +

Qui tc Sarrus tnh nh thc cp 3:






+






7
nh thc

11 12 1
22 2
0
0 0
n
n
nn
a a a
a a
D
a
=

. . .

(nh thc tam gic)

11 22 nn
a a a = .

1.3. nh thc chuyn v
o nh thc ( )
t
D A gi l nh thc chuyn v ca nh thc ( ) D A .
o Th d nh thc
1 1 0
0 1 1
2 2 3

c chuyn v l nh thc
1 0 2
1 1 2
0 1 3

.

o Mnh : nh thc v chuyn v ca n l bng nhau.

Chng minh:
Cho
, 1,
ij
i j n
D a
=
= v chuyn v ca n l
, 1,
t
ij
i j n
D b
=
= , vi , ,
ij ji
b a i j = ,

V
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1 (1) 2 (2) ( ) 1 (1) 2 (2) ( )
( ) ( )
n
n
f f nf n f f nf n
f S
f S
s f a a a s f a a a

=


v
1
( ) ( ) s f s f

= nn:
1 (1) 2 (2) ( )
( )
n
t
f f nf n
f S
D s f b b b

=


(1)1 (2)2 ( )
( )
n
f f f n n
f S
s f a a a

=



1 1 1
1
1 (1) 2 (2) ( )
( )
n
f f nf n
f S
s f a a a

=


1 1 1
1
1
1 (1) 2 (2) ( )
( )
n
f f nf n
f S
s f a a a D

= =

Nhn xt: Do kt qu ny, nhng tnh cht no sau y ng cho dng ca nh thc
cng s ng cho ct ca nh thc.

2. Tnh cht
2.1 Tnh thay phin: i ch 2 dng th nh thc i du.
8
Th d:
1 2 3 2 1 3
1 2 3
a b c
x y z x y z y x z
a b c b a c
= =

H qu: nh thc c 2 dng ging nhau th bng 0.
0
a b
D x y z x y z
a b c
a b c
D
c
a b c
D = = = = .

2.2. Tnh tuyn tnh:

Nhn 1 s vi 1 nh thc l nhn s vi 1 dng no ca nh thc.

1
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
2
a x m a x m a x m a x m
D b y n D b y n b y n b y n
c z p c z p c z p c z p
= = = =
H qu:
nh thc c dng bng 0 th bng 0.
nh thc c 2 dng t l th bng 0.

0 0 0 0
a b c
m n p
= ,
1 1 2
2 2 4 0
3 1 3
= ,
1 1 1
0 2 2 0
3 1 1
=

2.3. Tnh cng tnh:
Ta c th cng 2 nh thc cp n thnh mt nh thc cp n (m khng cn
tnh gi tr nh thc) nu 2 nh thc c 1 n dng, theo cng th t dng, i mt
ging nhau.
Khi , ta cng cc phn t tng ng trn dng cn li v gi nguyn 1 n
dng kia c nh thc tng.

1 2 3 1 2 3
a b c a b c a b c
x y z x y z
m n p m n p m n p
+ = + + +
H qu:
Nu ta ly kt qu nhn 1 dng ca nh thc vi 1 s cng vo 1 dng khc (cng
cc phn t cng th t vi nhau) th nh thc khng thay i ga tr.
( hay ni cch khc: Nu cng vo 1 dng ca nh thc mt dng khc c nhn vi 1
s th nh thc khng thay i gi tr.)
9
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 4 6
1 2 3
a b c a b c a b c
x y z x y z x a y b z c
= =
+ + + + + +


ng dng tam gic ha mt nh thc:

