tng qut HA v tng t HA

qua li gii mt s bi ton

Nguyn Duy Thi Sn

Tm tt Trong bi vit ny, chng ta xt mt s bi ton t hp thng c ti cc k thi Olympic Ton hc.
Trong qu trnh tm ti li gii, chng ta s lun quan tm n hai cu hi: 1. Vi li gii , u l bi ton tng
qut? 2. C th t ra nhng bi ton tng t no (v phi thay i phng php ra sao gii c cc bi ton
tng t )?

1 Gii thiu

Bi vit ny c trch t ni dung ca cc chuyn m ti dng ging dy cho i
tuyn d thi Olympic Ton quc t nm 2009 ca Vit Nam v cho ba kha hc sinh gii khi
11 chuyn Ton va qua trng THPT chuyn L Qu n thnh ph Nng, vi mc tiu
l rn luyn hc sinh thi quen tng qut v tng t, nhng thao tc rt cn thit trong cng
tc nghin cu. Mt s li gii t nhin t cc hc sinh ca ti qua cc nin kha khc nhau
trng THPT chuyn L Qu n thnh ph Nng (Nguyn Bi Hu Ngha - nm hc
2008, L Hu Phc - nm hc 2011) cng c cp nht trong bi vit ny.

2 Tng qut ha mt bi ton trn cc li vung

Hnh hc t hp l mt ch rt hay c quan tm ti cc k thi V ch Ton cc nc
cng nh ti cc k thi V ch Ton quc t. Sau y l mt kiu ton kh ph bin lin quan
n cc li vung:

Bi ton 1 (V ch Ton Belarus 1999). C mt nn t hnh vung vi kch thc 7x7 c
chia thnh 49 vung n v, v c ba loi gch lt nn:
- loi 1: gch c b mt hnh vung vi kch thc 1x1,
- loi 2: gch c b mt hnh ch nht vi kch thc 3x1,
- loi 3: gch c b mt hnh gc vung, ph va ba vung n v (xem hnh v).
Gi s Jerry c mt vin gch loi 3 v v s vin gch loi 2, trong khi Tom ch c mt vin
gch loi 1.
(i) Chng minh rng Tom c th lt vin gch ca mnh ln mt vung n v no
trn nn t Jerry khng th lt kht (tc l cc vin gch khng h chm ln nhau hay
chm ra ngoi nn t) ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m Jerry c.

Loi 1:




Loi 2:



Loi 3:


Cc loi gch (mu gch
khng c nh)
Nn t
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1
(ii) Gi s Jerry c thm mt vin gch loi 3 na. Chng minh rng d Tom lt vin gch
ca mnh u trn nn t (min sao vin gch ph ng mt vung n v) th Jerry
cng c th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m ln ny hn c.

Li gii. (i) Tom ch cn lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung n v c nh du x nh trong
hnh v di y th Jerry s khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m
Jerry c.
Tht vy, hy in s vo cc vung n v cn li ca nn t
theo cch nh hnh v ch ra: c 17 vung n v cha s 0,
15 vung n v cha s 1 v 16 vung n v cha s 2. Gi
s Jerry lt kht c ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch
m hn c. Khi , mi vin gch loi 2 ca hn cn ph ng ba
vung n v lin tip nhau trn mt hng hoc trn mt ct,
ngha l ph mt vung n v cha s 0, mt vung n v
cha s 1 v mt vung n v cha s 2; v th, vin gch loi 3
ca Jerry phi ph hai vung n v cha s 0 v mt vung
n v cha s 2.
Trc ht, t ta suy ra: Jerry khng th lt vin gch c b mt hnh gc vung ny theo
v tr ca cc ch , , hay (. Tht vy, kim tra trc tip, ta thy: v tr hay (, vin gch s
ph ba vung n v cha ba s khc nhau; cn v tr , vin gch s ph hai vung n
v cha s 0 v mt vung n v cha s 1, hoc hai vung n v cha s 1 v mt
vung n v cha s 2, hoc hai vung n v cha s 2 v mt vung n v cha s 0;
ngha l, u khng t yu cu.
Cui cng, vin gch cng khng th c v tr ca ch , bi v: nu mt cch lt nh th
gip Jerry t c mc ch th php i xng qua ct cha vin gch ca Tom s cho Jerry
mt cch lt khc cng t c mc ch, nhng - theo cch lt mi ny - vin gch c b
mt hnh gc vung li nm v tr (, mu thun vi nhn xt m ta va rt ra on trn!
Mu thun chng t rng Jerry khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch
m Jerry c.

