Understanding the concepts

Frustration
Frustration, Stress, and Burnout are the elements of human behaviour Resulting from the blocking of goal-directed activity Experiencing incongruence And the end result of stress experienced but not properly coped with.

 Frustration is the result of privation, deprivation, and conflict and starts a cycle of frustration and hope. Exploration helps a frustrated individual to cope and offers remedies to manage frustration more effectively.

The Dynamics of Frustration

What causes frustration?
-Several factors contribute to frustration. All of these are goal-related factors. these are shown in the following formula:

F = fL * V * O + I + P Where: F = Frustration f = is the function L = expectation to achieve the goal V= valence (attractiveness of the goal) O= opportunity to achieve the goal in the near future (low) I = investment of efforts and other inputs in the achievement of the goal P = public knowledge of the expected achievement.

THE CIRCULARITY OF FRUSTRATION

Disappointment

Adaptive deterioration
Frustration cycle

Defensive behaviour

Problem solving
Hope cycle

Realistic analysis

Isolation

Distorted perception

insight

Exploration

STRESS
Several terms have been used synonymously with stress :
Stress Strain Conflict Pressure

eustress dis-stress
Life Stress : stress is produced from several happenings in life. In general every transition or change produces stress.

Definition of Stress
According to Fred Luthans : An adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and/or behavioral deviations for organizational participants.

According to Robbins : Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.

What is not Stress

Stress is not simply anxiety. Stress is not simply nervous tension. Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided.

STRESS MODEL

Potential Source Environmental Factors: Economic uncertainty Political uncertainty Technological uncertainty Individual Differences Perception Job experience Social support Belief in locus of control Self-efficacy Hostility

Consequences Physiological symptoms: Headaches High blood pressure Heart disease Psychological symptoms: Anxiety Depression Decrease in job satisfaction

Organizational Factors: Task demands Role demands Interpersonal demands Organizational structure Organizational leadership Organizations life stage

Experienced stress

Individual factors: Family problems Economic problems Personality

Behavioural symptoms: Productivity Absenteeism Turnover

Effects of Stress
Stress is the wear and tear our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. It has physical and emotional effects on us and creates positive or negative feelings. As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to perform an action which results in new awareness As a negative influence it can result in feeling of rejection, anger and depression.

Effects of stress can differ from individual to individual

They can be:1. Reduced: if there is support available. 2. Aggravated: if there are other outside circumstances which also put stress on the individual.

Effects of stress can be categorized as: Mental (how the mind works) Physical (how the body works) Behavioral (the things we do)

Cognitive (the way we think and concentrate)

Stress is a combination of responses in the body. Stress can be short-term (acute) or chronic, acute stress is the fight to flight response. Stress is additive

Symptoms of stress

How destructive can stress be on the body

With the new MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging) techniques, scientists are able to prove visibly that chronic stress can SHRINK an area in the brain called the hypothalamus. Researchers have found that the brain of war veterans, as well as women, who have been victims of childhood sexual abuse, have a marked reduction in the size of their hypothalamus.

Various Symptoms of Stress

Physical
Headaches Back Pain Indigestion Allergies Cold or Flu Neck Pain Stomach Upset Skin Problems

Emotional
Anxiety Worry Fatigue Low Energy Depression Fearfulness Insomnia Forgetfulness

Behavioral
Loss of Appetite Overeating Smoking Excessive Drinking Drugs Accident Prone Avoidance Ceaseless striving

Loss of Enthusiasm

cynicism

Causes of stress
Individual Factors: Family problems Economic problems Personality Organizational Factors: Task demands Role demands Interpersonal demands Organizational structure Organizational leadership Organizations life stage

Common patterns of creating pressure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Excellence Speed Effort Do the job yourself Please other people- Recognition and contact Need for structure and stability. Future threat: a problem today. Memories Messages from the past

Role Demand
Role Stress : Role space Conflicts Self-role distance Intra-role conflict Role stagnation Inter-role distance Role Stress: Role- set Conflict Role ambiguity Role expectation Role overload Role erosion Resource inadequacy Personal inadequacy Role isolation

COPING WITH STRESS

When individuals experience stress some strategy is adopted.

Coping strategies for role stresses

Role stresses
Self-role distance

Dysfunctional strategies
Role rejection, self-rejection

Functional strategies
Role integration

Inter-role distance
Role stagnation Role isolation Role ambiguity Role expectation conflict Role overload

Role-partition, role elimination Role negotiation

Role fixation Role-boundness Role prescription Role taking Role reduction Role transition Role linkage Role clarification Role making Role slimming

Role erosion
Resource inadequacy Personal inadequacy

Role visibility
Role atrophy Role shrinkage

Role development/enrichment
Resource generation Role linkage

Management of Stress
There are three options:1.Prevention and control 2.Escapism 3.Adaption

Three major approaches to cope with stress:-

STRESS

DYSFUNCTIONAL COPING

DEFENSIVE COPING

DIRECT COPING

Dysfunctional Coping
Individuals might become alcoholic, overweight, chain-smokers, or drug addicts. They also run the risk of becoming accident prone. Individuals exhibit coronary disease-prone behavior patterns.

Defensive Coping
It involves mental or physical escape from the stressful situation. Some common and important defense mechanisms are REPRESSION, REGRESSION, RATIONALIZATION, DIRECT AGGRESSION, DISPLACEMENT.

Direct Coping
It involves self awareness in order to avoid the harmful and far reaching consequences of stress. The process involves introspection, identification of problem, determination of a solution by considering available alternatives and choosing an action accordingly.

Organizational Level Techniques

Personal Wellness- the level of ones physical and mental potential through a personal health promotion programs. Improved Communication- it reduces uncertainty by lessening role ambiguity and role conflict. Participative Decision Making- by giving employees a voice in those decisions that directly affects their job performance, management can increase employee control and can reduce job stress.

Contd..
Job Design- it involves enriching job either by improving job content factors or by improving core job characteristics. Selection and Placement Training and Development Sabbaticals

Pressure at work
Assertive behaviour

Aggressive behaviour

THREAT PERCEIVED

Unassertive behaviour

Passive behaviour

Assertive Behaviour
Confronting conflict is not easy for some people. Some managers may feel inferior or be in awe of the other persons power. Neither responses is truly productive. A constructive alternative is to practice assertive behaviour

Assertiveness
Process of expressing feelings. Asking for legitimate changes. Giving and receiving honest feedback.

Assertive Individuals

Aggressive Individuals

Not afraid to request that other person change an offensive behaviour. Not uncomfortable refusing unreasonable requests from someone else. Direct honest and expressive Very confident and gains self-respect and others feel valued.

Humiliate others Elicit either pity or scorn from others.

Stages of assertiveness
Stage 1. Describe the behaviour. 2. Express your feelings. Example When you do this I feel

3. Empathize
4. Negotiate a change 5. Indicate consequences

I understand why you

I want to if you do(dont), I will.

Developing the skills

Understanding the options and the ideas Underpinning your behaviour Identifying the kinds of words and phrases you want to use Getting your inner dialogueconversation with your-self right for you and the occasion

Identifying the body language you want to use

Planning and rehearsal for suitable situation Incorporating hints and technique

Practice integrating these elements and developing realistic self confidence

Checking that you have worked on/are aware of any early messages that might get in the way of using the skills youre choosing

Some more ideas

Optimism Laughter Spirituality

THANK YOU!!!