2 1 3 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2


=


1 2 1 2
0 5 5 5
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2

=




1 2 1 2
0 5 5 5
0 2 1 3
0 1 1 2

=


1 2 1 2
0 1 1 1
5
0 2 1 3
0 1 1 2

=


1 2 1 2
0 1 1 1
5
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 3

15 =

3. Khai trin nh thc
3.1. nh thc con Phn b i s:
Cho nh thc
, 1,
ij
i j n
D a
=
= .
nh thc cp k nhn c t D bng cch b i n k dng v n k ct no
ca D c gi l nh thc con ca D.
Ta cng gi nh thc l nh thc con ca ma trn
ij
A a

=

.
Th d:

2
1 1 3
3 3
2 2
1
3 4
4
5 2 5
3
1 6
4
2
6
3
1
5 2
6 1
a x
b y
c z

c 1 trong cc nh thc cp 3 l
a x
b y
c z

.

nh thc con cp 1 n nhn c bng cch b dng th i v ct th k c
gi l nh thc con ghp theo phn t dng i ct j. K hiu
ij
D .

10
Th d:
Cho nh thc

2 1 0
0 2 3
1 1 2
D =

.
nh thc con ca D ghp theo phn t dng 2 ct 3 l
23
2 1
1 1
D =

.
S ( 1)
i j
ij ij
A D
+
= c gi l phn b i s ng vi phn t dng i ct j.

3.2. nh l:
Cho
ij
D a = v {1, 2,..., } i n . Khi :

1 1
( 1)
n n
i k
ik ik ik ik
k k
D a A a D
+
= =
= =

.
Ta gi y l cng thc khai trin nh thc D theo dng th i.
Tng t, ta c cng thc khai trin nh thc D theo ct th j:
1 1
{1, 2,..., }
( 1)
n n
k j
kj kj kj kj
k k
j n
D a A a D
+
= =

= =


Th d:

1 1 1 2 1 3
1 0 2 0 2 1
2 1 0 ( 1) 3 ( 1) ( 2) ( 1
3 2 1
) ( 1)
1 2 0 2 0 1
0 1 2
6 8 2 0
+ + +


= + +
= + =


3.1. nh l:
( ) ( ) ( ) D AB D A D B =










11
III. HNG CA MA TRN

1. nh thc con ca ma trn
Cho ma trn ( , )
ij
A a Mat m n

=

.
nh thc cp r nhn c t A bng cch b i m r dng v n r ct no
ca A c gi l nh thc con ca A.
Th d:
Cho ma trn
2 4 0 2
1 3 2 5
0 1 1 0
A



=



.
nh thc
4 2
1 0
D

= l 1 nh thc con cp 2 ca A.
nh thc
2 0 2
1 2 5
0 1 0
E

= l 1 nh thc con cp 3 ca A.
nh thc chnh:
Ta gi nh thc chnh ca ma trn A l mt nh thc con D cp r no ca A
m:
o 0 D
o Mi nh thc con ca A c cp ln hn r u bng 0.
Th d:
Ma trn
0 0 0
0 1 0



c 1 nh thc chnh duy nht l 1 .
Ma trn
1 0 2 3
1 1 2 3
1 1 2 3
1 2 2 3

c 1 trong cc nh thc chnh l
1 0
1 1
.

2. Hng ca ma trn
nh ngha:
Hng ca mt ma trn A l cp ca nh thc chnh ca ma trn .
K hiu: ( ), ( ) rg A r A
Th d:
o (0) 0 rg =
12
o
1 0 2 3
1 1 2 3
2
1 1 2 3
1 2 2 3
rg

=




o Nhn xt: Nu ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

th :
( ) ( ) 0 rg A n D A =

3. Php bin i s cp dng
3.1. Cc php bin i sau y p dng cho mt ma trn ( c mt ma trn khc)
gi l php bin i s cp dng:
Loi 1: i ch 2 dng ca ma trn cho nhau
Loi 2: Nhn 1 dng ca ma trn vi 1 s khc 0.
Loi 3: Ly kt qu nhn 1 dng ca ma trn vi 1 s cng vo 1 dng
khc (cng cc phn t cng th t vi nhau).
Th d:

2 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 4 4 5
1 2 2 2
0 1 1 1
0 0 0 9
















3.2. nh l:
Php bin i s cp dng khng lm thay i hng ca ma trn.