Phng php va c trnh by cn gi ta gii bi ton tng qut sau y:

Bi ton 2. Cho n l mt s nguyn dng. C mt nn t hnh vung vi kch thc
(6n+1)x(6n+1) c chia thnh (6n+1)
2
vung n v, v c ba loi gch lt nn:
- loi 1: gch c b mt hnh vung vi kch thc 1x1,
- loi 2: gch c b mt hnh ch nht vi kch thc 3x1,
- loi 3: gch c b mt hnh gc vung, ph va ba vung n v.
Gi s Jerry c mt vin gch loi 3 v v s vin gch loi 2, trong khi Tom ch c mt vin
gch loi 1. Chng minh rng Tom lun c th lt vin gch ca mnh ln mt vung n v
no trn nn t Jerry khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m
Jerry c.

Gi . Vi mi j i, nguyn m 1, 6 , 1 + s s n j i ly
j , i
a l phn d trong php chia 1 + + j i cho
3, v in s
j , i
a vo vung n v hng th i (tnh t trn xung di), ct th j (tnh t
tri qua phi) ca nn t (trong trng hp nn t 7x7, y chnh l cch in s dng
trong li gii cu (i) ca bi ton 1 va ni). Tom ch cn lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung

0 1 2 0 1 2 0
1 2 0 1 2 0 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 2 0 1 2 0
1 2 0 x 2 0 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 2
0 1 2 0 1 2 0
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2
n v hng th 1, 6 n ct th 1 3 + n (ct i xng ca nn t). Do 1,
1 1,3 6
=
+ n n
a phn cn
li ca nn s bao gm 1 4 12
2
+ + n n vung n v cha s 0, 1 4 12
2
+ n n vung n v
cha s 1 v n n 4 12
2
+ vung n v cha s 2. Cc lp lun tip theo hon ton ging cc
lp lun trong li gii cu (i) ca bi ton 1.

By gi, ta gii mt bi ton tng qut khc (m cu (ii) ca bi ton 1 ch l mt trng hp
c bit):

Bi ton 3. Cho m l mt s nguyn dng. C mt nn t hnh vung vi kch thc
(3m+1)x(3m+1) c chia thnh (3m+1)
2
vung n v, v c ba loi gch lt nn:
- loi 1: gch c b mt hnh vung vi kch thc 1x1,
- loi 2: gch c b mt hnh ch nht vi kch thc 3x1,
- loi 3: gch c b mt hnh gc vung, ph va ba vung n v.
Gi s Jerry c hai vin gch loi 3 v v s vin gch loi 2, trong khi Tom ch c mt vin
gch loi 1. Chng minh rng d Tom lt vin gch ca mnh u trn nn t (min sao
vin gch ph ng mt vung n v) th Jerry cng c th lt kht ton b phn cn li
ca nn bng s gch m hn c.



1 m
A









m
A
( 1 > m )

A




1
A








A

Li gii. Gi
m
A l nn t hnh vung c trong ton, cn
1 m
A l hnh vung con vi kch
thc 1] 1) 1]x[3( 1) [3( + + m m bao gm cc vung n v trong
m
A c s th t hng v
s th t ct khng vt qu 1. 1) 3( + m Khi 1, > m xoay hnh vung
m
A quanh tm ca n
(c th phi gi li tn hng v ct trong
m
A v m li th t ca chng) nu cn; ta c
th gi s vin gch ca Tom nm trong ;
1 m
A hn na, ta cng d dng thy rng: ch dng
cc vin gch loi 2, Jerry c th lt kht c ton b
1 m m
A \ A (xem hnh v). V th, bng
quy np, ta a bi ton v trng hp 1. m =

1
A l mt hnh vung c kch thc 4x4. Nu cn ta s xoay hnh vung
1
A ri m li th
t cc hng, cc ct ca n, ta c th gi s vin gch ca Tom nm trong hnh vung A
c kch thc 2x2 bao gm cc vung n v c s th t hng v s th t ct khng vt
qu 2. Ch dng mt vin gch loi 3 v ba vin gch loi 2, Jerry c th lt kht c ton b
A \ A
1
(theo cch nh hnh v). Vin gch loi 3 cn li s c Jerry s dng lt kht ba
vung n v cn trng trong . A
Bi ton c gii quyt trn vn trong trng hp 1, = m v do c trong trng hp m
bt k.
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3

R rng, s khc bit gia cc biu thc 6n+1 v 3m+1 cha thc s lm hi lng chng ta
khi mun kt hp hai bi ton 2 v 3 (nh cch pht biu ca bi ton 1). Rt may l ta c
th khc phc c s trc trc nu chu kh o su mt cht na phng php dng
gii bi ton 2 v i n bi ton sau:

Bi ton 4. Cho n l mt s nguyn dng. C mt nn t hnh vung vi kch thc
(3n+1)x(3n+1) c chia thnh (3n+1)
2
vung n v, v c ba loi gch lt nn nh pht
biu trong cc bi ton trc. Gi s Jerry c mt vin gch loi 3 v v s vin gch loi 2,
trong khi Tom ch c mt vin gch loi 1. Chng minh rng Tom lun c th lt vin gch ca
mnh ln mt vung n v no trn nn t Jerry khng th lt kht ton b phn cn
li ca nn bng s gch m Jerry c.

Li gii 1 (cng vi hc sinh Nguyn Bi Hu Ngha). Vi mi j i, nguyn m 1 , 3 1, i j n s s +
ly
j , i
a l phn d trong php chia 1 + + j i cho 3, v in s
j , i
a vo vung n v hng
th i (tnh t trn xung di), ct th j (tnh t tri qua phi) ca nn t. Trc ht, ta nhn
xt: nu Tom lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung n v (bt k) cha s 1 th phn cn li ca
nn s bao gm
2
3 2 1 n n + + vung n v cha s 0,
2
3 2 1 n n + vung n v cha s 1
v
2
3 2 n n + vung n v cha s 2; v th, lp lun hon ton nh li gii cu (i) ca bi
ton 1 cho thy Jerry khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m hn c
nu vin gch c b mt hnh gc vung ca hn c lt theo v tr ca cc ch , , hay (.
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng nu Tom lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung n v hng
th 2, ct th 1 3 + n th Jerry khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m
hn c. Tht vy, gi s phn chng rng Jerry lt kht c ton b phn cn li ca nn. Khi
, theo nhn xt trn, do
2,3 1
1,
n
a
+
= vin gch c b mt hnh gc vung ca hn phi nm
v tr . Php quay nn t vi gc quay 90 quanh tm ca n s dn ta n tnh hung m
Tom lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung n v hng th 1, ct th 2, l vung n v cha
s
1,2
1 a = , nhng Jerry vn lt kht c ton b phn cn li ca nn trong khi vin gch c
b mt hnh gc vung ca hn li c lt theo v tr ca ch , mu thun vi chnh nhn xt
va c nu on trn.

Li gii 2 (da trn li gii ca hc sinh L Hu Phc trong trng hp nn t 7x7).
Trong mi vung n v nm trn hng th , i tnh t trn xung
di (i nguyn, 1 3 1), i n s s + ta in vo: s 1 nu 1(mod3), i
s 0 nu 2(mod3), i s 2 nu 0(mod3). i (Ni cch khc, nu
gi
i
a l phn d trong php chia i cho 3, th ta in s 2
i
a
vo mi vung n v nm trn hng th ). i
Tom ch cn lt vin gch ca mnh vo vung n v bt k
cha s 1 th Jerry s khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca
nn bng s gch m Jerry c.
Tht vy, r rng tng ba s c in trong ba vung n v
nm lin tip nhau trn mi hng hoc trn mi ct l mt bi s ca 3 nn tng tt c cc s
c mt trn phn cn li ca nn cng l mt bi s ca 3. Gi s Jerry lt kht c ton b

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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4
phn cn li ca nn bng s gch m hn c. Khi , vin gch loi 3 ca Jerry phi ph ba
vung n v m tng ba s nm trong chng chia ht cho 3. Nhng iu ny l khng th xy
ra! (Kim tra trc tip, ta thy: tng ny l 1 hoc 4 nu vin gch c lt v tr hay , 2
hoc 5 nu vin gch c lt v tr hay (; ngha l, u khng t yu cu).

3 Tng t ha mt bi ton lng gic

Trong mc ny, trc ht, ta xt mt bi ton lng gic khng qu kh (nhng kh hay), nh
sau:

Bi ton 5 (V ch Ton Romania 1996). Cho x v y l hai s thc. Chng minh rng nu
{ }
: cos( ) cos( ) S qx qy q = t + t e l mt tp hp hu hn th x v y u l cc s hu t.
Li gii. n gin, t
( ) ( ) ( ) : cos , : cos .
q q
a qx b qy q = t = t e
T cng thc tnh cosin ca gc nhn i, ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
, 2 2 ( ).
q q q q q q q q
q a b a b a b a b e + + = + = + + (1)
Nhng
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |,
2
1
,
2
1
q q q q q q q q q q
b a b a b b a b a a + = + + =
nn (1) cho thy, khi tp
{ }
q q
S a b q = + e hu hn, tp
{ }
q q
a b q e v do cc tp
{ } { }
,
q q
a q b q e e cng hu hn. Vy, tn ti
1 2
, q q e vi ,
2 1
q q = ;
2 1
q q
a a = t
, tm c k e
1 2
2
.
k
x
q q
= e