Th d:

2 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 4 4 5
1 2 2 2
0 1 1 1 3
0 0 0 9
rg rg rg
rg



= =






= =





3.3. Ma trn rt gn theo dng tng bc:
Mt ma trn ( , )
ij
A a Mat m n

=

c gi l c dng rt gn theo
dng tng bc nu tha 2 iu kin sau:
13
o Tt c cc dng bng 0 (nu c) u nm di nhng dng khc 0
(nu c).
o Nu r dng u c cha phn t khc 0 (dng 1 r + n dng m
u bng 0) v nu phn t khc 0 u tin (t tri sang) ca dng
th i nm ct
i
k ( 1,..., i r = ) th:

1 2 r
k k k < < < .
Th d:

0 2 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 2
0 0 2 1 3
A


=






0 3 2 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 3 4
0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
B

=







0 3 2 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 3 4
0 0 0 2 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
C

=







nh l:
Nu ma trn A c dng rt gn theo dng tng bc vi s dng khc 0 l
r th ( ) rg A r = .
nh l:
Lun c th bin i mt ma trn v dng rt gn theo dng tng bc
nh mt s hu hn php bin i s cp dng.

Th d:
Tm hng ca ma trn:
1 1 2 3 1
3 1 2 2 4
2 3 1 1 6
1 2 3 1 4
A




=




.
14
Ta c
1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1
3 1 2 2 4 0 4 8 11 7
2 3 1 1 6 0 1 5 7 8
1 2 3 1 4 0 1 1 4 5
rgA rg rg




= =






1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1
0 1 1 4 5 0 1 1 4 5
4
0 0 6 3 3 0 0 2 1 1
0 0 4 27 27 0 0 0 25 25
rg rg




= = =






IV. MA TRN KH O MA TRN O

1. nh ngha:
Mt ma trn vung cp n ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

c gi l kh o
(hay kh nghch) nu ta tm c mt ma trn vung cng cp
( ) B Mat n sao cho:

n
AB BA I = = (
n
I l ma trn n v cp n).
Ma trn B ni trn c gi l ma trn o ca A v k hiu l
1
A

.
Ma trn kh o cn gi l ma trn khng suy bin.
Th d:
o Cho
2 1
3 2
A

=


v
2 1
3 2
B

=

.
V
2
AB BA I = = nn A kh nghch v
1
2 1
3 2
A B

= =

.
o Tm , , , x y z t tha


2 1 1 1
3 2 0 2
x z
y t

=



Ta c

2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 0 2
2
2 0 3
3 1 0
1
x z
y t
x
x z y
y t z
t


=



=

=


=


=

15
2. nh l:
Cho ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

.
A kh o ( ) 0 D A
Lu :
Vi ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

:
A kh o A khng suy bin ( ) 0 D A ( ) rg A n =
3. Cch tm ma trn o.
3.1. Dng phn b i s:
Cho ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

.
Khi :

11 21 1
12 22 2 1
1
( )
1 2
n
n
D A
n n nn
A A A
A A A
A
A A A

. . .

3.2. Dng php bin i s cp dng:
Cho ( )
ij
A a Mat n

=

.
Ta vit mt ma trn
[ ]
n
B A I = . cp 2 n n (na bn tri l ma
trn A, na bn phi l ma trn n v) v p dng php bin i s cp dng trn ma
trn B sao cho A tr thnh
n
I . Khi ma trn thu c na bn phi l ma trn o ca
A.

Th d:
Chng minh ma trn
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
C


=



kh o v tm ma trn o ca n.
Gii:
Ta c
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1
( ) 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0
1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
D C = = = =

nn C kh nghch.
v
Cch 1:

11 21 31
1
1 1
12 22 32
( ) 2
13 23 33
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
D C
C C C
C C C C
C C C

= =




16
Cch 2:
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
A


=





1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 2 1 1 1

1 1 1
2 2 2
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1







1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Vy
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
C

=



=
1
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

.