Tng t, ta c y e (pcm).
D thy tnh hu t ca x v y cng l iu kin tp
{ }
cos( ) cos( ) qx qy q t + t e hu
hn. Mt cch t nhin, di y ta c th t mt s bi ton tng t:

Bi ton 6. Vi x v y l hai s thc, xt tp hp
{ }
: sin( ) sin( ) . S qx qy q = t + t e
Hy tm iu kin cn v (i vi cc s x v ) y S l mt tp hp hu hn.
Li gii. Ta s chng minh rng iu kin cn v S hu hn l:
( ) ( ) , 2 . k x y k x y - e + = v e . e (2)
iu kin th khng qu bt ng, nhng cng d bo c rng phng php gii m ta sp
s dng s khng th hon ton ging trc.
Ln ny, ta k hiu ( ) ( ) ( ) : sin , : sin .
q q
a qx b qy q = t = t e
1) iu kin :
R rng, khi 2 x y k + = vi , k e th s c ( ) sin 2 ( );
q q
b kq qx a q = t t = e nn
{ } 0 S = l mt tp hu hn. By gi, gi s xe v , y e tc l tn ti , , , 0, m n p m e >
m . , m / p y m / n x = =
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5
Khi , vi mi , qe ta tm c cc s , k r e sao cho ; 2 , 2 0 r m k q m r + = < s suy ra
( )
( )

= t + t =
= t + t =
. 2 sin
2 sin
r q
r q
b ry kp b
a rx kn a

Vy
| ) { }
0; 2
r r
S a b r m = + e cng l mt tp hu hn.
2) iu kin cn:
Gi s S hu hn. t
{ }
: 0
q q
q a b = e + = M v { }. : M e = q b a P
q q
T cng thc tnh
sin ca gc nhn ba, ta thy ( ): q e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( );
12
1
4
1
3
1
3 3
3
q q q q q q q q q q
b a b a b a b a b a + + + + = +
suy ra P l mt tp hu hn. Mt khc, ng vi mi , M e q th
q
a v
q
b l cc nghim ca
mt phng trnh bc hai (n s t) c dng , 0
2
= + p st t trong , : S b a s
q q
e + =
. : P b a p
q q
e = Ch c hu hn phng trnh nh th, nn { } M e q a
q
v { } M e q b
q
u l
cc tp hu hn. Thnh th:
(i) Khi M v hn, t tn ti
1 2 1 2
, , , q q q q e c = M sao cho ;
2 1
q q
a a = ngha l,
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
sin sin
2 2 1
, 0
.
q x q x
k k
k x x q q
q q q q
x
t = t
+
- e = v = + =
+
e

Tng t, , y e tc l c (2).
(ii) Khi M hu hn, tn ti
0
q e sao cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
, sin sin 0
2sin cos 0
2 2
2 /
, (3)
2 1 / .
q
q
q
q q q qx qy
q q
x y x y
x y k q
k
x y k q
e > t + t =
( (
+ t t =
( (

+ =
- e
= +

By gi, xt ty mt s qe m .
0
q q > Ta c nhn xt: khng th xy ra trng hp
;
1 2
1
1 2
1
q
k
q
k
y x
q q
+
=
+
+
=
+
bi v trng hp ny s dn n nghch l
( )( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1
1
+ = + +
+ q q
k q k q
(mt trong hai v ca ng thc l mt s nguyn chn, trong khi v kia l mt s nguyn
l)! hon thnh vic chng minh (2), ta c th xem rng ; x y e v e khi ,
; x y x y + e v e v th theo (3), v theo nhn xt va nu, ta ch cn phi nghin cu
trng hp ;
2
1
2
1
q
k
q
k
y x
q q
=
+
= +
+
m chnh lc ny, ta c
( )
, 2
1
2 2
1
k
q q
k k
y x
q q
=
+

= +
+
vi
1
;
q q
k k k
+
= e ngha l c (2), pcm.
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6

Bi ton 7. Vi x v y l hai s thc, xt tp hp
{ }
: cos( ) sin( ) . S qx qy q = t + t e
Hy tm iu kin cn v (i vi cc s x v ) y S l mt tp hp hu hn.
Li gii. t ( ) ( ) ( ) : cos , : sin .
q q
a qx b qy q = t = t e Trong bi ton ny, nh c bao hm
thc
{ } { }
,
q q q q
a b q a b q + e = e
ta thy: S l mt tp hu hn khi v ch khi
{ }
q
a qe v
{ }
q
b qe u l cc tp hu
hn. T suy ra iu kin phi tm l . x y e . e

Tuy nhin, vi bi ton sau, tnh hnh s khng cn n gin n th:

Bi ton 8. Vi x v y l hai s thc, xt tp hp
{ }
: cos( ) sin( ) . S qx qy q = t + t e
Hy tm iu kin cn v (i vi cc s x v ) y S l mt tp hp hu hn.
Li gii. t ( ) : cos ,
q
a qx = t ( ) : sin ,
q
b qy = t : ,
q q q
s a b = + : ,
q q q
d a b = ( ) : .
q q q
p a b q = e
Gi s S hu hn. T cng thc tnh sin v cosin ca gc nhn ba, ta thy ( ): q e
2 2
3 3 3
( )[4( ) 4 3] (4 4 3).
q q q q q q q q q q q q
s a b a b a b a b d s p = + = + = (4)
Ta cng c:
2 2
4 .
q q q
d s p = Vy (4) ko theo:
2 2 2 2
3
( 4 )(4 4 3) ( ) 0;
q q q q q q q
s s p s p f p = =
trong ,
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
( ) : 64 48(2 3 ) 12(3 4 )(1 2 ) (3 4 )
q q q q q q q
f t t s t s s t s s s = + + + l mt a
thc bc ba ca bin t vi cc h s ch ph thuc vo
3
, .
q q
s s V
{ }
q
S s q = e l mt tp
hu hn, nn ch c hu hn a thc
q
f (khi q chy khp ), mi a thc c ti a ba khng
im, nn tp
{ }
:
q
P p q = e cng hu hn.
Mt khc, ng vi mi , qe th
q
a v
q
b l cc nghim ca mt phng trnh bc hai (n s
t) c dng , 0
2
= + p st t trong : ,
q
s s S = e : .
q
p p P = e Ch c hu hn phng trnh nh
th, nn
{ }
q
a qe v
{ }
q
b qe u l cc tp hp hu hn. Tip tc cc k thut nh
li gii ca cc bi ton 5 v 6, ta thy iu kin cn S hu hn l . x y e . e cng
l iu kin .

4 Bi tp ngh

Bi ton 9 (V ch Ton Ireland 1999). Ngi ta phi lt gch cho mt sn nh hnh vung
vi kch thc 100x100 v ch s dng loi gch c b mt hnh ch nht vi kch thc 3x1
(mi vin ph va ba vung n v trn sn nh).
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7
(i) Ti tm sn nh, khot mt hnh vung vi kch thc 2x2. Chng minh rng phn cn
li ca sn nh c th c lt kht bi loi gch cho.
(ii) Ti gc sn nh (thay v ti tm sn nh), khot mt hnh vung vi kch thc 2x2.
Chng minh rng khng th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca sn nh bng loi gch cho.
Hy tng qut ha bi ton.
Bi ton 10 (Chn i tuyn Romania tham d k thi V ch Ton Balkan 2007). Xt mt
bng vung vi kch thc nxn c chia thnh n
2
vung n v v cc vung n v ny
c t mu trng hoc en mt cch ngu nhin. Ngi ta nhn thy: trong s bn vung
n v gc, c ba c t trng, cn li c t en. Chng minh rng trong bng vung
tn ti mt hnh vung con c kch thc 2x2 v cha mt s l cc vung n v c t
trng.
Bi ton 11. cc gc ng-bc v ty-bc ca mt nn t hnh vung vi kch thc
(2 ), n n n < e ngi ta trng hai ct tr, mi ct ly i mt phn t hnh ch nht vi
kch thc 2x1 nh hnh 1. Cn lt gch ton b phn cn li ca nn t; c php s
dng (khng hn ch s lng) cc vin gch hoa hnh ch L, loi ph ng 4 vung n v
nh hnh 2; c th xoay gch trn nn t (nhng khng c lt gch) trc khi lt. Vi
nhng gi tr no ca n th c th lt kht ton b phn cn li ca nn t?










Hnh 1: nn t nxn









Hnh 2: gch hnh ch L

Bi ton 12 (V ch Ton quc t nm 2004). Hy xc nh tt c cc hnh ch nht vi kch
thc mxn, c th ph c bi cc hnh mc cu c to ra t 6 vung n v nh hnh
v di y:
c php quay hoc lt cc hnh mc cu. Cc hnh mc cu phi ph kn hnh ch nht v
khng chm ln nhau hay chm ra ngoi hnh ch nht.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Titu Andreescu, Zuming Feng, Mathematical Olympiads 1999-2000, Problems and
Solutions from Around the World, The Mathematical Association of America, 2002.
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