BI TP CHNG II

TNH TON TRN MA TRN

1. Cho cc ma trn
2 0 1
0 1 2
1 1 0
A


=



v
1 0 1 1
1 1 2 0
1 1 3 1
B



=



.
Tnh cc ma trn , , ( )
t t t
AB B A B A A .

2. Cho
cos sin
sin cos
A

=


.
a. Chng minh , ( )
n
n
A A A A A
+
= = .
17
b. Tnh
2005
3 1 1 1
,
1 1
1 3
n

3. Tm ma trn
2
( ) X M R sao cho AX XA = vi:
a.
1 1
0 1
A

=


b.
1 2
1 1
A

=




4. Cho ma trn
a b
A
c d

=


.
a. Chng minh A l nghim ca
2
( ) ( ) f x x a d x ad bc = + + .
b. Chng minh nu 0
k
k A = N th
2
0 A =


NH THC
5. Tnh cc nh thc:
2 1
3 1
,
13547 13647
28423 28523
,
0 1 2
2 2 0
1 0 3

,
246 427 327
1014 543 443
342 721 621
,

3 0 1 1
1 3 0 1
1 1 3 0
0 1 1 3
,
1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1



,

2
2
2
1
1
1



,
2
2
1 1 1
1
1


vi l cn bc 3 khc 1 ca n v.


6. Khng khai trin nh thc,
hy tm h s ca
4
x v
2
x trong a thc
2 1 2
1 1 1
( )
3 2 1
1 1 1
x x
x
f x
x
x

=
18
7. Bit 1020 l bi ca 17. Khng khai trin nh thc, hy chng minh

0 2 0 1
4 5 0 1
5 5 2 0
4 4 5 0
l bi ca 17.
8. Chng minh:
a.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + +


b.
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
0
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
a a a a
b b b b
c c c c
d d d d
+ + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +


9. Tnh nh thc cp n :
1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
n
n

. . . . .

,
1 2 3 1
1 3 3 1
1 2 5 1
1 2 3 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 1
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n

. . . . .

10. Gii phng trnh:
a.
2 3
1
1 1 1 1
0
1 2 4 8
1 3 9 27
x x x
= b.
2
5 100
1 1 2
0 0 1 0
0
1 2
0 0 1
x x x
x
x x x
x x
+

+


HNG MA TRN MA TRN KH NGHCH

11. Tm hng ca ma trn:
19
1 3 4 5 2
0 1 3 4 6
3 5 2 3 4
2 3 5 6 4

,
3 1 3 2 5
5 3 2 3 4
1 3 5 0 7
7 5 1 4 1

,
2 0 3 1
1 2 2 3
3 2 5 4
5 2 8 5

,
1 1 2
2 1 5
1 10 6 1
a
a

,
3 1 1 4
4 10 1
1 7 17 3
2 2 4 3
a






,
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
m
m
m
m







12. Cho ma trn

2
3 2 3
1 0 2 3
2 1 3
5 3 3 7
m
m
A
m m
m m

+

. Tm m sao cho
a.
0 4 10 1
4 8 18 7
10 18 40 17
1 7 17 3
rankA rank



=




b.
2 1 1 1
1 3 1 1
1 1 4 1
1 1 1 5
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
rankA rank




=






c.
1 0 0 1 4
0 1 0 2 5
0 0 1 3 6
1 2 3 14 32
4 5 6 32 77
rankA rank



=






13. Tm ma trn o ca:
20
a.
1 2
2 2

b.
2 0 0
1 1 0
2 1 1





c.
1 0 3
2 1 1
3 2 2







14. Tm ma trn o ca ma trn cp n:

1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1

. . .